id sid tid token lemma pos cord-293938-40zyv1h8 1 1 key key JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 1 2 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 1 3 cord-293938 cord-293938 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 1 4 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 1 5 40zyv1h8 40zyv1h8 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 1 authors author NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 2 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 3 Jonsdottir Jonsdottir NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 4 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 5 Hulda Hulda NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 6 R. R. NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 7 ; ; : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 8 Dijkman Dijkman NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 9 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 10 Ronald Ronald NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 11 title title NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 12 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 13 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 16 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 17 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 18 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 19 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 20 universal universal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 21 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 22 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 23 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 24 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 25 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 26 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 27 studies study NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 28 date date NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 29 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 30 2016 2016 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 31 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 32 02 02 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 33 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 34 06 06 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 35 journal journal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 2 36 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 3 1 Virol Virol NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 3 2 J J NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 3 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 3 4 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 1 10.1186 10.1186 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 2 / / SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 3 s12985 s12985 NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 4 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 5 016 016 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 6 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 7 0479 0479 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 8 - - SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 9 5 5 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 10 sha sha NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 11 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 12 a1dde82e18ad108c7eedb452d50a661e647b7cf2 a1dde82e18ad108c7eedb452d50a661e647b7cf2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 13 doc_id doc_id NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 14 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 15 293938 293938 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 16 cord_uid cord_uid FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 4 17 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 1 40zyv1h8 40zyv1h8 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 2 Human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 3 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 5 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 7 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 8 large large JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 10 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 11 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 12 infect infect VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 14 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 16 tract tract NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 5 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 2 emergence emergence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 4 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 5 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 6 Acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 7 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 8 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 10 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 11 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 12 Respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 13 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 14 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 15 as as RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 16 well well RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 17 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 19 yearly yearly JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 20 circulation circulation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 21 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 22 four four CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 23 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 24 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 25 highlights highlight VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 27 importance importance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 28 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 29 elucidating elucidate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 30 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 31 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 32 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 33 employed employ VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 34 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 35 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 36 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 37 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 38 evade evade VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 39 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 40 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 41 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 42 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 43 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 44 determine determine VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 45 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 46 tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 47 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 48 identify identify VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 49 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 50 compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 6 51 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 1 Various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 2 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 3 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 4 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 5 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 6 established establish VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 7 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 8 investigate investigate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 9 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 10 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 11 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 12 including include VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 13 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 15 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 16 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 17 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 18 primates primate NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 7 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 1 To to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 2 establish establish VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 3 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 4 link link NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 5 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 7 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 8 conducted conduct VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 10 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 11 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 13 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 15 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 16 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 17 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 18 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 19 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 20 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 21 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 22 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 23 recapitulates recapitulate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 24 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 25 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 26 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 27 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 28 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 29 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 30 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 31 developed develop VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 8 32 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 3 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 4 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 5 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 6 systems system NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 7 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 8 available available JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 9 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 10 recapitulate recapitulate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 12 human human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 13 airways airway NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 15 including include VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 17 Air Air NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 19 Liquid Liquid NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 20 Interface interface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 22 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 24 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 25 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 26 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 28 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 30 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 9 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 1 Tracheobronchial Tracheobronchial NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 2 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 3 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 4 recapitulate recapitulate VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 5 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 6 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 7 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 8 point point NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 9 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 12 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 13 while while IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 15 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 16 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 17 allows allow VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 18 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 19 elucidation elucidation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 20 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 21 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 22 involved involve VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 23 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 24 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 25 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 26 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 27 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 29 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 30 alveoli alveolus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 10 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 1 These these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 2 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 3 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 4 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 5 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 6 represent represent VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 7 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 8 universal universal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 9 platform platform NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 10 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 11 study study VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 13 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 14 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 15 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 16 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 17 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 18 offering offer VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 19 more more RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 20 detailed detailed JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 21 insights insight NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 22 compared compare VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 23 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 24 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 25 lines line NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 11 26 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 4 epidemic epidemic NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 5 potential potential NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 7 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 8 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 9 family family NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 10 highlights highlight VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 12 need need NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 13 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 14 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 15 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 17 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 12 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 1 No no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 2 commercial commercial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 3 vaccine vaccine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 4 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 5 available available JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 6 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 7 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 8 effective effective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 9 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 10 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 11 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 12 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 13 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 14 some some DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 15 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 16 potential potential NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 17 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 18 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 19 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 13 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 1 These these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 2 morphological morphological JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 3 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 4 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 5 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 6 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 7 well well RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 8 suited suited JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 9 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 10 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 11 identification identification NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 13 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 15 evaluation evaluation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 16 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 17 compound compound NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 18 toxicity toxicity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 20 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 21 inhibition inhibition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 14 22 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 1 Respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 2 diseases disease NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 3 caused cause VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 4 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 5 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 7 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 8 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 9 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 10 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 11 medical medical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 13 socio socio JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 14 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 15 economic economic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 16 importance importance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 15 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 4 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 5 studied study VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 6 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 7 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 8 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 9 systems system NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 11 ranging range VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 12 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 13 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 14 lines line NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 15 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 16 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 17 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 16 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 1 Originally originally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 4 importance importance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 6 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 9 burden burden NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 10 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 11 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 12 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 13 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 14 underestimated underestimate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 15 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 16 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 17 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 18 result result NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 20 no no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 21 general general JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 22 therapy therapy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 23 exists exist VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 24 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 25 treat treat VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 26 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 27 induced induce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 28 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 29 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 30 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 17 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 3 no no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 4 commercial commercial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 5 vaccine vaccine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 6 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 7 available available JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 8 leaving leave VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 11 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 12 vulnerable vulnerable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 13 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 14 emerging emerge VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 16 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 18 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 1 Both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 3 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 4 Acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 5 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 6 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 8 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 9 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 10 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 11 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 12 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 13 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 14 recently recently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 15 crossed cross VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 17 species specie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 18 barrier barrier NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 20 entered enter VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 22 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 23 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 24 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 25 cause cause VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 26 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 27 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 19 28 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 2 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 3 review review NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 4 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 6 summarize summarize VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 7 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 8 current current JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 9 knowledge knowledge NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 10 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 11 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 13 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 14 emphasizing emphasize VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 16 usefulness usefulness NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 17 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 18 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 19 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 20 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 21 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 22 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 23 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 24 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 25 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 20 26 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 1 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 3 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 6 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 7 subfamily subfamily NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 8 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 10 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 11 family family NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 12 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 13 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 14 positive positive JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 15 strand strand NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 16 RNA rna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 17 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 18 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 19 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 20 largest large JJS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 21 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 23 all all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 24 known know VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 25 RNA rna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 26 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 28 ≥27 ≥27 IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 29 Kb Kb NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 21 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 2 genomic genomic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 3 RNA rna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 4 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 5 capped cap VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 6 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 7 polyadenylated polyadenylated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 8 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 9 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 10 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 11 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 12 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 13 within within IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 14 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 15 enveloped envelop VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 16 virion virion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 22 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 2 envelope envelope NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 3 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 4 covered cover VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 5 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 7 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 8 surface surface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 9 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 10 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 11 gives give VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 12 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 13 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 14 particles particle VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 16 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 17 crown crown NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 19 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 21 latin latin NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 22 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 23 corona corona NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 25 appearance appearance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 27 1 1 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 23 29 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 1 All all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 2 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 3 share share VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 4 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 5 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 6 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 7 organization organization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 8 where where WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 10 replicase replicase NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 11 gene gene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 12 encompasses encompass VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 14 5′-two 5′-two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 15 thirds third NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 16 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 17 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 18 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 20 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 21 comprised comprise VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 23 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 24 overlapping overlap VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 25 open open JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 26 reading reading NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 27 frames frame NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 29 ORFs ORFs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 31 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 32 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 33 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 34 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 35 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 36 encode encode VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 37 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 38 up up IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 39 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 40 16 16 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 41 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 42 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 43 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 44 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 24 45 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 2 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 3 gene gene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 4 region region NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 6 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 7 covers cover VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 9 3′-third 3′-third CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 10 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 12 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 13 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 14 encodes encode VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 16 canonical canonical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 17 set set NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 18 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 19 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 20 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 21 genes gene NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 22 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 23 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 24 order order NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 25 5′ 5′ CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 26 -spike -spike . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 28 S s NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 25 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 26 1 -envelope -envelope : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 27 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 27 2 E e NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 27 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 27 4 -membrane -membrane ADD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 2 M M NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 4 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 5 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 7 N n NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 28 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 29 1 -3′. -3′. . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 2 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 3 gene gene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 4 region region NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 5 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 6 harbors harbor VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 7 several several JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 8 ORFs orf NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 9 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 10 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 11 interspersed intersperse VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 12 along along IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 14 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 15 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 16 coding code VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 17 genes gene NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 30 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 2 number number NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 3 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 4 location location NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 6 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 7 accessory accessory NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 8 ORFs orfs NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 9 vary vary VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 10 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 12 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 13 species specie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 15 2 2 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 17 3 3 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 31 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 2 animals animal NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 4 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 5 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 6 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 7 mainly mainly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 8 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 9 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 11 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 12 enteric enteric JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 13 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 15 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 16 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 17 large large JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 18 economical economical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 19 impact impact NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 20 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 22 veterinary veterinary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 23 industry industry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 24 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 25 e.g. e.g. IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 26 Porcine Porcine NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 27 Epidemic Epidemic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 28 Diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 29 Virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 31 PEDV PEDV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 33 causes cause VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 34 gastrointestinal gastrointestinal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 35 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 36 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 37 pigs pig NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 39 4 4 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 32 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 1 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 2 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 3 Bronchitis Bronchitis NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 4 Virus Virus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 6 IBV IBV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 8 causes cause VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 9 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 10 kidney kidney NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 11 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 13 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 14 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 15 chicken chicken NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 17 5 5 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 20 Bovine Bovine NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 21 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 23 BCoV BCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 25 causes cause VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 26 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 28 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 29 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 30 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 31 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 32 cattle cattle NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 34 6 6 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 33 36 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 3 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 4 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 5 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 6 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 7 other other JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 8 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 9 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 11 such such JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 12 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 13 central central JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 14 nervous nervous JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 15 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 17 CNS CNS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 19 involvement involvement NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 20 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 21 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 22 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 23 peritonitis peritonitis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 25 7 7 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 34 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 2 8 8 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 5 9 9 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 8 10 10 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 35 10 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 2 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 4 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 5 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 6 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 7 mainly mainly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 8 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 9 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 11 diseases disease NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 12 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 13 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 14 considered consider VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 15 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 16 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 17 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 18 large large JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 19 impact impact NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 20 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 22 economy economy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 23 due due JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 24 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 25 reduced reduce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 26 productivity productivity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 27 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 28 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 29 working work VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 30 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 36 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 3 6 6 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 4 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 5 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 6 cause cause VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 7 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 8 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 9 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 10 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 11 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 12 discovered discover VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 37 13 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 1 Four four CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 3 those those DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 4 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 5 commonly commonly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 6 circulating circulate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 8 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 9 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 10 caused cause VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 11 epidemics epidemic NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 13 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 14 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 16 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 38 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 2 first first JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 3 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 6 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 9 B814 B814 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 11 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 12 described describe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 13 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 14 1965 1965 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 39 15 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 3 following follow VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 4 years year NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 6 over over IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 7 30 30 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 8 additional additional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 9 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 10 were be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 11 characterized characterize VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 40 12 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 1 Ten ten CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 3 those those DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 4 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 5 could could MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 6 only only RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 7 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 8 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 9 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 10 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 11 embryonic embryonic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 12 tracheal tracheal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 13 organ organ NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 14 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 41 15 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 1 Others other NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 2 were be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 3 readily readily RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 4 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 5 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 6 monolayer monolayer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 7 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 8 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 9 were be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 10 antigenically antigenically RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 11 related relate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 12 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 14 prototype prototype NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 15 strain strain VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 16 HCoV-229E. HCoV-229E. NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 17 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 19 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 20 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 21 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 22 organ organ NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 23 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 24 43 43 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 25 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 26 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 27 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 28 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 29 found find VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 30 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 31 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 32 distinct distinct JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 33 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 34 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 35 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 36 prototype prototype NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 37 strain strain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 39 11 11 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 40 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 41 12 12 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 42 43 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 3 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 4 decades decade NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 6 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 7 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 8 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 9 would would MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 10 center center VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 11 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 12 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 13 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 14 distinct distinct JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 15 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 43 16 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 3 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 4 2002 2002 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 6 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 7 unknown unknown JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 9 illness illness NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 11 termed term VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 12 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 13 Acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 14 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 15 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 20 surfaced surface VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 22 Asia Asia NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 44 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 1 Research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 2 determined determine VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 4 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 5 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 6 caused cause VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 7 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 8 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 9 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 10 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 12 13 13 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 13 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 14 14 14 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 45 16 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 1 At at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 3 end end NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 5 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 6 epidemic epidemic NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 7 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 8 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 9 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 10 had have VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 11 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 12 over over IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 13 8000 8000 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 14 people people NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 15 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 16 most most JJS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 18 China China NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 20 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 21 caused cause VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 22 774 774 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 23 deaths death NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 25 15 15 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 46 27 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 1 Following follow VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 3 discovery discovery NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 5 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 6 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 7 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 8 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 9 additional additional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 10 CoVs covs NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 11 causing cause VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 12 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 13 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 14 were be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 15 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 47 16 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 48 1 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 1 -NL63 -NL63 : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 2 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 3 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 4 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 5 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 6 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 8 2004 2004 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 9 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 10 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 11 infant infant NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 12 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 13 bronchiolitis bronchiolitis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 15 16 16 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 18 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 19 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 20 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 22 2005 2005 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 23 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 24 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 25 patient patient NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 26 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 27 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 29 Hong Hong NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 30 Kong Kong NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 32 17 17 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 49 34 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 2 2012 2012 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 4 another another DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 5 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 6 HCoV hcov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 7 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 8 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 9 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 10 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 12 MERS)-CoV MERS)-CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 13 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 14 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 15 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 16 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 17 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 18 patient patient NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 19 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 20 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 22 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 23 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 24 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 26 18 18 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 50 28 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 6 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 7 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 8 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 9 still still RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 10 intermittently intermittently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 11 present present JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 14 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 15 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 17 most most RBS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 18 recently recently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 19 caused cause VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 20 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 21 large large JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 22 outbreak outbreak NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 23 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 24 South South NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 25 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 26 Korea Korea NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 28 19 19 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 51 30 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 1 To to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 2 date date NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 4 there there EX cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 5 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 6 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 7 over over IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 8 1600 1600 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 9 cases case NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 10 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 11 almost almost RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 12 600 600 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 13 deaths death NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 14 related relate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 15 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 17 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 19 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 21 20 20 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 52 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 1 Out out IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 4 6 6 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 5 known know VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 6 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 7 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 9 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 11 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 12 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 13 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 15 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 17 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 18 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 19 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 20 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 21 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 22 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 23 commonly commonly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 24 circulating circulate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 25 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 27 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 28 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 29 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 30 usually usually RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 31 cause cause VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 32 general general JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 33 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 34 illness illness NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 35 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 36 cold cold JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 37 symptoms symptom NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 38 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 39 healthy healthy JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 40 individuals individual NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 42 21 21 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 45 22 22 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 48 23 23 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 53 50 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 1 Like like IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 2 influenza influenza NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 4 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 5 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 6 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 7 capable capable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 8 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 9 causing cause VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 10 more more RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 11 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 12 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 13 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 15 immunocompromised immunocompromised JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 17 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 18 elderly elderly JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 20 24 24 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 54 22 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 2 infect infect VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 4 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 5 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 6 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 7 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 8 luminal luminal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 9 side side NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 10 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 11 progeny progeny NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 12 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 13 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 14 released release VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 15 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 17 same same JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 18 side side NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 19 facilitating facilitate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 20 spread spread VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 21 through through IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 22 coughing coughing NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 23 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 24 sneezing sneeze VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 26 25 25 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 27 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 28 26 26 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 55 30 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 1 These these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 2 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 3 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 4 responsible responsible JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 5 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 6 approximately approximately RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 7 5 5 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 8 - - SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 9 10 10 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 10 % % NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 11 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 12 all all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 13 upper upper JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 15 lower low JJR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 16 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 17 tract tract NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 18 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 20 27 27 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 56 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 57 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 57 2 28 28 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 57 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 58 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 58 2 29 29 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 58 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 1 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 3 interactions interaction NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 4 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 5 them -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 6 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 8 natural natural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 9 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 10 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 11 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 12 poorly poorly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 13 understood understand VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 59 14 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 4 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 5 hypothesized hypothesize VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 6 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 7 most most JJS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 8 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 11 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 12 may may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 13 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 14 originated originate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 15 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 16 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 18 30 30 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 20 31 31 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 60 22 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 4 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 5 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 6 believed believe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 7 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 8 originate originate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 9 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 10 African african JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 11 hipposiderid hipposiderid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 12 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 13 possibly possibly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 14 using use VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 15 camelids camelid NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 16 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 17 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 18 hosts host NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 20 32 32 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 61 22 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 3 last last JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 4 15 15 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 5 years year NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 6 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 7 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 8 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 9 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 10 crossed cross VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 12 species specie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 13 barrier barrier NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 15 caused cause VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 16 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 18 fatal fatal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 19 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 20 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 21 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 62 22 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 4 surfaced surface VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 5 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 6 2002 2002 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 9 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 11 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 12 2012 2012 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 14 13 13 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 15 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 16 14 14 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 17 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 18 18 18 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 63 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 1 As as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 2 opposed oppose VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 3 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 5 commonly commonly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 6 circulating circulate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 7 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 9 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 10 generally generally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 11 only only RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 12 cause cause VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 13 mild mild JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 15 symptoms symptom NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 17 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 18 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 19 presented present VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 20 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 21 higher high JJR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 22 case case NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 23 fatality fatality NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 24 ratios ratio NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 25 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 26 around around IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 27 10 10 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 28 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 29 20 20 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 30 - - SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 31 50 50 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 32 % % NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 33 respectively respectively RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 35 33 33 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 36 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 37 34 34 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 64 39 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 3 there there EX cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 4 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 5 abundant abundant JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 6 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 7 evidence evidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 8 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 10 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 11 origin origin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 14 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 17 based base VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 18 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 19 sequences sequence NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 20 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 22 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 23 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 24 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 25 found find VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 26 among among IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 27 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 29 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 30 recent recent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 31 years year NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 33 35 35 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 65 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 2 36 36 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 5 37 37 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 66 7 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 2 initial initial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 3 transmissions transmission NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 6 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 8 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 9 animals animal NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 10 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 11 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 12 were be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 13 traced trace VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 14 back back RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 15 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 17 live live JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 18 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 19 wet wet JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 20 markets market NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 21 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 23 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 24 hypothesized hypothesize VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 25 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 27 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 28 made make VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 29 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 30 way way NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 31 into into IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 32 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 33 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 34 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 35 using use VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 36 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 37 civet civet NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 38 cat cat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 39 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 40 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 41 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 42 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 67 43 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 3 successful successful JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 4 isolation isolation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 7 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 8 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 9 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 10 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 11 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 13 38 38 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 15 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 17 fact fact NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 18 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 19 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 20 contemporary contemporary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 21 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 22 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 23 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 24 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 25 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 26 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 27 infect infect VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 28 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 29 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 30 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 32 39 39 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 34 suggest suggest VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 35 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 36 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 37 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 38 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 39 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 40 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 41 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 42 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 43 might may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 44 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 45 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 46 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 47 needed need VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 48 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 49 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 50 transmission transmission NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 51 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 68 52 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 69 1 -CoV. -cov. ADD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 2 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 3 origin origin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 6 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 8 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 9 less less RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 10 clear clear JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 11 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 13 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 14 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 15 speculated speculate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 16 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 17 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 18 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 19 as as RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 20 well well RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 70 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 1 Characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 3 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 4 African african JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 5 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 6 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 7 closely closely RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 8 related relate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 9 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 11 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 13 shows show VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 14 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 15 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 17 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 18 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 19 camel camel NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 20 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 21 belong belong VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 22 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 23 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 24 same same JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 25 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 26 species specie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 71 27 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 1 phylogenetic phylogenetic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 2 analysis analysis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 3 suggests suggest VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 4 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 6 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 7 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 8 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 10 camels camel NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 11 predates predate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 12 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 13 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 14 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 15 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 16 suggesting suggest VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 17 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 18 camels camel NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 19 infect infect VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 20 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 21 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 22 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 23 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 24 other other JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 25 way way NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 26 around around RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 72 27 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 4 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 5 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 6 roots root VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 7 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 8 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 9 tree tree NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 10 providing provide VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 11 further further JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 12 evidence evidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 13 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 15 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 16 origin origin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 17 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 18 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 19 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 20 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 22 40 40 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 73 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 3 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 4 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 5 tohuman tohuman NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 6 transmission transmission NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 7 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 8 although although IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 9 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 10 robust robust JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 11 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 12 seems seem VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 13 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 14 happen happen VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 15 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 16 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 17 camel camel NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 19 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 20 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 21 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 22 transmission transmission NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 74 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 3 any any DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 4 further further JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 5 adaptation adaptation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 8 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 10 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 12 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 13 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 14 must must MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 15 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 16 monitored monitor VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 17 carefully carefully RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 18 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 19 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 20 hosts host NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 21 identified identify VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 23 41 41 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 75 25 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 1 Many many JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 2 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 3 