Index 

action plan orders, 26 
roY'usarial process. 13,70,93 
alcohol problems, 25. 133, 134, 147 
Alliance ofNon-govemmenw 

Organizations, 130 
ancientwodd.l11 
anti·social behaviour, 45 
anti-social bebaviourorders, 164, 167 
apologies,42, 86, 88, 135, 140, 143, 147 
Argentina,S7 
Australia: 

Aboriginal courts, 163 
c~utioningcase.61 
fIl.cilitators,70 
&milygroup confc.rcncing, 113, 127, 137 
incrcas.ing use of prison, 185 
indigenous culturcs 

CIlStomaty law, 131 
definition of crime.. 157-60 
dispua: Iesolution, 115, 145 
murder of wome~, 153 
QlIetlt II Gj. 157-60 

restorative justice, 29,81 
introduction, 117 
police and, 167,184 
regulation, 184-
victim traumas, 139 

),oungoffe:nders.147,148 

b.u, 164,169,171,173 
begging,45 
Bdgiwn, 129 
Bentham,Jeremy,35 
Biden,] 0, 92 
Bhgg,H,116,145,184 
Blair, Tooy,34,36 
bootca.mps, 170 
Bottoms,A,112,119-20,166,174 
BougainviUe.82 
Braithwaite,]ohn, SO, 79, 111, 166, 110-1, 

174,175 
Buddhism, 111 
bureaucr4C)',142 

Canada: 
circles of support and accountability, 38-9, 

163 

sentencing circles. 113,117, 163 
cautions, coodicionai cautions, 27-8 
Chile, 87 
Christie, NiLs, 9, 105 
circle sentenciog,113, 117, 163 
circles of support and accountability, 38--9, 

90 
civill2w systeIIUl, victims' role, 9 
civil society, 19,36, 37,105,120,166,174, 

175 
dans, 112, 145 
<:1"',54,112, 149, 164, 165,167,172, 

175 
co-existeocC!; JUcomplemc:nt:ary-approaeb~ 
coercion: 

coercion·oooseotstratcgies,l64 
communities and, 177 
neo-liberalismand, 169 
offcnders,146-7 
quali£icddefence, 57-60 
state, 106 
victims, 135 

Coker,D,154,l64 
colonialism, 153-4, 176 
commonsense, 105--6,108-9, 122,131,161, 

185 
communication skills, 147--8 
coatmUflitat:iaoism: 

civil liberties and, 35, 37-8, 40 
eul.y tte2tises, 4 
meming, 35-6 
motalism, 121 
New Labour, 34-5, 36, 37 
reintegration, focus on, 121, 185 
ri!;$tontive justice and, 34--40, 69 
state and, 37-9 

communities: 
absence of, 54-5 
2ppropriate:panicipaots,I6-17,50-1 
barriers, S5-6 
chaos, 21-2 
concept, 16 
critique, 174-77 
cultural attitudes, 157-60 
dialogue, 40 
emptiness, 22 
engaging, ~7 



190 Index 

communities (amI.): 
exclusionary communities, 61-2, 175 
frngmaltedcommunitics, 91-5 
G!tIJ!itlIdJtIji,19,119-22 
heart of restorative! justice, 16-25 
informaisanctions, 36-7 
pi_SED, 17 
pseudo-<ommunities, 20-1 
social capital, 53, 54 
soci2l construction, 175 
stages of commuaity-building. 20-3 
throtened by crimes, ~ 
true conununicies, ~3 

community conkrCllces, 45-6 
community payback,. 32 
co=munity service, 14, 32 

complementary approllchc..~: 
boundaries of proportiOt12lity. 60-9 
ClISe for, 44-50 
domestic violence, 80 
facilitators, 69-71 
faunewo<k.5~72. 95. 169 
pyramid approaches, 48, 79 
quali..fied defroce of cocrcion, 57--60 
retributive/ restorative dichotomy, 40-4, 

