# ent

id: cord-007456-acbo4zs2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  tissue Ab 1 3 3 Medium 1 6 8 0 7 0 6 6 6 8 6 4 Tissue ND 7 2 6 9 6 4 6 4 6 5 Ab 3 4 8 Medium 8 0 7 7 6 6 6 5 7 0 6 2 Tissue ND 7 2 6 5 6 2 6 7 6 4 SM1018 C 4 5 Medium 3 2 8 1 6 8 6 7 6 5 6 5 Tissue ND 7 3 6 7 6 5 6 6 6 3 MinR1 3 9 Medium 2 1 8 2 6 4 6 1 6 4 6 1 Tissue ND 7 8 6 7 6 9 6 7 6 3


id: cord-007456-acbo4zs2
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  4 5 Medium 3 2 8 1 6 8 6 7 6 5 6 5 Tissue ND 7 3 6 7 6 5 6 6 6 3 MinR1 3 9 Medium 2 1 8 2 6 4 6 1 6 4 6 1 Tissue ND 7 8 6 7 6 9 6 7 6 3 aNumber


id: cord-007474-ckqghr3b
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rotaviruses and enteroviruses Virological studies Detection of differences among human and animal rotaviruses


id: cord-015722-0w3crrf9
type: ORG
entity:
  Veterinary Infectious Diseae Organization VIDO University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon University Publications Office


id: cord-007495-gpz4gkv3
type: DNA
entity:
  Coronaviridae family infectious bronchitis mouse hepatitis and transmissible gastroenteritis viruses


id: cord-258107-s53f25sb
type: CL
entity:
  Pasteurella multocida Brachyspira spp Leptospira spp Haematopinus suis Salmonella spp Mycobacterium spp porcine respiratory coronavirus swine influenza virus


id: cord-257645-6fxfmn1i
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  LLR 85 À À À À À À À 11 À À À À À À À 3 2 LLR 85 R191 À À À À À À À 3 À À À À À À À 4 À À À À À 5 À À À À À À À 6 À À À À À À À 9 À À À À À À À 10 À À À À À À À À


id: cord-255619-5h3l6nh6
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  TW T T BJ AAP92682 P V ArkDPI AAX39764 T V TW2296 95 AAT39490 T T CK CH LHB 961 ABC02826 S V Beaudette AAA70242 P T TW2575 98 ABG36794 Strains in gray are recruited for BI and CODEML analyses IBV N protein


id: cord-260840-tudl9k1g
type: GGP
entity:
  PRRSV I 06 3 5 2 99 AE 1 26 C 4 5 4 82 AE 1 47 C 5 5 6 00 AE 0 92 B 5 5 6 25 AE 0 02 B B3 PRRSV I 92 4 5 4 52 AE 1 14 5 5 7 47 AE 0 12 5 5 7 43 AE 0 14 5 5 7 28 AE 0 09 B3 PRRSV I 06 4 4 3 84 AE 0 63 3 4 4 57 AE 1 53 4 4 6 12 AE 1 33 4 4 7 13 AE 0 44 Different superscripts A B C D


id: cord-264598-2u8bm2fz
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  pulmonary macrophage subpopulations pulmonary alveolar macrophages PAMs pulmonary intravascular macrophage PIMs


id: cord-264598-2u8bm2fz
type: GGP
entity:
  Díaz I Revilla C Mateu E Domínguez J Martín Valls G Barranco I Pallarés F J Carrasco L Gómez Laguna J title Activation of pro and anti


id: cord-257046-er5orx8s
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  PCV1 5 H GCCCCCC AGGAATGGTACTCCTCXTp 3 H where X is Texas Red and PCV2 5 H TCAGACC CCGTTGGAATGGTACTCCTC Cy5 3 H


id: cord-260869-rym2ik0o
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  feline coronavirus accessory protein 7b date 2016 02 29 journal Vet Microbiol DOI 10 1016 j vetmic 2015 12 009 sha ff95dcd75515b1bd9dbb66bc58f495c42159676e doc_id 260869 cord_uid rym2ik0o Feline coronaviruses FCoVs


id: cord-269560-vq462fh2
type: TAXON
entity:
  virus Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Bordetella bronchiseptica Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Brachyspira pilosicoli


id: cord-270727-2dd3b7di
type: DISEASE
entity:
  respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV swine influenza virus SIV pseudorabies virus PRV porcine rubulavirus PorPV porcine circovirus type 2


id: cord-261160-g92zhv19
type: DISEASE
entity:
  kidney bladder heart aorta liver intestines stomach testes ovaries nasal turbinates and salivary glands


id: cord-277746-rllxa6fj
type: TAXON
entity:
  FNoV feline coronavirus feline calicivirus feline astrovirus feline rotavirus feline kobuvirus and feline panleukopenia virus


id: cord-265765-zpf1bla8
type: DNA
entity:
  AE 13 AE 14 oligonucleotide sequences 5 H GTG GCG AAT ACT GGC GAG ACT 3 H and 5 H CCC CAT TCT TTT TCA CCG TCG 3 H


id: cord-265765-zpf1bla8
type: DNA
entity:
  MK1 MK2 oligonucleotide primers 5 H TTT ACG ATA GAC TTC TCG AC 3 H and 5 H CAC ATA TAA ATT ATT TCG CTC 3 H


id: cord-277364-vy2yirek
type: TAXON
entity:
  rotaviruses some coronaviruses porcine circovirus type 2 PCV2 Escherichia coli Brachyspira spp Salmonella spp Yersinia spp Lawsonia intracellularis Oesophagostomum


id: cord-277364-vy2yirek
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rotaviruses some coronaviruses porcine circovirus type 2 PCV2 Escherichia coli Brachyspira spp Salmonella spp Yersinia spp Lawsonia intracellularis Oesophagostomum dentatum and Trichuris suis


id: cord-277187-rcxjjxw3
type: DNA
entity:
  5 untranslated region UTR open reading frame 1a 1b ORF1a 1b spike S nonstructural protein 3 NS3 envelope E membrane M nucleocapsid N nonstructural protein 7a NS7a and 3 UTR


id: cord-277187-rcxjjxw3
type: SO
entity:
  5 untranslated region UTR open reading frame 1a 1b ORF1a 1b spike S nonstructural protein 3 NS3 envelope E membrane M nucleocapsid N nonstructural protein


id: cord-274892-a6fscyjf
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus B whole blood L liver S spleen MG mammary gland LN lymph node C cloaca 1 0 male 0 1 female


id: cord-285585-tigj7fhc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals edition AVMA Schaumburn IL Exposure of feral swine Sus scrofa


id: cord-285585-tigj7fhc
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  pseudorabies virus n 65 porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus n 16 Brucella spp n 66 Leptospira spp n 52 swine influenza virus n 61


id: cord-285096-g9y3au1a
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diaphragmatic lung lobe apical lung lobe trachea nasal cavity bronchial lymph node nasal and palatine tonsil and lung lavage fluid


id: cord-297283-o1oauxex
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development CNPq the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education


id: cord-283946-ts2lyy4p
type: DNA
entity:
  cat named Ria The samples were xed in formol saline and hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue sections prepared


id: cord-283946-ts2lyy4p
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  feline calicivirus Cat Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 b 7 8 9 1 0 98 382 Vaccinate À c À À À À À À À À À 98 394 Vaccinate À À À À À À À À 98 431 Vaccinate À À À À À À À 98 444 Vaccinate À À À À À À À À À À 98 516 Nonvaccinate À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À 98 537 Nonvaccinate À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À À


id: cord-283946-ts2lyy4p
type: ORG
entity:
  the Clinical Pathology Service of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital VMTH School of Veterinary Medicine


id: cord-292690-1p1gnpgf
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  recombinant L acidophilus pRc CMV2 S1 Rep 8014 L acidophilus S1 and L acidophilus pRc CMV2 S2 Rep 8014 L acidophilus S2


id: cord-290442-rrj684c4
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  UK dog population Genetic diversity among sapoviruses Rotavirus A genotype P 4 G2 genetic diversity and reassortment events among strains circulating in Brazil between Prevalence and risk factors of astrovirus infection in puppies from French breeding kennels Feline and canine coronaviruses common genetic and pathobiological features Detection and genetic characterization of canine parvoviruses and coronaviruses


id: cord-290442-rrj684c4
type: GGP
entity:
  IIb 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15 18 24 25 32 38 45 49 50 TGEV Lys Phe Val Val Leu Val Val Met Leu Ile Tyr Asn Leu Thr Gln Thr Ser Pro Asn UCD 1 Leu Leu Ser Phe Leu His Asn Ile


id: cord-284514-b7no0yrv
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  phosphorylase b 94 kDa bovine serum albumin 67 kDa ovalbumin 43 kDa carbonic anhydrase 30 kDa trypsin


id: cord-299751-2drhoz70
type: ORG
entity:
  the Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee Ministry of Education and Science


id: cord-301382-zlr4nwc2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Alexa488 fluorescent reporter conjugated goat anti bovine donkey anti sheep and donkey anti goat IgG antibodies


id: cord-305156-w6iqeayr
type: DNA
entity:
  virus date 2018 10 11 journal Vet Microbiol DOI 10 1016 j vetmic 2018 09 025 sha 9f42d98dcc8fb72f1808fbefb5a020581aa0d80a doc_id 305156 cord_uid w6iqeayr PEDV


id: cord-323856-yr3zfxz3
type: DNA
entity:
  ANSES ENVA UPEC ethical committee ComEth authorization 17 059 APAFiS no 2017082408183121 The experiment


id: cord-306948-wkisfz1m
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nuclear export signal sequences Replication competent recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome PRRS viruses expressing indicator proteins


id: cord-306948-wkisfz1m
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  cDNA templates Interplay between interferon mediated innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Crystal structure of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus leader protease nsp1 alpha


id: cord-306948-wkisfz1m
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  carboxy terminal beta strand of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein Full length sequence


id: cord-312208-8ydh6jev
type: DNA
entity:
  PRRSV genes 5 0 viral polymerase ORFs 1a 1b virion associated proteins GP2 ORF 2 GP3 ORF 3 GP4 ORF 4 GP5 ORF 5 M ORF 6 N ORF 7 3 0


id: cord-306976-p2521bl4
type: DNA
entity:
  nrTW I strain 10 10 4 10 0 10 0 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 5 6 4 6 2 6 1 6 LDT3 A 0 10 0 10 0 10 2 10 6 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 1 10 1 10 0 10 4 91 1 10 1 10 0 10 0 10 2 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 10 5 9 3 9 0 9 Conn 4 10 1 10 0 10 4 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 6 9 4 9 0 9 LDL 091022 P120 0 10 0 10 0 10 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 2 10 0 10 LSD 120720 P90 3 10 2 10 0 10 0 10 3 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 8 10 4 8 0 8 LGX 100508 P70 2 10 2 10 0 10 0 10 3 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 10 3 10 2 9 0 8 LDL 97I P115 0 10 0 10 0 10 2 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 1 10 1 10 0 10 nrTW I d 10 10 7 10 0 10 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 10 10 3 3 1 3 0 3 Negative control 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10 0 10


id: cord-306976-p2521bl4
type: GGP
entity:
  nrTW I strain 10 10 4 10 0 10 0 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 5 6 4 6 2 6 1 6 LDT3 A 0 10 0 10 0 10 2 10 6 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 1 10 1 10 0 10 4 91 1 10 1 10 0 10 0 10 2 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 10 5 9 3 9 0 9 Conn 4 10 1 10 0 10 4 10 7 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 6 9 4 9 0 9


id: cord-322683-wkrj6n1d
type: ORG
entity:
  the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Identification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replicase Products and Characterization of Papain Like Protease Activity Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus


id: cord-317640-61crnh6a
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  R A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing Mechanisms


id: cord-328032-unwehrr5
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  black hollow triangles RDP GENECONV MaxChi Chimaera 3Seq 1 056 Â 10 À38 2 420 Â 10 À39 2 134 Â 10 À19 3 918 Â 10


id: cord-323845-s78t5qxj
type: CL
entity:
  stem lengths and cauliflower like structures of multiple loops formed by annealing between alternately inverted repeats of the target sequence


# bib

id: cord-007456-acbo4zs2
author: Thomas, L.H.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117133/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90044-7
title:
  Growth of Mycoplasma bovis in organ cultures of bovine foetal trachea and comparison with Mycoplasma dispar

abstract:
  Inoculation of tracheal organ cultures from bovine foetuses with Mycoplasma bovis resulted in a loss of cellular structure of the lamina propria, followed 20–22 days later by lifting and detachment of overlying epithelium. The effect was associated with large numbers of M. bovis, identified by immunoperoxidase labelling and electromicroscopy, infiltrating between the epithelial cells and amassing in the lamina propria, especially in the region of the basement membrane of the epithelium. Ciliary activity was undiminished for up to 18 days following inoculation and little or no cytopathic effect on the ciliated epithelium was seen in spite of the close proximity of large numbers of organisms. In contrast, M. dispar was restricted to the margin of the ciliated epithelium where, as previously reported, it caused pyknosis, sloughing and flattening of the epithelium with consequent loss of ciliary activity. The cytopathology observed for each mycoplasma bore a close similarity to the behaviour of the two mycoplasmas in vivo and it is suggested that the organ culture system may be a useful and relevant system to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms for each mycoplasma.


id: cord-007461-v3tff2gk
author: Nguyen, T.D.
date: 2002-11-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117195/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90026-5
title:
  Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine: In vitro virus attachment and effects of polyanions and polycations

abstract:
  Four transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains (Purdue-115, D-52, 188-SG and Gep-II) and two cell lines (swine testis-ST and pig kidney-RPD) were used to study virus attachment and cell susceptibility. Virus attachment was partially thermodependent and the rate varied, depending on the strain. Identical TGEV inocula produced a higher plaque number by plaque assay in the swine testis cell line (ST) than in the pig kidney cell line (RPD) but [(3)H]uridine-labèlled virus was found associated equally well with both cell lines. A field TGEV strain (Gep-II), which was unable to multiply in cell cultures, appeared able to inhibit the attachment of radiolabelled cell-passaged virus. Therefore, the susceptibility to TGEV infection was apparently not determined at the virus-to-cell attachment stage. The attachment sites on the cell surface were specific, however, differences in TGEV attachment determinant between strains were not observed. Attachment of all the virus strains tested was enhanced by DEAE-dextran and inhibited by dextran sulfate, poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-L-α-ornithine (PLO) and protamine sulfate.


id: cord-007463-8g0zklzy
author: Pocock, D.H.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117224/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90095-2
title:
  Characterisation of rotavirus isolates from sub-clinically infected calves by genome profile analysis

abstract:
  Rotaviruses isolated from 43 sub-clinically infected calves from a single farm were analysed by genome profile analysis. The isolates showed genomic variation and eight different profiles were observed, including one which was atypical for Group A rotaviruses. The 3′ terminal labelling method for the analysis of genome profiles used in this study required only 1 ng of viral RNA, an increase of 1000-fold in sensitivity over ethidium bromide staining for detecting all rotavirus genome segments. However, dual infections involving two rotaviruses with distinct profiles could not be detected if the concentrations of the viruses differed by > 10-fold.


id: cord-007472-ydrnanug
title: Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in serum from cattle by dot blot hybridization assay
author: Brock, K.V.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117269/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90179-y
abstract:
  A dot blot hybridization assay was developed for use as a rapid screening test to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in serum from infected cattle. A 1.1. kilobase cDNA, prepared from the BVDV genome, was molecularly cloned and used in this study. Insert cDNA was removed from the pUC9 plasmid vector by Pst-I restriction endonuclease digestion and purified from plasmid DNA by agarose electrophoresis and electroelution. The hybridization probe was prepared by nick translation in the presence of gamma dCT(32)P and labelled to a specific activity of 2 × 10(8) cpm/μg of DNA. Specificity was determined by dot blot hybridization of infected cell culture supernate from nine different BVDV strains. The probe hybridized equally with all strains of BVDV tested, which included four cytopathic and five noncytopathic strains of BVDV. Serum was collected from veal calves with respiratory tract disease, unthriftiness, anorexia, and/or poor conditions. Serum samples were treated with nonidet P40 detergent and denatured with formaldehyde and heat prior to application on 1.2 micron nylon membrane filters using a vacuum dot blot apparatus. Hybridization was done under relatively stringent conditions (50% formamide at 42°C). A total of 141 serum samples from different calves were tested and of these samples, 55 (39%) were positive by dot blot hybridization for BVDV RNA. Eight calves (33%) out of 24, tested 3 to 4 weeks later, remained positive for BVDV RNA.


id: cord-007474-ckqghr3b
title: Development of specific nucleic acid probes for the differentiation of porcine rotavirus serotypes
author: Johnson, Michael E.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117278/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90180-4
abstract:
  A dot blot hybridization assay is described for the detection and differentiation of porcine rotavirus serotypes. Recombinant complementary DNA (cDNA) representing gene 9 (the gene encoding the neutralization antigens in VP7 glycoprotein) from OSU (porcine rotavirus serotype 1) and Gottfried (porcine rotavirus serotype 2) strains were used to determine the optimal hybridization conditions which allow specific detection of group A porcine rotaviruses. Probes were prepared by excision of the inserts from the recombinant plasmids and radiolabeling of cDNA with (32)P by the random primer extension method. Probes were hybridized at various stringencies with viral RNA from different rotavirus serotypes bound to nylon membranes. Hybridization at low stringency (26% base pair mismatch for stable hybrid formation) had high sensitivity but low specificity. Hybridization at high stringency (16% base pair mismatch for stable hybrid formation) produced high specificity but decreased the sensitivity observed at low stringency. Probes were specific for rotavirus at both stringencies and did not hybridize with nucleic acids from other porcine viruses. Subgenomic gene 9 fragments were then tested to provide more specific probes. A 322 bp fragment from OSU gene 9 between nucleotides 382 and 704 and a 266 bp fragment from Gottfried gene 9 between nucleotides 230 and 496 were found to be specific as hybridization probes. These studies demonstrated the feasibility of the dot blot hybridization assay using subgenomic fragments of gene 9 to detect and differentiate serotypes of porcine rotavirus. Additional studies are warranted to further evaluate the sensitivity and the capability of these probes to detect porcine field isolates of the same serotype.


id: cord-007476-wu9tuvy9
author: Katz, Jonathan B.
date: 2000-03-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117291/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00113-b
title:
  Antigenic differences between European and American isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are encoded by the carboxyterminal portion of viral open reading frame 3

abstract:
  Antigenic differences between European and American isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were revealed by serologic analysis of a recombinant protein derived from PRRSV open reading frame 3 (ORF 3). The hydrophilic carboxyterminal 199 amino acids encoded by the ORF 3 of a European (Lelystad) isolate of PRRSV were expressed as a recombinant fusion protein (BP03-P) in a baculovirus gene expression system. Sera from gnotobiotic swine exposed to prototypic reference European and American isolates of PRRSV and sera from conventionally reared European and American swine convalescing from naturally acquired PRRSV infections were used to characterize the BP03-P protein. Sera from gnotobiotic and conventionally reared swine exposed to European isolates of PRRSV were significantly more reactive (P < 0.01) with BP03-P than were the corresponding American PRRSV antisera using the indirect immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA). Prototypic European, but not American, PRRSV antisera also recognized BP03-P using western immunoblotting and radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) procedures. However, gnotobiotically derived antiserum to an atypical American-origin PRRSV was reactive with BP03-P by both IPMA and western immunoblot. Despite a predicted potential for N-linked glycosylation, studies with tunicamycin and peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) indicated that BP03-P was not N-glycosylated in either insect cell cultures or Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with the recombinant baculovirus. Sera from rabbits inoculated with BP03-P failed to neutralize both the European (Lelystad) and American (ATCC VR-2332) reference isolates of PRRSV and did not react by IPMA with PRRSV-infected cell cultures. Taken together, the data suggest that the carboxyterminal portion of PRRSV ORF 3 encodes a non-neutralizing viral peptide that is partially responsible for the serologic differences noted between European and most American isolates of PRRSV.


id: cord-007479-2z6crx22
author: Lu, Wei
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117311/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90015-9
title:
  Serological and genotypic characterization of group a rotavirus reassortants from diarrheic calves born to dams vaccinated against rotavirus()

abstract:
  Two strains of bovine rotavirus (BRV), designated strain Nebraska Scottsbluff-1 (NS-1) and NS-2, were isolated from 2 neighboring cow-calf beef cattle ranches where dams had been vaccinated with a commercial vaccine containing group A BRV strain Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Virus (NCDV)-Lincoln (P1:G6). Nothern blot by hybridizations using whole genomic RNA probes indicated that strains NS-1 and NS-2 had identical group A RNA electrophoretic patterns and were homologous at all gene segments. Strain NS-1 was compared with reference group A BRV strains using serological and genotypic methods. In vitro virus neutralization assays indicated that strain NS-1 was neutralized by a G6-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) and guinea pig hyperimmune serum (GPHS) raised against BRV strain B641 (P5:G6), but not by G10-specific neutralizing mAb or GPHS raised against BRV strain BRV strain B223 (P11:G10). Nucleic acid hybridization experiments using whole-genomic RNA probes revealed that gene segment 4 of strain NS-1 differed from BRV strains NCDV-Lincoln and B223, but hybridized with strain B641. Conversely, gene segment 5 of strain NS-1 hybridized with BRV strain B223, but not with BRV strains NCDV-Lincoln and B641. A G-specific cDNA probe produced by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of strain NS-1 hybridized specifically only with G6 strains NCDV-Lincoln and B641, but not with G10 strain B223. Co-electrophoresis experiments using strains NS-1, B641, and B223 further confirmed these results, suggesting that strain NS-1 was a naturally-occurring reassortant BRV between strains B641 and B223. Taken together these results indicated that a naturally-occurring group A BRV reassortant with a P gene different from the vaccine virus was responsible for the diarrheal syndrome observed on both ranches. Results from this study also indicate the existence of at least 2 different gene segments 5 among group A BRV infecting cattle.


