cord-007456-acbo4zs2	2002	
cord-007461-v3tff2gk	2002	
cord-007463-8g0zklzy	2002	
cord-007472-ydrnanug	2002	
cord-007474-ckqghr3b	2002	
cord-007476-wu9tuvy9	2000	
cord-007479-2z6crx22	2002	
cord-007480-grndfx7b	2002	
cord-007481-4mj5isyl	2002	
cord-007484-nvhu7blo	2002	title: Characteristics of vero cytotoxin producing Escherichia coli associated with intestinal colonization and diarrhea in calves Isolates of Escherichia coli which produce Vero cytotoxin (VTEC) were obtained during 1983–1989 from calves raised in 5 north-central states of the USA. E. coli producing Vero cytotoxin (VTEC) have been isolated from cattle, beef, other meats, milk and milk products (Karmali, 1989; Giffin and Tauxe, 1991 ) . Serotypes which were isolated from calves in this study and which have been reported from HC in humans include O11 I:NM, O45:H2, O26:H11 and O5:NM (Bopp et al., 1987) Other 05 : NM strains of bovine origin have been associated with hemorrhagic enteritis in cattle. This O5:NM strain produced a toxin active on Vero cells which was neutralized by anti VT 1 and hybridized with the VT 1 and CVD419 probes (Dorn et al., 1989) . Production of toxins by Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves with diarrhea in Galicia
cord-007491-yxz69nil	2002	
cord-007495-gpz4gkv3	2002	
cord-007497-nn5l5rai	2002	
cord-007506-swx3kqob	2002	
cord-015722-0w3crrf9	2002	3. Manuscripts should be typewritten, typed on one side of the paper, with wide margins and double spacing throughout, including abstracts, footnotes and references. Every page of the manuscript should be numbered in the upper right-hand corner, including title page, references, tables, etc. If Greek letters or uncommon symbols are used in the manuscript, they should be written very clearly, and if necessary a note such as "Greek lower-case chi" should be put in the margin and encircled. Elsevier reserves the privilege of returning to the author for revision accepted manuscripts and illustrations which are not in the proper form given in this guide. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of authors'' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list If reference is made in the text to a publication written by more than two authors the name of the first autilor should be used followed by "et al
cord-015734-d9h95k6l	2004	
cord-015741-19i8hwn4	2002	key: cord-015741-19i8hwn4 authors: nan title: Contents Vol. 42, 1994 date: 2002-11-14 journal: Vet Microbiol DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90071-x sha: doc_id: 15741 cord_uid: 19i8hwn4 nan Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Ehrlichia canis in tissues of dogs tinidazole treatment of experimentally induced summer mastiffs -effect on elimination rates of bacteria and outcome of the disease J. Hirvonen, S. Pyt~r~l~, A. Hein~uo (Hautj~irvi, Finland) and H. Jousimies-Somer (Helsinki. Finland) Use of bovine myeloperoxidase as an indicator of ma,stitis in dairy cattle R. Cooray (Uppsala, Sweden) Development of a selective polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of rnycoplasma rnycoides subsp. Mycoides S.C. (Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia agent) Antibody titers to pseudorabies virus in piglets immunized with glII deleted pseudorabies vaccine in a pseudorabies infected herd F. Elvinger 361 A retrospective study of clinical and laboratory characteristics of ovine footrot Experimental infections of pregnant sows with ovine Ctdaraydia psittaci strains C.
cord-015742-nt44jcjm	2002	
cord-254317-n2knqj4z	2018	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) variants having a large deletion in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit of spike (S) protein were designated as S1 NTD-del PEDVs. They replicate well in experimentally infected pigs. Effect of mucin, bile and bile acids on the infection of PEDV icPC22A and icPC22A-S1Δ197 in Vero and IPEC-DQ cells Viruses (icPC22A or icPC22A-S1Δ197) were mixed with different concentrations of BM (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/mL) or PGM (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/mL). Compared with the peak fecal PEDV N gene shedding titer (11.6 ± 0.2 log 10 copies/mL) of piglets in the icPC22A group (1 dpi), pigs in the coinfection group had a significantly higher peak titer (13.6 ± 0.7 log 10 copies/mL) ( Fig. 1B and Table 2 ) at a delayed time point (1.5 dpi). S1 NTD-del PEDV replicated to a lower peak titer in coinfection than that in single virus infection in both Vero cells and IPEC-DQ cells.