94,104-5 
scope, 4 
unexplored theories, 106 

conditional cautions, 27--8 
Confucianism, 111 
consensus, 20, 40, 64, 69, 78. 155, 160, 177 
Cook.K.149 
corponte crimes, 11 
courts lei crirninlll justice 
or;:rirne reporting. 134-
aime victim surveys. 113,134 
crimes: 

corpOnltt'- crimes, 11 
cultural definition, 157-60 
harms and, t 1-13, 137-8 
l2.w, state and. 103, 162-7 
POliCe.l1Ild criminalisation, 167-9 

crimr=s ggainsthum1Ilicy,81-9. 118-80 
criminal justice: 

class, race and gender. 41,133,164 
complementary approaches sr6 comple-

mentary approaches 
crimes against human1ty, 83-4 
domestic violence and, 75-6,153 
early :u:gume.nts against, 4 
failllIe.122--3 
formalism, 37 
historical development, 8-9 

meming,2-3 
neo-liberal politics and, 125 
Persephone mode~ 41 
Portiamode~41 
recent legislation 

authoriml3J1 approach to resoontive 
justice,146 

hot criminological climate) 71-2 
hypaactivity, 11, 26, 28-9 
punitive trend, 128, 161, 166-7, 169-74, 

182-3 
US-UKc.onvergence,126 

retributiVe/restorative dichotomy, 40-4, 
94,104-5 

treauncntofvictims, 141-5 
truth and, 186-7 

criminology ofhopc, 30-4 
Crowley.Jim, 92-3 
out",,, 

JU a/SOindjgenous cultures 
communities~d, 175 
definition of crime and. 157-60 
domestic violence and,153-4, 175-6 

curfews, 164,170 
customary law, 114, 131, 180 

llily, Kathy, 103-4,111, 113,139, 169, 
186 

de2thpenaity,81, 115, 187 
dcliberariveaccouotability. 63-5, 69, 90-1 
Denmark, 129 
dcteuence,Z, 116, 124,130, lG9, 173 
devdopmcntof restorative justice: 

early arguments, 3-4, 186 
globalisation, 102-3, 125-32 
invented aaditiom.178-S0 
myths of origin. 10>.--4, 109--17 
over_intl <l.ted chi.rns, 94, 103 
reasuns for rise. 118-25 
search for legitimacy. 103-4 

dialogue: 
oommunication skills lind, 148 
community dialogue, 40 
faciliuting, 52, 56, 59 
murderers anu,74, 81 
normative or moraliswg. 121 
process, 7-8, 6(j 
restorative justice and, z., ]4, 74 

domestic violenCe! 
rommunityand, 18,175-6 
a:imin.at justice system and, 7~ 153 
feminism and, 77. 118 
minority women, 153 



ofl'e:nder/victim ino!qruiliti@" 150-4 
restorative justice :and, 75-81 
laking seriously, 75--6 

drug problems, 134, 147,166 
dt.'e process, 10, 47, 70, 80, 83, 84, 94-5, 150, 

183 
Duff.And:.ony.42 

ECOSOC,130 
empowerment, 74, 77,132, 135, 136 
Etzioni,Amitai, 35 
evidence rules., 143 
exciusionarypolicies, 31-.3. 61-2, 93, lOG 
exile, 115,116,145 

facifuators: 
~ptil;\td~. 69-71 
identifying communities, 17-18 
role, 7-8. 137-8 

fiImilygroup conferences, 7,29,38,46, 110, 
113,127,136-7 

fumily justice centres, 76 
fcardimatc, 31-2 
feminism, 75-6, 77, 108, 118, 148--9, 151, 

17H 
fines, 45, 122, 184-
Fi!l.I!l.od,129 
Fmnce,129 

ga'{dtDCOutCS, IS, 82, 84-6, 1.31, 178-80 
Gorland,D, 107, 123 
g=lted communities, 55 

Gares, Henry Louis, 92.-3 
gender: 

criminal justice and, 41, 164 
polic,,,,,d, 167 
{estirution find, 112 
I"e$toTlitive jllsricellnd. 148-9 
viol.e.nce against women, 75-81,150-4 

genocide, 82,83,84,89, 178-80 
globalisation of.ttstorarlve justice, 102-3, 

125-32 
GoeJ,R. 153 
g«i6ti,17,45,53,61 
Guantlinanto Bay Detention Camp, 32 
GuaternaI., 87 

banns: 
crimes and, 11-13, 137-8 
defining, 4 
hate crime, 155-6 
restorative justice processes and, 7 

hare crimes, 68-9,155-6 

Index 191 

h~irrn8.41.73,74,83,89.102,109.110.114. 