id: cord-007480-grndfx7b
title: Seroepidemiology of Breda virus in cattle using ELISA
author: Koopmans, M.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117312/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90069-2
abstract:
  Two direct blocking enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Breda virus in sera of cattle were compared. An ELISA with consecutive addition of antigen and test serum to an antibody-coated plate gave higher positive: negative absorbence ratios than an ELISA in which antigen and test serum were added simultaneously. Sera collected from breeding and fattening herds in The Netherlands (n = 1313) and the F.R.G. (n = 716) were tested, and antibodies to Breda virus were demonstrated in 94% of adult cattle. Ninety percent of newborn calves had high levels of maternal antibodies, which waned until the age of 3 months. Active seroconversion occurred between 7 and 24 months in most animals.


id: cord-007481-4mj5isyl
title: Dysentery in calves caused by an atypical strain of Escherichia coli (S102-9)
author: Chanter, N.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117321/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(86)90053-2
abstract:
  Dysentery lasting 4–8 days was produced in five 4-day-old colostrum-fed calves, after inoculation with an atypical strain of Escherichia coli S102-9; peak excretion of S102-9 occurred during the period of dysentery. Two calves were killed when clinical signs were most severe and bacteria were seen attached to the surfaces of enterocytes in the large intestine; microscopic lesions were seen in these areas. The lesions were identical to those previously reported in a natural outbreak of dysentery in calves, from which E. coli S102-9 was isolated, and to those seen in gnotobiotic calves experimentally infected with S102-9. Reinfection of the three surviving calves 16–20 days later with S102-9 and primary infection of two calves aged 24 and 51 days did not cause dysentery. Four of 659 coliforms isolated from field outbreaks of calf diarrhoea resembled the atypical strain S102-9. These four isolates and S102-9 did not produce heat-stable enterotoxin, but all produced a toxin cytopathic for Vero and HeLa cells. Two of the four isolates were inoculated alone into 4-day-old gnotobiotic calves deprived of colostrum; neither calf developed dysentery but microscopic lesions identical to those produced by S102-9 were detected in the large intestines of both animals.


id: cord-007484-nvhu7blo
author: Richard Dorn, C.
date: 2002-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-007484-nvhu7blo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007484-nvhu7blo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117345/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90136-u
summary:
  title: Characteristics of vero cytotoxin producing Escherichia coli associated with intestinal colonization and diarrhea in calves Isolates of Escherichia coli which produce Vero cytotoxin (VTEC) were obtained during 1983–1989 from calves raised in 5 north-central states of the USA. E. coli producing Vero cytotoxin (VTEC) have been isolated from cattle, beef, other meats, milk and milk products (Karmali, 1989; Giffin and Tauxe, 1991 ) . Serotypes which were isolated from calves in this study and which have been reported from HC in humans include O11 I:NM, O45:H2, O26:H11 and O5:NM (Bopp et al., 1987) Other 05 : NM strains of bovine origin have been associated with hemorrhagic enteritis in cattle. This O5:NM strain produced a toxin active on Vero cells which was neutralized by anti VT 1 and hybridized with the VT 1 and CVD419 probes (Dorn et al., 1989) . Production of toxins by Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves with diarrhea in Galicia

title:
  Characteristics of vero cytotoxin producing Escherichia coli associated with intestinal colonization and diarrhea in calves

abstract:
  Isolates of Escherichia coli which produce Vero cytotoxin (VTEC) were obtained during 1983–1989 from calves raised in 5 north-central states of the USA. All of the calves experienced intestinal epithelial colonization by VTEC, diarrhea or both; twelve of the calves had bloody diarrhea. Twenty one isolates were serogroup O111 and the others were O103, O69, O45, O26, O5, or non-typable (4 isolates). All but one of the isolates hybridized with the CVD419 probe which identifies most VTEC strains. Thirty two isolates hybridized with the VT1 probe, 3 with both the VT1 and VT2 probes, and one with neither probe. The culture filtrate of the VT probe negative isolate was partially neutralized by SLT I monoclonal antibody. For the other isolates, the results of toxin neutralization by anti-SLT I and anti-SLT II monoclonal antibodies corresponded exactly with the VT1 and VT2 probe hybridization results. Three of the strains adhered in a localized manner to HEp-2 cells and Intestine 407 cells.


id: cord-007491-yxz69nil
author: Weingartl, H.M.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117419/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90113-l
title:
  Binding of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus by enterocytes from newborn and weaned piglets

abstract:
  Enterocytes were harvested by chelation in a series of seven fractions from the tips of the villi to the crypts of the jejunum of newborn or weaned piglets. Binding of the low cell culture passaged Miller-6 strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) to villous enterocytes from newborn piglets was at a high level, similar to that observed to culturedswine test is (ST) cells. Binding of the virus to cryptal enterocytes from newborn piglets or to villous or cryptal enterocytes from weaned piglets was significantly lower. In a competitive virus binding assay with radiolabelled virus, the binding of TGEV to ST cells was found to be saturable, while binding to MDBK cells, in which the virus fails to replicate, was at a lower level and was non-saturable. In the same assay, virus binding to the villous enterocytes from the jejunum of a newborn piglet was saturable, while binding to cryptal enterocytes from a newborn piglet, and to villous and cryptal enterocytes from a weaned piglet, was non-saturable. It was concluded that the high susceptibility of newborn piglets to TGEV infection, and the tropism of the virus for villous enterocytes, may relate to the presence of specific, saturable binding sites on the plasma membrane of villous enterocytes.


id: cord-007495-gpz4gkv3
title: Antibodies to berne virus in horses and other animals
author: Weiss, M.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117441/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(84)90014-2
abstract:
  After inoculation into 2 foals, Berne virus induced neutralizing antibody, but did not cause clinical symptoms. In a horizontal study of seropositive mares and their offspring, a decline of maternal antibodies and a sudden synchronous seroconversion in all foals were observed, again without clinical symptoms. The virus is widespread in the Swiss horse population and has been so during the last decade; rises in antibody titers were noted in 9% of paired sera sampled at random. Positive reactions were also obtained in serum neutralization tests and ELISA using small numbers of horse sera from Germany, France and the U.S.A. The results of neutralization tests and ELISA were correlated in 83% of random samples tested; 13% were neutralization-positive and ELISA-negative and in 4% the inverse was observed. Neutralizing activity was found in the sera of other ungulates (cattle, goat, sheep and pig), laboratory rabbits and 2 species of wild mice (Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus sylvaticus). Inconclusive results were obtained with feline and human sera; those from dogs and foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were consistently negative. The probable occurrence of antigenic variants in Berne-type viruses is discussed.


id: cord-007497-nn5l5rai
author: Garcia-Sanchez, J.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117447/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(93)90057-e
title:
  Survey of rotavirus infection in a dairy herd: comparison between polycrylamide gel electrophoresis and two commercial tests

abstract:
  A survey of rotavirus infection in a dairy herd with a history of neonatal diarrhoea was carried out. Faecal samples taken from 15 cows before and after calving as well as faeces taken from their calves daily from birth to two weeks of life were tested for rotavirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and compared with an ELISA and a latex agglutination commercial test. Rotavirus excretion was not detected in faeces from cows around parturition by any of the three tests. However, all of their calves shed rotaviruses during the observation period. The onset of rotavirus excretion determined by PAGE ranged from day 2 to day 8 of life (day 4.8± 1.8 on average) and lasted for 4 to 7 days (5.3±1.1 days on average). Chi-square test showed a significant association (P=0.0001) between the presence of rotavirus and the altered consistency of calves faeces. All the three tests showed similar results (overall agreement 92.5%) but discrepancies were detected mainly at the beginning or at the end of the rotavirus excretion period. Results obtained with both commercial kits closely paralleled each other and parameters other than sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy or predictive values have to be considered as selection criteria.


id: cord-007506-swx3kqob
title: Applications of nucleic acid probes in veterinary infectious diseases
author: Paul, Prem S.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117517/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90187-z
abstract:
  Nucleic acid probe technology is increasingly being used in basic research in veterinary microbiology and in diagnosis of infectious diseases of veterinary importance. This review presents an overview of nucleic acid probe methodology and its applications in veterinary infectious diseases. The major applications of nucleic acid probes include detection of pathogens in clinical samples, especially those organisms which are fastidious and difficult to cultivate, differentiation of virulent from a virulent organisms and vaccine strains from wild type isolates, typing of microorganisms mapping genes, screening libraries of cloned DNA for specific genes, detection of latently infected or carrier animals, study of mechanisms of pathogenesis, epidemiological studies and food safety.


id: cord-015722-0w3crrf9
author: Fey, H.
date: 2002-12-09
txt: ./txt/cord-015722-0w3crrf9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015722-0w3crrf9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117279/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(78)90020-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  3. Manuscripts should be typewritten, typed on one side of the paper, with wide margins and double spacing throughout, including abstracts, footnotes and references. Every page of the manuscript should be numbered in the upper right-hand corner, including title page, references, tables, etc. If Greek letters or uncommon symbols are used in the manuscript, they should be written very clearly, and if necessary a note such as "Greek lower-case chi" should be put in the margin and encircled. Elsevier reserves the privilege of returning to the author for revision accepted manuscripts and illustrations which are not in the proper form given in this guide. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of authors'' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list If reference is made in the text to a publication written by more than two authors the name of the first autilor should be used followed by "et al

title:
  Proceedings of minisymposium on neonatal diarrhea in calves and pigs: Saskatoon, Sask., 3–4 May 1976. Veterinary Infectious Diseae Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, University Publications Office, 1976, 155pp., $5.00, ISBN 0-88880-004-5


id: cord-015741-19i8hwn4
title: Contents Vol. 42, 1994
author: nan
date: 2002-11-14
txt: ./txt/cord-015741-19i8hwn4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015741-19i8hwn4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117532/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90071-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-015741-19i8hwn4 authors: nan title: Contents Vol. 42, 1994 date: 2002-11-14 journal: Vet Microbiol DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90071-x sha: doc_id: 15741 cord_uid: 19i8hwn4 nan Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Ehrlichia canis in tissues of dogs tinidazole treatment of experimentally induced summer mastiffs -effect on elimination rates of bacteria and outcome of the disease J. Hirvonen, S. Pyt~r~l~, A. Hein~uo (Hautj~irvi, Finland) and H. Jousimies-Somer (Helsinki. Finland) Use of bovine myeloperoxidase as an indicator of ma,stitis in dairy cattle R. Cooray (Uppsala, Sweden) Development of a selective polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of rnycoplasma rnycoides subsp. Mycoides S.C. (Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia agent) Antibody titers to pseudorabies virus in piglets immunized with glII deleted pseudorabies vaccine in a pseudorabies infected herd F. Elvinger 361 A retrospective study of clinical and laboratory characteristics of ovine footrot Experimental infections of pregnant sows with ovine Ctdaraydia psittaci strains C.


id: cord-015742-nt44jcjm
title: Antigenicity of structural components from porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus
author: Garwes, D.J.
date: 2002-11-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117557/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(79)90034-8
abstract:
  Pregnant sows were inoculated with inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus and with preparations of virus surface projections and subviral particles derived by detergent treatment of the virus. Neutralising antibody was demonstrated in serum and colostrum from animals that received whole virus or preparations of surface projections whereas subviral particles failed to stimulate neutralising antibody formation. Similar results were obtained with serum from rabbits inoculated with whole virus and structural components. All three preparations stimulated the formation of agglutinating antibodies, as demonstrated by sedimentation analysis and filtration studies with radiolabelled virus. The immunoglobulin classes responsible for neutralising antibody activity in sows inoculated by the intramammary route were examined. In each case where the immunoglobulin class was determined, IgG was found. One sow that received surface projections also had IgA with neutralising activity in her colostrum. In contrast, infection of sows with live whole virus resulted in neutralising antibody of the IgG, IgM and IgA classes.


id: cord-254317-n2knqj4z
title: The enhanced replication of an S-intact PEDV during coinfection with an S1 NTD-del PEDV in piglets
author: Su, Yunfang
date: 2018-11-27
txt: ./txt/cord-254317-n2knqj4z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254317-n2knqj4z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30593369/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.025
summary:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variants having a large deletion in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of spike (S) protein were designated as S1 NTD-del PEDVs. They replicate well in experimentally infected pigs. Effect of mucin, bile and bile acids on the infection of PEDV icPC22A and icPC22A-S1Δ197 in Vero and IPEC-DQ cells Viruses (icPC22A or icPC22A-S1Δ197) were mixed with different concentrations of BM (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/mL) or PGM (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/mL). Compared with the peak fecal PEDV N gene shedding titer (11.6 ± 0.2 log 10 copies/mL) of piglets in the icPC22A group (1 dpi), pigs in the coinfection group had a significantly higher peak titer (13.6 ± 0.7 log 10 copies/mL) ( Fig. 1B and Table 2 ) at a delayed time point (1.5 dpi). S1 NTD-del PEDV replicated to a lower peak titer in coinfection than that in single virus infection in both Vero cells and IPEC-DQ cells.

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variants having a large deletion in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of spike (S) protein were designated as S1 NTD-del PEDVs. They replicate well in experimentally infected pigs. However, on farms they often co-infect pigs with the PEDV containing an intact S protein (S-intact PEDV). We aimed to characterize viral replication and pathogenesis in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs infected simultaneously with the two types of PEDV using two recombinant PEDVs: icPC22A and its S1 NTD-del form icPC22A-S1Δ197. Additionally, viral replication was compared in Vero and IPEC-DQ cells at the presence of bovine mucin (BM), porcine gastric mucin (PGM), swine bile and bile acids during inoculation. In the pigs coinfected with icPC22A and icPC22A-S1Δ197, icPC22A replicated to a higher peak titer than its infection of pigs without the presence of icPC22A-S1Δ197. The severity of diarrhea and intestinal atrophy were similar between icPC22A and the coinfection groups, but were significantly higher than icPC22A-S1Δ197 group. In Vero and IPEC-DQ cells, certain concentrations of BM, PGM, bile and bile acids increased significantly the infectivity of icPC22A but had no or negative effects on icPC22A-S1Δ197. These results indicated that the replication of the S-intact PEDV was enhanced during coinfection in piglets. This observation may be explained partially by the fact that mucin, bile and bile acids in gastrointestinal tract had facilitating effects on the infection of S-intact PEDV, but no/inhibition effects on S1 NTD-del PEDV.


id: cord-255238-adpn5fb9
title: Discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (SeACoV) in southern China
author: Pan, Yongfei
date: 2017-09-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.020
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.020
abstract:
  Outbreaks of diarrhea in newborn piglets without detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), have been recorded in a pig farm in southern China since February 2017. Isolation and propagation of the pathogen in cell culture resulted in discovery of a novel swine enteric alphacoronavirus (tentatively named SeACoV) related to the bat coronavirus HKU2 identified in the same region a decade ago. Specific fluorescence signal was detected in Vero cells infected with SeACoV by using a positive sow serum collected in the same farm, but not by using TGEV-, PEDV- or PDCoV-specific antibody. Electron microscopy observation demonstrated that the virus particle with surface projections was 100–120 nm in diameter. Complete genomic sequencing and analyses of SeACoV indicated that the extreme amino-terminal domain of the SeACoV spike (S) glycoprotein structurally similar to the domain 0 of the alphacoronavirus NL63, whereas the rest part of S structurally resembles domains B to D of the betacoronavirus. The SeACoV-S domain 0 associated with enteric tropism had an extremely high variability, harboring 75-amino-acid (aa) substitutions and a 2-aa insertion, compared to that of HKU2, which is likely responsible for the extended host range or cross-species transmission. The isolated virus was infectious in pigs when inoculated orally into 3-day-old newborn piglets, leading to clinical signs of diarrhea and fecal virus shedding. These results confirmed that it is a novel swine enteric coronavirus representing the fifth porcine coronavirus.


id: cord-255619-5h3l6nh6
author: Kuo, Shu-Ming
date: 2013-03-23
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113512005597
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.020
title:
  Evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan: Positively selected sites in the nucleocapsid protein and their effects on RNA-binding activity

abstract:
  RNA recombination has been shown to underlie the sporadic emergence of new variants of coronavirus, including the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a highly contagious avian pathogen. We have demonstrated that RNA recombination can give rise to a new viral population, supported by the finding that most isolated Taiwanese (TW) IBVs, similar to Chinese (CH) IBVs, exhibit a genetic rearrangement with the American (US) IBV at the 5’ end of the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Here, we further show that positive selection has occurred at two sites within the putative crossover region of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the TW IBV N protein. Based on the crystal structure of the NTD, the stereographic positions of both predicted selected sites do not fall close to the RNA-binding groove. Surprisingly, converting either of the two residues to the amino acid present in most CH IBVs resulted in significantly reduced affinity of the N protein for the synthetic RNA repeats of the viral transcriptional regulatory sequence. These results suggest that modulating the amino acid residue at either selected site may alter the conformation of the N protein and affect the viral RNA–N interaction. This study illustrates that the N protein of the current TW IBV variant has been shaped by both RNA recombination and positive selection and that the latter may promote viral survival and fitness, potentially by increasing the RNA-binding capacity of the N protein.


id: cord-256180-xpdtt0ej
author: Ohshima, T.
date: 2010-10-26
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.033
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.033
title:
  A minute virus of canines (MVC: canine bocavirus) isolated from an elderly dog with severe gastroenteritis, and phylogenetic analysis of MVC strains

abstract:
  Two of the three adult dogs kept in a family developed severe gastroenteritis. From the feces of one of the affected dogs a minute virus of canines (MVC) was detected by PCR and virus isolation. That this virus had recently infected the dogs was indicated by high anti-MVC antibody titers of their sera. No other virus commonly associated with canine gastrointestinal disease was implicated. As no previous association of MVC infection and disease in aged dogs had been described, further characterization of the isolated virus was performed to determine if it had unique pathogenic or genetic properties. Experimental infection of adult dogs did not result in clinical disease and comparison of the viral genome with other MVCs did not reveal any novel elements. The American, Japanese and Korean MVC strains studied were closely related to bocaviruses of bovine and human origin, and appeared to have evolved uniquely in the dog population after dividing from the common ancestor of bocaviruses. Further detailed clinical and virological studies are warranted to define the role of MVCs in disease in adult dogs.


id: cord-257046-er5orx8s
author: Ladekjær-Mikkelsen, A.-S
date: 2002-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-257046-er5orx8s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257046-er5orx8s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12243888/
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00174-8
summary:
  title: Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) PCV1 is considered to be a non-pathogenic virus (Tischer et al., 1986; Allan et al., 1995) , whereas infection of swine with PCV2 is causally associated with development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in weaned 5-to 12-week-old piglets (Allan et al., 1998; Ellis et al., 1998) . In contrast, dual infection with PCV2 and porcine parvovirus (PPV) or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates the replication and distribution of PCV2 and induces clinical disease in addition to more severe histopathological lesions Kennedy et al., 2000; Krakowka et al., 2000; Harms et al., 2001) .

title:
  Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)

abstract:
  Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine is causally associated with the newly recognised pathogen, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). In this study, 3-week-old SPF PCV2-seronegative piglets were inoculated intranasally with PCV2. The effect of immunostimulation on the induction of PMWS was investigated by immunisation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in incomplete Freunds adjuvant. The study was terminated 5 weeks after inoculation. While disease was not observed in the age-matched controls, two out of five non-immunised PCV2-infected piglets died on postinoculation day (PID) 21, and one was euthanized on PID 25 in moribund condition. These animals had appeared lethargic with persistent fever from PID 12 onwards. The euthanized pig appeared smaller than littermates and suffered from jaundice. At postmortem examination, gastric ulceration, icterus, and liver and thymus atrophy were observed. Furthermore, histological lesions of degenerating hepatocytes and hepatitis in combination with lymphoid depletion and syncytial cells in lymph nodes were consistent with the diagnosis of PMWS. One out of five immunostimulated PCV2-infected piglets was euthanized on PID 22 with convulsions after a period with wasting. This pig was lethargic from PID 14 onwards with persistent fever from PID 8 and transient dyspnoea. No differences in clinical signs, gross pathologic or histological findings were observed for the remaining non-immunostimulated and immunostimulated PCV2-infected piglets. All 10 PCV2-inoculated piglets seroconverted to PCV2 within 14 days after inoculation. By virus isolation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), and immunostaining of cryostat sections, it was demonstrated that lymphoid tissue contained abundant PCV2 antigen. Viral DNA load in serum samples was assessed by Q-PCR. All four PMWS-affected piglets had high levels of PCV2 DNA in serum, suggesting that there was a correlation between high levels of viral DNA in serum and the development of PMWS. In conclusion, infection with PCV2 caused PMWS in SPF piglets, however, the immunostimulation did not seem to play a critical role.