cord-255238-adpn5fb9	2017	
cord-255619-5h3l6nh6	2013	
cord-256180-xpdtt0ej	2010	
cord-257046-er5orx8s	2002	title: Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) PCV1 is considered to be a non-pathogenic virus (Tischer et al., 1986; Allan et al., 1995) , whereas infection of swine with PCV2 is causally associated with development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in weaned 5-to 12-week-old piglets (Allan et al., 1998; Ellis et al., 1998) . In contrast, dual infection with PCV2 and porcine parvovirus (PPV) or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates the replication and distribution of PCV2 and induces clinical disease in addition to more severe histopathological lesions Kennedy et al., 2000; Krakowka et al., 2000; Harms et al., 2001) .
cord-257572-dh4jvbmi	2015	Both viruses have been thoroughly characterized in cell[ 6 _ T D $ D I F F ] culture experiments, revealing no differences in replication kinetics, yet a strongly decreased DUB activity and an enhanced induction of interferon beta mRNA expression (a hallmark of innate immune activation) of the mutant virus compared to its parental counterpart (van Kasteren et al., 2013) . Upon challenge with the[ 4 _ T D $ D I F F ] virulent EAV KY84 strain, both nonvaccinated control horses (Group 3) showed virus replication, with amounts of viral RNA reaching levels comparable to those produced by the vaccine viruses (Fig. 3A) . We have previously shown that mutant EAV lacking PLP2 DUB activity induces a more potent innate immune response than its DUB-competent parental virus upon infection in cell culture (van Kasteren et al., 2013) , and hypothesized that this feature might be included in an improved arterivirus vaccine.
cord-257645-6fxfmn1i	2010	
cord-257886-ytlnhyxr	2019	title: Nucleocapsid protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antagonizes the antiviral activity of TRIM25 by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination These results indicate for the first time that TRIM25 inhibits PRRSV replication and that the N protein antagonizes the antiviral activity by interfering with TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination. The cells were lysed in RIPA lysis buffer after 36 h of transfection and the effects of siRNAs were analyzed by WB using an anti-TRIM25 monoclonal antibody (cat. To investigate whether TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination is regulated by the PRRSV N protein, HEK293T cells grown in 6-well plates were co-transfected with pCAGGS-Flag-RIG-I (0.5 μg per well) and HA-ubiquitin (0.5 μg per well), and the indicated amounts of the Myc-N expression plasmids. The experiment revealed that TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination was potentiated by Sendai virus (SEV) infection but was substantially suppressed by increasing the PRRSV N protein expression, in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5) .
cord-258107-s53f25sb	2002	In addition, 3-week-old piglets from three litters (n=24) farrowed close after the initial EE outbreak were closely monitored for clinical signs of skin disease, sampled for Staphylococcus hyicus, tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus and in sequentially collected serum samples tested for interferon-α (IFN-α) and interleukin-6. All tested serum samples from the SPF-herd collected in 1990, 1992 and February 1993, i.e., up to 2 months prior to the EE outbreak, were negative for antibodies to PCV-2 both in ELISA n 22 and IIF (n 10, February 1993 samples). Thus, after being sero-negative to PCV-2 earlier in 1993, pigs in the SPF-herd had varying levels of antibodies to this virus 2 weeks after the ®rst outbreak of EE. Piglets in litter 3 were also sero-positive to PCV-2 at 3 days of age but had lower levels of antibodies compared to the offspring of sow no.
cord-258433-n50joeda	2020	Interestingly, β-catenin was found to be involved in the regulation of c-Jun signaling in virus-infected cells as iCRT14, a β-catenin-specific inhibitor that can inhibit β-catenin-dependent transcriptional activity, was able to decrease protein expression and phosphorylation of c-Jun. Furthermore, we suggest that BoHV-1 infection stimulates c-Jun phosphorylation regulated by β-catenin via both c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent and JNK-independent mechanisms. Similarly, BoHV-1 infection activates the JNK/c-Jun cascade, with inhibition of this pathway via the chemical inhibitor SP600125 significantly blocking productive infection in cell cultures (Zhu et al., 2016) . In order to understand the effects that β-catenin had on the activation of c-Jun signaling stimulated by BoHV-1 infection, we detected the protein levels of both c-Jun and p-c-Jun(S73) in the presence of β-catenin-specific inhibitor iCRT14 via Western blot. Taken together, these data suggest that in BoHV-1-infected MDBK cells, β-catenin is potentially involved in the phosphorylation of c-Jun signaling partially through the activation of JNK.