132,134,136 
Hennan,j, 141-5, 152 
Hinduism, 111 
homelessrtess, 75, 133, 1.34, 163, 166, 173 
homicide, 81, 153 
homophobia. 18. 68-9. 155 
human rightS 

Jee QUO due process 
commuaitarianism and, 35, 37-8, 40 
complementary approaches, 95 
gross abuses, 81-9 
rights-ba~ed lI.pproach to restorative j1,lst-

ice, 160 
hybrid systeros, 15, 82, 85, 86 

iOlmigrams, :,32, J3, 124, 176 
incapacitation, 2, 31, 107, 124, 169, 170, 171, 

173 
incommensurability,157-60 
indigenous cultures: 

colonialism and, 176 
definition of crime, 157-60 
disputeresolmion, 110-11, 113--17,145 
invented traditions, 178--80 
youths and restorative jllstice, 186 

individualism, 40, 55 
infonnal sanctions, 36-7 
International Centre forTraositional Justice 

(let)), 178, 181 
lntemational Criminal Court, 86 
ictem:uional criminal bw, 84, 86 
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 

84,86 
Intenllltional Crimi.nal TributULl for the 

Former Yugoslavia, 86 
international humanitarian law, 86 
Tntemet, 16 
Inuit. 115 
invented traditions. 178-80 

Jones, Trevor, 126 
just deserts principle, 60-1. 62, 103, 170, 183 

Katstedt, Susanne, 43-4, 127 
Kcyncsianism, 166 

law,1'olc,162-7 
law and order strategies, 34-5, 124, 125, 

166-7 
libeny,3H 
Lundy, P, 181-2 
lynching, 62 



192 Index 

MeCold., Paul, 1-2 
McConville, Michael, 30 
McGovl::tn,M,181-2 
MljO!,Jolm,3S 
managerialism.119.120, 12B. 166. 169 
Maoriculm.re.l10,117 
marginaliSCd<:ommunlties, 70,165,166,172, 

174-5 
Marshall, Tony, 1,102 
Marxism, 94 
Megan's law, 31 
memorials, 85, S6 
mental illness, 134,147, 163, 174-5 
minor oFfences: 

[estorative justice and, 5,26, 48, 72,172 
victims aod,134 
yomh offenders, U 
zero-tolerance policing anu, 168--9 

misogyny. 156 
mitigation evidence, 13 
moral certainty, 122, 131,170,185 
mocalism,121, 125, 185 
Mugabc., Robed., 89 
Muncie,J, 127 
myths of origin, 103-4, 109-17 

naming and shaming IU sbaming 
Navajo Nation. 114-15, 154 
neighbour disputes. 45. 118. 125 
rn:ighbouthood watch schemes.53,I23, 125 
neo·liber.iliS[Il, 101, 12.,....5.127, 165,169, 

173 
noo-marxism,108 
neutralisation techniques, 67~. 78 
New Zealand: 

family group conferencing. 110, 127, 
136-7 

~nous culblre, t 13 
introduction of restorative justice, 116-17 
serious offences, 73 
youngoffi:nders, 29, 36 

Newbum, Tun. 126 
NgacinamanLaw, 157--60 
non-citizens, .32 
NouhtlQ.lrdand,29,182 
Norway,129 

Obo..., B_1., 91-2, 93 
O'Connell, '1'_, 81 
offendera 

JU d/so young offenders 
accounmbili ty, 7, 10, 21, 39, 52, 66,75, 

119,121,170,173 

acknowi<:dgm<:nt of offences, 44, 59 
as victims, 134, 162-3 
coercion, 146-7 
dialogue with victims sn dialogue 
gender issues, 148-9 
bbelJing, 133 
neuttalisa.tion techniques, 67-8,78 
offender-victim relationships 

lute crimcs • .6~9, 155--6 
incommensurability, 157~.GO 
inc:qU2lities, 150-7 
social inequality, 156--7 
violence ag.riastwomcn, 75-81, 150-4 