id: cord-257572-dh4jvbmi
author: van Kasteren, Puck B.
date: 2015-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-257572-dh4jvbmi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257572-dh4jvbmi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.018
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.04.018
summary:
  Both viruses have been thoroughly characterized in cell[ 6 _ T D $ D I F F ] culture experiments, revealing no differences in replication kinetics, yet a strongly decreased DUB activity and an enhanced induction of interferon beta mRNA expression (a hallmark of innate immune activation) of the mutant virus compared to its parental counterpart (van Kasteren et al., 2013) . Upon challenge with the[ 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] virulent EAV KY84 strain, both nonvaccinated control horses (Group 3) showed virus replication, with amounts of viral RNA reaching levels comparable to those produced by the vaccine viruses (Fig. 3A) . We have previously shown that mutant EAV lacking PLP2 DUB activity induces a more potent innate immune response than its DUB-competent parental virus upon infection in cell culture (van Kasteren et al., 2013) , and hypothesized that this feature might be included in an improved arterivirus vaccine.

title:
  In vivo assessment of equine arteritis virus vaccine improvement by disabling the deubiquitinase activity of papain-like protease 2

abstract:
  Arteriviruses are a family of positive-stranded RNA viruses that includes the prototypic equine arteritis virus (EAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Although several vaccines against these viruses are commercially available there is room for improvement, especially in the case of PRRSV. The ability of arteriviruses to counteract the immune response is thought to decrease the efficacy of the current modified live virus vaccines. We have recently shown that the deubiquitinase (DUB) activity of EAV papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) is important for the inhibition of innate immune activation during infection. A vaccine virus lacking PLP2 DUB activity may therefore be more immunogenic and provide improved protection against subsequent challenge than its DUB-competent counterpart. To test this hypothesis, twenty Shetland mares were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Two groups were vaccinated, either with DUB-positive (n = 9) or DUB-negative (n = 9) recombinant EAV. The third group (n = 2) was not vaccinated. All horses were subsequently challenged with the virulent KY84 strain of EAV. Both vaccine viruses proved to be replication competent in vivo. In addition, the DUB-negative virus provided a similar degree of protection against clinical disease as its DUB-positive parental counterpart. Owing to the already high level of protection provided by the parental virus, a possible improvement due to inactivation of PLP2 DUB activity could not be detected under these experimental conditions. Taken together, the data obtained in this study warrant further in vivo investigations into the potential of using DUB-mutant viruses for the improvement of arterivirus vaccines.


id: cord-257645-6fxfmn1i
author: Chang, Ji-Tao
date: 2010-11-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20488633/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.016
title:
  Ovine rotavirus strain LLR-85-based bovine rotavirus candidate vaccines: Construction, characterization and immunogenicity evaluation

abstract:
  Group A bovine rotaviruses (BRVs) are the most important cause of diarrheal diseases in neonatal calves and cause significant morbidity and mortality in the young animals, and epidemiologic surveillance of bovine rotavirus G genotypes conducted in various cattle populations throughout the world has shown that approximately 90% of the bovine rotavirus isolates belong to G6 and G10. Based on the modified Jennerian approach to immunization, we constructed and characterized a reassortant rotavirus stain, which bears a single bovine rotavirus VP7 gene encoding G genotype 6 specificity while the remaining 10 genes are derived from the ovine attenuated rotavirus LLR-85. The reassortant rotavirus strain, named as R191, and its parental virus strain LLR-85 were combined as bivalent vaccine candidates to inoculate the colostrums-deprived neonatal calves for evaluation of the immunogenicity. The calves were orally inoculated with the reassortant R191 (group 1), the parental rotavirus LLR-85 (group 2), or combined the R191 and LLR-85 (group 3), and serum specimens were detected to determine the immune response of IgG and IgA antibodies. Results showed that seroconversion to positivity for IgG and IgA antibodies occurred at postinoculation day (PID) 10 in all of the inoculated calves, and the highest titers of the serum IgG (range 1:800 to 1:6400) and IgA (range 1:800 to 1:3200) antibodies were obtained at PID 21 for all calves. Meanwhile, virus shedding was detected after inoculation, showing that the inoculated virus was positive in 2 of 77 fecal specimens (2.6%) collected from the inoculated calves during the first 7 days of oral inoculation with the rotavirus vaccine candidates. The results suggested that the rotavirus strains R191 and LLR-85 are promising bivalent vaccine candidates for the prevention of bovine G6 and G10 rotavirus infection.


id: cord-257886-ytlnhyxr
author: Zhao, Kuan
date: 2019-05-03
txt: ./txt/cord-257886-ytlnhyxr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257886-ytlnhyxr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.003
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.003
summary:
  title: Nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes the antiviral activity of TRIM25 by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination These results indicate for the first time that TRIM25 inhibits PRRSV replication and that the N protein antagonizes the antiviral activity by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. The cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer after 36 h of transfection and the effects of siRNAs were analyzed by WB using an anti-TRIM25 monoclonal antibody (cat. To investigate whether TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination is regulated by the PRRSV N protein, HEK293T cells grown in 6-well plates were co-transfected with pCAGGS-Flag-RIG-I (0.5 μg per well) and HA-ubiquitin (0.5 μg per well), and the indicated amounts of the Myc-N expression plasmids. The experiment revealed that TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination was potentiated by Sendai virus (SEV) infection but was substantially suppressed by increasing the PRRSV N protein expression, in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5) .

title:
  Nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes the antiviral activity of TRIM25 by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination

abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), and is characterized by respiratory diseases in piglet and reproductive disorders in sow. Identification of sustainable and effective measures to mitigate PRRSV transmission is a pressing problem. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV plays a crucial role in inhibiting host innate immunity during PRRSV infection. In the current study, a new host-restricted factor, tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25), was identified as an inhibitor of PRRSV replication. Co-immunoprecipitation assay indicated that the PRRSV N protein interferes with TRIM25–RIG-I interactions by competitively interacting with TRIM25. Furthermore, N protein inhibits the expression of TRIM25 and TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination to suppress interferon β production. Furthermore, with increasing TRIM25 expression, the inhibitory effect of N protein on the ubiquitination of RIG-I diminished. These results indicate for the first time that TRIM25 inhibits PRRSV replication and that the N protein antagonizes the antiviral activity by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. This not only provides a theoretical basis for the development of drugs to control PRRSV replication, but also better explains the mechanism through which the PRRSV N protein inhibits innate immune responses of the host.


id: cord-258107-s53f25sb
title: Exudative epidermitis and porcine circovirus-2 infection in a Swedish SPF-herd
author: Wattrang, Eva
date: 2002-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-258107-s53f25sb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258107-s53f25sb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811350200024X
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00024-x
summary:
  In addition, 3-week-old piglets from three litters (n=24) farrowed close after the initial EE outbreak were closely monitored for clinical signs of skin disease, sampled for Staphylococcus hyicus, tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus and in sequentially collected serum samples tested for interferon-α (IFN-α) and interleukin-6. All tested serum samples from the SPF-herd collected in 1990, 1992 and February 1993, i.e., up to 2 months prior to the EE outbreak, were negative for antibodies to PCV-2 both in ELISA n 22 and IIF (n 10, February 1993 samples). Thus, after being sero-negative to PCV-2 earlier in 1993, pigs in the SPF-herd had varying levels of antibodies to this virus 2 weeks after the ®rst outbreak of EE. Piglets in litter 3 were also sero-positive to PCV-2 at 3 days of age but had lower levels of antibodies compared to the offspring of sow no.

abstract:
  An outbreak of exudative epidermitis (EE) among piglets in a Swedish SPF-herd initiated a survey for indications as to the cause of disease. The herd was established by caesarean section and has been closed to all new animal material, with the exception of semen for artificial insemination (AI). The study comprised serum samples from the SPF-herd over a 10-year period (n=109) and a close monitoring of animals in the herd during the period after the EE outbreak. Serum samples from conventional boars at the AI-station servicing the herd were also included (n=9). All serum samples were tested for antibodies to porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). In addition, 3-week-old piglets from three litters (n=24) farrowed close after the initial EE outbreak were closely monitored for clinical signs of skin disease, sampled for Staphylococcus hyicus, tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus and in sequentially collected serum samples tested for interferon-α (IFN-α) and interleukin-6. The PVC-2 serology showed that animals in the herd were sero-negative at least until 2 months prior to the EE outbreak. During the period close after the EE outbreak the animals showed varying levels of antibodies to PCV-2 but all the tested animals had sero-converted 4 months later. The AI boars were also sero-positive to PCV-2 at the time of the EE outbreak. Animals in the SPF-herd remained sero-positive to PCV-2 during the following 7 years. In the monitored litters, one piglet had clinical EE and 15 piglets displayed defined erythemas on the abdomen. Fourteen of the piglets also had IFN-α in serum on one or more occasions during the study, indicating viral activity among the animals. S. hyicus was isolated from all of the piglets from the earliest sampling point (3 days of age) and onwards, irrespective of clinical signs. PCV-2 was isolated from lymphnode tissue collected from one of the EE affected pigs. Further, increases in the number of stillborn piglets, small litters (<6 piglets) and repeat breeders could be correlated to the time of PCV-2 sero-conversion. Coincidence of active viral infection and sero-conversion to PCV-2 points to the virus as the cause of the EE outbreak and reproductive disturbances.


id: cord-258433-n50joeda
author: Chang, Long
date: 2020-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-258433-n50joeda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258433-n50joeda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108804
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108804
summary:
  Interestingly, β-catenin was found to be involved in the regulation of c-Jun signaling in virus-infected cells as iCRT14, a β-catenin-specific inhibitor that can inhibit β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity, was able to decrease protein expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun. Furthermore, we suggest that BoHV-1 infection stimulates c-Jun phosphorylation regulated by β-catenin via both c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent and JNK-independent mechanisms. Similarly, BoHV-1 infection activates the JNK/c-Jun cascade, with inhibition of this pathway via the chemical inhibitor SP600125 significantly blocking productive infection in cell cultures (Zhu et al., 2016) . In order to understand the effects that β-catenin had on the activation of c-Jun signaling stimulated by BoHV-1 infection, we detected the protein levels of both c-Jun and p-c-Jun(S73) in the presence of β-catenin-specific inhibitor iCRT14 via Western blot. Taken together, these data suggest that in BoHV-1-infected MDBK cells, β-catenin is potentially involved in the phosphorylation of c-Jun signaling partially through the activation of JNK.

title:
  β-cantenin is potentially involved in the regulation of c-Jun signaling following bovine herpesvirus 1 infection

abstract:
  C-Jun, activated by various extracellular signals, is important for cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. We have previously reported that bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection in MDBK cells stimulates the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun cascade for efficient replication. However, the mechanisms regarding the regulation of c-Jun following BoHV-1 infection remain unknown. In this study, we show that virus infection increases accumulation of p-c-Jun(S73) (phosphorylated c-Jun at Ser73) and p-β-catenin(S552) in the nucleus, resulting in relocalized nuclear p-c-Jun(S73) to assemble in highlighted punctum via a confocal microscope assay. An association between β-catenin and c-Jun in the nucleus was readily detected in virus-infected, but not mock-infected cells. Interestingly, β-catenin was found to be involved in the regulation of c-Jun signaling in virus-infected cells as iCRT14, a β-catenin-specific inhibitor that can inhibit β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity, was able to decrease protein expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun. Furthermore, we suggest that BoHV-1 infection stimulates c-Jun phosphorylation regulated by β-catenin via both c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent and JNK-independent mechanisms. These data add to our knowledge regarding the regulation of c-Jun following virus infection and further support the important roles of β-catenin signaling playing in BoHV-1 infection.


id: cord-258696-01wj76es
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2008-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-258696-01wj76es.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258696-01wj76es.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113507005172
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.008
summary:
  The dogs, three 2.5-month-old and two 6-month-old pups, were successfully infected, shedding viral RNA with their faeces for the entire observation period (21 days) and displaying systemic clinical signs resembling those observed during the course of natural infection. At postmortem examination, remarkable lesions were observed in the internal organs of the euthanized pups, that tested positive for CCoV by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation on cell cultures. Unexpectedly, CCoV type II RNA was detected at very high titres in the internal organs of the dead pups and the virus (strain CB/05) was isolated on canine cell cultures. (last day of observation) reaching the maximal mean value of 6.79 Â 10 5 RNA copy numbers/ml of template at day 10 p.i. Surprisingly, CCoV RNA was never detected in the blood of the 6-month-old pups, as well as in the euthanized animals, in whose organs remarkable viral RNA titres were found.

title:
  Experimental infection of dogs with a novel strain of canine coronavirus causing systemic disease and lymphopenia

abstract:
  A pantropic canine coronavirus (CCoV) strain (CB/05) has been recently associated to a fatal outbreak of systemic disease in young dogs. We report the clinical, virological and serological findings in dogs experimentally infected with strain CB/05. The dogs, three 2.5-month-old and two 6-month-old pups, were successfully infected, shedding viral RNA with their faeces for the entire observation period (21 days) and displaying systemic clinical signs resembling those observed during the course of natural infection. Leucopenia (acute lymphopenia) occurred in all infected dogs, with values dropping below 60% of the initial counts. Considering the severity of the CB/05-induced disease, two of the youngest pups were euthanized for ethical reasons at days 8–9 postinfection, whereas the other pups underwent a slow but progressive improvement of their clinical status with complete recovery. At postmortem examination, remarkable lesions were observed in the internal organs of the euthanized pups, that tested positive for CCoV by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation on cell cultures. All pups seroconverted for CCoV, as shown by the high optical density values and antibody titres detected by ELISA and virusneutralisation tests, respectively. The present study confirms that strain CB/05 is highly pathogenic for dogs, being able to induce a severe disease (and in some cases the death) even in experimental conditions.


id: cord-259744-r9j5yzfc
title: Identification and characterisation of small molecule inhibitors of feline coronavirus replication
author: McDonagh, Phillip
date: 2014-12-05
txt: ./txt/cord-259744-r9j5yzfc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259744-r9j5yzfc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113514005082
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.030
summary:
  Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. This study identifies three compounds (chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride) demonstrating a marked inhibitory effect on FCoV replication in vitro by significant reductions in virus induced CPE and viral titres at low micromolar concentrations when present during the early stages of viral replication. This study has identified three compounds demonstrating marked in vitro inhibition of FCoV in an immortalised cell line at low micromolar concentrations, including the first demonstration of antiviral effects of mefloquine against a coronavirus.

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a feline coronavirus (FCoV) induced disease, is almost invariably fatal with median life expectancy measured in days. Current treatment options are, at best, palliative. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a panel of nineteen candidate compounds for antiviral activity against FCoV in vitro to determine viable candidates for therapy. A resazurin-based cytopathic effect inhibition assay, which detects viable cells through their reduction of the substrate resazurin to fluorescent resorufin, was developed for screening compounds for antiviral efficacy against FCoV. Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. Three compounds, chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride demonstrated marked inhibition of virus induced CPE at low micromolar concentrations. Orthogonal assays confirmed inhibition of CPE was associated with significant reductions in viral replication. Selectivity indices calculated based on in vitro cytotoxicity screening and reductions in extracellular viral titre were 217, 24, and 20 for chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride respectively. Preliminary experiments performed to inform the antiviral mechanism of the compounds demonstrated all three acted at an early stage of viral replication. These results suggest that these direct acting antiviral compounds, or their derivatives, warrant further investigation for clinical use in cats with FIP.


id: cord-259988-3s7b5ovi
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2005-08-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15964158/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.05.014
title:
  Virological and molecular characterization of a mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 strain isolated from a dog in Italy

abstract:
  A mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) strain was isolated from a pup with fatal diarrhea, which had a concurrent infection by canine parvovirus type 2. The reovirus isolate showed an atypical hemagglutination pattern and a retarded electrophoretic mobility of the S1 segment, which is characteristic of MRV type 3 (MRV-3). Assignment of the isolated virus to MRV-3 was confirmed by type-specific RT-PCR assays, targeting the S1 gene, and by subsequent sequence analysis of the PCR product. By phylogeny based on the S1 gene of several MRVs, the isolate fell into lineage E, along with the murine strain T3C9/61 and the bovine strains T3C18/61 and T3C31/59. Conversely, L1 sequences were found to segregate regardless of the viral type. A total of 110 fecal samples, 56 nasal and 31 ocular swabs from dogs with diarrhea or nasal/ocular discharge were tested by a nested-PCR assay specific for reoviruses, and no sample was found to contain MRV RNA, a finding that is apparently in contrast with the seroprevalence (25.77%) observed in dogs.


id: cord-260217-bne77cap
author: Letellier, C
date: 1999-01-01
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113598002673
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00267-3
title:
  Detection and genotyping of bovine diarrhea virus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain amplification of the 5′ untranslated region

abstract:
  A reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed to differentiate the bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) from other pestiviruses, and to determine the genotype of the BVDV isolates. For this purpose, primer pairs were selected in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR). The primers B(E) and B(2) were located in highly conserved regions and were pestivirus-specific. Two primer pairs named B(3)B(4) and B(5)B(6) were specific of BVDV genotypes I and II, respectively. With this technique, an amplification product of the expected size was obtained with either the B(3)B(4) or the B(5)B(6) primer pairs for the 107 BVDV isolates tested but not for BDV or CSFV. For some isolates that were grouped in the genotype II, sequence analysis of the PCR fragments confirmed their classification into this genotype.


id: cord-260799-kx6hfpu0
author: Mahmood, Zana H.
date: 2011-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-260799-kx6hfpu0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260799-kx6hfpu0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113510005882
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.12.015
summary:
  title: Isolation and molecular characterization of Sul/01/09 avian infectious bronchitis virus, indicates the emergence of a new genotype in the Middle East Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from trachea and kidney tissues of eight broiler farms in Kurdistan region of North Iraq from 2008 to 2010. Veterinary Microbiology 150 (2011) 21-27 Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from trachea and kidney tissues of eight broiler farms in Kurdistan region of North Iraq from 2008 to 2010. In order to investigate IBV genotypes in Iraq, where the disease is endemic and widely spread in vaccinated and unvaccinated poultry farms mainly associated with kidney damage and urolethiasis, identification and molecular characterization of IBV (Sul/01/09) isolated from eight infected broiler farms was conducted and the deduced amino acid sequence of the S1 subunit of the virus was compared with geographically related isolates.

title:
  Isolation and molecular characterization of Sul/01/09 avian infectious bronchitis virus, indicates the emergence of a new genotype in the Middle East

abstract:
  Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from trachea and kidney tissues of eight broiler farms in Kurdistan region of North Iraq from 2008 to 2010. The birds were suffering from respiratory and nephropathological symptoms and lesions. A 1116 bp hyper mutable spike glycoprotein (S1) gene was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Sequence analysis and BLAST homology search in GenBank data base indicate that two of the farms were infected with the 4/91 strain, one with an unidentified IBV and five were infected with Sul/01/09. The birds in the latter five farms were suffering from nephropathogenic lesions, however, the virus was isolated from kidney but not from trachea in these cases. The birds were vaccinated regularly with 4/91 or MA5 vaccine. The deduced amino acid sequence of the isolated and amplified S1 subunit (372 aa) of Sul/01/09 was differed in 27–28% from that of all three vaccine strains (4/91, MA5, and H120) used in the region. This dissimilarity is most likely the cause of poor efficacy of vaccines used in the region, at least in five of these farms. Amino acid sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis with other published IBV genotypes indicate that this newly isolated virus together with other regionally related and recently published isolates from Israel (IS/720/99, IS/885) and Egypt (egypt/Benisuef/01) belong to a new genotype. This is the first report of identification and genotyping of IBV isolate in Iraq, which indicate the circulation of 4/91 along with a new variant (Sul/01/09) of IBV in vaccinated broiler farms.


id: cord-260840-tudl9k1g
author: Opriessnig, Tanja
date: 2012-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-260840-tudl9k1g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260840-tudl9k1g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22406346/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.010
summary:
  More recently, attention has focused on the occurrence of high mortality in Chinese swine herds which Veterinary Microbiology 158 (2012) [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] To determine differences in infection kinetics of two temporally and genetically different type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in vivo with and without concurrent porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a or 2b infection, 62 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: negative controls (n = 8); pigs coinfected with a 1992 PRRSV strain (VR-2385) and PCV2a (CoI-92-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with VR-2385 and PCV2b (CoI-92-2b; n = 9), pigs coinfected with a 2006 PRRSV strain (NC16845b) and PCV2a (CoI-06-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with NC16845b and PCV2b (CoI-06-2b; n = 9), pigs infected with VR-2385 (n = 9), and pigs infected with NC16845b (n = 9).

title:
  Effect of porcine circovirus type 2a or 2b on infection kinetics and pathogenicity of two genetically divergent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the conventional pig model

abstract:
  To determine differences in infection kinetics of two temporally and genetically different type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in vivo with and without concurrent porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a or 2b infection, 62 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: negative controls (n = 8); pigs coinfected with a 1992 PRRSV strain (VR-2385) and PCV2a (CoI-92-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with VR-2385 and PCV2b (CoI-92-2b; n = 9), pigs coinfected with a 2006 PRRSV strain (NC16845b) and PCV2a (CoI-06-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with NC16845b and PCV2b (CoI-06-2b; n = 9), pigs infected with VR-2385 (n = 9), and pigs infected with NC16845b (n = 9). Blood samples were collected before inoculation and at day post-inoculation (dpi) 3, 6, 9 and 12 and tested for the presence of PRRSV antibody and RNA, PCV2 antibody and DNA, complete blood counts, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels. Regardless of concurrent PCV2 infection, VR-2385 initially replicated at higher levels and reached peak replication levels at dpi 6. Pigs infected with VR-2385 had significantly higher amounts of viral RNA in serum on both dpi 3 and dpi 6, compared to pigs infected with NC16845b. The peak of NC16845b virus replication occurred between dpi 9 and dpi 12 and was associated with a delayed anti-PRRSV antibody response in these pigs. PCV2 coinfection resulted in significantly more severe macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions and a stronger anti-PRRSV IgG response compared to pigs infected with PRRSV alone. This work further emphasizes in vivo replication differences among PRRSV strains and the importance of coinfecting pathogens.