cord-258696-01wj76es	2008	The dogs, three 2.5-month-old and two 6-month-old pups, were successfully infected, shedding viral RNA with their faeces for the entire observation period (21 days) and displaying systemic clinical signs resembling those observed during the course of natural infection. At postmortem examination, remarkable lesions were observed in the internal organs of the euthanized pups, that tested positive for CCoV by real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation on cell cultures. Unexpectedly, CCoV type II RNA was detected at very high titres in the internal organs of the dead pups and the virus (strain CB/05) was isolated on canine cell cultures. (last day of observation) reaching the maximal mean value of 6.79 Â 10 5 RNA copy numbers/ml of template at day 10 p.i. Surprisingly, CCoV RNA was never detected in the blood of the 6-month-old pups, as well as in the euthanized animals, in whose organs remarkable viral RNA titres were found.
cord-259744-r9j5yzfc	2014	Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. Plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays were performed to confirm antiviral effects of candidate compounds identified during screening, and the possible antiviral mechanisms of action of these compounds were investigated using virucidal suspension assays and CPE inhibition and IFA-based time of addition assays. This study identifies three compounds (chloroquine, mefloquine, and hexamethylene amiloride) demonstrating a marked inhibitory effect on FCoV replication in vitro by significant reductions in virus induced CPE and viral titres at low micromolar concentrations when present during the early stages of viral replication. This study has identified three compounds demonstrating marked in vitro inhibition of FCoV in an immortalised cell line at low micromolar concentrations, including the first demonstration of antiviral effects of mefloquine against a coronavirus.
cord-259988-3s7b5ovi	2005	
cord-260217-bne77cap	1999	
cord-260799-kx6hfpu0	2011	title: Isolation and molecular characterization of Sul/01/09 avian infectious bronchitis virus, indicates the emergence of a new genotype in the Middle East Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from trachea and kidney tissues of eight broiler farms in Kurdistan region of North Iraq from 2008 to 2010. Veterinary Microbiology 150 (2011) 21-27 Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from trachea and kidney tissues of eight broiler farms in Kurdistan region of North Iraq from 2008 to 2010. In order to investigate IBV genotypes in Iraq, where the disease is endemic and widely spread in vaccinated and unvaccinated poultry farms mainly associated with kidney damage and urolethiasis, identification and molecular characterization of IBV (Sul/01/09) isolated from eight infected broiler farms was conducted and the deduced amino acid sequence of the S1 subunit of the virus was compared with geographically related isolates.
cord-260840-tudl9k1g	2012	More recently, attention has focused on the occurrence of high mortality in Chinese swine herds which Veterinary Microbiology 158 (2012) [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] To determine differences in infection kinetics of two temporally and genetically different type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolates in vivo with and without concurrent porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a or 2b infection, 62 pigs were randomly assigned to one of seven groups: negative controls (n = 8); pigs coinfected with a 1992 PRRSV strain (VR-2385) and PCV2a (CoI-92-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with VR-2385 and PCV2b (CoI-92-2b; n = 9), pigs coinfected with a 2006 PRRSV strain (NC16845b) and PCV2a (CoI-06-2a; n = 9), pigs coinfected with NC16845b and PCV2b (CoI-06-2b; n = 9), pigs infected with VR-2385 (n = 9), and pigs infected with NC16845b (n = 9).
cord-260869-rym2ik0o	2016	The 7b protein has a molecular mass of $26 kDa, it is secreted from the cell and contains (i) a Cterminal KDEL-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, (ii) an N-terminal signal sequence of 17 amino acids and (iii) a potential N-glycosylation site at aa position 68 (Vennema et al., 1992a) . The identity of the purified protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using anti-His mAb. The protein had an apparent molecular mass of 24 kDa as judged by SDS-PAGE analysis, which is predicted for this protein, and was recognized by the His-tag-specific antibody (Fig. 1a) . Two additional minor bands in the SDS-PAGE were specifically recognized by Western blotting using the His-tag-specific mAb. These bands are consistent with a dimer and a 37-kDa degradation product, respectively, of the GST-7bDSS-His protein (Fig. 1b) . The results outlined above show that the anti-7b mAbs recognize exclusively the nonglycosylated form of the viral protein in FCoV-infected cells.