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 4 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 5 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 6 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 9 recent recent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 10 years year NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 11 further further RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 12 highlighting highlight VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 14 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 15 potential potential NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 16 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 17 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 18 family family NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 19 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 20 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 22 30 30 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 76 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 1 Given give VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 3 documented document VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 4 history history NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 6 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 7 overcoming overcome VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 9 species specie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 10 barrier barrier NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 11 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 12 causing cause VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 13 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 14 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 15 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 16 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 17 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 19 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 20 important important JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 21 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 22 investigate investigate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 23 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 24 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 25 potential potential NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 26 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 27 close close JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 28 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 29 relatives relative NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 30 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 31 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 32 HCoVs hcovs NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 33 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 34 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 35 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 36 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 37 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 38 recapitulates recapitulate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 39 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 40 aspects aspect NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 41 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 42 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 43 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 44 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 45 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 46 e.g. e.g. RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 47 morphology morphology NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 48 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 49 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 50 distribution distribution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 77 51 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 2 's be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 3 important important JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 4 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 5 study study VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 7 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 8 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 9 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 10 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 12 evolution evolution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 13 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 14 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 15 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 16 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 17 detail detail NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 18 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 19 order order NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 20 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 21 identify identify VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 22 molecular molecular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 23 determinants determinant NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 24 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 25 affect affect VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 26 either either CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 27 transmission transmission NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 28 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 29 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 78 30 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 2 's be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 3 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 4 important important JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 5 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 6 elucidate elucidate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 7 whether whether IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 8 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 9 currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 10 circulating circulate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 11 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 12 animals animal NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 13 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 14 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 15 potential potential JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 16 danger danger NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 17 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 19 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 20 population population NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 79 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 1 All all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 4 known know VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 5 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 6 receptors receptor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 7 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 8 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 9 belong belong VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 10 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 12 same same JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 13 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 14 family family NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 15 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 17 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 18 ectopeptidases ectopeptidase NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 80 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 4 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 5 activity activity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 7 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 8 peptidases peptidase NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 9 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 10 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 11 required require VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 12 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 13 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 14 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 15 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 16 rather rather RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 17 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 18 co co NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 19 - - NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 20 expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 21 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 22 other other JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 23 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 24 peptidases peptidase NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 25 activates activate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 27 HCoV hcov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 28 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 29 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 31 42 42 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 32 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 33 43 43 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 81 35 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 2 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 3 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 4 established establish VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 5 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 7 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 8 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 9 serine serine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 10 proteases protease NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 11 TMPRSSII TMPRSSII NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 13 HAT HAT NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 14 cleave cleave VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 15 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 16 activate activate VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 17 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 18 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 21 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 22 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 23 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 24 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 25 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 26 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 27 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 28 during during IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 29 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 30 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 32 44 44 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 33 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 34 45 45 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 82 36 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 1 Out out IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 4 four four CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 5 commonly commonly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 6 circulating circulate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 7 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 9 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 10 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 12 only only JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 13 one one CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 14 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 15 infects infect VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 16 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 17 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 18 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 19 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 20 using use VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 22 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 23 Aminopeptidase Aminopeptidase NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 24 N N NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 26 hAPN hapn NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 28 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 29 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 30 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 32 46 46 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 83 34 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 2 peptidase peptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 3 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 4 predominantly predominantly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 5 expressed express VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 6 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 7 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 8 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 9 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 10 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 11 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 12 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 13 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 14 bronchus bronchus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 16 47 47 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 84 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 85 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 85 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 85 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 85 4 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 85 5 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 1 -NL63 -NL63 : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 2 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 3 utilize utilize VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 5 Angiotensin Angiotensin NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 6 Converting Converting NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 7 Enzyme Enzyme NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 8 2 2 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 10 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 12 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 13 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 14 binding binding NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 16 48 48 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 17 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 18 49 49 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 86 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 1 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 2 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 3 expressed express VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 4 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 5 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 6 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 7 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 8 along along IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 9 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 10 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 11 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 13 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 14 type type NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 15 I -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 17 II ii CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 18 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 19 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 21 50 50 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 87 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 4 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 5 found find VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 6 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 7 use use VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 8 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 9 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 10 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 11 than than IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 13 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 15 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 16 namely namely RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 17 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 18 dipeptyl dipeptyl NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 19 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 20 peptidase peptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 21 4 4 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 23 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 26 51 51 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 88 28 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 1 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 2 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 3 widely widely RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 4 expressed express VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 5 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 6 endothelial endothelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 7 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 8 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 9 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 10 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 11 tissues tissue NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 14 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 15 body body NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 17 52 52 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 89 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 2 ex ex FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 3 vivo vivo NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 4 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 5 lung lung NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 6 organ organ NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 7 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 9 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 10 tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 11 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 13 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 17 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 18 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 19 observed observe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 90 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 4 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 5 actively actively RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 6 replicate replicate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 8 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 9 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 10 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 11 alveolar alveolar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 12 tissue tissue NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 13 while while IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 15 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 17 primarily primarily RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 18 replicates replicate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 20 alveolar alveolar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 21 tissue tissue NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 23 53 53 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 91 25 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 2 wide wide JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 3 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 4 tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 7 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 9 might may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 10 contribute contribute VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 11 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 12 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 13 associated associated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 14 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 15 severity severity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 17 high high JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 18 mortality mortality NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 19 rate rate NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 20 whereas whereas IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 22 alveolar alveolar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 23 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 24 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 25 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 26 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 28 would would MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 29 explain explain VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 30 why why WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 31 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 32 generally generally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 33 presents present VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 34 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 35 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 92 36 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 2 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 3 surface surface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 4 receptors receptor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 5 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 6 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 7 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 8 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 10 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 11 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 12 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 13 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 14 currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 15 unknown unknown JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 16 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 17 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 18 determinants determinant NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 19 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 20 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 21 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 22 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 23 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 24 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 25 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 26 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 27 N n CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 28 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 29 acetyl-9-O acetyl-9-o NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 30 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 31 acetylneuraminic acetylneuraminic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 32 acid acid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 33 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 34 O O NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 35 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 36 Acetylated Acetylated NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 37 Sialic Sialic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 38 acid acid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 39 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 40 respectively respectively RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 42 54 54 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 43 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 44 55 55 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 93 46 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 1 All all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 3 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 4 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 5 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 6 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 7 successfully successfully RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 8 cultured culture VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 10 investigated investigate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 11 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 12 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 13 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 15 56 56 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 17 57 57 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 94 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 2 discovery discovery NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 4 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 7 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 8 usage usage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 9 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 10 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 11 tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 13 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 14 binding bind VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 15 domain domain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 17 RBD RBD NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 19 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 20 summarized summarize VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 22 Table Table NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 23 1 1 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 95 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 3 established establish VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 4 reverse reverse JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 5 genetic genetic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 6 systems system NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 8 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 10 58 58 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 12 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 13 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 14 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 15 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 17 59 59 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 96 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 97 1 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 98 1 -NL63 -NL63 : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 2 60 60 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 4 allow allow VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 5 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 6 controlled control VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 7 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 8 mutation mutation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 10 fluorescent fluorescent NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 11 transgene transgene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 12 insertion insertion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 13 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 14 better better RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 15 understand understand VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 17 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 18 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 19 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 20 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 21 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 23 pulmonary pulmonary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 24 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 25 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 99 26 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 1 Traditionally traditionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 4 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 5 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 6 studied study VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 8 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 9 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 11 usually usually RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 12 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 14 ferrets ferret NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 16 48 48 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 17 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 18 61 61 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 100 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 4 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 5 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 6 always always RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 7 possible possible JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 8 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 9 correctly correctly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 10 recapitulate recapitulate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 11 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 12 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 14 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 15 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 16 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 17 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 101 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 2 establishment establishment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 4 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 5 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 6 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 8 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 9 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 10 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 11 attainable attainable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 12 when when WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 13 either either CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 15 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 16 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 17 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 18 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 19 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 20 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 21 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 22 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 23 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 24 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 25 case case NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 26 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 27 all all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 28 HCoVs hcovs CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 29 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 30 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 31 when when WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 32 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 33 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 34 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 35 adapted adapt VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 36 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 37 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 38 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 39 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 102 40 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 1 An an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 2 adapted adapt VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 3 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 4 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 5 may may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 6 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 7 share share VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 9 same same JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 10 properties property NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 11 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 12 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 13 original original JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 14 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 15 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 103 16 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 4 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 5 found find VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 6 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 7 replicate replicate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 8 naturally naturally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 10 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 11 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 13 inbred inbred JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 14 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 15 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 16 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 17 enhance enhance VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 18 clinical clinical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 19 signs sign NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 20 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 21 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 22 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 23 hACE2 hace2 NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 24 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 25 introduced introduce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 26 into into IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 27 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 28 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 104 29 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 2 resulted result VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 3 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 4 murine murine JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 5 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 6 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 7 varying vary VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 8 degree degree NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 9 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 11 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 12 similarity similarity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 105 13 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 1 Since since IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 5 already already RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 6 replicated replicate VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 8 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 9 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 11 adapting adapt VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 13 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 15 murine murine JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 16 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 17 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 18 quite quite RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 19 successful successful JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 106 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 2 resulted result VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 3 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 4 three three CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 5 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 6 adapted adapt VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 7 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 8 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 9 caused cause VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 10 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 11 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 12 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 13 similar similar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 14 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 15 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 17 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 18 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 19 cases case NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 20 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 21 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 23 62 62 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 107 25 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 2 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 3 effort effort NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 4 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 5 establish establish VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 6 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 7 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 8 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 9 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 10 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 11 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 12 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 13 hAPN hapn NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 14 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 15 were be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 16 created create VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 108 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 4 insertion insertion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 7 hAPN hapn NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 8 into into IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 9 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 10 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 11 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 12 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 13 enough enough JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 14 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 15 establish establish VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 16 robust robust JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 17 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 18 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 20 vivo vivo NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 109 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 3 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 4 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 5 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 6 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 7 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 8 animals animal NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 9 could could MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 10 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 11 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 13 vitro vitro FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 15 63 63 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 17 64 64 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 110 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 2 emergence emergence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 4 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 6 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 9 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 10 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 11 emphasized emphasize VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 12 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 13 importance importance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 15 establishing establish VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 16 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 17 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 18 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 19 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 20 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 111 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 3 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 4 few few JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 5 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 6 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 9 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 11 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 12 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 13 established establish VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 112 14 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 1 Mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 2 carry carry VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 4 own own JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 5 variant variant NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 7 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 8 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 9 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 10 DDP4 DDP4 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 11 