:;:eparation J84 reparation 
~~ation,24-5,33,37,52 

restorative jw:tice and, 132 
critique, 146-9 
focus on., 136 
viewofaffendetS,121 

shaming, 164 
social conteJet, 12--13 
stereotypes, 133-4 
vicLim-ofbdCLbarric:n, 10--11 

O'Malley, P,170, 183 
Orientalism,116 
othedng, 11,31-3,37, 107, 116 

parenting orders, 164 
parenbi.56-7 
Pashukaois, E"'geny, 104 
paternalism., 76,129 
patriarchy,77,175-6 
peace-making, 113,1 14, 154 
physical punishm,m, 115-16 
pilot studies, 28, 73-4.128.168 
police: 

access to restorative justice and, 147, 167 
as facilitators, 70 
criminalisarion aod,167-9 
de~nninationof guilt, 146--7 
dome3tic violence wd, 75-6 
increasedpo~-et$, 164., 167 
public oroer offences and. 141 
restorative justicemd, lOG, 167-8, 184 
unaccountability, 167 
zero-toletllJlcc.policing, 126,128, 16~9, 

171 
pollution, 1 t 
posocolanial..i:;m, t OS, 153, 176 
postmodetnism, 108 
poverty,11 
powermequ;11ities, 108, 150-7, 177 
Putt.),170 



pte.modem penality, 111, 170 
pre-sote societie$. 104, 110-11 , 117 
prison: 

·academia and, 33-4 
es:ciusioIWY effect. 93 
mass imprisonment, 107, 161, 164,16~7, 

173,185 
'prison works,' 28, 174 
priwtisations,l26 
reh2bilit:!.tion, 51 
US and UK populations, 31 
YOWlgoff"enders, 172-3 

pri~tisttions,124, 126, 156, 165, 166 
p,o-5oci,] behaviour, 25, 51, 52, 53, 56 
probation officer.;, 51 
probation services, 2. 3, 43, 71 
PIOportiOtWity of punishme.nc 

ab:a.ndoning, 170 
complementary appco3che.s Mel. 60-9 
Uldigenous societies. 116 
justomm,60-1,62, 103,170,183 
reston.tive justice and. 50, 94, 183 
retributive justic!:, 41 
Rw=I2,84 

public opinion., 62 
punishmenc: 

pbilosophies,63 
proportioo.ali.ty Itt proportionality of pun· 

ishmeot 
puaitive trend. 121:1, 161,166-7, 16,...74, 

182-3 
riskand, 171--4 

pyWllid approaches~ 48, 79 

qU2.lity of life offences, 45-6 

Deism. 45, 92, 133, 15~, I64, 167,172, 175 
recidivism, 49, 73,107,168 
refcttalorders,27,129,146 
relubilitation: 

p=digm. 2, 130 
prison.,St 
ttStor.l.tive justice. 42-3, 113,169,170 
.lUft £rom, 124 

reintegration: 
ceremonies, 145 
communita..c:WUsm, 121,185 
complc01wtaryltpprollches,80 
COc.cept, 50-1 
d~th penalty and, 81 
hannNl communiti~, 53-4 
hybrid systel!1$, 86 
.indigenous culrw:es and, 116, 145, 159 

Index 193 

objective, 2, 19 
parents and, 56-7 
po_odan pemlity, 170 
pre.condjtions, 24, 89 
procedures,27 
reincegnuive shaming, 120,133,149 
'llwnes V1ilI.c:y scheme, 39 

re.tigiO\lS communities, 54 
reparation: 

comp<lli.bi1ity,65 
crimes 2f?inst humanity, 85, 86 
domestic vioJence and, 151 
gOfot"D"courts, 85 
indigenous cultwes and, 116 
morality Mel, 122 
posanodcro potUlity, 170 
pre-.&t2te socil!:ties, 111_1 2 
proporoonau: reparation agreements, 60. 

61,6~S 

restorative justice. 42 
SA'l'RC,88 
t::r:ansitional justice, 178 
victim--onertt.ed,112 

repara.uoo orders, ~ 146 
repentance, 42 
resoc.ialisation, 24-5. 33, 37,52 
respect, testorttive jllstice and, 74, 75 
responsibilisation.123-5, 165, 169, 173. 