cord-261160-g92zhv19	2003	
cord-264598-2u8bm2fz	2020	
cord-265765-zpf1bla8	1999	Strains of Escherichia coli from 101 healthy and 114 diarrheic calves were screened by PCR for the eae (intimin) gene and Shiga toxin genes (stx). Moreover, Shiga toxin antigens were detected significantly more (p = 0.001) often among the eae/stx(+) strains from healthy calves when compared to eae/stx(+) strains from diarrheic calves. No significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) was detected among the eae(+) and eae/stx(+) strains from healthy and diarrheic calves for enterohemolysin production. In this study, the Premier EHEC assay was used to detect Shiga toxin antigens associated with eae/stx strains. When examined in the immunoassay, Shiga toxin antigens were detected for all 20 eae/stx (100%) strains from healthy calves and in 8 of 11 (73.0%) strains from diarrheic calves. Detection and characterization of the eae gene of shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli using polymerase chain reaction Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from bovines: association of adhesion with carriage of eae and other genes
cord-268918-6l02una0	1999	Antigenic differences were observed among the isolates in a one-way hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test using a polyclonal antiserum against the Mebus bovine coronavirus isolate. Minor antigenic and biological differences have been observed among BCV isolates from calf diarrhea and winter dysentery cases from the USA (Tsunemitsu and Saif, 1995) and Canada (Dea et al., 1995) . We compared antigenic differences on one-way hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, isoelectric focusing of BCV proteins, and relative susceptibility of BCV isolates to hygromycin B. We observed some differences in cytopathic effects among the calf diarrhea isolates; however, passage number, plaque purification, and the presence of trypsin and pancreatin in the cell culture medium greatly affected the cytopathology of BCV isolates. Antiserum against cell culture propagated bovine coronavirus isolates: on the basis of a one way HI test, 77 BCV isolates were inhibited from 1 : 2 up to 1 : 1024.
cord-269560-vq462fh2	2017	
cord-270563-fm6j7thy	2020	Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population. In a recent study (Altman et al., 2017) , inactivated vaccines were more frequently associated with immunisation failures than MLV vaccines in pups of less than twelve weeks of age, likely as a consequence of a better ability of replicating MLV to override residual maternally-derived antibodies (MDA). Dogs vaccinated against CPV, canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAdV) were protected from disease and/or infection after challenge 9 years from vaccination (Schultz et al., 2010) .
cord-270727-2dd3b7di	2016	A Student''s t-test assuming unequal variance and a significance level of P 0.05 was used to compare rectal temperatures and the viral load of PorPV and swH1N1 in different samples (nasal and oral swabs, respiratory tissues and SLO) between the single-infected groups to the co-infected group. In the nasal swabs, samples that tested positive for PorPV were detected from 24 h post-infection up to 28 DPI (PorPV/Mock and PorPV/swH1N1 groups) (Fig. 3a) , and there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the mean of viral loads at any time analysed for these two groups. The pigs in the Mock/swH1N1 group presented the lowest respiratory signs and rectal temperatures, with no pigs showing a difference in respiration or temperature after experimental infection, a finding that is in accordance with studies that used low-virulence swine influenza virus strains (Busquets et al., 2010) .
cord-272305-eniovfwy	2015	Strain YN-inoculated birds had clinical signs of varying severity with 30% mortality, while the attenuated group appeared healthy, with less tissue damage. The resulting attenuated YN strain was shorted as aYN and was titrated by inoculating 10-fold serial dilutions with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of the virus stocks into the allantoic sac of 10-day-old SPF embryonated eggs. Gross changes were noted and samples of trachea, kidney, lung, proventriculus, duodenum, and bursa of Fabricius were collected for virus detection via real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological examination. In terms of the real-time RT-qPCR examination, both strains were detected in respiratory and non-respiratory tissues, including the kidney, trachea, lungs, proventriculus, duodenum, and bursa of Fabricius, indicating viral replication in these organs; however, this was relatively limited in the birds infected with the YN attenuated strain. Efficacy and safety of an attenuated live QX-like infectious bronchitis virus strain as a vaccine for chickens
cord-272375-c4ut7vn7	2020	Recent advances in molecular technologies have been allowed the discovery of novel parvoviruses in dogs, including two additional bocaparvoviruses species, CBoV-2 and CBoV-3 identified respectively from healthy and sick dogs respiratory samples (Kapoor et al., 2012) and from the liver of a dog with multiorgan failure (Li et al., 2013) , and the still unclassified carnivore protoparvoviruses likebufaviruses (CBuVs) detected in stool samples of dogs with or without enteric disease and in the nasal and oropharyngeal swabs of animals with respiratory signs. In order to gather additional information on the distribution of this novel parvovirus in dogs and to investigate its possible association with enteritis, during the year 2019 a surveillance study was initiated by implementing with CaChPV-specific assays the diagnostic algorithms of cases of acute gastro-enteritis admitted to the veterinary hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo (Italy).