id: cord-260869-rym2ik0o
title: Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against feline coronavirus accessory protein 7b
author: Lemmermeyer, Tanja
date: 2016-02-29
txt: ./txt/cord-260869-rym2ik0o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260869-rym2ik0o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113515301140
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.009
summary:
  The 7b protein has a molecular mass of $26 kDa, it is secreted from the cell and contains (i) a Cterminal KDEL-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, (ii) an N-terminal signal sequence of 17 amino acids and (iii) a potential N-glycosylation site at aa position 68 (Vennema et al., 1992a) . The identity of the purified protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using anti-His mAb. The protein had an apparent molecular mass of 24 kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE analysis, which is predicted for this protein, and was recognized by the His-tag-specific antibody (Fig. 1a) . Two additional minor bands in the SDS-PAGE were specifically recognized by Western blotting using the His-tag-specific mAb. These bands are consistent with a dimer and a 37-kDa degradation product, respectively, of the GST-7bDSS-His protein (Fig. 1b) . The results outlined above show that the anti-7b mAbs recognize exclusively the nonglycosylated form of the viral protein in FCoV-infected cells.

abstract:
  Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) encode five accessory proteins termed 3a, 3b, 3c, 7a and 7b of unknown function. These proteins are dispensable for viral replication in vitro but are supposed to play a role in virulence. In the current study, we produced and characterized 7b-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A recombinant form of the 7b protein was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli, purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and used as immunogen. Two hybridoma lines, 5B6 and 14D8, were isolated that expressed mAbs that recognized 7b proteins of both FCoV serotypes. Using an extensive set of N- and C-terminally truncated 7b proteins expressed in E. coli and a synthetic peptide, the binding sites of mAbs 5B6 and 14D8 were mapped to an 18-residue region that comprises the only potential N-glycosylation site of the FCoV 7b protein. The two mAbs were suitable to detect a 24-kDa protein, which represents the nonglycosylated form of 7b in FCoV-infected cells. We speculate that glycosylation of 7b is part of the viral evasion strategy to prevent an immune response against this antigenic site.


id: cord-261160-g92zhv19
author: Rowland, Raymond R.R
date: 2003-10-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14559170/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.006
title:
  Lymphoid tissue tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication during persistent infection of pigs originally exposed to virus in utero

abstract:
  The ability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to establish a persistent infection is the principal contributing factor to the world-wide spread of the disease. Several studies have documented the course of viral infection in postnatally infected pigs; however, very little is known regarding sites of virus replication during persistent infection of pigs exposed to PRRSV in utero. In this study, virus replication and PRRSV-specific antibody were followed for several hundred days in a group of pigs derived from three sows infected at 90 days of gestation with PRRSV isolate VR-2332. Eighty-four percent of pigs were born viremic with a mortality of 54% within 21 days after birth. At approximately 60 days sera from pigs were negative for virus by virus isolation. Analysis of virus replication in the tissues of pigs randomly sacrificed between 63 and 132 days showed no evidence of virus in lung and other non-lymphoid organs. However, virus was easily recovered from tonsil and lymph nodes and in situ hybridization identified these tissues as sites of virus replication. Even though replication was at a low level, virus was easily transmitted to sentinel pigs. By 260 days pigs became seronegative and did not transmit virus to sentinel pigs. Sacrifice of remaining pigs after 300 days showed no evidence of virus in blood and tissues. This study shows that congenital PRRSV-infected pigs can support virus replication for an extended period during which virus replication is primarily restricted to tonsil and lymph nodes.


id: cord-264598-2u8bm2fz
author: Sánchez-Carvajal, J.M.
date: 2020-06-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108744
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108744
title:
  Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena

abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a key role in porcine respiratory disease complex modulating the host immune response and favouring secondary bacterial infections. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the main cells supporting PRRSV replication, with CD163 as the essential receptor for viral infection. Although interstitial pneumonia is by far the representative lung lesion, suppurative bronchopneumonia is described for PRRSV virulent strains. This research explores the role of several immune markers potentially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response and sensitisation of lung to secondary bacterial infections by PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Conventional pigs were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6 and 8 dpi. Lena-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical signs, macroscopic lung score and viraemia associated with an increase of IL-6 and IFN-γ in sera compared to 3249-infected pigs. Extensive areas of lung consolidation corresponding with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in Lena-infected pigs. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein(+) cells were always higher in Lena-infected animals. PRRSV-N-protein(+) cells were linked to a marked drop of CD163(+) macrophages. The number of CD14(+) and iNOS(+) cells gradually increased along PRRSV-1 infection, being more evident in Lena-infected pigs. The frequency of CD200R1(+) and FoxP3(+) cells peaked late in both PRRSV-1 strains, with a strong correlation between CD200R1(+) cells and lung injury in Lena-infected pigs. These results highlight the role of molecules involved in the earlier and higher extent of lung lesions in piglets infected with the virulent Lena strain, pointing out the activation of routes potentially involved in the restraint of the local inflammatory response.


id: cord-265765-zpf1bla8
title: Characterization of eae(+)Escherichia coli isolated from healthy and diarrheic calves
author: Holland, Robert E
date: 1999-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-265765-zpf1bla8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265765-zpf1bla8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113599000139
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00013-9
summary:
  Strains of Escherichia coli from 101 healthy and 114 diarrheic calves were screened by PCR for the eae (intimin) gene and Shiga toxin genes (stx). Moreover, Shiga toxin antigens were detected significantly more (p = 0.001) often among the eae/stx(+) strains from healthy calves when compared to eae/stx(+) strains from diarrheic calves. No significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was detected among the eae(+) and eae/stx(+) strains from healthy and diarrheic calves for enterohemolysin production. In this study, the Premier EHEC assay was used to detect Shiga toxin antigens associated with eae/stx strains. When examined in the immunoassay, Shiga toxin antigens were detected for all 20 eae/stx (100%) strains from healthy calves and in 8 of 11 (73.0%) strains from diarrheic calves. Detection and characterization of the eae gene of shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli using polymerase chain reaction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from bovines: association of adhesion with carriage of eae and other genes

abstract:
  Strains of Escherichia coli from 101 healthy and 114 diarrheic calves were screened by PCR for the eae (intimin) gene and Shiga toxin genes (stx). Each eae(+) and eae/stx(+) strain was examined for antimicrobial susceptibility, enterohemolysin activity, and the somatic O antigen was determined. An immunoassay was used to detect Shiga toxin antigens for the eae/stx(+)E. coli. Significantly more (p = 0.005) of the healthy calves carried eae(+) and eae/stx(+)E. coli in their feces when compared to strains from diarrheic calves. Moreover, Shiga toxin antigens were detected significantly more (p = 0.001) often among the eae/stx(+) strains from healthy calves when compared to eae/stx(+) strains from diarrheic calves. However, significantly more (p = 0.001) of the eae(+) and eae/stx(+) strains from diarrheic calves were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested, and the strains from diarrheic calves had a significantly (p = 0.05) higher rate of antimicrobial resistance to at least two different antimicrobial classes. No significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was detected among the eae(+) and eae/stx(+) strains from healthy and diarrheic calves for enterohemolysin production. Serogroups O-negative, O5, O26, and O111 were predominate among both healthy and diarrheic calves.


id: cord-268918-6l02una0
title: Characterization of bovine coronavirus isolates/from eight different states in the USA
author: Kapil, Sanjay
date: 1999-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-268918-6l02una0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268918-6l02una0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113599000425
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00042-5
summary:
  Antigenic differences were observed among the isolates in a one-way hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using a polyclonal antiserum against the Mebus bovine coronavirus isolate. Minor antigenic and biological differences have been observed among BCV isolates from calf diarrhea and winter dysentery cases from the USA (Tsunemitsu and Saif, 1995) and Canada (Dea et al., 1995) . We compared antigenic differences on one-way hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, isoelectric focusing of BCV proteins, and relative susceptibility of BCV isolates to hygromycin B. We observed some differences in cytopathic effects among the calf diarrhea isolates; however, passage number, plaque purification, and the presence of trypsin and pancreatin in the cell culture medium greatly affected the cytopathology of BCV isolates. Antiserum against cell culture propagated bovine coronavirus isolates: on the basis of a one way HI test, 77 BCV isolates were inhibited from 1 : 2 up to 1 : 1024.

abstract:
  Bovine coronavirus isolates from eight different states of the USA were compared for their antigenic properties and susceptibility to hygromycin B. Antigenic differences were observed among the isolates in a one-way hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using a polyclonal antiserum against the Mebus bovine coronavirus isolate. Differences were observed on isoelectric focusing among viral proteins with isoelectric points between 4.45–4.65. Most of the BCV isolates were susceptible to hygromycin B (0.5 mM) whereas a few hygromycin B resistant isolates were also found.


id: cord-269560-vq462fh2
title: Pathogenicity of three genetically diverse strains of PRRSV Type 1 in specific pathogen free pigs
author: Stadejek, Tomasz
date: 2017-05-16
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113517305357
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.011
abstract:
  Studies from Eastern European countries proved that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Type 1 (PRRSV-1) harbours high genetic diversity and that genetically divergent subtypes 2–4 circulate in this area. In the present study, we compared the pathogenicity of two different PRRSV-1 subtype 2 strains and a strain representing PRRSV-1 subtype 1. Four groups of 8-week-old specific pathogen free pigs were either infected with subtype 2 strain ILI6, subtype 2 strain or BOR59, subtype 1 strain 18794, or mock inoculated. The most pronounced clinical signs were observed in pigs infected with BOR59. Pigs from both subtype 2 strain infected groups exhibited significantly elevated mean body temperatures on DPI 2 compared to the other two groups, the difference remaining significant up to DPI 13 for the BOR59 group, only. The pigs in the latter group also displayed significantly highest levels of early viremia together with the most rapid APP response. Overall, the results indicated that BOR59 strain can be considered a highly pathogenic strain, similarly to subtype 3 strains Lena and SU1-bel, while the virulence of the other subtype 2 strain ILI6 was intermediate between BOR59 and subtype 1 strain.


id: cord-270563-fm6j7thy
title: Canine parvovirus vaccination and immunisation failures: are we far from disease eradication?
author: Decaro, N.
date: 2020-06-15
txt: ./txt/cord-270563-fm6j7thy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270563-fm6j7thy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32768213/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108760
summary:
  Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population. In a recent study (Altman et al., 2017) , inactivated vaccines were more frequently associated with immunisation failures than MLV vaccines in pups of less than twelve weeks of age, likely as a consequence of a better ability of replicating MLV to override residual maternally-derived antibodies (MDA). Dogs vaccinated against CPV, canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAdV) were protected from disease and/or infection after challenge 9 years from vaccination (Schultz et al., 2010) .

abstract:
  Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.


id: cord-270727-2dd3b7di
author: Rivera-Benitez, José Francisco
date: 2016-02-29
txt: ./txt/cord-270727-2dd3b7di.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270727-2dd3b7di.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113516300050
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.005
summary:
  A Student''s t-test assuming unequal variance and a significance level of P 0.05 was used to compare rectal temperatures and the viral load of PorPV and swH1N1 in different samples (nasal and oral swabs, respiratory tissues and SLO) between the single-infected groups to the co-infected group. In the nasal swabs, samples that tested positive for PorPV were detected from 24 h post-infection up to 28 DPI (PorPV/Mock and PorPV/swH1N1 groups) (Fig. 3a) , and there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the mean of viral loads at any time analysed for these two groups. The pigs in the Mock/swH1N1 group presented the lowest respiratory signs and rectal temperatures, with no pigs showing a difference in respiration or temperature after experimental infection, a finding that is in accordance with studies that used low-virulence swine influenza virus strains (Busquets et al., 2010) .

title:
  Co-infection of classic swine H1N1 influenza virus in pigs persistently infected with porcine rubulavirus

abstract:
  Porcine rubulavirus (PorPV) and swine influenza virus infection causes respiratory disease in pigs. PorPV persistent infection could facilitate the establishment of secondary infections. The aim of this study was to analyse the pathogenicity of classic swine H1N1 influenza virus (swH1N1) in growing pigs persistently infected with porcine rubulavirus. Conventional six-week-old pigs were intranasally inoculated with PorPV, swH1N1, or PorPV/swH1N1. A mock-infected group was included. The co-infection with swH1N1 was at 44 days post-infection (DPI), right after clinical signs of PorPV infection had stopped. The pigs of the co-infection group presented an increase of clinical signs compared to the simple infection groups. In all infected groups, the most recurrent lung lesion was hyperplasia of the bronchiolar-associated lymphoid tissue and interstitial pneumonia. By means of immunohistochemical evaluation it was possible to demonstrate the presence of the two viral agents infecting simultaneously the bronchiolar epithelium. Viral excretion of PorPV in nasal and oral fluid was recorded at 28 and 52 DPI, respectively. PorPV persisted in several samples from respiratory tissues (RT), secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). For swH1N1, the viral excretion in nasal fluids was significantly higher in single-infected swH1N1 pigs than in the co-infected group. However, the co-infection group exhibited an increase in the presence of swH1N1 in RT, SLO, and BALF at two days after co-infection. In conclusion, the results obtained confirm an increase in the clinical signs of infection, and PorPV was observed to impact the spread of swH1N1 in analysed tissues in the early stage of co-infection, although viral shedding was not enhanced. In the present study, the interaction of swH1N1 infection is demonstrated in pigs persistently infected with PorPV.


id: cord-272305-eniovfwy
author: Zhao, Ye
date: 2015-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-272305-eniovfwy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272305-eniovfwy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.036
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.036
summary:
  Strain YN-inoculated birds had clinical signs of varying severity with 30% mortality, while the attenuated group appeared healthy, with less tissue damage. The resulting attenuated YN strain was shorted as aYN and was titrated by inoculating 10-fold serial dilutions with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of the virus stocks into the allantoic sac of 10-day-old SPF embryonated eggs. Gross changes were noted and samples of trachea, kidney, lung, proventriculus, duodenum, and bursa of Fabricius were collected for virus detection via real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological examination. In terms of the real-time RT-qPCR examination, both strains were detected in respiratory and non-respiratory tissues, including the kidney, trachea, lungs, proventriculus, duodenum, and bursa of Fabricius, indicating viral replication in these organs; however, this was relatively limited in the birds infected with the YN attenuated strain. Efficacy and safety of an attenuated live QX-like infectious bronchitis virus strain as a vaccine for chickens

title:
  Safety and efficacy of an attenuated Chinese QX-like infectious bronchitis virus strain as a candidate vaccine

abstract:
  Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory and urogenital disease of chickens caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). This disease is of considerable economic importance and is primarily controlled through biosecurity and immunization with live attenuated and inactivated IB vaccines of various serotypes. In the present study, we tested the safety and efficacy of an attenuated predominant Chinese QX-like IBV strain. The results revealed that the attenuated strain has a clear decrease in pathogenicity for specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens compared with the parent strain. Strain YN-inoculated birds had clinical signs of varying severity with 30% mortality, while the attenuated group appeared healthy, with less tissue damage. The attenuated strain also had relatively low tissue replication rates and higher antibody levels. The superior protective efficacy of the attenuated strain was observed when vaccinated birds were challenged with a homologous or heterologous field IBV strain, indicating the potential of the attenuated YN (aYN) as a vaccine. Producing a vaccine targeting the abundant serotype in China is essential to reducing the economic impact of IB on the poultry industry.


id: cord-272375-c4ut7vn7
title: Molecular detection and characterization of Carnivore chaphamaparvovirus 1 in dogs
author: Palombieri, Andrea
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-272375-c4ut7vn7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272375-c4ut7vn7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113520310166
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108878
summary:
  Recent advances in molecular technologies have been allowed the discovery of novel parvoviruses in dogs, including two additional bocaparvoviruses species, CBoV-2 and CBoV-3 identified respectively from healthy and sick dogs respiratory samples (Kapoor et al., 2012) and from the liver of a dog with multiorgan failure (Li et al., 2013) , and the still unclassified carnivore protoparvoviruses likebufaviruses (CBuVs) detected in stool samples of dogs with or without enteric disease and in the nasal and oropharyngeal swabs of animals with respiratory signs. In order to gather additional information on the distribution of this novel parvovirus in dogs and to investigate its possible association with enteritis, during the year 2019 a surveillance study was initiated by implementing with CaChPV-specific assays the diagnostic algorithms of cases of acute gastro-enteritis admitted to the veterinary hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo (Italy).

abstract:
  Canine chaphamaparvovirus (CaChPV) is a newly recognised parvovirus discovered by metagenomic analysis during an outbreak of diarrhoea in dogs in Colorado, USA, in 2017 and more recently detected in diarrhoeic dogs in China. Whether the virus plays a role as canine pathogen and whether it is distributed elsewhere, in other geographical areas, is not known. We performed a case-control study to investigate the possible association of CaChPV with enteritis in dogs. CaChPV DNA was detected both in the stools of diarrhoeic dogs (1.9%, 3/155) and of healthy animals (1.6%, 2/120). All the CaChPV-infected dogs with diarrhea were mixed infected with other enteric viruses such as canine parvovirus (formerly CPV-2), canine bufavirus (CBuV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), whilst none of the asymptomatic CaChPV positive animals resulted co-infected. The nearly full-length genome and the partial capsid protein (VP) gene of three canine strains, Te/36OVUD/19/ITA, Te/37OVUD/19/ITA and Te/70OVUD/19/ITA, were reconstructed. Upon phylogenetic analyses based on the NS1 and VP aa sequences, the Italian CaChPV strains tightly clustered with the American reference viruses. Distinctive residues could be mapped to the deduced variable regions of the VP of canine and feline chaphamaparvoviruses, considered as important markers of host range and pathogenicity for parvoviruses.


id: cord-274892-a6fscyjf
author: Smith, Joseph A.
date: 2008-06-22
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113507005731
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.019
title:
  Identification and isolation of a novel herpesvirus in a captive mob of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus)

abstract:
  A novel herpesvirus was detected in a captive mob of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) during diagnostic workup for individuals with ulcerative cloacitis. Virus was initially detected in tissues using a consensus herpesvirus PCR. No viral inclusions or particles had been evident in routine histologic or transmission electron microscopic sections of cloacal lesions. Virus was isolated from samples and transmission electron microscopy of the resulting isolates confirmed that the virus was morphologically consistent with a herpesvirus. Nucleotide sequencing of the PCR product from tissue samples and from the isolates revealed that the virus was in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae and was distinct from other known herpesviruses. The correlation between the lesions and the novel virus remains unknown. Two herpesviruses, both in the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, have previously been described in macropods and are known to cause systemic clinical disease. This is the first reported gammaherpesvirus within the order Marsupialia, and may provide valuable information regarding the evolution and phylogeny of this virus family. Based on current herpesvirus nomenclature convention, the authors propose the novel herpesvirus be named Macropodid herpesvirus 3 (MaHV-3).


id: cord-277187-rcxjjxw3
author: Xu, Zhichao
date: 2019-11-04
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113519307242
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108489
title:
  Attenuation and characterization of porcine enteric alphacoronavirus strain GDS04 via serial cell passage

abstract:
  Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. In this study, an original, highly virulent PEAV strain GDS04 was serially passaged in Vero cells. The virus titers and sizes of syncytia increased gradually with the cell passages. Newborn piglets were orally inoculated with PEAV P15, P67 and P100. Compared with P15 and P67, P100 resulted in only mild clinical signs and intestinal lesions in piglets. The virus shedding in feces and viral antigens in intestinal tract were markedly reduced in P100-inoculated piglets. Importantly, all P100-inoculated newborn piglets survived, indicating that P100 was an attenuated variant. Sequence analysis revealed that the virulent strain GDS04 had four, one, six and eleven amino acid differences in membrane, nucleocapsid, spike and ORF1ab proteins, respectively, from P100. Furthermore, more differences in the predicted three-dimensional structure of S protein between GDS04 and P100 were observed, indicating that these differences might be associated with the pathogenicity of PEAV. Collectively, our research successfully prepared a PEAV attenuated variant which might serve as a live attenuated vaccine candidate against PEAV infection.


id: cord-277364-vy2yirek
author: Baró, J.
date: 2015-03-23
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113515000085
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.006
title:
  Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) enteric disease: An independent condition or part of the systemic disease?

abstract:
  Intestinal disorders in growing and finishing pigs have been associated with several infectious agents, including Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). This virus has been mainly related with PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD); nevertheless, some authors have suggested a possible restricted intestinal infection of this virus associated with enteric clinical signs. This condition has been referred as PCV2-enteric disease (PCV2-ED). The present study analysed retrospectively, from a pathological point of view, the relation between intestinal disorders and PCV2 infection in nursery and growing-finishing pigs. Among the 96 selected pigs suffering from enteric disease and submitted for necropsy between 1998 and 2011, the most prevalent enteric lesions were catarrhal enteritis/colitis (77.1%), followed by fibrinous lesions (11.5%), granulomatous inflammation (4.2%) and other lesions such as haemorrhages or ulceration (4.2%). Seventy-two pigs (75%) were positive for PCV2 by in situ hybridization (ISH). Among positive pigs for PCV2 ISH, 39 animals suffered from PCV2-SD and 33 had no lymphoid lesions but low amount of viral nucleic acid in several lymphoid tissues, therefore, these animals did not qualify for PCVD-ED. In conclusion, all animals with enteric disorders that were positive to PCV2 by ISH had evidence of viral systemic infection. These results suggest that PCV2-ED is probably a negligible condition and PCV2 mainly contributes to enteric clinical disorders in relation to PCV2-SD occurrence.


id: cord-277746-rllxa6fj
title: Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a genogroup GVI feline norovirus
author: Takano, Tomomi
date: 2015-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-277746-rllxa6fj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277746-rllxa6fj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S037811351500214X
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.018
summary:
  In addition, specific pathogen-free cats inoculated with FNoV gene-positive-fecal samples developed diarrhea symptoms, and the viral gene was detected in their feces and blood. The FNoV gene was detected in samples collected from Cat No. 49-2012, as confirmed by RT-PCR described below, and these samples were subsequently used in this study. When the FNoV gene-positive PCR products of fecal samples collected on days 4, 9, 18, and 21 were subjected to a sequencing analysis, all were identical with the ORF1 gene of the FNoV M49-1 strain. A Simplot analysis was performed to compare gene sequences including the recombination breaking point among the FNoV M49-1 strain, GIV FNoV, GIV lion norovirus, GIV canine NoV (CNoV), and GVI CNoV. FNoV was detected with the development of clinical symptoms in SPF cats orally inoculated with fecal samples containing the FNoV M49-1 strain.

abstract:
  Norovirus (NoV) has been classified into 6 genogroups, GI-GVI. In the present study, we identified novel feline NoV (FNoV) M49-1 strain. The C-terminal of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the FNoV M49-1 strain was highly homologous with GIV FNoV and GIV lion norovirus, whereas VP1 was highly homologous with GVI canine NoV (CNoV). Based on the results of the Simplot analysis, the FNoV M49-1 strain may have been produced by recombination between GIV.2 FNoV and GVI.1 CNoV. In addition, specific pathogen-free cats inoculated with FNoV gene-positive-fecal samples developed diarrhea symptoms, and the viral gene was detected in their feces and blood.


id: cord-278641-8lh5y7j0
title: Identification and characterization of PEDV infection in rat crypt epithelial cells
author: Chen, Jianing
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-278641-8lh5y7j0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278641-8lh5y7j0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979749/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108848
summary:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), as the PED causative agent, has been commonly propagated and investigated in Vero cells, as well as in IPEC-J2, a porcine epithelial cell-jejunum 2. Besides that, PEDV infection in IEC-6 cells can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and interferon, especially the type III IFNs. Collectively, our findings suggest that IEC-6 is an ideal cell line for PEDV replication and immune response studies. PEDV CV777 strain reached its most elevated viral titers in both Vero and IEC-6 cells but poorly replicated in IPEC-J2 cells (Fig. 1E) . The results showed that both type I and type III interferon responses were significantly activated in PEDV infected IEC-6 and IPEC-J2 cells while the type I interferon were absent in Vero cells ( Fig. 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E ). For type II interferon, PEDV infection led to a significant upregulation in IEC-6 cells but not in IPEC-J2 and Vero cells (Fig. 2C) .