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 12 differs differ VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 13 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 15 human human NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 16 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 17 regions region NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 18 important important JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 19 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 20 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 21 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 22 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 23 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 24 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 25 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 26 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 27 replacing replace VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 28 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 29 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 30 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 31 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 32 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 33 one one NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 34 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 35 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 36 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 37 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 38 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 39 infect infect VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 40 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 41 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 42 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 43 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 44 method method NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 45 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 46 hDPP4 hdpp4 ADD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 47 insertion insertion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 48 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 49 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 50 effect effect NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 51 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 52 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 53 degree degree NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 54 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 55 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 56 observed observe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 57 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 58 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 59 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 60 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 61 65 65 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 62 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 63 66 66 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 64 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 113 65 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 1 Various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 2 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 3 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 4 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 5 primates primate NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 7 NHPs NHPs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 9 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 10 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 11 naturally naturally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 12 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 13 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 14 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 16 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 18 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 19 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 20 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 114 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 3 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 4 presentation presentation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 5 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 6 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 7 differs differ VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 8 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 10 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 11 subspecies subspecie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 13 NHP NHP NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 14 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 15 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 16 expensive expensive JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 17 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 18 although although IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 19 ideal ideal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 20 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 21 study study VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 22 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 23 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 24 due due IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 25 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 27 genetic genetic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 28 similarity similarity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 30 62 62 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 115 32 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 1 To to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 2 establish establish VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 3 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 4 link link NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 5 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 7 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 8 conducted conduct VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 10 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 11 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 13 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 15 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 16 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 17 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 18 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 19 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 20 resembling resemble VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 22 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 23 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 24 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 25 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 26 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 27 developed develop VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 116 28 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 2 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 3 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 4 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 5 universal universal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 6 platform platform NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 7 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 8 study study VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 9 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 11 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 13 67 67 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 16 68 68 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 19 69 69 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 22 70 70 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 117 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 2 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 3 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 4 used use VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 5 successfully successfully RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 6 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 7 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 8 studies study NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 9 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 10 all all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 11 known know VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 12 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 13 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 15 56 56 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 17 57 57 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 118 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 4 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 5 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 6 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 7 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 8 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 9 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 10 low low JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 11 infectious infectious JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 12 dosage dosage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 13 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 14 mimic mimic VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 15 natural natural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 16 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 19 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 20 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 119 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 3 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 4 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 5 often often RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 6 require require VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 7 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 8 high high JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 9 dosage dosage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 10 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 11 artificial artificial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 12 inoculation inoculation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 13 routes route NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 120 14 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 1 Organotypic Organotypic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 2 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 3 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 4 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 5 becoming become VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 6 increasingly increasingly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 7 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 121 8 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 1 Different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 2 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 3 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 4 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 5 exist exist VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 6 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 7 depict depict VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 8 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 9 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 10 tissues tissue NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 12 71 71 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 122 14 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 1 These these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 2 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 3 closely closely RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 4 resemble resemble VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 5 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 6 tissue tissue NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 7 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 8 origin origin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 10 contain contain VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 11 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 12 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 13 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 14 types type NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 15 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 16 distinctive distinctive JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 17 roles role NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 18 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 19 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 20 polarized polarized JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 21 tissue tissue NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 123 22 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 3 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 4 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 5 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 6 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 7 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 8 exist exist VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 9 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 10 represent represent VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 12 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 13 areas area NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 16 human human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 17 airways airways NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 124 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 2 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 3 lungs lung NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 4 span span VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 5 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 6 long long JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 7 anatomical anatomical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 8 distance distance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 10 carry carry VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 11 out out RP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 12 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 13 functions function NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 14 depending depend VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 15 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 16 anatomical anatomical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 17 location location NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 19 72 72 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 20 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 21 73 73 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 125 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 2 structure structure NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 5 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 6 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 7 differs differ VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 9 further further JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 10 you -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 11 descend descend VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 12 into into IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 14 airways airway NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 126 15 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 1 Tracheal Tracheal NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 2 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 3 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 4 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 5 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 6 columnar columnar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 8 pseudostratified pseudostratified JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 9 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 10 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 11 every every DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 12 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 13 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 14 contact contact NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 15 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 17 basement basement NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 18 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 20 while while IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 22 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 23 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 24 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 25 alveoli alveolus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 26 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 27 comprised comprise VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 28 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 29 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 30 single single JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 31 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 32 layer layer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 33 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 34 facilitate facilitate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 35 air air NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 36 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 37 exchange exchange NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 39 74 74 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 127 41 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 1 Tracheobronchial tracheobronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 2 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 3 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 4 one one CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 7 first first JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 8 targets target NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 9 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 12 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 14 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 15 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 16 cultured culture VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 18 airliquid airliquid JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 19 interface interface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 21 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 23 where where WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 24 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 25 apical apical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 26 side side NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 27 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 28 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 29 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 30 layer layer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 31 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 32 exposed expose VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 33 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 34 air air NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 35 while while IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 36 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 37 basolateral basolateral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 38 side side NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 39 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 40 submerged submerge VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 41 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 42 medium medium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 128 43 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 1 Tracheobronchial tracheobronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 2 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 3 cultured culture VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 4 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 5 that that DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 6 way way NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 7 form form VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 8 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 9 pseudostratified pseudostratified JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 10 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 11 layer layer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 12 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 13 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 14 morphologically morphologically RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 15 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 16 functionally functionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 17 resembles resemble VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 19 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 20 upper upper JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 21 conducting conduct VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 22 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 24 Fig Fig NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 25 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 26 1a 1a CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 29 75 75 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 30 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 31 76 76 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 129 33 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 1 After after IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 2 differentiation differentiation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 4 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 5 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 6 contain contain VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 7 many many JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 8 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 9 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 10 types type NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 11 such such JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 12 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 13 basal basal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 15 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 17 goblet goblet NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 18 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 130 19 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 2 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 3 produce produce VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 4 protective protective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 5 mucus mucus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 6 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 7 much much RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 8 like like IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 10 vivo vivo NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 11 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 131 12 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 1 When when WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 2 compared compare VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 3 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 4 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 5 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 6 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 8 submerged submerge VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 9 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 10 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 11 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 12 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 13 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 15 gene gene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 16 expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 17 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 18 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 19 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 20 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 21 differs differ VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 22 significantly significantly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 132 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 4 expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 5 pattern pattern NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 7 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 8 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 9 bronchial bronchial NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 10 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 11 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 12 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 13 comparable comparable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 14 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 15 that that DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 16 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 18 vivo vivo NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 19 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 133 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 2 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 3 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 4 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 5 line line NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 6 Calu-3 Calu-3 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 7 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 8 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 9 used use VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 10 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 11 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 12 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 13 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 14 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 15 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 16 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 17 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 19 gene gene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 20 expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 22 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 23 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 24 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 25 more more RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 26 similar similar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 27 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 28 submerged submerged JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 29 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 30 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 31 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 32 than than IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 33 differentiated differentiated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 34 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 36 77 77 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 134 38 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 1 disruption disruption NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 4 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 5 layer layer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 7 57 57 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 135 9 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 4 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 5 tracheobronchial tracheobronchial NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 6 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 7 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 8 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 9 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 10 especially especially RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 11 fitting fitting JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 12 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 13 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 15 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 16 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 17 since since IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 19 accurately accurately RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 20 recapitulates recapitulate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 22 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 23 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 24 point point NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 25 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 26 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 27 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 136 28 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 1 By by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 2 using use VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 3 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 4 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 6 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 7 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 8 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 9 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 10 interactions interaction NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 11 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 12 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 13 studied study VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 14 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 15 natural natural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 16 target target NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 17 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 137 18 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 1 Further further RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 2 establishing establish VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 4 usefulness usefulness NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 6 this this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 7 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 8 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 9 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 10 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 11 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 12 propagated propagate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 13 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 14 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 15 first first JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 16 time time NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 18 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 19 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 20 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 21 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 22 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 23 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 24 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 25 2010 2010 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 26 after after IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 27 culturing culture VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 29 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 30 conventional conventional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 31 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 32 lines line NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 33 had have VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 34 failed fail VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 36 26 26 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 138 38 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 1 Alveolar alveolar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 2 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 3 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 4 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 6 Fig fig NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 7 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 8 1b 1b CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 10 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 11 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 12 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 13 used use VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 14 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 15 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 17 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 18 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 19 studies study NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 20 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 21 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 22 especially especially RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 23 applicable applicable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 24 when when WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 25 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 26 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 27 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 28 causes cause VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 29 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 30 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 31 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 32 damage damage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 34 79 79 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 139 36 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 1 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 3 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 4 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 5 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 6 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 7 propagated propagate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 8 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 9 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 10 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 11 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 13 exhibits exhibit VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 14 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 15 strong strong JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 16 tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 17 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 18 alveolar alveolar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 19 type type NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 20 II ii CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 21 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 22 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 23 causes cause VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 24 large large JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 25 syncytia syncytia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 26 formation formation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 27 upon upon IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 28 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 30 80 80 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 140 32 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 1 When when WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 2 compared compare VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 3 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 4 traditional traditional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 5 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 6 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 7 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 8 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 9 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 10 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 11 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 12 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 13 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 14 more more RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 15 cumbersome cumbersome JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 18 preparation preparation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 19 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 20 time time NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 21 consuming consume VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 22 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 24 do do VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 25 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 26 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 27 advantage advantage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 28 over over IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 29 traditional traditional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 30 monolayer monolayer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 31 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 32 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 33 when when WRB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 34 it -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 35 comes come VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 36 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 37 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 38 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 39 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 40 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 41 studies study NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 141 42 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 1 Different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 2 types type NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 4 ALI ALI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 5 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 6 used use VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 8 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 9 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 10 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 11 summarized summarize VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 13 Table Table NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 14 2 2 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 142 15 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 1 Within within IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 4 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 5 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 6 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 7 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 8 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 9 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 10 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 11 major major JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 12 protective protective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 13 role role NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 14 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 16 first first JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 17 line line NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 18 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 19 defense defense NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 20 against against IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 21 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 22 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 143 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 2 particular particular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 5 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 9 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 10 orchestrates orchestrate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 11 hundreds hundred NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 13 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 15 effector effector NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 16 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 17 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 19 i i NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 21 protect protect VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 22 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 23 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 24 barrier barrier NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 25 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 26 altering alter VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 27 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 28 physiological physiological JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 29 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 30 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 31 environment environment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 32 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 34 ii ii NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 36 impair impair VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 37 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 38 propagation propagation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 39 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 40 spread spread NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 41 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 42 transmission transmission NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 43 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 44 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 46 iii iii NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 48 shape shape VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 49 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 50 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 51 's 's POS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 52 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 53 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 54 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 144 55 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 1 Recent recent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 2 publications publication NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 3 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 4 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 5 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 7 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 8 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 9 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 10 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 11 functional functional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 14 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 15 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 16 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 17 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 18 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 19 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 20 most most JJS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 21 pathogen pathogen NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 22 recognition recognition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 23 receptors receptor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 24 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 25 expressed express VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 26 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 27 up up RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 28 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 29 regulated regulate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 30 upon upon IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 31 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 32 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 33 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 34 stimuli stimulus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 36 57 57 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 37 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 38 81 81 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 145 40 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 2 general general JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 4 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 5 do do VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 6 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 7 elicit elicit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 8 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 9 strong strong JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 10 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 11 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 12 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 13 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 14 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 15 target target NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 16 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 17 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 19 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 20 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 21 early early RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 22 during during IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 23 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 146 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 1 Despite despite IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 2 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 3 presence presence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 5 all all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 6 major major JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 7 pathogen pathogen NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 8 recognition recognition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 9 receptors receptor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 11 no no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 12 elevated elevated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 13 expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 15 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 16 beta beta NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 17 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 18 pro pro JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 19 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 20 inflammatory inflammatory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 21 cytokines cytokine NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 22 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 23 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 24 stimulated stimulate VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 25 genes gene NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 26 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 27 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 28 observed observe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 29 up up IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 30 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 31 12 12 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 32 h h NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 33 post post NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 34 - - NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 35 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 36 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 37 HAEs hae NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 38 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 39 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 40 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 41 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 42 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 43 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 44 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 45 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 46 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 47 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 49 57 57 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 147 51 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 2 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 3 most most RBS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 4 likely likely JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 5 due due IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 6 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 7 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 8 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 9 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 10 properties property NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 11 harbored harbor VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 14 replicative replicative JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 15 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 16 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 17 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 18 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 19 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 20 actively actively RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 21 aid aid VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 22 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 23 avoiding avoid VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 24 recognition recognition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 25 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 27 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 28 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 29 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 30 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 148 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 5 5′ 5′ CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 6 termini terminus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 7 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 9 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 10 mRNA mrna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 11 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 12 capped cap VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 13 making make VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 14 them -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 15 indistinguishable indistinguishable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 16 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 17 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 18 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 19 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 149 20 mRNAs mrnas CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 1 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 2 no no RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 3 longer long RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 4 detectable detectable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 5 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 6 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 7 sensors sensor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 150 8 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 3 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 4 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 5 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 6 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 7 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 9 appearance appearance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 10 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 11 double double JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 12 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 13 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 15 DMVs dmv NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 19 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 20 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 21 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 22 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 23 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 24 might may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 25 serve serve VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 26 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 27 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 28 protective protective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 29 shield shield NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 30 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 31 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 32 RNA RNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 33 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 34 prevent prevent VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 35 recognition recognition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 36 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 37 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 39 sensors sensor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 41 82 82 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 44 83 83 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 47 84 84 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 50 85 85 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 151 52 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 1 In in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 2 addition addition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 3 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 5 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 6 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 7 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 8 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 9 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 10 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 11 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 12 accessory accessory NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 13 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 14 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 15 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 16 discovered discover VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 17 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 18 inhibit inhibit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 19 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 20 signaling signal VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 21 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 22 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 23 stages stage NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 24 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 25 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 26 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 27 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 28 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 29 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 152 30 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 5 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 7 accessory accessory NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 8 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 9 4a 4a CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 10 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 11 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 13 signaling signal VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 14 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 15 suppressing suppress VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 17 activation activation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 18 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 19 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 20 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 21 RIGI RIGI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 23 86 86 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 24 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 25 87 87 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 27 whereas whereas IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 28 4b 4b NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 29 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 30 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 31 induction induction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 32 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 33 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 34 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 35 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 36 beta beta NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 37 promoter promoter NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 39 88 88 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 153 41 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 1 While while IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 2 ORF ORF NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 3 4a 4a CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 4 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 5 4b 4b NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 6 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 8 antagonists antagonist NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 10 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 11 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 14 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 19 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 20 ORF3b ORF3b NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 21 antagonizes antagonize VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 22 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 23 signaling signal VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 24 through through IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 25 MAVS MAVS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 26 / / SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 27 RIGI RIGI NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 29 89 89 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 154 31 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 5 ORF6 ORF6 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 6 disrupts disrupt VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 7 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 8 signaling signal VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 9 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 10 blocking block VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 12 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 13 translocation translocation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 15 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 17 89 89 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 18 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 19 90 90 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 155 21 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 1 These these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 2 discoveries discovery NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 3 highlight highlight VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 4 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 5 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 6 employ employ VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 7 similar similar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 8 yet yet CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 9 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 10 strategies strategy NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 11 _SP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 12 Despite despite IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 13 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 15 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 16 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 17 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 18 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 19 result result VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 20 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 21 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 22 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 23 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 24 there there EX cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 25 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 26 currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 27 no no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 28 effective effective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 29 prophylactic prophylactic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 30 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 31 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 32 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 33 options option NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 34 available available JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 156 35 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 4 emergence emergence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 6 novel novel NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 7 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 8 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 9 emphasized emphasize VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 10 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 11 need need NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 12 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 13 develop develop VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 14 effective effective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 15 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 16 options option NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 157 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 4 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 5 using use VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 7 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 8 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 9 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 10 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 12 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 15 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 16 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 17 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 18 proven prove VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 19 protective protective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 20 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 21 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 22 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 24 91 91 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 25 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 26 92 92 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 28 suggesting suggest VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 29 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 30 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 31 vaccine vaccine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 32 against against IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 33 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 34 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 35 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 36 use use NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 37 might may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 38 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 39 achievable achievable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 158 40 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 3 various various JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 4 drugs drug NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 5 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 6 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 7 HCoV hcov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 8 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 9 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 10 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 11 stages stage NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 14 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 15 cycle cycle NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 16 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 17 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 18 reported report VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 20 some some DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 21 could could MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 22 potentially potentially RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 23 serve serve VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 24 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 25 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 26 options option NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 27 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 28 HCoV hcov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 29 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 30 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 31 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 32 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 159 33 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 4 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 5 presenting present VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 6 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 7 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 9 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 11 caused cause VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 12 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 14 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 15 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 17 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 18 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 20 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 21 generally generally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 22 treated treat VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 23 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 24 steroids steroid NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 25 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 26 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 27 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 28 sometimes sometimes RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 29 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 30 combination combination NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 31 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 32 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 33 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 34 drug drug NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 35 Ribavirin Ribavirin NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 37 93 93 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 40 94 94 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 43 95 95 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 46 96 96 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 160 48 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 2 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 4 however however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 6 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 7 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 8 especially especially RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 9 effective effective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 10 highlighting highlight VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 12 need need NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 13 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 14 HCoV hcov ADD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 15 specific specific JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 16 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 161 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 1 Many many JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 2 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 3 compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 4 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 5 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 6 determined determine VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 7 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 8 have have VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 9 anti anti JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 10 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 11 HCoV hcov JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 12 activity activity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 162 13 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 4 protease protease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 5 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 6 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 7 suppress suppress VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 8 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 9 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 10 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 11 97 97 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 12 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 14 98 98 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 17 99 99 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 19 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 20 Cyclosporin Cyclosporin NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 21 A A NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 23 CsA csa NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 25 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 26 blocks block VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 27 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 28 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 29 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 30 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 31 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 32 all all DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 33 subgroups subgroup NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 35 100 100 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 37 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 38 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 39 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 40 immunosuppressive immunosuppressive JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 41 derivatives derivative NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 42 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 43 CsA CsA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 44 represent represent VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 45 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 46 possible possible JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 47 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 48 option option NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 49 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 50 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 51 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 52 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 53 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 54 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 55 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 163 56 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 1 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 2 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 3 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 4 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 5 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 6 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 7 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 8 pre pre JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 9 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 10 treating treat VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 11 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 12 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 13 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 14 either either DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 15 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 16 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 17 alpha alpha NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 18 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 19 lambda lambda NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 21 57 57 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 164 23 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 1 Similar similar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 2 effect effect NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 3 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 4 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 5 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 6 shown show VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 8 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 9 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 10 alpha alpha NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 11 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 12 beta beta NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 13 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 14 could could MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 15 inhibit inhibit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 17 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 20 ex ex FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 21 vivo vivo NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 22 lung lung NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 23 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 25 53 53 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 165 27 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 1 As as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 2 previously previously RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 3 described describe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 4 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 5 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 6 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 7 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 8 active active JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 9 HCoV hcov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 10 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 11 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 12 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 13 particularly particularly RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 14 effective effective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 15 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 16 vivo vivo NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 166 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 4 use use NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 6 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 8 humans human NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 9 might may MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 10 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 11 limited limit VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 12 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 13 prophylactic prophylactic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 14 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 15 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 16 exposed expose VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 17 persons person NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 18 and/or and/or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 19 health health NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 20 care care NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 21 workers worker NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 22 treating treat VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 23 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 24 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 167 25 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 1 Screenings screening NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 3 compound compound NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 4 libraries library NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 5 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 6 also also RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 7 resulted result VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 8 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 9 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 10 identification identification NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 11 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 12 some some DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 13 HCoV hcov CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 14 specific specific JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 15 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 168 16 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 1 For for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 2 example example NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 4 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 5 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 6 small small JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 7 compound compound NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 8 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 10 K22 K22 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 12 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 13 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 14 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 15 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 17 showed show VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 18 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 19 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 20 effective effective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 21 against against IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 22 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 23 broad broad JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 24 spectrum spectrum NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 25 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 26 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 27 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 28 could could MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 29 inhibit inhibit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 30 both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 31 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 32 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 33 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 34 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 35 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 36 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 37 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 38 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 40 101 101 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 169 42 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 3 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 4 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 5 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 6 has have VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 7 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 8 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 9 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 10 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 11 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 12 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 13 polymer polymer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 14 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 15 based base VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 16 compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 18 102 102 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 170 20 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 1 To to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 2 date date NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 3 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 4 most most JJS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 5 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 6 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 7 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 8 studies study NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 9 have have VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 10 been be VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 11 conducted conduct VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 13 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 14 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 15 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 16 lines line NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 171 17 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 1 However however RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 4 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 5 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 6 represent represent VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 7 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 8 ideal ideal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 9 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 10 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 11 test test VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 12 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 13 application application NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 15 efficacy efficacy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 16 