cord-274892-a6fscyjf	2008	
cord-277187-rcxjjxw3	2019	
cord-277364-vy2yirek	2015	
cord-277746-rllxa6fj	2015	In addition, specific pathogen-free cats inoculated with FNoV gene-positive-fecal samples developed diarrhea symptoms, and the viral gene was detected in their feces and blood. The FNoV gene was detected in samples collected from Cat No. 49-2012, as confirmed by RT-PCR described below, and these samples were subsequently used in this study. When the FNoV gene-positive PCR products of fecal samples collected on days 4, 9, 18, and 21 were subjected to a sequencing analysis, all were identical with the ORF1 gene of the FNoV M49-1 strain. A Simplot analysis was performed to compare gene sequences including the recombination breaking point among the FNoV M49-1 strain, GIV FNoV, GIV lion norovirus, GIV canine NoV (CNoV), and GVI CNoV. FNoV was detected with the development of clinical symptoms in SPF cats orally inoculated with fecal samples containing the FNoV M49-1 strain.
cord-278641-8lh5y7j0	2020	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), as the PED causative agent, has been commonly propagated and investigated in Vero cells, as well as in IPEC-J2, a porcine epithelial cell-jejunum 2. Besides that, PEDV infection in IEC-6 cells can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and interferon, especially the type III IFNs. Collectively, our findings suggest that IEC-6 is an ideal cell line for PEDV replication and immune response studies. PEDV CV777 strain reached its most elevated viral titers in both Vero and IEC-6 cells but poorly replicated in IPEC-J2 cells (Fig. 1E) . The results showed that both type I and type III interferon responses were significantly activated in PEDV infected IEC-6 and IPEC-J2 cells while the type I interferon were absent in Vero cells ( Fig. 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E ). For type II interferon, PEDV infection led to a significant upregulation in IEC-6 cells but not in IPEC-J2 and Vero cells (Fig. 2C) .
cord-279975-542qbbgp	2000	
cord-283946-ts2lyy4p	2000	
cord-284514-b7no0yrv	2003	title: Diversity of avian Pasteurella multocida strains based on capsular PCR typing and variation of the OmpA and OmpH outer membrane proteins One hundred avian Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from cases of fowl cholera and related infections in England and Wales over a 13-year period were characterised by capsular PCR typing and analysis of outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. Nineteen distinct OMP profiles (OMP-types) were identified based mainly on molecular mass heterogeneity of the heat-modifiable (OmpA) and porin (OmpH) proteins. Strains of capsular types B, D and F, as well as the untypable isolates, were associated exclusively with specific OMP-types and represent distinct and widely disseminated clonal groups. The molecular mass of OmpA (A) varied from 36.9 to 37.9 kDa and that of OmpH (H) varied from 33.1 to 38.3 kDa. The distribution of OMP-types among the avian isolates is shown in Table 1 .
cord-285096-g9y3au1a	2013	
cord-285335-agm4zbcx	2001	A population of Persian cats experienced an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) over 2 years. Feline coronavirus (FCoV) genomic RNA was detected consistently in this study in biologic samples from adult cats, kittens suffering from FIP, and their siblings. Analysis of viral 7a/7b open reading frame (ORFs) were analyzed and revealed two distinct virus variants circulating in the population, one with an intact 7a ORF and one with two major deletions in the 7a ORF. Both virus variants were identified in one cat, the sire ''''Dan'''', as sequence analysis of clones from a single PCR from this animal revealed the presence of the 7a deletion mutant as well as the intact isolate (Dan 1 and 2 in Fig. 2 ). The sire of the majority of FIP kittens was dually infected with both virus variants as revealed by sequence analysis of cloned 7a/7b genes from this cat.
cord-285585-tigj7fhc	2017	
cord-287978-a6h5u16x	2013	
cord-289629-9p9ld4ur	2008	
cord-290442-rrj684c4	2014	
cord-290540-r0d6oaez	1999	Special attention is given to the genetic dynamics of the viruses as these now allow us to begin to understand the origin of the different phenotypes, in particular the genesis of virulence during persistent infection. The conclusion from these experiments is that feline coronaviruses may persist in the lower intestinal tract where the virus continues to replicate at low levels. Conceivably, the persisting virus confers to its host resistance against superinfection by the closely related feline coronaviruses, which were infecting the other cats. The idea was that''feline enteric coronaviruses'' are indeed restricted in tropism, while''FIP viruses'' would cross the epithelium, infect macrophages and go systemically. The result of all these studies is that generally there is no protection when an antibody response to the spike protein is induced there is rather an enhancement of the infection, with an''early death'' phenomenon. Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR
cord-292101-lnap47kp	2015	
cord-292690-1p1gnpgf	2020	
cord-293458-jb7u9xn6	2016	
cord-293781-7so4gqc8	2014	In this study, an attenuated TGEV (STC3) and a virulent TGEV (SHXB) were used to determine whether porcine DCs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these two TGEVs. Our results showed that immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) were susceptible to infection with SHXB and STC3. In this study, an attenuated TGEV (STC3) and a virulent TGEV (SHXB) were used to determine whether porcine DCs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these two TGEVs. Our results showed that immature and mature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) were susceptible to infection with SHXB and STC3. Second, the SHXB and STC3 strains were used to infect the piglets in vivo in order to further determine whether they could damage the ability of intestinal DCs to sample the heat-inactivated Escherichia coli, migrate, and stimulate CD3 + , CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell proliferation at 48 h postinfection.