17<>-7 
restitution m reparation 
restorative justice: 

communiarianism fttcomrnuniwiaoi.s.m 
complementary appfOJ.chcS IU comple~ 

mc:ntary approaches 
Core vt\lue5,40, 74,102 
defitrltion, 1-2,102 
development Judevclopmttlt of restOra· 

tivejusticc 
divctSion.122 
divetsityof pmc:tices., 101-2 
inclusiorwy emphasjs, 40 
inte.mational business, 102-3,125-32 
objectives, 6-7, 136, 169-70 
pen>! policy framewoclt. 169-74 
pre-(;oodirions, 89, 90-1 
processes, 7-8 
retributive/restOrative dichotomy I 40-4, 

94,104-5 
schobuship, 30-4,101 
social movement, 183 
theory v practice, 6, 26-40, 186 

retribution: 
intemational justice, 8:>.-4 



194 Index 

retribution (Cl)l1t.): 
just: desertS principle, 60--1, 62, 103,170, 

183 
paradigm. 3, 130 
proportionality m proportionality of pun-

ishmem 
rc:;toIlltivc justice and, 169-70 
[etDbutive/tt:stOratlve dichotOmy. 40-4, 

94,104-5 
shift to, 124 

Richards, K, 112-13, 122-3, 135 
risk society, 32-3, 40, 107, 169, 171-4 
Robben Island, 140 
Rock,P,113 
Rose,N,176 
Rw.tnda: 

gd .. lJrpeourts. 15, 82, 84-6, 131, 178-80 
public excl;UtiOns. 83 

Sarah's law, 31 
schoo~, 17,45,46-7,102-3 
Scott Peck, Morgan.. 19-23 
"ripC>, 133,138, 143, 148, 149,181,185 
self-detc:nninatioD,117,118 
sentencing 

$et QlIo prison 
cir.cle. sentencing, 163 
COotcxtu:ill information, 43 
clisproportionality,50 
indetem:rinate sentences, 172 
public opinion and, 62-3 
pymmid :1ppt02ches. 48,79 
re!>tonlcive justice:mel, 163 
young offenders, 17 2-3 

sentencing cizcles.ll.3. 117, 163 
serious offences: 

crimes ag:alnsthumanity, 81-9, 178-80 
domestic violenc::e, 75--81 
homicide, 81 
limits of restorative justice, 89-91 
meaning. 72 
restorative justice and, 49-50, 72-91, 172 
~tionaljustic~ 177-83 
victim traumas, 138-41 

sex offenders, 31, 38-9, 126,162,172 
sc:xual violence, 81, 90--1, 138, 150, 152, 

157-9 
slwning. 31,115,120, 128, 133,145,149, 

164,170-1 
Shennan.La~enc~ lZ7 
shuttlemediatiOD, 7.14. 59,61 
sink estates, S6 
socW capital, 53, 54 

socilllconnectedness, 122, 131, 185 
sochU engineering, S l-? 
social ineqwlity, 156-7 
social justice. 11-12 
social movements,11S,I86 
social solidarity, 125, 177 
South Afric:;a: 

apologi~, 140 
TRC,82, 87-$, 102,178, 180-1 

Spoin, 129 
spo=r, 54 
stakeholders,2, 8 
sure! 

coercion, tOG 
commuaitarianism and, 37- 9 
criminal justice and, 9 
exdl.lsive deUnition of cmne, 103 
Keynesianism,166 
neo-liberalgovemance,l23-5 
nightwatchman state, 166 
pte-state: societies, 104, 110-11, 117 
quasi-represenuti ... es, 185 
rcguiation of restorative juscice, 106-7, 

137--1!,165,184 
.regulatory state, 166 
u:prC!ltllLaUves, 7, 8, 137,138,185 
role, 5, 162-7 
state/civil society dichotomy, 105 

stigmatisaaon, 32, 150, 152 
sti~diuy magistr.l.lCS, 71 
Stop and si!:U'Ch powcn, 167 
Stubbs,J,156 