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 17 those those DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 18 already already RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 19 identified identify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 20 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 21 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 22 new new JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 23 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 24 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 25 compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 26 against against IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 27 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 29 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 30 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 31 represent represent VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 32 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 33 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 34 site site NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 35 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 36 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 172 37 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 4 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 5 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 6 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 7 heterogenous heterogenous JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 9 containing contain VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 10 many many JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 11 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 12 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 13 sub sub NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 14 - - NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 15 populations population NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 16 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 18 would would MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 19 allow allow VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 20 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 22 evaluation evaluation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 23 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 24 compound compound NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 25 toxicity toxicity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 26 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 27 effect effect NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 29 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 30 differentiated differentiated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 31 layer layer NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 32 similar similar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 33 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 34 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 35 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 36 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 173 37 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 1 Compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 2 already already RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 3 shown show VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 4 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 5 inhibit inhibit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 6 HCoVs hcovs NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 7 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 8 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 9 lines line NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 10 should should MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 11 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 12 applied apply VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 13 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 14 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 15 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 16 as as RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 17 well well RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 18 before before IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 19 any any DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 20 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 21 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 22 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 23 trials trial NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 174 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 1 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 2 induced induce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 4 diseases disease NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 5 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 7 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 8 medical medical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 10 socio socio JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 11 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 12 economic economic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 13 importance importance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 175 14 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 2 emergence emergence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 5 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 6 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 8 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 10 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 12 yearly yearly JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 13 circulation circulation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 16 four four CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 17 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 18 HCoVs hcovs CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 19 highlight highlight VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 20 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 21 importance importance NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 23 elucidating elucidate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 24 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 25 different different JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 26 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 27 employed employ VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 28 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 29 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 30 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 31 evade evade VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 32 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 33 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 34 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 35 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 36 as as RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 37 well well RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 38 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 39 identifying identify VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 40 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 41 compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 42 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 43 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 44 vaccine vaccine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 45 candidates candidate NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 176 46 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 2 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 3 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 4 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 5 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 6 based base VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 7 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 8 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 9 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 10 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 11 offering offer VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 12 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 13 unique unique JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 14 platform platform NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 15 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 16 study study VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 18 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 20 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 21 representing represent VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 22 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 23 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 24 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 25 point point NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 26 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 27 these these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 28 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 29 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 30 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 31 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 32 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 33 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 34 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 35 investigate investigate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 36 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 37 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 38 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 39 HCoVs HCoVs NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 40 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 41 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 42 distal distal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 43 airways airways NNPS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 44 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 45 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 46 type type NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 47 I -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 48 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 49 II ii CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 50 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 51 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 177 52 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 4 inclusion inclusion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 6 airway airway JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 7 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 8 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 9 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 10 other other JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 11 species specie NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 12 enables enable VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 14 study study NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 15 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 16 zoonosis zoonosis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 18 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 19 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 20 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 21 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 22 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 23 transmission transmission NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 178 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 1 Currently currently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 3 many many JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 4 aspects aspect NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 5 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 6 HCoV hcov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 7 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 8 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 9 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 10 remain remain VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 11 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 12 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 13 determined determine VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 179 14 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 2 HAE HAE NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 3 culture culture NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 4 system system NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 6 both both CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 7 tracheobronchial tracheobronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 8 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 9 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 10 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 11 represents represent VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 12 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 13 unique unique JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 14 platform platform NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 15 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 16 study study VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 17 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 19 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 20 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 22 natural natural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 23 target target NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 24 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 25 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 27 molecular molecular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 28 level level NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 180 29 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 1 These these DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 2 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 3 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 4 becoming become VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 5 more more RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 6 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 8 more more RBR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 9 relevant relevant JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 10 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 11 HCoV hcov VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 12 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 181 13 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 1 Especially especially RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 2 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 3 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 4 those those DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 5 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 6 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 7 which which WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 8 there there EX cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 9 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 10 no no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 11 animal animal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 12 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 13 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 14 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 16 provide provide VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 17 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 18 organotypic organotypic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 19 substitute substitute NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 20 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 21 virushost virushost NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 22 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 23 studies study NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 182 25 _SP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 2 authors author NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 3 declare declare VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 4 no no DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 5 competing compete VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 6 interests interest NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 183 7 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 1 Authors author NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 2 ' ' POS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 3 contribution contribution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 4 HRJ HRJ NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 5 wrote write VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 7 review review NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 9 designed design VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 10 tables table NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 11 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 12 figures figure NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 184 13 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 1 RD RD NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 2 revised revise VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 3 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 4 text text NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 6 tables table NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 7 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 8 figures figure NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 185 9 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 1 Both both DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 2 authors author NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 3 read read VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 4 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 5 approved approve VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 7 final final JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 8 manuscript manuscript NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 186 9 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 1 This this DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 2 work work NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 3 was be VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 4 supported support VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 5 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 7 3R 3R NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 8 Foundation Foundation NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 9 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 10 Switzerland Switzerland NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 12 project project NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 13 128 128 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 14 - - SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 15 11 11 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 18 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 19 University University NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 20 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 21 Bern Bern NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 22 Initiator Initiator NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 23 Grant Grant NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 187 24 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 188 1 Received receive VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 188 2 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 188 3 17 17 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 188 4 December December NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 188 5 2015 2015 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 189 1 Accepted accept VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 189 2 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 1 27 27 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 2 January January NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 3 2016 2016 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 4 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNPS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 5 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 6 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 7 overview overview NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 8 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 10 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 11 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 12 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 13 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 14 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 15 structure structure NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 16 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 17 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 18 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 19 Genome Genome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 20 Organization Organization NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 21 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 22 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 23 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNPS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 24 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 25 Similarities similarity NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 26 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 27 Differences difference NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 28 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 29 Arteri- Arteri- NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 30 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 31 Toro- Toro- NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 32 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 33 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 34 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 35 A a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 36 new new JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 37 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 38 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 39 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 40 particle particle NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 41 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 42 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 43 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 44 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 45 swine swine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 46 A a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 47 nomenclature nomenclature NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 48 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 49 avian avian JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 50 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 51 isolates isolate NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 52 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 53 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 54 question question NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 55 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 56 species species NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 57 status status NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 58 Enteric enteric JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 59 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 60 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 61 postweaned postweaned JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 62 beef beef NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 63 calves calf NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 64 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 65 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 66 Bovine bovine JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 67 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 68 clade clade NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 69 2 2 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 70 Cleavage cleavage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 71 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 72 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 73 Neuroinvasive Neuroinvasive NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 74 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 75 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 76 Virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 77 Spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 78 Glycoprotein Glycoprotein NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 79 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 80 Proprotein Proprotein NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 81 Convertases Convertases NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 190 82 Modulates modulate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 1 Neurovirulence Neurovirulence NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 2 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 3 Virus Virus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 4 Spread Spread VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 5 within within IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 6 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 7 Central Central NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 8 Nervous Nervous NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 191 9 System System NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 2 chemokine chemokine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 3 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 4 CXCR2 CXCR2 NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 5 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 7 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 8 induced induce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 9 neurologic neurologic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 10 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 11 Acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 12 hepatic hepatic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 13 failure failure NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 14 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 15 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 17 gamma gamma NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 19 deficient deficient JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 20 BALB BALB NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 21 / / SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 22 c c NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 192 23 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 1 after after IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 2 murine murine JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 4 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 5 Detection detection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 7 feline feline JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 9 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 10 gene gene NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 11 mutations mutation NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 12 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 13 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 14 tool tool NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 15 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 16 diagnose diagnose VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 17 feline feline JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 18 infectious infectious JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 19 peritonitis peritonitis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 20 A a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 21 new new JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 22 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 23 isolated isolate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 24 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 25 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 26 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 28 tract tract NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 29 Recovery recovery NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 30 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 31 tracheal tracheal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 32 organ organ NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 33 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 34 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 35 novel novel NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 36 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 37 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 38 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 39 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 40 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 41 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 42 Identification identification NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 43 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 44 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 45 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 46 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 47 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 48 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 49 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 50 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 51 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 52 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 53 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 54 Characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 55 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 56 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 57 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 58 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 59 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 60 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 61 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 62 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 63 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 64 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 65 Summary summary NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 66 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 67 probable probable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 68 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 69 cases case NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 70 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 71 onset onset NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 72 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 73 illness illness NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 74 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 75 1 1 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 76 Identification Identification NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 77 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 78 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 79 new new JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 80 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 81 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 82 Characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 83 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 84 complete complete JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 85 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 86 sequence sequence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 87 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 88 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 89 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 90 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 91 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 92 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 93 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 94 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 95 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 96 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 97 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 98 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 99 Isolation isolation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 100 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 101 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 102 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 103 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 104 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 105 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 106 man man NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 107 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 108 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 109 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 110 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 111 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 112 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 113 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 114 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 115 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 116 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 117 Outbreak outbreak NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 118 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 119 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 120 Republic Republic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 121 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 122 Korea Korea NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 123 Effects Effects NNPS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 124 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 125 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 126 " " `` cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 127 new new JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 128 " " '' cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 129 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 130 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 131 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 132 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 133 volunteers volunteer NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 134 Enzyme Enzyme NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 135 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 136 linked link VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 137 immunosorbent immunosorbent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 138 assay assay NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 139 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 140 detection detection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 141 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 142 antibody antibody NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 143 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 144 volunteers volunteer NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 145 experimentally experimentally RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 146 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 147 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 148 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 149 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 150 strain strain VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 151 229 229 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 193 152 E e NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 2 behaviour behaviour NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 4 recent recent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 5 isolates isolate NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 7 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 10 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 11 vitro vitro FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 13 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 14 volunteers volunteer NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 15 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 16 evidence evidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 17 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 18 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 19 among among IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 20 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 21 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 22 related relate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 194 23 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 2 " " `` cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 3 common common JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 4 cold cold NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 5 " " '' cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 6 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 7 frail frail JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 8 older old JJR cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 9 persons person NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 10 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 11 impact impact NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 13 rhinovirus rhinovirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 16 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 17 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 18 senior senior JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 19 daycare daycare NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 20 center center NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 21 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 22 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 23 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 24 infects infect VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 25 polarized polarized JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 26 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 27 epithelia epithelium NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 28 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 29 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 30 apical apical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 31 surface surface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 32 Culturing culture VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 33 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 34 unculturable unculturable JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 35 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 36 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 37 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 38 HKU1 hku1 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 39 infects infect VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 40 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 41 replicates replicate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 42 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 43 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 44 produces produce VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 45 progeny progeny JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 46 virions virion NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 47 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 48 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 49 ciliated ciliated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 50 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 51 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 52 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 53 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 54 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 55 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 56 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 57 Associated Associated NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 58 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 59 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 60 Like Like NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 61 Illness Illness NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 62 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 63 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 64 Community Community NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 65 Setting set VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 66 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 67 Peru Peru NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 68 High high JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 69 incidence incidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 70 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 71 low low JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 72 burden burden NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 73 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 74 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 75 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 76 preferential preferential JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 