cord-296611-ma32oz4o	2019	Further comparative genomic analysis revealed at least two recombination sites that replaced the spike gene in a lineage 18 within genotype I (GI-18)-like virus with an as-yet-unidentified sequence, likely derived from another IBV strain, resulting a novel serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens. To the best of our knowledge, this provides the first evidence for recombination leading to replacement of the complete spike gene and the emergence of a novel genotype/serotype with a lower affinity to the respiratory tract in chickens comparing to one of its parental virus ck/CH/LGX/111119. To confirm these recombination breakpoints, three phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of the results of similarity plot (SimPlot) analysis for the nucleotide fragments 1-20,265 (5′ untranslated region (UTR) to 3′ end of Gene 1), 20,266-24,151 (3′ end of Gene 1 to 5′ end of Gene 3), and 24,152-27,629 (5′ end of Gene 3 to 3′ UTR), from nine IBV strains, including I0636/16, five strains (LGX/ 111119, CK/CH/GD/GZ14, γCoV/ck/China/I0114/14 (I0114/14), GX-YL9, and GX-YL5) showing close relationships with I0636/16 based on the complete genomic sequence analysis, and three Mass strains (Beaudette, H120, and M41) as an outgroup.
cord-297283-o1oauxex	2019	This study aimed to determine the frequency and intensity of neonatal diarrhea and the incidence of RVA and attempted to monitor the G and P genotypes present in the RVA strains circulating in a high milk yield cattle herd vaccinated with RVA G6P[5] strain. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and intensity of neonatal diarrhea and the incidence of RVA and to identify the RVA G and P genotypes circulating in dairy calves born from cows that are regularly vaccinated with the RVA G6P[5] strain in a high milk yield dairy cattle herd. Other longitudinal studies that have been conducted in Brazil to determine the level of RVA infection in calves born from vaccinated dairy cows had percentages of RVA-positive diarrheic fecal samples that were 5.7% (49/850) (Coura et al., 2015) and 3.9% (11/281) (Rocha et al., 2017) .
cord-298499-a2vblbbz	2012	In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. In comparison to the original type CPV-2, the antigenic variants display increased pathogenicity in dogs and extended host range, being able to infect and cause disease in cats. Nothing is know about the protection induced by the original type against CPV-2c (as well as against the other variants) after a long period interval between vaccination and challenge, when the type-2 antibody titers could be not high enough to efficiently prevent infection and disease caused by a field strain. A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 DNA in the feces of dogs A minor groove binder probe real-time PCR assay for discrimination between type 2-based vaccines and field strains of canine parvovirus
cord-299303-btdbv2tk	2013	
cord-299539-f7i4lq2w	2010	
cord-299751-2drhoz70	2016	The efficacy of a novel BEI-inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) candidate vaccine in pigs, developed at RIBSP Republic of Kazakhstan and delivered with an adjuvant Montanide™ Gel 01 ST (D/KV/ADJ) was compared with a commercial killed PRRSV vaccine (NVDC-JXA1, C/KV/ADJ) used widely in swine herds of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Clinical parameters (body temperature and respiratory disease scores), virological and immunological profiles [ELISA and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titers], macroscopic lung lesions and viral load in the lungs (quantitative real-time PCR and cell culture assay) were assessed in vaccinated and both genotype 1 and 2 PRRSV challenged pigs. The challenge virus strains LKZ/2010 and CM/08 were propagated in MARC-145 cells, and confirmed as type 1 and type 2 viruses by EZ-PRRSV TM MPX 4.0 Real Time RT-PCR using Target-Specific Reagents kit for the Rapid Identification & Differentiation of North American and European PRRS Viral RNA (Tetracore, MD, USA).