T aoism, 111 
TbJimcs Valley, 38-9, 70,127,136 
ThatCher, Margaret,35 
Timor Lesa=, 82, 182 
TOnnics, Perdirwld, 19 
transitionaljustic.e,15,82, 102, 177-83 
truth,64, 83, 86, 109,112,117,179, 183--7 
truth commissions, 15, 82, 178,180--2 
Tsvangirai, Morgan, 89 
Tutu, De:smond, 180 

Umbte:it, Mark, 81 
une:mployment, 11,165,172 
United Nations, 30, 109, 115, 129-30 
United StateS: 

crimi.o..a.ljustice, 126, 128 
deolh p=>Ity, 81 
dom~tic vio1ene<:, t 53 
indigenonsculture:s, 113, 114-15. 154 
Megan's law, 31 



prison population, 31 
racism, 92 
rep:w.tion agreements, 61 
restorative justice, 29, 81 
sex offend~[S, 31 
victims' rolc, 9,10 

universalism,tO?, 109,131, 182, 185 

Van Ness, Dan. 1-29 
vandalism, 45 
victim compensll.tloa orders, 14-15 
victim impact statemcnts, 14-15, 43 
victimsuppon services, 14-15 
vktlms: 

18th-cenwry England, 8 
2S witne:lscs, 9. 143 
civil law s~t'e[[1$, 9 
closure, 59, 132 . 
coero.ao, 135 
caaditioa.a1 cautions md, 27 
crime victim surveys, 113,134 
crimes ag.UI'lSl humanity and, 85-6 
dialogue with offenders #r.dialogue 
empowenncu, 132. 135, 136, 142 
healing II. healing 
ruslorical development of criInincl. justic~ 

8--9 
ideal victims, 132, 133-4 
in"lU3lity,112 
intemational criminal law Atld, 86 
labelling. 133 
offender-victim relationships 

hate crimes, 68.--9,155-6 
inoommensunbility,157--60 
inequalities, 15~7 
socia1int:quality,15~7 

violence~stwomen, 75-81,150-4 
offende..rs as, 134,162-3 
participation Jevels, 134-7 
publiconi~toffcnecsand,140-1 

radical feminism and, 77 
reparation to 1« reparation 
rc;p.rqenLOl.tivc-'1, 18, 43. 141, 144, I SS 
ftstocative justice and 

usessmentofbene6c, 141-5 
er:itiql.l~,132, 134--45 

satisfaction., 132,144 
,haming.152, 159 
stereotypeS. 133-4 
stigma, 152 
telling their stories, 142-3 
traumas, 138-41 

1l1dex 195 

vengeful victims, 61-2, 66-7 
victim-offender barricr:!l,10-11 
victims' right move:me.nt, 112-13 
viole:nce against women, 150-4 
voluntarine:ss.57-9 
Youth Offende:~P3..ncls Md,27 

vittualcOtnmunities,16 
vQIW)~riness, 57-60, 146--7 

Wachtel, Ted,l-2 
W::&ldman, E, 139, 140 
Waluorf,L,179,181 
WalkIate., S, 127 
war c.rirn es, 82 
"'hat woxks agenda.' 34, 127-8 
Williams, N, t 45 
Wright, M,136 

x~ophobia, 175 

Yolgt'lu people, 115, 145 
young offenders: 

action plan orders, 26 
apologies, 147 
communication skills, 147--8 
'rera.l youths,' 28, 56 
indigenouscultw:eti,l86 
minorv serious offenders, 172 
Ne:wLabourpolicies, 127 
New Zealand, 29,38 
Northem Ixe1and, 29 
parmts' rolein restorative justice., 56-7 

. prison, 172-3 
publicorderoffcnccs, 140-1 
refe:nal orden, 27, 129, 146 
rep:mtion orot:r::i, 26 
resaciali.s2tion,52 
lestorative justice and,S, 12~1 

minority youths, 168 
victims' reacdons, l44~5 

victim participation, 136 
whatwotks agenda, 127 

),Ou.U1 offcndq- p~m:h, 27, 129 
yauch offe:nding teams, 26 
youth res:o:a.tive disposals (YRDs), 2B 
YOllth SeMce Level Cue ~semcnt 

InventolY.171-2 

Zeh<, How=!, 40. 41 
zero-tolewu:e policing, 126, 128,1~9, 

171 
Zimbabwe:, 89-90