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a devastating enteric disease to the world's swine production. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), as the PED causative agent, has been commonly propagated and investigated in Vero cells, as well as in IPEC-J2, a porcine epithelial cell-jejunum 2. However, Vero cells, which are defective in interferon production, cannot represent the host response in enteric cells while PEDV replicates poorly in IPEC-J2 cells. In this study, we observed that rat crypt epithelial cells (IEC-6) were highly susceptible to different subtypes of PEDV. The replication kinetics of PEDV in IEC-6 cells is similar to that in Vero cells, but it is much higher than in IPEC-J2 cells. Besides that, PEDV infection in IEC-6 cells can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and interferon, especially the type III IFNs. Collectively, our findings suggest that IEC-6 is an ideal cell line for PEDV replication and immune response studies.


id: cord-279975-542qbbgp
author: Shibata, Isao
date: 2000-03-15
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113599001996
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00199-6
title:
  Isolation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in porcine cell cultures and experimental infection of pigs of different ages

abstract:
  This paper describes the isolation of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus in Vero and porcine cell cultures, and the influence of age on disease in experimental infection. PED virus was isolated from the small intestine of piglets inoculated with PED samples and cultured in Vero, porcine bladder and kidney cells propagated in collagen-coated tissue culture plates in maintenance medium (MM) containing trypsin. In porcine bladder and kidney cell cultures inoculated with isolated PED virus, cytopathic effects (CPE) including cell fusion were detected. Specific brilliant fluorescence was observed in the cytoplasm of these cells. Two- and 7-day old, and 2-, 4-, 8- and 12-week old specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were orally inoculated with PED virus isolated from an outbreak. All 2- and 7-day old pigs inoculated developed severe watery diarrhea from post-inoculation day (PID) 1 and died between PID 3 and 4. Although three of five 2-week old pigs developed diarrhea on PID 1–4, they eventually recovered. In the 4-week old group, three of five pigs had mild diarrhea for 1–2 days. None of the 8- and 12-week old pigs showed any clinical signs. Antibodies against PED virus were detected in all surviving pigs by virus neutralization (VN) test and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Therefore, there is an age-dependent resistance to pathogenic PED virus infection in pigs.


id: cord-283946-ts2lyy4p
author: Pedersen, N.C
date: 2000-05-11
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113500001838
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00183-8
title:
  An isolated epizootic of hemorrhagic-like fever in cats caused by a novel and highly virulent strain of feline calicivirus

abstract:
  An isolated epizootic of a highly fatal feline calicivirus (FCV) infection, manifested in its severest form by a systemic hemorrhagic-like fever, occurred over a 1-month period among six cats owned by two different employees and a client of a private veterinary practice. The infection may have started with an unowned shelter kitten that was hospitalized during this same period for a severe atypical upper respiratory infection. The causative agent was isolated from blood and nasal swabs from two cats; the electron microscopic appearance was typical for FCV and capsid gene sequencing showed it to be genetically similar to other less pathogenic field strains. An identical disease syndrome was recreated in laboratory cats through oral inoculation with tissue culture grown virus. During the course of transmission studies in experimental cats, the agent was inadvertently spread by caretakers to an adjoining room containing a group of four normal adult cats. One of the four older cats was found dead and a second was moribund within 48–72 h in spite of symptomatic treatment; lesions in these animals were similar to those of the field cats but with the added feature of severe pancreatitis. The mortality in field cats, deliberately infected laboratory cats, and inadvertently infected laboratory cats ranged from 33–50%. This new isolate of calicivirus, named FCV-Ari, was neutralized at negligible to low titer by antiserum against the universal FCV-F9 vaccine strain. Cats orally immunized with FCV-F9, and then challenge-exposed shortly thereafter with FCV-Ari, developed a milder self-limiting form of disease, indicating partial protection. However, all of the field cats, including the three that died, had been previously immunized with parenteral FCV-F9 vaccine. FCV-Ari caused a disease that was reminiscent of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease, a highly fatal calicivirus infection of older rabbits.


id: cord-284514-b7no0yrv
author: Davies, Robert L
date: 2003-02-02
txt: ./txt/cord-284514-b7no0yrv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284514-b7no0yrv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12458166/
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00300-0
summary:
  title: Diversity of avian Pasteurella multocida strains based on capsular PCR typing and variation of the OmpA and OmpH outer membrane proteins One hundred avian Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from cases of fowl cholera and related infections in England and Wales over a 13-year period were characterised by capsular PCR typing and analysis of outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Nineteen distinct OMP profiles (OMP-types) were identified based mainly on molecular mass heterogeneity of the heat-modifiable (OmpA) and porin (OmpH) proteins. Strains of capsular types B, D and F, as well as the untypable isolates, were associated exclusively with specific OMP-types and represent distinct and widely disseminated clonal groups. The molecular mass of OmpA (A) varied from 36.9 to 37.9 kDa and that of OmpH (H) varied from 33.1 to 38.3 kDa. The distribution of OMP-types among the avian isolates is shown in Table 1 .

title:
  Diversity of avian Pasteurella multocida strains based on capsular PCR typing and variation of the OmpA and OmpH outer membrane proteins

abstract:
  One hundred avian Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from cases of fowl cholera and related infections in England and Wales over a 13-year period were characterised by capsular PCR typing and analysis of outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Sixty-eight percent of the strains were of capsular type A, 14% were type F, 5% were type D, 4% were type B and 9% were untypable. Nineteen distinct OMP profiles (OMP-types) were identified based mainly on molecular mass heterogeneity of the heat-modifiable (OmpA) and porin (OmpH) proteins. Fifty-six percent of the isolates were represented by 15 OMP-types, whereas 44% of the isolates were associated with four OMP-types. The extensive molecular mass heterogeneity of the OmpA and OmpH proteins supports previous findings that avian P. multocida strains are very diverse. Furthermore, the isolates studied were associated with different clinical symptoms and were recovered from a wide range of lesions and tissues. The high degree of strain diversity together with the wide variety of clinical symptoms suggest that certain avian strains of P. multocida are opportunistic pathogens of relatively low virulence. Strains of capsular types B, D and F, as well as the untypable isolates, were associated exclusively with specific OMP-types and represent distinct and widely disseminated clonal groups. These observations support the view that avian strains of P. multocida have a clonal population structure. Based on previous studies, the molecular mass heterogeneity of the OmpA and OmpH proteins might provide a selective advantage to P. multocida by generating antigenic variation.


id: cord-285096-g9y3au1a
title: Tropism and pathological findings associated with canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
author: Mitchell, Judy A.
date: 2013-03-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.025
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.025
abstract:
  Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) occurs frequently in densely housed dog populations. One of the common pathogens involved is canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), however little is known regarding its pathogenesis and the role it plays in the development of CIRD. The pathogenesis of five geographically unrelated canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) isolates was investigated. Following experimental infection in dogs, all five CRCoV isolates gave rise to clinical signs of respiratory disease consistent with that observed during natural infection. The presence of CRCoV was associated with marked histopathological changes in the nares and trachea, with loss and damage to tracheal cilia, accompanied by inflammation. Viral shedding was readily detected from the oropharynx up to 10 days post infection, but there was little or no evidence of rectal shedding. The successful re-isolation of CRCoV from a wide range of respiratory and mucosal associated lymphoid tissues, and lung lavage fluids demonstrates a clear tropism of CRCoV for respiratory tissues and fulfils the final requirement for Koch's postulates. By study day 14 dogs had seroconverted to CRCoV and the antibodies raised were neutralising against both homologous and heterologous strains of CRCoV in vitro, thus demonstrating antigenic homogeneity among CRCoV strains from the two continents. Defining the role that CRCoV and other agents play in CIRD is a considerable, but important, challenge if the disease is to be managed, treated and prevented more successfully. Here we have successfully developed a model for studying the pathogenicity and the role of CRCoV in CIRD.


id: cord-285335-agm4zbcx
author: Kennedy, Melissa
date: 2001-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-285335-agm4zbcx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285335-agm4zbcx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11390106/
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00354-6
summary:
  A population of Persian cats experienced an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) over 2 years. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) genomic RNA was detected consistently in this study in biologic samples from adult cats, kittens suffering from FIP, and their siblings. Analysis of viral 7a/7b open reading frame (ORFs) were analyzed and revealed two distinct virus variants circulating in the population, one with an intact 7a ORF and one with two major deletions in the 7a ORF. Both virus variants were identified in one cat, the sire ''''Dan'''', as sequence analysis of clones from a single PCR from this animal revealed the presence of the 7a deletion mutant as well as the intact isolate (Dan 1 and 2 in Fig. 2 ). The sire of the majority of FIP kittens was dually infected with both virus variants as revealed by sequence analysis of cloned 7a/7b genes from this cat.

title:
  Deletions in the 7a ORF of feline coronavirus associated with an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  A population of Persian cats experienced an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) over 2 years. Twelve cases of FIP occurred in litters born during this period. Cats contracting FIP were all genetically related through the sire. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) genomic RNA was detected consistently in this study in biologic samples from adult cats, kittens suffering from FIP, and their siblings. Analysis of viral 7a/7b open reading frame (ORFs) were analyzed and revealed two distinct virus variants circulating in the population, one with an intact 7a ORF and one with two major deletions in the 7a ORF. The 7b ORFs were intact and similar among all virus isolates, although point mutations resulting in amino acid changes were present. The sire was determined to be infected with both variants, and was persistently virus-infected. We speculate the deletion variant arose from the non-deletion variant during viral replication in this population, possibly in the sire.


id: cord-285585-tigj7fhc
title: Survey for selected pathogens in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from Guam, Marianna Islands, USA
author: Cleveland, Christopher A.
date: 2017-05-03
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.001
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.001
abstract:
  Pigs (Sus scrofa) were introduced to Guam in the 1600’s and are now present in high densities throughout the island. Wild pigs are reservoirs for pathogens of concern to domestic animals and humans. Exposure to porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis, and Leptospira interrogans has been documented in domestic swine but data from wild pigs are lacking. The close proximity of humans, domestic animals, and wild pigs, combined with the liberal hunting of wild pigs, results in frequent opportunities for pathogen transmission. From February–March 2015, blood, tissue and ectoparasite samples were collected from 47 wild pigs. Serologic testing found exposure to Brucella spp. (2%), Toxoplasma gondii (11%), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (13%), porcine circovirus type 2 (36%), pseudorabies virus (64%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (93%), Lawsonia intracellularis (93%), and porcine parvovirus (94%). Eleven (24%) samples had low titers (1:100) to Leptospira interrogans serovars Bratislava (n = 6), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 6), Pomona (n = 2), and Hardjo (n = 1). Kidney samples from nine pigs with Leptospira antibodies were negative for Leptospira antigens. Numerous pigs had Metastrongylus lungworms and three had Stephanurus dentatus. Lice (Hematopinus suis) and ticks (Amblyomma breviscutatum) were also detected. No antibodies to Influenza A viruses were detected. In contrast to the previous domestic swine survey, we found evidence of numerous pathogens in wild pigs including new reports of pseudorabies virus, PRRS virus, Brucella, and Leptospira in pigs on Guam. These findings highlight that domestic swine-wild pig interactions should be prevented and precautions are needed when handling wild pigs to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission.


id: cord-287978-a6h5u16x
title: Case–control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea
author: Cho, Yong-Il
date: 2013-10-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.001
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.001
abstract:
  Calf diarrhea is a major economic burden for the US cattle industry. A variety of infectious agents are implicated in calf diarrhea and co-infection of multiple pathogens is not uncommon in diarrheic calves. A case–control study was conducted to assess infectious etiologies associated with calf diarrhea in Midwest cattle farms. A total of 199 and 245 fecal samples were obtained from diarrheic and healthy calves, respectively, from 165 cattle farms. Samples were tested by a panel of multiplex PCR assays for 11 enteric pathogens: bovine rotavirus group A (BRV-A), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine enterovirus (BEV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), Nebovirus, bovine torovirus (BToV) Salmonella spp. (Salmonella), Escherichia coli (E. coli) K99(+), Clostridium perfringens with β toxin gene and Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). The association between diarrhea and detection of each pathogen was analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression model. More than a half of the fecal samples from the diarrheic calves had multiple pathogens. Statistically, BRV-A, BCoV, BNoV, Nebovirus, Salmonella, E. coli K99(+), and C. parvum were significantly associated with calf diarrhea (p < 0.05). Among them, C. parvum and BRV-A were considered to be the most common enteric pathogens for calf diarrhea with high detection frequency (33.7% and 27.1%) and strong odds ratio (173 and 79.9). Unexpectedly BNoV (OR = 2.0) and Nebovirus (OR = 16.7) were identified with high frequency in diarrheic calves, suggesting these viruses may have a significant contribution to calf diarrhea.


id: cord-289629-9p9ld4ur
title: Equine coronavirus induces apoptosis in cultured cells
author: Suzuki, Kazuhiko
date: 2008-06-22
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.034
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.034
abstract:
  Equine coronavirus (ECoV) was first isolated from a diarrheic foal and was found genetically similar to group II coronaviruses. However, its pathological characteristics were not adequately investigated. In our preliminary in vitro investigation, ECoV-induced cell death was observed in bovine kidney-derived MDBK cells. Based on this finding, we investigated whether the ECoV-induced CPE was apoptosis. Following ECoV infection, MDBK cells showed morphological changes such as cell rounding and detachment from the culture surface. Moreover, syncytium formation was observed as the other type of cytopathic effect in ECoV infection. Morphologic and biochemical features of apoptosis, such as nuclear fragmentation and DNA ladder formation, were also detected in ECoV-infected cells. Moreover, as is commonly observed in coronavirus infection in other animals, the activities of effecter caspases – caspase-3/7 – and initiator caspases – caspase-8 and caspase-9 – that are representative factors in the death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, respectively, were increased in ECoV-infected MDBK cells. Therefore, it was suggested that ECoV can induce apoptosis in MDBK cells via a caspase-dependent pathway. Apoptotic death of infected cells is detrimental because it causes cell and tissue destruction and inflammatory responses. Although the pathological characteristics of ECoV are largely unknown, apoptosis may be the pathological basis of lesions of the digestive system in ECoV infection.


id: cord-290442-rrj684c4
title: Molecular characterization of canine coronavirus strains circulating in Brazil
author: Moutinho Costa, Erika
date: 2014-01-10
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113513004756
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.002
abstract:
  To characterize canine coronavirus (CCoV) circulating in diarrheic puppies in Brazil, 250 fecal samples collected between 2006 and 2012 were tested. By using RT-PCR to partially amplify the M gene, CCoV RNA was detected in 30 samples. Sequence analysis of the M protein grouped eight strains with CCoV-I and another 19 with CCoV-II prototypes. To genotype/subtype the CCoV strains and assess the occurrence of single or multiple CCoV infections, RT-PCR of the S gene was performed, and 25/30 CCoV-positive strains amplified with one or two primer pairs. For 17/25 samples, single infections were detected as follows: six CCoV-I, nine CCoV-IIa and two CCoV-IIb. Eight samples were positive for more than one genotype/subtype as follows: seven CCoV-I/IIa and one CCoV-I/IIb. Sequence analysis revealed that the CCoV-I and IIa strains shared high genetic similarity to each other and to the prototypes. The Brazilian strains of CCoV-IIb displayed an aminoacid insertion that was also described in CCoV-IIb-UCD-1 and TGEV strains. Among the 25 CCoV-positive puppies, five had a fatal outcome, all but one of which were cases of mixed infection. The current study is the first reported molecular characterization of CCoV-I, IIa and IIb strains in Brazil.


id: cord-290540-r0d6oaez
title: The molecular dynamics of feline coronaviruses
author: Rottier, Peter J.M.
date: 1999-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-290540-r0d6oaez.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290540-r0d6oaez.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113599000991
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00099-1
summary:
  Special attention is given to the genetic dynamics of the viruses as these now allow us to begin to understand the origin of the different phenotypes, in particular the genesis of virulence during persistent infection. The conclusion from these experiments is that feline coronaviruses may persist in the lower intestinal tract where the virus continues to replicate at low levels. Conceivably, the persisting virus confers to its host resistance against superinfection by the closely related feline coronaviruses, which were infecting the other cats. The idea was that''feline enteric coronaviruses'' are indeed restricted in tropism, while''FIP viruses'' would cross the epithelium, infect macrophages and go systemically. The result of all these studies is that generally there is no protection when an antibody response to the spike protein is induced there is rather an enhancement of the infection, with an''early death'' phenomenon. Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR

abstract:
  Feline coronaviruses are widespread and come in different flavors. There are two main serotypes both of which occur in two pathotypes, the avirulent enteric viruses and the virulent, usually fatal peritonitis viruses, the latter in turn occurring either in a ‘wet’ or exudative form or in a ‘dry’ or proliferative form. In this paper a concise overview is given of the molecular features of these viruses. Special attention is given to the genetic dynamics of the viruses as these now allow us to begin to understand the origin of the different phenotypes, in particular the genesis of virulence during persistent infection. As discussed, the surprising new insights obtained over the last few years call for a critical reevaluation of strategies for protection.


id: cord-292101-lnap47kp
author: Jung, Kwonil
date: 2015-06-12
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.022
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.03.022
title:
  Structural alteration of tight and adherens junctions in villous and crypt epithelium of the small and large intestine of conventional nursing piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

abstract:
  Integrity of the intestinal epithelium is critical for proper functioning of the barrier that regulates absorption of water and restricts uptake of luminal bacteria. It is maintained mainly by tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). We conducted immunofluorescence (IF) staining for in situ identification of zonula occludin (ZO)-1 proteins for TJ and E-Cadherin proteins for AJ in the small and large intestinal villous and crypt epithelium of nursing pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Twenty 9-day-old piglets [PEDV-infected (n = 9) and Mock (n = 11)] from PEDV seronegative sows, were orally inoculated [8.9 log(10) genomic equivalents/pig] with PEDV PC21A strain or mock. At post-inoculation days (PIDs) 1–5, infected pigs showed severe watery diarrhea and/or vomiting and severe atrophic enteritis. By immunohistochemistry, PEDV antigens were evident in enterocytes lining the villous epithelium. At PIDs 1–5, PEDV-infected pigs exhibited mildly to extensively disorganized, irregular distribution and reduced expression of ZO-1 or E-Cadherin in villous, but not crypt epithelial cells of the jejunum and ileum, but not in the large intestine, when compared to the negative controls. The structural destruction and disorganization of TJ and AJ were extensive in PEDV-infected pigs at PIDs 1–3, but then appeared to reversibly recover at PID 5, as evident by increased numbers of ZO-1-positive epithelial cells and markedly improved appearance of E-Cadherin-positive villous epithelium. Our results suggest a possible involvement of structurally impaired TJ and AJ in the pathogenesis of PEDV, potentially leading to secondary bacterial infections.