cord-301136-7odc5un9	2005	
cord-301382-zlr4nwc2	2019	
cord-301655-6nxhvvm4	2019	
cord-305079-foifc8ch	2013	
cord-305156-w6iqeayr	2018	
cord-305684-ipeup5mp	2016	
cord-306948-wkisfz1m	2014	
cord-306976-p2521bl4	2016	Furthermore, neither the vaccine strains nor the attenuated viruses could provide complete respiratory protection of chickens against a challenge with the ck/CH/LDL/140520 strain, indicating that it is necessary to develop new live vaccines or to evaluate the use of established vaccines in combination to control naturally recombinant TW I-type IBV strains in the future. Our results showed that strain ck/CH/LDL/140520 is very pathogenic, and that it is able to cause cystic oviducts in a high percentage of birds, as well as mortality due to nephritis and respiratory distress with complete tracheal ciliostasis, especially in chickens infected at 1 day of age. In contrast, respiratory signs (sneezing, nasal discharge, and tracheal rales) developed at 3-4 dpc and lasted until 10 dpc in some of the chickens in the groups that were vaccinated with the H120, 4/91, and Conn vaccines, and the attenuated LSD/120720 and LGX/ 100508 viruses when challenged with the nrTW I IBV strain at 20 days of age.
cord-308315-g6udfu2a	2010	
cord-308953-4mhjtitv	2010	To obtain genomic data on the G and P genotypes of Korean porcine GARVs, porcine GARVs isolated from the diarrheic fecal samples were subjected to RT-PCR with primer pairs specific to each VP7 and VP4 gene of GARVs (Table 1) . In order to determine the prevalence of porcine GARVs in diarrheic Korean piglets, a total of 475 fecal samples from diarrheic pigs in 143 farms across South Korea were screened by RT-PCR and nested PCR using two sets of primer pairs (Table 1) . A comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the VP7 gene between all Korean porcine GARV strains and the GARV strains representing all 23 G genotypes was performed with a 1020 bp fragment (excluding the primer sequences) (Tables 4 and 5).
cord-312119-wzcas4zd	2019	A vaccine that induces broad immunity to prevent K88 and F18 fimbrial ETEC bacterial attachment and colonization in pig small intestines and to neutralize enterotoxin enterotoxicity would be effective for PWD. In this study, we in silico identified immunodominant epitopes from F18 FedF subunit, fused individual epitopes to protein carrier CfaB (a structural subunit of heterologous human ETEC fimbria CFA/I), immunized mice with each epitope fusion protein, measured mouse anti-F18 antibody response, and examined epitope-derived antibodies for neutralizing activities against F18 fimbria adherence to determine FedF neutralizing epitopes. Furthermore, CfaB-epitope fusions were examined as competitive agents to prevent anti-F18 antibodies from inhibiting adherence of F18fimbrial bacteria to pig intestine cell line IPEC-2. Competitive ELISA and bacteria adherence inhibition assay to show CfaB-epitope fusion proteins blocking binding of anti-F18 antiserum with F18 fimbriae or F18-fimbrial E. A tripartite fusion, FaeG-FedF-LT(192)A2:B, of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) elicits antibodies that neutralize cholera toxin, inhibit adherence of K88 (F4) and F18 fimbriae, and protect pigs against K88ac/heat-labile toxin infection
cord-312208-8ydh6jev	2000	
cord-312867-fxgx9c4v	2013	
cord-315094-pzixgqcy	2004	
cord-316592-a1uhy2ex	2010	To exploit the possibility of using RNA interference (RNAi) as a strategy against HEV infection, four small interference RNA (siRNA) duplex targeting ORF2 gene were constructed. Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time qPCR) and Western blot assay demonstrated that four HEV specific siRNAs (si-ORF2-1, si-ORF2-2, si-ORF2-3 and si-ORF2-4) were capable of protecting cells against HEV infection with very high specificity and efficiency. Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time qPCR) and Western blot assay demonstrated that four HEV specific siRNAs (si-ORF2-1, si-ORF2-2, si-ORF2-3 and si-ORF2-4) were capable of protecting cells against HEV infection with very high specificity and efficiency. The efficiency of suppression of the HEV ORF2 gene by various HEV specific siRNAs was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy, Real-Time qPCR and Western blot. RNA interference effectively inhibits mRNA accumulation and protein expression of hepatitis C virus core and E2 genes in human cells
cord-317640-61crnh6a	2019	
cord-319168-i23pqiwx	2012	Nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons have shown that the recent isolates bear 98.97% genetic similarity with strains of the QX-like genotype. Twenty Swedish IBV isolates from different outbreaks were selected for comprehensive study of the complete spike gene of the virus. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences of spike glycoprotein of Swedish isolates from 1995 to 2010 showed that they comprise distinct sets of IBV variants; differing among themselves along that timeline (Table 3 ). The phylogenetic studies, based on the partial S1 gene regions, showed that Swedish IBV isolates from 1995 to 1999 were related to the Massachusetts genotype. Taken together, the complete spike sequence data revealed different isolates of IBV of the Massachusetts type and European D388/QX-like strains circulating over a time-line in Sweden. Complete genome sequence analysis of a predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain in China