77 associations association NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 78 between between IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 79 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 195 80 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 2 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 3 burden burden NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 5 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 6 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 7 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 8 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 9 twenty twenty CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 10 years year NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 11 Ecology ecology NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 12 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 13 evolution evolution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 15 classification classification NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 16 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 17 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 18 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 20 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 21 aftermath aftermath NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 23 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 24 Evidence Evidence NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 25 supporting support VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 26 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 27 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 28 origin origin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 29 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 30 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 32 strain strain VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 33 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 34 Evidence evidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 35 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 36 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 37 Ancestral Ancestral NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 38 Association Association NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 39 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 40 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 41 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 42 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 43 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 44 Bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 45 Estimating estimate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 46 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 47 risk risk NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 48 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 49 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 50 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 51 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 52 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 54 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 56 death death NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 57 during during IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 58 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 59 course course NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 60 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 61 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 62 outbreak outbreak NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 63 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 64 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 65 Republic Republic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 66 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 196 67 Korea Korea NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 2 emergence emergence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 4 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 5 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 6 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 7 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 8 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 12 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 197 15 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 1 Pathogens pathogen NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 2 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 3 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 4 ORF8-Related orf8-relate VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 5 Genetic genetic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 6 Evidence evidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 8 Chinese chinese JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 9 Horseshoe Horseshoe NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 10 Bats Bats NNPS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 11 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 12 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 13 Source source NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 15 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 16 Severe Severe NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 17 Acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 18 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 19 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 20 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 21 Identification Identification NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 23 diverse diverse JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 24 alphacoronaviruses alphacoronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 25 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 26 genomic genomic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 27 characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 28 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 29 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 30 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 31 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 32 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 33 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 34 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 35 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 36 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 37 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 38 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 39 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 40 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 41 China China NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 42 Novel Novel NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 44 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 45 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 46 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 47 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 48 bats bat NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 49 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 50 China China NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 51 Isolation Isolation NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 52 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 53 characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 54 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 55 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 56 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 57 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 58 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 59 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 60 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 61 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 62 uses use VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 63 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 64 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 65 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 66 A a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 67 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 68 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 69 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 70 cluster cluster NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 71 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 72 circulating circulate VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 73 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 74 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 75 shows show VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 76 potential potential NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 77 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 78 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 79 emergence emergence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 80 Rooting root VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 81 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 82 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 83 tree tree NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 84 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 85 middle middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 86 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 87 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 88 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 89 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 90 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 91 characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 92 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 93 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 94 conspecific conspecific JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 95 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 96 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 97 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 98 African african JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 99 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 100 Spread spread NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 101 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 102 circulation circulation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 103 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 104 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 105 evolution evolution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 106 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 107 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 108 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 198 109 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 1 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 2 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 4 Ready ready JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 5 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 6 set set VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 7 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 8 fuse fuse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 199 9 ! ! . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 2 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 3 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 4 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 5 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 6 acquisition acquisition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 7 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 8 fusion fusion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 9 competence competence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 10 Membrane Membrane NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 11 ectopeptidases ectopeptidase NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 12 targeted target VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 13 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 14 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 15 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 200 16 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 1 Current current JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 2 Opinion Opinion NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 3 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 4 Virology Virology NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 5 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 6 activates activate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 7 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 8 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 10 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 11 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 12 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 13 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 14 independent independent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 15 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 16 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 17 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 18 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 19 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 20 expressed express VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 21 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 22 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 23 target target NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 24 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 25 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 26 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 27 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 28 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 29 Evidence evidence NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 30 that that IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 31 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 32 activates activate VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 33 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 34 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 35 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 36 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 37 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 38 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 39 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 40 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 41 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 42 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 43 fusion fusion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 44 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 45 reduces reduce VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 46 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 47 control control NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 48 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 49 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 50 humoral humoral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 51 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 201 52 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 1 Human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 2 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 3 N N NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 4 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 5 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 6 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 7 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 8 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 10 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 11 Expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 13 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 14 N n NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 15 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 16 dipeptidyl dipeptidyl JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 17 peptidase peptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 18 IV IV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 20 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 21 healthy healthy JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 22 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 23 asthmatic asthmatic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 24 bronchus bronchus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 202 25 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 1 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 2 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 3 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 5 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 7 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 8 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 9 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 10 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 11 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 12 Angiotensin Angiotensin NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 13 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 14 converting convert VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 15 enzyme enzyme NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 16 2 2 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 17 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 18 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 19 Human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 20 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 21 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 22 employs employ VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 23 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 24 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 25 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 26 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 27 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 28 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 29 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 30 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 31 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 32 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 33 Tissue tissue NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 34 distribution distribution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 35 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 36 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 37 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 38 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 39 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 40 functional functional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 41 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 42 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 44 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 203 45 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 204 1 A a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 204 2 first first JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 204 3 step step NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 204 4 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 204 5 understanding understanding NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 2 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 3 Dipeptidyl Dipeptidyl NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 4 peptidase peptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 5 4 4 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 6 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 7 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 8 functional functional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 9 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 10 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 11 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 12 emerging emerge VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 13 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 15 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 16 EMC EMC NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 17 Dipeptidyl Dipeptidyl NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 19 peptidase peptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 20 IV IV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 21 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 22 bench bench NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 23 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 24 bedside bedside NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 205 25 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 1 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 2 update update NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 3 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 4 structural structural JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 5 properties property NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 6 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 7 functions function NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 8 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 10 clinical clinical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 11 aspects aspect NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 13 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 14 enzyme enzyme NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 15 DPP DPP NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 16 IV IV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 17 Tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 18 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 20 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 21 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 22 responses response NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 23 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 24 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 25 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 26 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 27 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 28 lineage lineage NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 29 C C NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 30 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 31 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 32 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 33 ex ex FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 34 vivo vivo NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 35 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 36 organ organ NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 37 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 38 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 39 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 40 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 41 Spike Spike NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 42 Protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 43 Uses use VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 44 O O NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 45 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 46 Acetylated Acetylated NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 47 Sialic Sialic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 48 Acid Acid NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 49 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 50 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 51 Attachment Attachment NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 52 Receptor Receptor NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 53 Determinant Determinant NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 54 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 55 Employs employ VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 56 Hemagglutinin Hemagglutinin NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 57 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 58 Esterase Esterase NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 59 Protein Protein NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 60 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 61 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 62 Receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 63 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 64 Destroying destroy VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 65 Enzyme Enzyme NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 66 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 67 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 68 cellular cellular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 69 receptors receptor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 70 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 71 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 72 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 73 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 74 Isolation Isolation NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 75 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 76 characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 77 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 78 current current JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 79 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 80 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 81 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 82 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 83 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 84 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 85 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 86 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 87 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 88 reveal reveal VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 89 differences difference NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 90 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 91 target target NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 92 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 93 tropism tropism NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 94 Efficient efficient JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 95 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 96 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 97 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 98 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 99 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 100 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 101 EMC EMC NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 102 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 103 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 104 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 105 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 106 highlights highlight VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 107 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 108 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 109 potential potential JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 110 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 111 RNA RNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 112 transcribed transcribe VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 113 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 114 vitro vitro FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 115 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 116 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 117 cDNA cdna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 118 copy copy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 119 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 120 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 121 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 122 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 123 genome genome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 124 cloned clone VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 125 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 126 vaccinia vaccinia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 127 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 128 Recovery recovery NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 129 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 130 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 131 neurovirulent neurovirulent NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 132 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 133 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 134 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 135 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 136 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 137 infectious infectious JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 138 cDNA cdna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 139 clone clone NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 140 Systematic systematic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 141 assembly assembly NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 142 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 143 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 144 full full JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 145 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 146 length length NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 147 infectious infectious JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 148 clone clone NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 149 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 150 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 151 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 152 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 153 Animal Animal NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 154 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 155 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 156 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 157 study study NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 158 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 159 influenza influenza NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 160 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 161 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 162 therapy therapy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 163 Animal Animal NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 164 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 165 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 166 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 167 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 206 168 MERS MERS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 1 coronaviruses coronaviruses NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 2 Development Development NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 3 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 4 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 5 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 6 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 7 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 8 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 9 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 12 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 13 Cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 15 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 207 16 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 1 N N NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 3 CD13 CD13 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 5 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 6 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 7 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 8 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 9 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 11 coronavirus-229E coronavirus-229E NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 12 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 13 vitro vitro FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 14 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 15 but but CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 16 not not RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 17 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 18 vivo vivo NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 19 Rapid rapid JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 20 generation generation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 21 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 22 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 23 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 24 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 25 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 26 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 27 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 29 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 30 Generation generation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 31 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 32 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 33 transgenic transgenic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 34 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 35 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 36 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 37 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 38 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 39 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 40 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 41 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 42 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 43 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 44 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 45 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 46 parainfluenza parainfluenza NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 47 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 48 serotypes serotype NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 49 differ differ VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 50 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 51 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 52 kinetics kinetic NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 53 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 54 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 55 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 56 cytokine cytokine JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 57 secretion secretion NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 58 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 59 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 60 tracheobronchial tracheobronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 61 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 62 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 63 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 64 bocavirus bocavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 65 1 1 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 66 infects infect VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 67 commercially commercially RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 68 available available JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 69 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 70 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 71 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 72 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 73 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 74 productively productively RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 75 Infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 76 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 77 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 78 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 79 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 80 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 81 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 82 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 83 avian avian JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 84 strains strain NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 85 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 208 86 influenza influenza NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 1 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 2 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 3 Human Human NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 4 bocavirus bocavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 5 can can MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 6 be be VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 7 cultured culture VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 8 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 9 differentiated differentiated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 10 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 11 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 12 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 13 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 14 Non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 15 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 16 animal animal JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 17 models model NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 18 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 19 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 20 barriers barrier NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 22 skin skin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 23 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 24 intestine intestine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 25 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 26 lung lung NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 29 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 30 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 31 industrial industrial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 32 applications application NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 33 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 34 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 35 toxicology toxicology NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 36 Airway Airway NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 37 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 38 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 39 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 40 current current JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 41 concepts concept NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 42 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 43 challenges challenge VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 44 Alveolar alveolar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 45 development development NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 46 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 47 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 48 Building Building NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 49 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 50 maintaining maintain VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 51 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 52 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 53 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 54 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 55 lung lung NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 56 Serial serial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 57 culturing culturing NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 58 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 59 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 60 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 61 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 62 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 63 derived derive VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 64 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 65 biopsies biopsy NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 66 Ciliogenesis Ciliogenesis NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 67 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 68 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 69 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 70 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 71 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 72 cultured culture VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 73 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 74 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 75 air air NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 76 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 77 liquid liquid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 209 78 interface interface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 2 air air NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 4 liquid liquid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 5 interface interface NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 6 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 7 use use NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 8 