id: cord-292690-1p1gnpgf
author: Zang, Yue
date: 2020-08-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32891955/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108827
title:
  Recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus expressing S(1) and S(2) domains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in mice and sows inoculated orally

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious intestinal infectious disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which is characterized by a high mortality rate in piglets. Since 2012, a remarkable growth in PED outbreaks occurred in many pig farms in China, landing a heavy blow on the pig industry. In order to develop a new effective vaccine for the current PEDV, oral vaccines were generated by transferring eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmids carrying the S(1) and S(2) (antigenic sites of the S protein) epitopes of PEDV into a swine-origin Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). After oral immunization of the BALB/c mice, higher levels of anti-PEDV specific IgG and SIgA antibodies and cellular immune responses were detected in mice orally administered with the recombinant L. acidophilus-S(1) compared to the L. acidophilus-S(2). Furthermore, L. acidophilus-S(1) was used to inoculate the pregnant sows orally and the results showed that the recombinant L. acidophilus-S(1) could elicit a specific systemic and mucosal immune response. In summary, our study demonstrated that oral immunization with L. acidophilus-S(1) could improve the humoral and mucosal immune levels in sows and would be a promising candidate vaccine against PEDV infection in piglets.


id: cord-293458-jb7u9xn6
title: Vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and other swine coronaviruses
author: Gerdts, Volker
date: 2016-12-02
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.029
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.029
abstract:
  The recent introduction of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) into the North American swine herd has highlighted again the need for effective vaccines for swine coronaviruses. While vaccines for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) have been available to producers around the world for a long time, effective vaccines for PEDV and deltacoronaviruses were only recently developed or are still in development. Here, we review existing vaccine technologies for swine coronaviruses and highlight promising technologies which may help to control these important viruses in the future.


id: cord-293781-7so4gqc8
author: Zhao, Shanshan
date: 2014-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-293781-7so4gqc8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293781-7so4gqc8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.017
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.017
summary:
  In this study, an attenuated TGEV (STC3) and a virulent TGEV (SHXB) were used to determine whether porcine DCs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these two TGEVs. Our results showed that immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) were susceptible to infection with SHXB and STC3. In this study, an attenuated TGEV (STC3) and a virulent TGEV (SHXB) were used to determine whether porcine DCs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these two TGEVs. Our results showed that immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) were susceptible to infection with SHXB and STC3. Second, the SHXB and STC3 strains were used to infect the piglets in vivo in order to further determine whether they could damage the ability of intestinal DCs to sample the heat-inactivated Escherichia coli, migrate, and stimulate CD3 + , CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell proliferation at 48 h postinfection.

title:
  Effects of virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus on the ability of porcine dendritic cells to sample and present antigen

abstract:
  Virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) results in an acute, severe pathology and high mortality in piglets, while attenuated TGEV only causes moderate clinical reactions. Dendritic cells (DCs), through uptake and presentation of antigens to T cells, initiate distinct immune responses to different infections. In this study, an attenuated TGEV (STC3) and a virulent TGEV (SHXB) were used to determine whether porcine DCs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these two TGEVs. Our results showed that immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) were susceptible to infection with SHXB and STC3. However, only SHXB inhibited Mo-DCs to activate T-cell proliferation by down-regulating the expression of cell–surface markers and the secretion of cytokines in vitro. In addition, after 48 h of SHXB infection, there was the impairment in the ability of porcine intestinal DCs to sample the antigen, to migrate from the villi to the lamina propria and to activate T-cell proliferation in vivo. In contrast, these abilities of intestinal DCs were enhanced in STC3-infected piglets. In conclusion, our results show that SHXB significantly impaired the functions of Mo-DCs and intestinal DCs in vitro and in vivo, while STC3 had the opposite effect. These differences may underlie the pathogenesis of virulent and attenuated TGEV in piglets, and could help us to develop a better strategy to prevent virulent TGEV infection.


id: cord-296611-ma32oz4o
title: Novel genotype of infectious bronchitis virus isolated in China
author: Ma, Tianxin
date: 2019-01-29
txt: ./txt/cord-296611-ma32oz4o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296611-ma32oz4o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30827386/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.020
summary:
  Further comparative genomic analysis revealed at least two recombination sites that replaced the spike gene in a lineage 18 within genotype I (GI-18)-like virus with an as-yet-unidentified sequence, likely derived from another IBV strain, resulting a novel serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first evidence for recombination leading to replacement of the complete spike gene and the emergence of a novel genotype/serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens comparing to one of its parental virus ck/CH/LGX/111119. To confirm these recombination breakpoints, three phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of the results of similarity plot (SimPlot) analysis for the nucleotide fragments 1-20,265 (5′ untranslated region (UTR) to 3′ end of Gene 1), 20,266-24,151 (3′ end of Gene 1 to 5′ end of Gene 3), and 24,152-27,629 (5′ end of Gene 3 to 3′ UTR), from nine IBV strains, including I0636/16, five strains (LGX/ 111119, CK/CH/GD/GZ14, γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14 (I0114/14), GX-YL9, and GX-YL5) showing close relationships with I0636/16 based on the complete genomic sequence analysis, and three Mass strains (Beaudette, H120, and M41) as an outgroup.

abstract:
  Recombination events are known to contribute to the emergence of novel infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) genotypes. In this study, we carried out detailed phylogenetic analysis and sequence comparisons based on 74 complete nucleotide sequences of the IBV S1 gene, including strain I0636/16 and 73 representative sequences from each genotype and lineage. The results showed that strain I0636/16 represented a novel genotype, designated as lineage 1 within genotype VII (GVII-1). Further comparative genomic analysis revealed at least two recombination sites that replaced the spike gene in a lineage 18 within genotype I (GI-18)-like virus with an as-yet-unidentified sequence, likely derived from another IBV strain, resulting a novel serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first evidence for recombination leading to replacement of the complete spike gene and the emergence of a novel genotype/serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens comparing to one of its parental virus ck/CH/LGX/111119. These results emphasize the importance of limiting exposure to novel IBVs that may serve as a source of genetic material for emerging viruses, as well as the importance of IBV surveillance in chicken flocks.


id: cord-297283-o1oauxex
author: Fritzen, Juliana T.T.
date: 2019-02-18
txt: ./txt/cord-297283-o1oauxex.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297283-o1oauxex.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113518313750
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.022
summary:
  This study aimed to determine the frequency and intensity of neonatal diarrhea and the incidence of RVA and attempted to monitor the G and P genotypes present in the RVA strains circulating in a high milk yield cattle herd vaccinated with RVA G6P[5] strain. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and intensity of neonatal diarrhea and the incidence of RVA and to identify the RVA G and P genotypes circulating in dairy calves born from cows that are regularly vaccinated with the RVA G6P[5] strain in a high milk yield dairy cattle herd. Other longitudinal studies that have been conducted in Brazil to determine the level of RVA infection in calves born from vaccinated dairy cows had percentages of RVA-positive diarrheic fecal samples that were 5.7% (49/850) (Coura et al., 2015) and 3.9% (11/281) (Rocha et al., 2017) .

title:
  Longitudinal surveillance of rotavirus A genotypes circulating in a high milk yield dairy cattle herd after the introduction of a rotavirus vaccine

abstract:
  Worldwide, neonatal diarrhea is one of the most important health issues affecting dairy calves, and rotavirus A (RVA) is one of its primary causes. Among the measures to mitigate the risk of diarrhea outbreaks, cow vaccination stands out as one of the most important. However, the immune pressure resulting from routine vaccination may be able to select specific G and P genotypes in RVA field strains. This study aimed to determine the frequency and intensity of neonatal diarrhea and the incidence of RVA and attempted to monitor the G and P genotypes present in the RVA strains circulating in a high milk yield cattle herd vaccinated with RVA G6P[5] strain. Fecal samples (n = 1220) from 122 Holstein heifer calves between 0–30 days old that were born from RVA-vaccinated cows were collected at 10 different time points, regardless of the presence or absence of diarrhea. The presence of RVA in fecal samples was determined by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique and confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). G and P amplicons from 10 RVA-positive fecal samples from calves of different ages and collections were subjected to nucleotide sequencing. The proportion of the calves and fecal samples that were positive for RVA were 62.3% (76/122) and 8.1% (99/1220), respectively. Using sequence analysis, all 10 RVA field strains presented genotype G10P[11]. The protection of G6P[5] vaccination is clear, as this genotype was not detected in this study, and it is known that vaccination against RVA reduces the incidence of diarrhea independent of genotype involved. This result demonstrates the importance of epidemiological monitoring of RVA genotypes circulating in vaccinated dairy cattle herds to the early detection of new potential pathogenic RVA strains.


id: cord-298499-a2vblbbz
title: Canine parvovirus—A review of epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, with emphasis on type 2c
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2012-02-24
txt: ./txt/cord-298499-a2vblbbz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298499-a2vblbbz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.007
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.007
summary:
  In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. Nothing is know about the protection induced by the original type against CPV-2c (as well as against the other variants) after a long period interval between vaccination and challenge, when the type-2 antibody titers could be not high enough to efficiently prevent infection and disease caused by a field strain. A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 DNA in the feces of dogs A minor groove binder probe real-time PCR assay for discrimination between type 2-based vaccines and field strains of canine parvovirus

abstract:
  Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in late 1970s causing severe epizootics in kennels and dog shelters worldwide. Soon after its emergence, CPV-2 underwent genetic evolution giving rise consecutively to two antigenic variants, CPV-2a and CPV-2b that replaced progressively the original type. In 2000, a new antigenic variant, CPV-2c, was detected in Italy and rapidly spread to several countries. In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. Epidemiological survey indicate that the newest type CPV-2c is becoming prevalent in different geographic regions and is often associated to severe disease in adult dogs and also in dogs that have completed the vaccination protocols. However, the primary cause of failure of CPV vaccination is interference by maternally derived immunity. Diagnosis of CPV infection by traditional methods has been shown to be poorly sensitive, especially in the late stages of infections. New diagnostic approaches based on molecular methods have been developed for sensitive detection of CPV in clinical samples and rapid characterisation of the viral type. Continuous surveillance will help assess whether there is a real need to update currently available vaccines and diagnostic tests.


id: cord-299303-btdbv2tk
author: Xu, Xingang
date: 2013-06-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23562137/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.034
title:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus N protein prolongs S-phase cell cycle, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of swine caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The porcine intestinal epithelial cell is the PEDV target cell. In this study, we established a porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line which can stably express PEDV N protein. We also investigate the subcellular localization and function of PEDV N protein by examining its effects on cell growth, cycle progression, interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression, and survival. The results show that the PEDV N protein localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inhibits the IEC growth and prolongs S-phase cell cycle. The S-phase is prolonged which is associated with a decrease of cyclin A transcription level and an increase of cyclin A degradation. The IEC expressing PEDV N protein can express higher levels of IL-8 than control cells. Further studies show that PEDV N protein induces ER stress and activates NF-κB, which is responsible for the up-regulation of IL-8 and Bcl-2 expression. This is the first report to demonstrate that PEDV N protein can induce cell cycle prolongation at the S-phase, ER stress and up-regulation interleukin-8 expression. These findings provide novel information on the function of the PEDV N protein and are likely to be very useful in understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for PEDV pathogenesis.


id: cord-299539-f7i4lq2w
author: Bachofen, Claudia
date: 2010-03-24
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113509004398
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.022
title:
  Clinical appearance and pathology of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus of different genetic subgroups

abstract:
  Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an economically important cattle disease with a world-wide distribution that is caused by BVD virus, a pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. BVD viruses are genetically highly variable. They are classified into two genetic species (BVDV-1 and -2) that are further divided into numerous subgroups, particularly for BVDV-1. The complexity of these viruses is also reflected in their interaction with the host animals. Infections are either transient or persistent and can cause a wide spectrum of clinical signs, from no or very mild disease to severe forms, reminiscent of viral haemorrhagic fevers. In this work, we have analysed the clinical signs and the pathology of BVD viral infections in a cattle population where different subgroups of BVDV-1 genotype viruses are endemic. In addition, we have examined potential virulence properties of BVDV-1 subgroups during persistent infection by comparing the viral subgroups present in clinical cases with those detected in persistently infected (PI) animals sampled for epidemiological criteria, irrespective of their health condition. Furthermore, the clinical and postmortem findings were compared with respect to genetic characteristics of the viruses isolated from these animals. Our results indicate that the BVDV positive animals fall roughly into two categories, depending on the primary organ affected and the age, with lung-centred pathology occurring mainly in young animals and mucosal pathology predominantly in older animals. Furthermore, we found a markedly higher proportion of representatives of the BVDV-1e subgroup in stillborn calves and aborted foetuses originating from epidemically unrelated cattle herds, suggesting that BVDV-1e may play a special role in prenatal and perinatal losses.


id: cord-299751-2drhoz70
author: Tabynov, Kairat
date: 2016-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-299751-2drhoz70.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299751-2drhoz70.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.014
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.014
summary:
  The efficacy of a novel BEI-inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) candidate vaccine in pigs, developed at RIBSP Republic of Kazakhstan and delivered with an adjuvant Montanide™ Gel 01 ST (D/KV/ADJ) was compared with a commercial killed PRRSV vaccine (NVDC-JXA1, C/KV/ADJ) used widely in swine herds of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Clinical parameters (body temperature and respiratory disease scores), virological and immunological profiles [ELISA and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titers], macroscopic lung lesions and viral load in the lungs (quantitative real-time PCR and cell culture assay) were assessed in vaccinated and both genotype 1 and 2 PRRSV challenged pigs. The challenge virus strains LKZ/2010 and CM/08 were propagated in MARC-145 cells, and confirmed as type 1 and type 2 viruses by EZ-PRRSV TM MPX 4.0 Real Time RT-PCR using Target-Specific Reagents kit for the Rapid Identification & Differentiation of North American and European PRRS Viral RNA (Tetracore, MD, USA).

title:
  Inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide™ Gel 01 ST elicits virus-specific cross-protective inter-genotypic response in piglets

abstract:
  The efficacy of a novel BEI-inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) candidate vaccine in pigs, developed at RIBSP Republic of Kazakhstan and delivered with an adjuvant Montanide™ Gel 01 ST (D/KV/ADJ) was compared with a commercial killed PRRSV vaccine (NVDC-JXA1, C/KV/ADJ) used widely in swine herds of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Clinical parameters (body temperature and respiratory disease scores), virological and immunological profiles [ELISA and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titers], macroscopic lung lesions and viral load in the lungs (quantitative real-time PCR and cell culture assay) were assessed in vaccinated and both genotype 1 and 2 PRRSV challenged pigs. Our results showed that the commercial vaccine failed to protect pigs adequately against the clinical disease, viremia and lung lesions caused by the challenged field isolates, Kazakh strains of PRRSV type 1 and type 2 genotypes. In contrast, clinical protection, absence of viremia and lung lesions in D/KV/ADJ vaccinated pigs was associated with generation of VN antibodies in both homologous vaccine strain LKZ/2010 (PRRSV type 2) and a heterogeneous type 1 PRRSV strain (CM/08) challenged pigs. Thus, our data indicated the induction of cross-protective VN antibodies by D/KV/ADJ vaccine, and importantly demonstrated that an inactivated PRRSV vaccine could also induce cross-protective response across the viral genotype.


id: cord-301136-7odc5un9
author: Hasslung, F.
date: 2005-03-20
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113504004729
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.12.011
title:
  Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs in Sweden and Denmark with a Swedish isolate of porcine circovirus type 2

abstract:
  An experimental model using 3-day-old snatch-farrowed colostrum-deprived piglets co-infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) is at present one of the best methods to study factors affecting development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). A Swedish isolate of PCV2 (S-PCV2) retrieved in 1993 from a healthy pig has been used in this model to reproduce PMWS in pigs from Northern Ireland. This virus has been present in the Swedish pig population for at least a decade without causing any known PMWS disease problems, despite its potential pathogenicity. The reasons for this are unknown, but could be related to genetics, absence of triggers for PCV2 upregulation (infectious agent and/or management forms) within Swedish pig husbandry. In order to confirm the pathogenicity of S-PCV2, Swedish and Danish pigs were experimentally infected with this isolate according to the established model. Swedish pigs were also infected with a reference isolate of PCV2 (PCV2-1010) to compare the severity of disease caused by the two isolates in Swedish pigs. Both Danish and Swedish pigs developed PMWS after the experimental infection with S-PCV2. Antibodies to PCV2 developed later and reached lower levels in serum from pigs infected with S-PCV2 than in pigs inoculated with PCV2-1010. In general, pigs infected with S-PCV2 showed more severe clinical signs of disease than pigs infected with PCV2-1010, but pigs from all PCV2-inoculated groups displayed gross and histological lesions consistent with PMWS. All pigs inoculated with PPV, alone or in combination with PCV2, displayed interleukin-10 responses in serum while only pigs infected with PPV in combination with PCV2 showed interferon-α in serum on repeated occasions. Thus, the pathogenicity of S-PCV2 was confirmed and a role for cytokines in the etiology of PMWS was indicated.


id: cord-301382-zlr4nwc2
author: Burimuah, Vitus
date: 2019-12-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31928696/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108544
title:
  Sero-prevalence, cross-species infection and serological determinants of prevalence of Bovine Coronavirus in Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Ghana

abstract:
  Cattle, goats and sheep are dominant livestock species in sub-Saharan Africa, with sometimes limited information on the prevalence of major infectious diseases. Restrictions due to notifiable epizootics complicate the exchange of samples in surveillance studies and suggest that laboratory capacities should be established domestically. Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) causes mainly enteric disease in cattle. Spillover to small ruminants is possible. Here we established BCoV serology based on a recombinant immunofluorescence assay for cattle, goats and sheep, and studied the seroprevalence of BCoV in these species in four different locations in the Greater Accra, Volta, Upper East, and Northern provinces of Ghana. The whole sampling and testing was organized and conducted by a veterinary school in Kumasi, Ashanti Region of Ghana. Among sampled sheep (n = 102), goats (n = 66), and cattle (n = 1495), the seroprevalence rates were 25.8 %, 43.1 % and 55.8 %. For cattle, seroprevalence was significantly higher on larger farms (82.2 % vs 17.8 %, comparing farms with >50 or <50 animals; p = 0.027). Highest prevalence was seen in the Northern province with dry climate, but no significant trend following the north-south gradient of sampling sites was detected. Our study identifies a considerable seroprevalence for BCoV in Ghana and provides further support for the spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.


id: cord-301655-6nxhvvm4
author: Lei, Xi-Mei
date: 2019-08-10
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113519304365
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108387
title:
  Specific recombinant proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus are immunogenic, revealing their potential use as diagnostic markers

abstract:
  Given the highly contagious and acute nature of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), especially in piglets, there is an urgent need for the development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic assays. The diagnostic potentials of specific porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) accessory and nonstructural proteins, if any, have not yet been investigated. In order to determine and compare which of the viral proteins may be useful as diagnostic antigens, whole virus (WV) particles and a panel of structural and nonstructural PEDV proteins [spike subunit 1 (S1), the C-terminal part of ORF3 (ORF3C), envelope (E), nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), Nsp2, Ac (acidic domain of Nsp3), and ADRP (ADP-ribose-1-monophosphatase domain of Nsp3), expressed individually in bacterial and/or mammalian cells] were tested for reactivity with sera from PEDV-infected pigs by ELISA and/or western blot analysis. According to western blots, serum antibody interactions with the S1 protein were relatively more sensitive and specific than ORF3C, E and Ac. Furthermore, a total of 851 serum samples from diarrheal pigs of different ages were analyzed by ELISA, with most showing immune-reactivity towards the WV, S1, ORF3C, and E proteins. The earliest IgG antibody response was observed in the one-week-old piglets, with similar antibody ontogeny and patterns of seroconversion for S1, ORF3C, E, and WV antigens. In addition, the pattern of neutralizing antibody was more similar to that of IgA in weaning piglets after PEDV infection. Collectively, these data provide more reliable information on the host immune response to different viral proteins, which will be useful for development of novel serological assays and for design of vaccines that better stimulate protective immunity.


id: cord-305079-foifc8ch
author: Zhou, Ying Shun
date: 2013-02-22
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113512004646
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.08.013
title:
  Establishment of reverse genetics system for infectious bronchitis virus attenuated vaccine strain H120

abstract:
  Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain H120 was successfully rescued as infectious clone by reverse genetics. Thirteen 1.5–2.8 kb fragments contiguously spanning the virus genome were amplified and cloned into pMD19-T. Transcription grade complete length cDNA was acquired by a modified “No See’m” ligation strategy, which employed restriction enzyme Bsa I and BsmB I and ligated more than two fragments in one T4 ligase reaction. The full-length genomic cDNA was transcribed and its transcript was transfected by electroporation into BHK-21 together with the transcript of nucleocapsid gene. At 48 h post transfection, the medium to culture the transfected BHK-21 cells was harvested and inoculated into 10-days old SPF embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) to replicate the rescued virus. After passage of the virus in ECE five times, the rescued H120 virus (R-H120) was successfully recovered. R-H120 was subsequently identified to possess the introduced silent mutation site in its genome. Some biological characteristics of R-H120 such as growth curve, EID50 and HA titers, were tested and all of them were very similar to its parent strain H120. In addition, both R-H120 and H120 induced a comparable titer of HA inhibition (HI) antibody in immunized chickens and also provided up to 85% of immune protection to the chickens that were challenged with Mass41 IBV strain. The present study demonstrated that construction of infectious clone from IBV vaccine strain H120 is possible and IBV-H120 can be use as a vaccine vector for the development of novel vaccines through molecular recombination and the modified reverse genetics approach.