cord-319712-3dikelw6	2014	
cord-320559-up1q3k6q	2018	
cord-320769-qcpua9ck	2008	
cord-321261-3lp54mmu	2010	
cord-322683-wkrj6n1d	2020	
cord-323845-s78t5qxj	2006	
cord-323856-yr3zfxz3	2018	
cord-324324-8ybfiz8f	2020	In addition, the close contact between human beings and different animal species sold at the wet markets of East Asia represents the optimal situation for the host species jump and adaptation to humans of potentially zoonotic agents like CoVs. It is not a coincidence that two of the most severe zoonoses of the last two decades (highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza and SARS) have emerged in the same Chinese province of Guangdong where the contact between humans and animals is closer (Lorusso et al., 2020) . All these viruses as well as analogous IBV-like CoVs detected in other birds including penguins, pigeons, peafowl, parrots, waterfowl, teal, quail, duck and whooper swan (Cavanagh et al., 2002; Circella et al., 2007; Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2014; Torres et al., 2013; Hughes et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2005; Wille et al., 2016; Jordan et al., 2015; Bande et al., 2016; Suryaman et al., 2019) have been assigned to the same viral species known as Avian coronavirus (ACoV) within the subgenus Igacovirus of genus Gammacoronavirus.
cord-327170-rv0efgg2	2007	
cord-328032-unwehrr5	2017	Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 originated from multiple template switches among QX-like, CK/CH/LSC/99I-, tl/CH/LDT3/03and 4/91-type IBVs. All of these data demonstrated that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 is a new recombinant genotype IBV with high virulence. The complete genome and gene sequences of isolate CK/CH/ 2010/JT-1 and of IBV reference strains obtained from GenBank were aligned and analysed using the ClustalW multiple alignment method in the MegAlign program of DNASTAR software (version 7.1; DNAstar, Madison, USA). Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene of IBVs revealed that CK/CH/2010/JT-1 and 31 other isolates described in BLASTN analysis are grouped as a new cluster (Fig. 1) , which is separated from the previously identified serotypes and genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene showed these strains could be grouped as a new genotypic cluster which was different from the previously identified genotypes IBV in China. Complete genome sequence of a recombinant nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain in China
cord-329274-ncvvmkca	2002	
cord-331868-xbszmiql	1998	title: An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections Crude theaflavin was extracted from black tea and then fractionated by HPLC into five components (initial peaks (IP), TF(1), TF(2A), TF(2B), and TF(3)). Therefore, although the use of phyllosilicate clays and charcoal are an ideal method of concentrating virus particles, they do not appear to be an effective method of eliminating the infectivity of rotavirus or coronavirus as judged from in vitro studies (Clark et al., 1998) . In our studies, the crude extract of theaflavin and each of the purified derivatives were studied (individually and in combination) for their antiviral effect against rotavirus and coronavirus. Crude theaflavin extractions were later made from Indian and Chinese black tea and compared to the U.S. source for inactivation activity against bovine rotavirus.
cord-333366-j3yh5v1g	2020	DN59, an inhibitory peptide corresponding to the stem region of dengue virus (DENV) E protein, almost completely inhibited DENV infection in LLC-MK2 cells and exhibited cross-inhibitory activity against West Nile virus (WNV) infection. The data demonstrated that TP1 inhibited TMUV infection through destroying the integrity of the viral particles, while both TP1 and TP2 exerted inhibitory effects by interfering with the binding of TMUV to cells. At 24 h post-infection, qRT-PCR, plaque assays, and western blotting were conducted to detect virus production with peptide treatment. To explore the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of TP2, a virus binding inhibition assay was performed to determine whether the peptides interfered with the binding between TMUV and cells. The direct binding of TP1 or TP2 to TMUV, but not to target cells, might explain why both peptides exhibited similar inhibitory effects in the different cell types BHK-21 cells, CEFs, DF-1 cells and DEFs. The mechanism by which flavivirus infection is inhibited by peptide inhibitors is not clearly understood.
cord-337369-2ceq42av	2010	
cord-343036-vmprhd9g	2020	
cord-350467-18bvwxci	1998