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 9 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 10 cell cell NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 11 cultures culture NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 12 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 13 important important JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 14 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 15 recapitulate recapitulate VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 17 transcriptional transcriptional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 18 profile profile NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 19 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 20 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 21 vivo vivo NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 22 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 23 epithelia epithelium NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 24 Bilateral bilateral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 25 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 26 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 27 release release NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 28 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 29 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 30 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 31 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 32 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 210 33 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 1 induces induce VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 2 profound profound JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 3 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 5 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 6 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 7 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 211 8 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 1 Innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 2 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 3 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 4 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 5 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 6 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 7 type type NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 8 II II NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 9 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 10 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 11 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 12 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 13 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 15 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 17 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 18 Human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 20 HKU1 hku1 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 21 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 23 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 24 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 25 type type NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 26 II ii CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 27 alveolar alveolar NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 28 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 29 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 30 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 31 cytopathic cytopathic JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 32 effects effect NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 33 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 34 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 35 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 212 36 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 1 Transcriptome Transcriptome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 2 analysis analysis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 3 reveals reveal VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 4 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 5 classical classical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 6 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 7 signature signature NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 8 induced induce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 9 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 10 IFNlambda4 IFNlambda4 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 11 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 12 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 13 primary primary JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 213 14 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 2 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 4 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 5 / / SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 6 transcription transcription NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 7 complexes complex NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 8 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 9 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 10 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 11 protected protect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 12 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 13 need need VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 14 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 15 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 16 factor factor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 17 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 18 activity activity NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 19 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 20 vitro vitro FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 22 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 23 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 24 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 25 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 26 supported support VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 27 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 28 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 29 reticulovesicular reticulovesicular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 30 network network NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 31 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 32 modified modify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 33 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 34 reticulum reticulum NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 35 2'-O 2'-o CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 36 methylation methylation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 37 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 38 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 39 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 40 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 41 cap cap NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 42 evades evade VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 43 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 44 restriction restriction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 45 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 46 IFIT IFIT NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 47 family family NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 214 48 members member NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 1 Ribose ribose NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 2 2'-O 2'-o CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 4 methylation methylation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 5 provides provide VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 6 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 8 signature signature NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 9 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 10 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 11 distinction distinction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 12 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 13 self self NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 14 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 15 non non JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 16 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 17 self self JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 18 mRNA mrna NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 19 dependent dependent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 20 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 21 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 215 23 sensor sensor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 1 Mda5 Mda5 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 2 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 3 east east JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 4 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 5 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 7 4a 4a CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 8 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 9 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 10 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 11 double double RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 12 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 13 stranded stranded JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 14 RNAbinding rnabinding NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 15 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 16 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 17 suppresses suppress VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 18 PACT pact NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 19 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 20 induced induce VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 21 activation activation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 22 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 23 RIG rig NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 24 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 25 I I NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 26 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 27 MDA5 MDA5 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 29 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 30 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 31 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 32 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 33 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 34 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 35 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 36 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 37 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 38 accessory accessory NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 39 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 40 4a 4a CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 41 is be VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 42 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 216 43 type type NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 217 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 217 2 interferon interferon VBD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 217 3 antagonist antagonist NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 2 ORF4b orf4b RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 4 encoded encode VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 5 accessory accessory NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 6 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 7 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 8 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 9 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 10 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 11 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 14 two two CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 15 related related JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 16 bat bat NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 17 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 18 localize localize VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 19 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 20 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 21 nucleus nucleus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 22 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 23 inhibit inhibit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 24 innate innate JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 25 immune immune JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 26 signalling signal VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 27 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 28 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 29 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 30 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 32 open open JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 33 reading reading NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 34 frame frame NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 36 ORF ORF NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 38 3b 3b NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 39 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 40 ORF ORF NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 41 6 6 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 42 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 43 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 44 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 45 proteins protein NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 46 function function VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 47 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 48 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 218 49 antagonists antagonist NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 1 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 2 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 6 ORF6 ORF6 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 7 antagonizes antagonize VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 8 STAT1 stat1 NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 9 function function NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 10 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 11 sequestering sequester VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 12 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 13 import import NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 14 factors factor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 15 on on IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 17 rough rough JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 18 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 19 reticulum reticulum NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 20 / / SYM cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 21 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 22 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 23 Severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 24 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 26 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 27 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 28 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 29 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 30 expressed express VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 31 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 32 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 33 vaccinia vaccinia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 34 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 35 protectively protectively RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 36 immunizes immunize VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 37 mice mouse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 38 Protective protective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 39 efficacy efficacy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 40 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 41 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 42 modified modify VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 43 vaccinia vaccinia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 44 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 45 Ankara Ankara NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 46 delivering deliver VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 47 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 48 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 49 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 50 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 51 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 52 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 53 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 54 Ribavirin ribavirin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 55 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 56 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 57 therapy therapy NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 58 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 59 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 60 infected infect VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 61 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 62 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 63 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 64 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 65 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 66 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 67 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 68 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 69 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 70 observational observational JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 71 study study NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 72 Hostdirected hostdirecte VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 73 therapies therapy NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 74 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 75 improving improve VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 76 poor poor JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 77 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 78 outcomes outcome NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 79 associated associate VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 80 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 81 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 82 middle middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 83 east east NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 84 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 85 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 86 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 87 infections infection NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 88 Ribavirin ribavirin RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 89 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 219 90 interferon interferon NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 1 alfa-2a alfa-2a JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 2 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 3 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 4 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 5 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 9 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 10 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 11 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 12 retrospective retrospective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 13 cohort cohort NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 14 study study NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 15 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 220 17 alpha2a alpha2a NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 1 or or CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 2 IFN IFN NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 4 beta1a beta1a NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 5 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 6 combination combination NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 7 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 8 ribavirin ribavirin NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 9 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 10 treat treat VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 11 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 12 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 13 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 14 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 16 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 221 17 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 1 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 2 retrospective retrospective JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 3 study study NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 4 Simultaneous simultaneous JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 5 treatment treatment NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 6 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 7 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 8 bronchial bronchial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 9 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 10 cells cell NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 11 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 12 serine serine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 14 cysteine cysteine NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 15 protease protease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 16 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 17 prevents prevent VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 18 severe severe JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 19 acute acute JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 21 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 22 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 23 entry entry NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 24 Proteolytic Proteolytic NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 25 activation activation NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 26 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 27 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 29 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 30 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 31 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 32 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 33 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 34 cutting cut VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 35 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 36 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 37 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 38 cutting cutting JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 39 edge edge NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 40 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 41 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 222 42 research research NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 5 papain papain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 6 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 7 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 8 protease protease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 9 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 10 structure structure NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 11 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 12 function function NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 13 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 14 inhibition inhibition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 15 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 16 designed design VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 17 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 223 18 compounds compound NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 5 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 6 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 7 interactome interactome NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 224 8 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 1 identification identification NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 2 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 3 cyclophilins cyclophilins NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 4 as as IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 5 target target NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 6 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 7 pan pan NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 8 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 10 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 11 Targeting target VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 12 membrane membrane NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 13 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 14 bound bind VBN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 15 viral viral JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 17 synthesis synthesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 18 reveals reveal VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 19 potent potent JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 20 inhibition inhibition NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 21 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 22 diverse diverse JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 23 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 24 including include VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 25 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 26 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 27 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 29 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 30 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 31 Novel Novel NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 32 polymeric polymeric JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 33 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 34 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 35 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 36 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 37 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 38 Isolation Isolation NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 39 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 40 man man NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 41 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 42 " " `` cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 43 avian avian JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 44 infectious infectious JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 45 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 46 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 47 - - : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 48 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 49 " " `` cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 50 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 52 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 54 similar similar JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 55 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 56 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 57 virus virus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 58 , , , cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 59 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 60 some some DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 61 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 62 observations observation NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 63 Human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 64 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 65 229E 229e CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 225 66 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 1 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 2 binding bind VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 3 domain domain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 4 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 5 neutralization neutralization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 6 by by IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 7 soluble soluble JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 8 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 9 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 10 37 37 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 11 degrees degree NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 12 C c NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 13 Growth growth NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 14 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 15 suckling suckle VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 16 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 17 mouse mouse NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 18 brain brain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 19 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 20 " " `` cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 21 IBV IBV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 22 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 23 like like JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 24 " " '' cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 25 viruses virus NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 26 from from IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 27 patients patient NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 28 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 29 upper upper JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 30 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 31 tract tract NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 226 32 disease disease NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 1 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 3 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 5 S S NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 6 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 7 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 8 expression expression NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 9 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 10 functional functional JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 11 characterization characterization NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 12 Identification identification NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 13 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 14 residues residue NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 15 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 17 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 18 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 19 binding bind VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 20 domain domain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 22 RBD RBD NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 24 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 25 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 26 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 27 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 28 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 29 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 227 30 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 228 1 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 1 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 2 are be VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 3 critical critical JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 4 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 5 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 6 RBD RBD NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 7 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 8 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 9 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 10 interaction interaction NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 11 The the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 12 receptor receptor NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 13 binding bind VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 14 domain domain NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 15 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 16 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 17 new new JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 18 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 19 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 21 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 22 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 23 maps map VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 24 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 25 a a DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 26 231-residue 231-residue CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 27 region region NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 28 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 29 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 30 spike spike NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 31 protein protein NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 32 that that WDT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 33 efficiently efficiently RB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 34 elicits elicit VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 35 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 36 antibodies antibody NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 37 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 38 - - HYPH cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 39 CoV cov NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 40 replication replication NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 41 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 42 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 43 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 44 an an DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 45 in in FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 46 vitro vitro FW cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 47 model model NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 48 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 49 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 50 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 51 conducting conduct VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 52 airway airway NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 53 epithelium epithelium NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 54 Cell Cell NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 55 host host NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 56 response response NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 57 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 58 infection infection NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 59 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 60 novel novel JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 61 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 62 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 63 EMC EMC NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 64 predicts predict VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 65 potential potential JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 66 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 67 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 68 important important JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 69 differences difference NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 70 with with IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 71 SARS SARS NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 72 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 73 Dipeptidyl Dipeptidyl NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 74 peptidase peptidase NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 75 4 4 CD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 76 distribution distribution NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 77 in in IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 78 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 79 human human JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 80 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 81 tract tract NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 82 : : : cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 83 implications implication NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 84 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 85 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 86 Middle Middle NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 87 East East NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 88 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 229 89 syndrome syndrome NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 2 would would MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 3 like like VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 4 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 5 thank thank VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 6 Prof. Prof. NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 7 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 8 Volker Volker NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 9 Thiel Thiel NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 10 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 11 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 12 careful careful JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 13 review review NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 14 of of IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 15 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 16 manuscript manuscript NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 17 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 18 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 19 Eveline Eveline NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 20 Kindler Kindler NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 21 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 22 providing provide VBG cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 23 components component NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 24 for for IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 25 figures figure NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 230 26 . . . cord-293938-40zyv1h8 231 1 • • NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 232 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 232 2 accept accept VBP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 232 3 pre pre JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 232 4 - - JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 232 5 submission submission JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 232 6 inquiries inquiry NNS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 233 1 • • NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 2 selector selector NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 3 tool tool NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 4 helps help VBZ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 5 you -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 6 to to TO cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 7 find find VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 8 the the DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 9 most most RBS cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 10 relevant relevant JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 11 journal journal NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 12 Submit submit VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 13 your -PRON- PRP$ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 14 next next JJ cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 15 manuscript manuscript NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 16 to to IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 17 BioMed BioMed NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 18 Central Central NNP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 19 and and CC cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 21 will will MD cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 22 help help VB cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 23 you -PRON- PRP cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 24 at at IN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 25 every every DT cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 26 step step NN cord-293938-40zyv1h8 234 27 : : :