id: cord-305156-w6iqeayr
author: Gallien, Sarah
date: 2018-10-11
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113518308964
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.025
title:
  Limited shedding of an S-InDel strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in semen and questions regarding the infectivity of the detected virus

abstract:
  PEDV is mainly transmitted by the oro-fecal route although PEDV shedding in semen has already been shown for an S-non-InDel PEDV strain infection. The aim of this study was to determine if PEDV can be shed in semen from SPF (specific pathogens free) boars infected by a French S-InDel PEDV strain (PEDV/FR/001/2014) and in case of positive semen to determine the infectivity of that semen. Both infected boars had diarrhea after inoculation and shed virus in feces. PEDV genome was also detected by RT-qPCR in the sperm-rich fraction of semen (6.94 × 10(3) and 4.73 × 10(3) genomic copies/mL) from the two boars infected with the S-InDel PEDV strain but only once at 7DPI. In addition, PEDV RNA in Peyer’s patches and in mesenteric lymph nodes was also present for the two inoculated boars. The PEDV positive semen (S-non-InDel and S-InDel) sampled during a previous trial and in this boar trial were inoculated to six SPF weaned pigs. The inoculated piglets did not seroconvert and did not shed virus throughout the duration of the study except for one pig at 18 DPI. But, PEDV could be detected in intestinal tissues such as duodenum, jejunum and jejunum Peyer’s patches by RT-qPCR except for one pig. Even if PEDV genome has been detected in semen, experimental infection of piglets with positive semen failed to conclude to the infectivity of the detected PEDV.


id: cord-305684-ipeup5mp
author: Chen, Yuqiu
date: 2016-12-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28062000/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.017
title:
  Identification and molecular characterization of a novel serotype infectious bronchitis virus (GI-28) in China

abstract:
  Avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (IBV) is a major poultry pathogen. A characteristic feature of IBV is the occurrence of many different strains belonging to different serotypes, which renders complete control of the disease by vaccination a challenging task due to the poor cross-protection between different serotypes. In this study, based on the results of S1 sequence analysis and virus cross-neutralization tests, IBV strain ck/CH/LGX/111119 was found to be genetically and antigenically different from other known IBV types, representing not only a novel genotype, but also a novel serotype (designated as GI-28). Viruses belonging to this novel serotype have been isolated from several regions in China in recent years, suggesting endemic circulation of the serotype in various geographic locations in China. Further studies by complete genomic analysis showed that strain ck/CH/LGX/111119 may have originated from recombination events involving LX4 genotype IBVs and an as-yet-unidentified IBV donating a S1 gene, or from the result of accumulation of mutations and selections, especially in the S1 gene, from a LX4 genotype virus. ck/CH/LGX/111119 is a nephropathogenic strain, although it had broader tissue tropism (respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts) among chickens challenged at one day old. Infection of the oviducts with ck/CH/LGX/111119 found in this study may have severe implications because the virus will likely induce the occurrence of false layers.


id: cord-306948-wkisfz1m
title: Engineering the PRRS virus genome: Updates and perspectives
author: Han, Mingyuan
date: 2014-12-05
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.007
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.007
abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is endemic in most pig producing countries worldwide and causes enormous economic losses to the pork industry. Infectious clones for PRRSV have been constructed, and so far at least 14 different infectious clones are available representing both genotypes I and II. Two strategies have been taken for progeny reconstitution: RNA transfection and DNA transfection. Mutations, insertions, deletions, and replacements of the viral genome have been employed to study the structure function relationship, foreign gene expression, functional complementation, and virulence determinants. Essential regions and non-essential regions for viral replication have been identified in both the coding regions and non-encoding regions. Foreign sequences have successfully been inserted into the nsp2 and N regions and in the space between ORF1b and ORF2a. Chimeras between member viruses in the family Arteriviridae have also been constructed and utilized to study cell tropism and functional complementation. This review discusses the advances and utilization of PRRSV reverse genetics and its potential for future research.


id: cord-306976-p2521bl4
author: Gao, Mengying
date: 2016-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-306976-p2521bl4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306976-p2521bl4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.018
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.018
summary:
  Furthermore, neither the vaccine strains nor the attenuated viruses could provide complete respiratory protection of chickens against a challenge with the ck/CH/LDL/140520 strain, indicating that it is necessary to develop new live vaccines or to evaluate the use of established vaccines in combination to control naturally recombinant TW I-type IBV strains in the future. Our results showed that strain ck/CH/LDL/140520 is very pathogenic, and that it is able to cause cystic oviducts in a high percentage of birds, as well as mortality due to nephritis and respiratory distress with complete tracheal ciliostasis, especially in chickens infected at 1 day of age. In contrast, respiratory signs (sneezing, nasal discharge, and tracheal rales) developed at 3-4 dpc and lasted until 10 dpc in some of the chickens in the groups that were vaccinated with the H120, 4/91, and Conn vaccines, and the attenuated LSD/120720 and LGX/ 100508 viruses when challenged with the nrTW I IBV strain at 20 days of age.

title:
  Serotype, antigenicity, and pathogenicity of a naturally recombinant TW I genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in China

abstract:
  Since 2009, strains of the naturally recombinant TW I genotype of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have caused considerable damage to the Chinese poultry industry. To better understand the antigenicity and pathogenesis of this genotype, the characteristics of the ck/CH/LDL/140520 strain were compared to those of four commercial IB vaccine strains that are used commonly in China, as well as four attenuated viruses that represent two types of IBV strains, which are believed to have originated in China and are the predominant IBV types circulating in chicken flocks in China and many other parts of the world. The results showed that all eight strains were genetically and serotypically different from the strain ck/CH/LDL/140520. Furthermore, neither the vaccine strains nor the attenuated viruses could provide complete respiratory protection of chickens against a challenge with the ck/CH/LDL/140520 strain, indicating that it is necessary to develop new live vaccines or to evaluate the use of established vaccines in combination to control naturally recombinant TW I-type IBV strains in the future. Our results showed that strain ck/CH/LDL/140520 is very pathogenic, and that it is able to cause cystic oviducts in a high percentage of birds, as well as mortality due to nephritis and respiratory distress with complete tracheal ciliostasis, especially in chickens infected at 1 day of age.


id: cord-308315-g6udfu2a
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2010-10-26
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113510001914
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.010
title:
  Characterisation of bubaline coronavirus strains associated with gastroenteritis in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves

abstract:
  Recently, a coronavirus strain (179/07-11) was isolated from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and the virus which displayed a strict genetic and biological relatedness with bovine coronavirus (BCoV) was referred to as bubaline coronavirus (BuCoV). Here, we report the characterisation of four BuCoVs strains identified in the faeces or intestinal contents of water buffalo calves with acute gastroenteritis. Single BuCoV infections were detected in all but one cases from which two clostridia species were also isolated. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 5′ end of the spike-protein gene showed that three BuCoVs were closely related to the prototype strain 179/07-11, whereas the fourth isolate (339/08-C) displayed a higher genetic identity to recent BCoV reference strains. Three strains adapted to the in vitro grow on human rectal tumour cells were also evaluated for their ability to replicate in a bovine cell line (Madin Darby bovine kidney) and to cause haemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes and all displayed biological properties similar to those already described for the prototype BuCoV. The present report shows that albeit genetically heterogeneous, the different BuCoV strains possess a common biological pattern which is different from most BCoV and BCoV-like isolates.


id: cord-308953-4mhjtitv
title: Detection and genotyping of Korean porcine rotaviruses
author: Kim, Hyun-Jeong
date: 2010-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-308953-4mhjtitv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308953-4mhjtitv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20359834/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.01.019
summary:
  To obtain genomic data on the G and P genotypes of Korean porcine GARVs, porcine GARVs isolated from the diarrheic fecal samples were subjected to RT-PCR with primer pairs specific to each VP7 and VP4 gene of GARVs (Table 1) . In order to determine the prevalence of porcine GARVs in diarrheic Korean piglets, a total of 475 fecal samples from diarrheic pigs in 143 farms across South Korea were screened by RT-PCR and nested PCR using two sets of primer pairs (Table 1) . A comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the VP7 gene between all Korean porcine GARV strains and the GARV strains representing all 23 G genotypes was performed with a 1020 bp fragment (excluding the primer sequences) (Tables 4 and 5).

abstract:
  Porcine group A rotavirus (GARV) is considered to be an important animal pathogen due to their economic impact in the swine industry and its potential to cause heterologous infections in humans. This study examined 475 fecal samples from 143 farms located in 6 provinces across South Korea. RT-PCR and nested PCR utilizing primer pairs specific for the GARV VP6 gene detected GARV-positive reactions in 182 (38.3%) diarrheic fecal samples. A total of 98 porcine GARV strains isolated from the GARV-positive feces were analyzed for G and P genotyping. Based on the sequence and phylogenetic analyses, the most predominant combination of G and P genotypes was G5P[7], found in 63 GARV strains (64.3%). The other combinations of G and P genotypes were G8P[7] (16 strains [16.3%]), G9P[7] (7 strains [7.1%]), G9P[23] (2 strains [2.0%]), and G8P[1] (1 strain [1.0%]). The counterparts of G or P genotypes were not determined in three G5, five P[7], and one P[1] strains. Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Korean G9 strains were more closely related to lineage VI porcine and human viruses than to other lineages (I–V) of GARVs and to Korean human G9 strains (lineage III). These results show that porcine GARV infections are common in diarrheic piglets in South Korea. The infecting strains are genetically diverse, and include homologous (G5P[7]), heterologous (G8P[1]), and reassortant (G8P[7]), as well as emerging G9 GARV strains.


id: cord-312119-wzcas4zd
author: Lu, Ti
date: 2019-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-312119-wzcas4zd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312119-wzcas4zd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113518312239
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.015
summary:
  A vaccine that induces broad immunity to prevent K88 and F18 fimbrial ETEC bacterial attachment and colonization in pig small intestines and to neutralize enterotoxin enterotoxicity would be effective for PWD. In this study, we in silico identified immunodominant epitopes from F18 FedF subunit, fused individual epitopes to protein carrier CfaB (a structural subunit of heterologous human ETEC fimbria CFA/I), immunized mice with each epitope fusion protein, measured mouse anti-F18 antibody response, and examined epitope-derived antibodies for neutralizing activities against F18 fimbria adherence to determine FedF neutralizing epitopes. Furthermore, CfaB-epitope fusions were examined as competitive agents to prevent anti-F18 antibodies from inhibiting adherence of F18fimbrial bacteria to pig intestine cell line IPEC-2. Competitive ELISA and bacteria adherence inhibition assay to show CfaB-epitope fusion proteins blocking binding of anti-F18 antiserum with F18 fimbriae or F18-fimbrial E. A tripartite fusion, FaeG-FedF-LT(192)A2:B, of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) elicits antibodies that neutralize cholera toxin, inhibit adherence of K88 (F4) and F18 fimbriae, and protect pigs against K88ac/heat-labile toxin infection

title:
  Mapping the neutralizing epitopes of F18 fimbrial adhesin subunit FedF of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

abstract:
  K88 and F18 fimbrial enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are the major causes of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs. A vaccine that induces broad immunity to prevent K88 and F18 fimbrial ETEC bacterial attachment and colonization in pig small intestines and to neutralize enterotoxin enterotoxicity would be effective for PWD. Structure-based multiepitope-fusion-antigen (MEFA) technology using a backbone immunogen to present neutralizing epitopes of representing virulence factors capacitates development of broadly protective ETEC vaccines. Neutralizing epitopes have been identified from K88 fimbrial adhesin (FaeG) and enterotoxins but not F18 fimbrial adhesin. In this study, we in silico identified immunodominant epitopes from F18ac fimbrial subunit FedF which plays a critical role in F18 fimbrial adherence, genetically fused each epitope to a carrier, examined immunogenicity of each epitope fusion, and determined epitope-derived antibodies neutralizing activities against F18 fimbrial adherence. Data showed that seven immune-dominant epitopes were identified from FedF subunit. Fused to heterologous human ETEC adhesin subunit CfaB, epitope fusions induced anti-F18 antibodies in subcutaneously immunized mice. Moreover, antibodies derived from each fusion significantly blocked adherence of a F18-fimbrial E. coli bacteria to pig intestinal cell line IPEC-J2. While all seven epitopes exhibited neutralizing activity, results from this study identified FedF epitopes #3 (IPSSSGTLTCQAGT) and #7 (QPDATGSWYD) the most effective for antibodies against F18 fimbrial adherence, and suggested their future application in PWD vaccine development.


id: cord-312208-8ydh6jev
author: Meng, X.J
date: 2000-06-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10831854/
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00196-6
title:
  Heterogeneity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: implications for current vaccine efficacy and future vaccine development

abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) continues to be a major problem to the pork industry worldwide. Increasing data indicate that PRRSV strains differ in virulence in infected pigs and are biologically, antigenically, and genetically heterogeneous. It is evident that the current vaccines, based on a single PRRSV strain, are not effective in protecting against infections with the genetically diverse field strains of PRRSV. The recent outbreaks of atypical or acute PRRS in vaccinated pigs have raised a serious concern about the efficacy of the current vaccines and provided the impetus for developing more effective vaccines. Special attention in this review is given to published work on antigenic, pathogenic and genetic variations of PRRSV and its potential implications for vaccine efficacy and development. Although there are ample data documenting the heterogeneous nature of PRRSV strains, information regarding how the heterogeneity is generated and what clinical impact it may have is very scarce. The observed heterogeneity will likely pose a major obstacle for effective prevention and control of PRRS. There remains an urgent need for fundamental research on this virus to understand the basic biology and the mechanism of heterogeneity and pathogenesis of PRRSV.


id: cord-312867-fxgx9c4v
title: Canine kobuviruses in diarrhoeic dogs in Italy
author: Di Martino, Barbara
date: 2013-09-27
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113513002745
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.007
abstract:
  Canine kobuviruses (CaKVs) are newly recognized picornaviruses recently detected in dogs in the US. By molecular analysis of the whole genome, CaKV that appeared genetically closest to the murine kobuvirus (MuKV) and to the human Aichi virus (AiV), may be classified in the Kobuvirus genus as new genotype (CaKV type 1) within the species Aichivirus A. To date, there are no information on the epidemiology of these novel viruses in other continents. In this study, by screening a collection of 256 dog fecal samples either from diarrhoeic or asymptomatic animals, CaKV was identified in six specimens with an overall prevalence of 2.34% (6/256). All the positive dogs presented diarrhea and were found to be infected by CaKV alone or in mixed infections with canine coronavirus (CCoV) and/or canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2). By molecular analysis of the partial 3D gene, all the strains detected displayed a close relatedness with the CaKVs recently identified in the US. This study provides evidence that CaKVs circulate in diarrhoeic dogs in Italy and are not geographically restricted to the North American continent, where they were first signaled.


id: cord-315094-pzixgqcy
author: Benetka, Viviane
date: 2004-03-26
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113503003821
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.010
title:
  Prevalence of feline coronavirus types I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis

abstract:
  Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) vary widely in virulence causing a spectrum of clinical manifestations reaching from subclinical course to fatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Independent of virulence variations they are separated into two different types, type I, the original FCoV, and type II, which is closely related to canine coronavirus (CCV). The prevalence of FCoV types in Austrian cat populations without FIP has been surveyed recently indicating that type I infections predominate. The distribution of FCoV types in cats, which had succumbed to FIP, however, was fairly unknown. PCR assays have been developed amplifying parts of the spike protein gene. Type-specific primer pairs were designed, generating PCR products of different sizes. A total of 94 organ pools of cats with histopathologically verified FIP was tested. A clear differentiation was achieved in 74 cats, 86% of them were type I positive, 7% type II positive, and 7% were positive for both types. These findings demonstrate that in FIP cases FCoV type I predominates, too, nonetheless, in 14% of the cases FCoV type II was detected, suggesting its causative involvement in cases of FIP.


id: cord-316592-a1uhy2ex
title: RNA interference inhibits hepatitis E virus mRNA accumulation and protein synthesis in vitro
author: Huang, Fen
date: 2010-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-316592-a1uhy2ex.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316592-a1uhy2ex.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.023
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.023
summary:
  To exploit the possibility of using RNA interference (RNAi) as a strategy against HEV infection, four small interference RNA (siRNA) duplex targeting ORF2 gene were constructed. Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time qPCR) and Western blot assay demonstrated that four HEV specific siRNAs (si-ORF2-1, si-ORF2-2, si-ORF2-3 and si-ORF2-4) were capable of protecting cells against HEV infection with very high specificity and efficiency. Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time qPCR) and Western blot assay demonstrated that four HEV specific siRNAs (si-ORF2-1, si-ORF2-2, si-ORF2-3 and si-ORF2-4) were capable of protecting cells against HEV infection with very high specificity and efficiency. The efficiency of suppression of the HEV ORF2 gene by various HEV specific siRNAs was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, Real-Time qPCR and Western blot. RNA interference effectively inhibits mRNA accumulation and protein expression of hepatitis C virus core and E2 genes in human cells

abstract:
  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen to which several species, including human beings, pigs and rodents, are reported to be susceptible. To date, vaccines developed against HEV still need to be improved and a structural gene (ORF2), which encodes a capsid protein with high sequence conservation found across HEV genotypes, is a potential candidate. To exploit the possibility of using RNA interference (RNAi) as a strategy against HEV infection, four small interference RNA (siRNA) duplex targeting ORF2 gene were constructed. A challenge against HEV infection by RNAi was performed in A549 cells. Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time qPCR) and Western blot assay demonstrated that four HEV specific siRNAs (si-ORF2-1, si-ORF2-2, si-ORF2-3 and si-ORF2-4) were capable of protecting cells against HEV infection with very high specificity and efficiency. The results suggest that RNAi is a potent anti-HEV infection prophylaxis strategy.


id: cord-317640-61crnh6a
title: Homologous recombination shapes the genetic diversity of African swine fever viruses
author: Zhu, Zhaozhong
date: 2019-08-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31500735/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.08.003
abstract:
  The African swine fever virus (ASFV) has severely influenced the swine industry of the world. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or drugs against the ASFV. How to effectively control the virus is challenging. In this study, we have analyzed all the publicly available ASFV genomes and demonstrated that there was a large genetic diversity of ASFV genomes. Interestingly, the genetic diversity was mainly caused by extensive genomic insertions and/or deletions (indels) instead of the point mutations. Further analyses showed that the indels may be attributed much to the homologous recombination, as supported by significant associations between the occurrence of extensive recombination events and the indels in the ASFV genomes. Besides, the homologous recombination also led to changes of gene content of ASFVs. Finally, repeated elements of dozens of nucleotides in length were observed to widely distribute and cluster in the adjacent positions of ASFV genomes, which may facilitate the occurrence of homologous recombination. This work highlighted the importance of homologous recombination in shaping the genetic diversity of the ASFVs, and could help understand the evolution of the virus.


id: cord-319168-i23pqiwx
title: Emergence of novel strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Sweden
author: Abro, Shahid Hussain
date: 2012-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319168-i23pqiwx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319168-i23pqiwx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.022
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.022
summary:
  Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates bear 98.97% genetic similarity with strains of the QX-like genotype. Twenty Swedish IBV isolates from different outbreaks were selected for comprehensive study of the complete spike gene of the virus. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of spike glycoprotein of Swedish isolates from 1995 to 2010 showed that they comprise distinct sets of IBV variants; differing among themselves along that timeline (Table 3 ). The phylogenetic studies, based on the partial S1 gene regions, showed that Swedish IBV isolates from 1995 to 1999 were related to the Massachusetts genotype. Taken together, the complete spike sequence data revealed different isolates of IBV of the Massachusetts type and European D388/QX-like strains circulating over a time-line in Sweden. Complete genome sequence analysis of a predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain in China

abstract:
  Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes avian infectious bronchitis, an important disease that produces severe economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. Recent IBV infections in Sweden have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production and thin egg shells in layers. The complete spike gene of selected isolates from IBV cases was amplified and sequenced using conventional RT-PCR. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates bear 98.97% genetic similarity with strains of the QX-like genotype. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains predominant in the nineties, which were of the Massachusetts type, have been replaced by D388/QX-like strains, however the evolutionary link could not be established. The homology between the two genotypes was 79 and 81%. Remarkably, a strong positive selection pressure was determined, mostly involving the S1 subunit of the S gene. This strong selective pressure resulted in recombination events, insertions and deletions in the S gene. Two new isolates generated from recombination were found with nucleotide sequence diverging 1.7–2.4% from the D388/QX-like branch, indicating the emergence of a new lineage. The study demonstrates a constant evolution of IBV that might be in relation to increased poultry farming, trade and vaccine pressure. The findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to control spread of infections, as well as to timely adjust diagnostic methods, molecular epidemiological studies, development and use of vaccines that are adapted to the changing disease scenario.


id: cord-319712-3dikelw6
author: Pujols, Joan
date: 2014-12-05
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113514004994
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.021
title:
  Survivability of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in bovine plasma submitted to spray drying processing and held at different time by temperature storage conditions

abstract:
  Bovine plasma was inoculated with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at an average final titer of 4.2 log10 TCID(50)/mL to determine the effect of spray drying on viral inactivation. Using a laboratory scale drier, inoculated plasma was spray dried at 200 °C inlet temperature and either 70 or 80 °C throughout substance. Both liquid and dried samples were subjected to three passages on VERO cell monolayers to determine PEDV infectivity. Results indicated liquid samples contained infective virus, but none of the spray dried samples were infectious. Also, survivability of PEDV inoculated on spray dried bovine plasma (SDBP) and stored at 4, 12 or 22 °C was determined for 7, 14 and 21 days. Commercial SDBP powder was inoculated with PEDV to an average final titer of 2.8 log10 TCID(50)/g. Five samples per time and temperature conditions were subjected to three passages on VERO cell monolayers to determine PEDV infectivity. The virus was non-infectious for all samples stored at 22 °C at 7, 14 and 21 days. PEDV was infective in 1 out of 5 samples stored at 12 °C at 7 days, but none of the samples stored for 14 and 21 days were infectious in cell culture. For samples stored at 4 °C, 4 out of 5 samples were infectious at 7 days, 1 out of 5 samples were infectious at 14 days, but none were infectious at 21 days. In summary, PEDV was not infectious on cell culture within 7 days when stored at room temperature and within 21 days when stored at refrigerated temperature.


id: cord-320559-up1q3k6q
title: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) introduction into a naive Dutch pig population in 2014
author: Dortmans, J.C.F.M.
date: 2018-05-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29981699/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.014
abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the highly contagious, causative agent of an economically important acute enteric disease in pigs of all ages. The disease is characterized by diarrhea and dehydration causing mortality and growth retardation. In the last few decades, only classical PEDV was reported sporadically in Europe, but in 2014 outbreaks of PEDV were described in Germany. Phylogenetic analysis showed a very high nucleotide similarity with a variant of PEDV that was isolated in the US in January 2014. The epidemiological situation of PEDV infections in the Netherlands in 2014 was unknown and a seroprevalence study in swine was performed. In total, 838 blood samples from sows from 267 farms and 101 samples from wild boars were collected from May till November 2014 and tested for antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. The apparent herd prevalence of 0.75% suggests that PEDV was not circulating on a large scale in the Netherlands at this time. However, in November 2014 a clinical outbreak of PEDV was diagnosed in a fattener farm by PCR testing. This was the first confirmed PEDV outbreak since the early nineties. Sequence analyses showed that the viruses isolated in 2014 and 2015 in the Netherlands cluster with recently found European G1b strains. This suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b strains in Europe in 2014, which made the Netherlands and other European countries endemic for this type of strains since then.


id: cord-320769-qcpua9ck
title: Molecular epidemiology of bovine toroviruses circulating in South Korea
author: Park, Su-Jin
date: 2008-01-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17719729/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.012
abstract:
  The prevalence of the bovine torovirus (BToV) and its genetic characterization have been reported in North America, Europe and Japan. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence and genetic diversity of the BToV in a total of 645 diarrheic fecal samples from 629 Korean native beef calf herds using RT-PCR and nested PCR with the primer pairs specific to a part of the BToV membrane (M) gene. Overall, 19 (2.9%) out of 645 diarrheic samples from 19 herds (6.9%) tested positive for BToVs by either RT-PCR or nested PCR. A comparison of the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences of a part of the BToV M gene (409 bp) among the BToVs showed the Korean BToVs to have comparatively higher sequence homology to the Japanese and Dutch BToVs than to the American and Italian BToVs. Generally, the Korean BToV strains clustered with the Japanese and Dutch BToV strains. However, the American and Italian BToV strains clustered on a separate major branch, suggesting that these are more distantly related to other known BToV strains. These results suggest that the BToV infections are sporadic in diarrheic calves in South Korea, and the Korean BToV strains are more closely related to the Japanese and Dutch BToVs than to the American and Italian BToVs.


id: cord-321261-3lp54mmu
author: Kuo, Shu-Ming
date: 2010-08-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299165/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.027
title:
  Evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in Taiwan: Characterisation of RNA recombination in the nucleocapsid gene

abstract:
  Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes significant economic loss in Taiwan (TW), even in flocks that have been extensively immunised with Massachusetts (Mass)-serotype vaccines. Phylogenetic analysis of all non-structural and most structural genes shows that TW IBV is genetically distinct from the US strain and more similar to Chinese (CH) IBV. In contrast, the nucleocapsid (N) gene of TW IBV presents phylogenetic incongruence. RNA recombination at the 5′ end of the N gene between TW and US IBV is shown to be responsible for this discordance. Surprisingly, the recombinant N gene is found in all of tested TW IBV isolates, suggesting that a recombination event gave origin to a founder lineage. Our data indicate that RNA recombination in the recombinant 5′ end of the N gene may have caused the emergence of the current IBV population in Taiwan.


id: cord-322683-wkrj6n1d
author: Zhang, Pengfei
date: 2020-07-13
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113520302698
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108793
title:
  Cellular Poly(C) Binding Protein 2 Interacts with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Papain-Like Protease 1 and Supports Viral Replication

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the Alphacoronavirus genus in the Coronaviridae family. Similar to other coronaviruses, PEDV encodes two papain-like proteases. Papain-like protease (PLP)2 has been proposed to play a key role in antagonizing host innate immunity. However, the function of PLP1 remains unclear. In this study, we found that overexpression of PLP1 significantly promoted PEDV replication and inhibited production of interferon-β. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to identify cellular interaction partners of PLP1. Host cell poly(C) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) was determined to bind and interact with PLP1. Both endogenous and overexpressed PCBP2 co-localized with PLP1 in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of PLP1 upregulated expression of PCBP2. Furthermore, overexpression of PCBP2 promoted PEDV replication. Silencing of endogenous PCBP2 using small interfering RNAs attenuated PEDV replication. Taken together, these data demonstrated that PLP1 negatively regulated the production of type 1 interferon by interacting with PCBP2 and promoted PEDV replication.


id: cord-323845-s78t5qxj
author: Soliman, H.
date: 2006-05-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113505004463
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.063
title:
  Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for rapid detection of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHS)

abstract:
  A one step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed for detection of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHS). A set of six primers were designed, based on the G-protein sequence of the VHS virus serotypes (He, F1, 23.75, Klapmolle and Rindsholm). The assay was optimised to amplify VHS RNA by incubation at 63 °C for only 1 h, and required only a simple water bath or heating block to provide a constant temperature of 63 °C. RT-LAMP amplification products were detected by visual inspection using SYBR Green I stain and had a ladder-like appearance when electrophoresed on an agarose gel. The detection limit of the RT-LAMP assay was found to be similar to the commonly used RT-PCR method: both methods detected VHS RNA at a dilution of 10(6). The assay was evaluated using clinical samples and the results indicated the suitability and simplicity of the test as a rapid, field diagnostic tool for VHS virus.


id: cord-323856-yr3zfxz3
title: Development of a pig infection model with colistin-resistant Escherichia coli
author: Le Devendec, Laetitia
date: 2018-10-13
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113518308137
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.011
abstract:
  Colistin-resistant Escherichia coli are isolated from pigs suffering from post-weaning diarrhea (PWD). This study was designed to develop an experimental model of PWD using mcr-1-carrying shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) or enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), for the future evaluation of control measures. Three groups of eight piglets, kept in high biosecurity units, were orally inoculated with mcr-1-positive STEC or ETEC, and one unchallenged group was used as a control. Clinical signs were recorded. Regularly-collected fecal samples and samples obtained from the digestive tract of animals sacrificed one month after inoculation were cultured in selective media and isolates were characterized. Blood samples were used to genotype the polymorphisms of the pigs’ intestinal receptors for F4 and F18 E. coli adhesins. Diarrhea was more frequent and more fecal samples contained the inoculated strain in the group inoculated with the O149-F4 ETEC strain than with the O141-F18 or O139-F18 STEC strains. However, fewer positive samples were obtained from the two pigs with the F4 resistant genotype. The three inoculated strains could be re-isolated up to the end of the experiment. Excretion peaked on the first week after inoculation with the O149-F4 ETEC strain, and later for the other two. An mcr-1 gene transfer to other commensal isolates was observed only for O139-F18 STEC, while the loss of mcr-1 from the inoculated strain occurred in all groups. The O149-F4 ETEC challenge may be used to evaluate alternative solutions to combat PWD caused by colistin-resistant E. coli in pigs.


id: cord-324324-8ybfiz8f
title: Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-324324-8ybfiz8f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324324-8ybfiz8f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113520302935
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693
summary:
  In addition, the close contact between human beings and different animal species sold at the wet markets of East Asia represents the optimal situation for the host species jump and adaptation to humans of potentially zoonotic agents like CoVs. It is not a coincidence that two of the most severe zoonoses of the last two decades (highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza and SARS) have emerged in the same Chinese province of Guangdong where the contact between humans and animals is closer (Lorusso et al., 2020) . All these viruses as well as analogous IBV-like CoVs detected in other birds including penguins, pigeons, peafowl, parrots, waterfowl, teal, quail, duck and whooper swan (Cavanagh et al., 2002; Circella et al., 2007; Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2014; Torres et al., 2013; Hughes et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2005; Wille et al., 2016; Jordan et al., 2015; Bande et al., 2016; Suryaman et al., 2019) have been assigned to the same viral species known as Avian coronavirus (ACoV) within the subgenus Igacovirus of genus Gammacoronavirus.

abstract:
  The recent pandemic caused by the novel human coronavirus, referrred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only is having a great impact on the health care systems and economies in all continents but it is also causing radical changes of common habits and life styles. The novel coronavirus (CoV) recognises, with high probability, a zoonotic origin but the role of animals in the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology is still largely unknown. However, CoVs have been known in animals since several decades, so that veterinary coronavirologists have a great expertise on how to face CoV infections in animals, which could represent a model for SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. In the present paper, we provide an up-to-date review of the literature currently available on animal CoVs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the emergence of novel CoV strains with different antigenic, biologic and/or pathogenetic features. A full comprehension of the mechanisms driving the evolution of animal CoVs will help better understand the emergence, spreading, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-327170-rv0efgg2
title: Tissue distribution of the antigenic variants of canine parvovirus type 2 in dogs
author: Decaro, Nicola
date: 2007-03-31
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113506004603
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.005
abstract:
  Twelve dogs dead as consequence of natural infection caused by canine parvovirus (CPV) type 2a (n = 4), type 2b (n = 4) or type 2c (n = 4) were investigated for determining the viral DNA loads in different tissue samples. By means of a real-time PCR assay, CPV DNA was detected in all tissues examined, with the highest titres observed in the lymphoid tissue and the lowest loads in the urinary tract. Surprisingly, the nervous tissue was found to contain considerable amounts of CPV nucleic acid. Similar patterns of tissue distribution were observed in all the examined dogs irrespective of the antigenic variant causing the disease.


id: cord-328032-unwehrr5
title: Identification of a novel recombinant virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus
author: Zhou, Haisheng
date: 2017-01-03
txt: ./txt/cord-328032-unwehrr5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328032-unwehrr5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.038
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.038
summary:
  Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 originated from multiple template switches among QX-like, CK/CH/LSC/99I-, tl/CH/LDT3/03and 4/91-type IBVs. All of these data demonstrated that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 is a new recombinant genotype IBV with high virulence. The complete genome and gene sequences of isolate CK/CH/ 2010/JT-1 and of IBV reference strains obtained from GenBank were aligned and analysed using the ClustalW multiple alignment method in the MegAlign program of DNASTAR software (version 7.1; DNAstar, Madison, USA). Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene of IBVs revealed that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 and 31 other isolates described in BLASTN analysis are grouped as a new cluster (Fig. 1) , which is separated from the previously identified serotypes and genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene showed these strains could be grouped as a new genotypic cluster which was different from the previously identified genotypes IBV in China. Complete genome sequence of a recombinant nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain in China

abstract:
  The emergence of new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants is often disastrous in the poultry industry. In this study, an IBV, CK/CH/2010/JT-1, was isolated from an H120- and 4/91-IBV-vaccinated flock in China. Antisera against vaccine strains H120 and 4/91 could not provide effective protection against CK/CH/2010/JT-1 in virus neutralization assays. CK/CH/2010/JT-1 could cause 43.75% mortality with respiratory and severe renal lesions in inoculated chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene showed that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 and 31 other isolates could be grouped as a new genotypic cluster. Recombination analysis revealed that three recombination events could be found in the genome of CK/CH/2010/JT-1 at positions 24709-365, 17160-19811 and 21136-21770. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 originated from multiple template switches among QX-like, CK/CH/LSC/99I-, tl/CH/LDT3/03- and 4/91-type IBVs. All of these data demonstrated that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 is a new recombinant genotype IBV with high virulence. Our findings suggest that the surveillance of new genotype strains of IBV is very important for developing more effective anti-IBV strategies.


id: cord-329274-ncvvmkca
author: Labarque, G
date: 2002-08-02
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113502001049
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00104-9
title:
  Porcine reproductive–respiratory syndrome virus infection predisposes pigs for respiratory signs upon exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide

abstract:
  This study examined whether an infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates respiratory signs upon exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Five-week-old conventional pigs were inoculated intratracheally with the Lelystad strain of PRRSV and received 5 days later one or two intratracheal LPS administrations. The necessary controls were included. After LPS administration, pigs were intensively monitored for clinical signs. Additionally, some pigs were euthanatized after a second LPS administration for broncho-alveolar cell analysis and virological examinations of the lungs. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells were counted and differentiated. Lung suspensions and BAL fluids were titrated for PRRSV. Exposure of pigs to PRRSV only resulted in a fever for time periods ranging from 1 to 5 days and slight respiratory signs. Exposure of pigs to LPS only resulted in general signs, characterized by fever and depression, but respiratory signs were slight or absent. PRRSV–LPS exposed pigs, on the other hand, developed severe respiratory signs upon LPS exposure, characterized by tachypnoea, abdominal breathing and dyspnoea. Besides respiratory signs, these pigs also showed enhanced general signs, such as fever and depression. Lung neutrophil infiltration was similar in non-infected and PRRSV-infected pigs upon LPS exposure. PRRSV quantities were similar in lungs and BAL fluids of pigs infected with PRRSV only and PRRSV–LPS exposed pigs. These data show a clear synergism between PRRSV and LPS in the induction of respiratory signs in conventional pigs. The synergism was observed in 87% of the pigs. So, it can be considered as reproducible and may be used to test the efficacy of preventive and therapeutic measures.


id: cord-331868-xbszmiql
author: Clark, K.J
date: 1998-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-331868-xbszmiql.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331868-xbszmiql.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0378113598002429
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00242-9
summary:
  title: An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections Crude theaflavin was extracted from black tea and then fractionated by HPLC into five components (initial peaks (IP), TF(1), TF(2A), TF(2B), and TF(3)). Therefore, although the use of phyllosilicate clays and charcoal are an ideal method of concentrating virus particles, they do not appear to be an effective method of eliminating the infectivity of rotavirus or coronavirus as judged from in vitro studies (Clark et al., 1998) . In our studies, the crude extract of theaflavin and each of the purified derivatives were studied (individually and in combination) for their antiviral effect against rotavirus and coronavirus. Crude theaflavin extractions were later made from Indian and Chinese black tea and compared to the U.S. source for inactivation activity against bovine rotavirus.

title:
  An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections

abstract:
  Crude theaflavin was extracted from black tea and then fractionated by HPLC into five components (initial peaks (IP), TF(1), TF(2A), TF(2B), and TF(3)). The crude extract and the various fractions of theaflavin were collected and tested, individually and in combination, for antirotaviral activity. The mean effective concentration (EC(50)) was calculated and compared. Activity varied from the most active being the uncharacterized theaflavin-like initial peaks (IP) with an EC(50) of 0.125 μg/ml to the least active being theaflavin-3 monogallate (TF(2A)) with an EC(50) of 251.39 μg/ml. The combination of TF(1)+TF(2A)+TF(2B)+TF(3) was more active than the sum of the activities of these four fractions individually, indicating synergism among the peaks. Only the crude extract was assayed for activity against coronavirus; the EC(50) was 34.7 μg/ml.


id: cord-333366-j3yh5v1g
title: Peptide inhibitors of tembusu virus infection derived from the envelope protein
author: Zhao, Dongmin
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-333366-j3yh5v1g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333366-j3yh5v1g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108708
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108708
summary:
  DN59, an inhibitory peptide corresponding to the stem region of dengue virus (DENV) E protein, almost completely inhibited DENV infection in LLC-MK2 cells and exhibited cross-inhibitory activity against West Nile virus (WNV) infection. The data demonstrated that TP1 inhibited TMUV infection through destroying the integrity of the viral particles, while both TP1 and TP2 exerted inhibitory effects by interfering with the binding of TMUV to cells. At 24 h post-infection, qRT-PCR, plaque assays, and western blotting were conducted to detect virus production with peptide treatment. To explore the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of TP2, a virus binding inhibition assay was performed to determine whether the peptides interfered with the binding between TMUV and cells. The direct binding of TP1 or TP2 to TMUV, but not to target cells, might explain why both peptides exhibited similar inhibitory effects in the different cell types BHK-21 cells, CEFs, DF-1 cells and DEFs. The mechanism by which flavivirus infection is inhibited by peptide inhibitors is not clearly understood.

abstract:
  The outbreak and spread of Tembusu virus (TMUV) has caused very large losses in the waterfowl-breeding industry since 2010. The viral envelope (E) protein, the principal surface protein of viral particles, plays a vital role in viral entry and fusion. In this study, two peptides derived from domain II (DII) and the stem of the TMUV envelope protein, TP1 and TP2, respectively, were tested for their antiviral activity. TP1 and TP2 inhibited TMUV infection in BHK-21 cells, and their 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) were 14.19 mg/L and 7.64 mg/L, respectively. Viral inhibition assays in different cell lines of avian origin showed that the inhibitory effects of TP1 and TP2 are not cell type dependent. Moreover, TP2 also exhibited inhibitory activity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The two peptides inhibited antibody-mediated TMUV infection of duck peripheral blood lymphocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation assays and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) indicated that both peptides interact with the surface of the TMUV virion. RNase digestion assays confirmed the release of viral RNA following incubation with TP1, while incubation with TP1 or TP2 interfered with the binding between TMUV and cells. Taken together, these results show that TP1 and TP2 may be developed into antiviral treatments against TMUV infection.


id: cord-337369-2ceq42av
title: Outbreak of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections in cats
author: Blum, Shlomo
date: 2010-07-29
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811351000012X
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.040
abstract:
  Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a commensal of the mucous membranes and skin of animals, notably equine, and is associated with various infections in animals and humans. Here, we describe an outbreak of respiratory disease in a cattery, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report of S. zooepidemicus infection in cats. Clinical disease was characterized firstly by abundant purulent nasal discharges and cough, progressing to sinusitis, dyspnea, symptoms of pneumonia and death. Pathological examination revealed different degrees of inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. S. zooepidemicus was the main bacteria isolated. Sequencing of the V2 fragment of the 16S gene revealed that the isolates were distributed in two previously described genogroups.


id: cord-343036-vmprhd9g
title: Efficient inactivation of African swine fever virus by ozonized water
author: Zhang, Li
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32768237/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108796
abstract:
  African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever (ASF), which is a devastating disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, causing signiﬁcant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. To evaluate the ability of ozonized water as a disinfectant to inactivate ASFV, ozonized water of different concentrations was tested, and the viral reduction was determined by infectivity assay on porcine primary alveolar macrophages. The results showed that 2 log10 (99%) reduction in viral titer was observed when 10(4.0) TCID(50)/mL wild-type or reporter ASFV was inactivated with ozonized water as lower as 5 mg/L within 1 min at room temperature; while a viral reduction of approximately 2log10 (99%) wasobserved when 10(5.0) TCID(50)/mL wild-type or reporter ASFV was inactivated with 5 mg/L ozonized water within 1 min, and 3 log10 (99.9%) virus was inactivated by 10 or 20 mg/L ozonized water within 3 or 1 min, respectively; furthermore, 5 mg/L ozonized water inactivated 2 log10 (99%) reporter ASFV as higher as 10(6.75) TCID(50)/mL in 1 min, and a viral reduction of approximately 3 log10 (99.9%) in reporter ASFV or 2 log10 (99%) in wild-type virus was observed when inactivated with 10 mg/L ozonized water in 1 min; meanwhile, a viral reduction of 3 log10 (99.9%) was observed when 20 mg/L ozonized water was applied to the wild-type ASFV of 10(6.75) TCID(50)/ml in 3 min. Overall, ozonized water can rapidly and efficiently inactivate ASFV, representing an effective disinfectant for ASF control.


id: cord-350467-18bvwxci
author: Clark, K.J
date: 1998-10-01
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378113598002417
doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00241-7
title:
  In vitro studies on the use of clay, clay minerals and charcoal to adsorb bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus

abstract:
  Rotaviruses are the leading cause and coronaviruses are the major contributors of acute gastroenteritis in the young of various mammalian and avian species. Despite numerous trials and decades of research, vaccines have limited efficacy particularly for calves. As an alternative method of controlling infection, we have investigated broad spectrum antiviral agents that are not discriminatory among various viruses. This report involves testing a variety of adsorbent agents including charcoal, clay, and clay minerals to adsorb rotavirus and coronavirus in vitro. Results revealed that all the adsorbent agents had good to excellent capability of adsorbing rotavirus and excellent capability of adsorbing coronavirus. Percent adsorptions ranged from 78.74% to 99.89% for rotavirus and 99.99% for coronavirus; while sand (negative control) was <0.01%. A high affinity binding was present as determined by a low percent desorption (0.06–3.09%). However, the adsorbent bound virus complex retained, and may have actually enhanced, infectivity.


