id sid tid token lemma pos cord-295559-yc8q62z8 1 1 key key JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 1 2 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 1 3 cord-295559-yc8q62z8 cord-295559-yc8q62z8 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 1 authors author NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 2 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 3 Qian Qian NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 5 Zhaohui Zhaohui NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 6 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 7 Dominguez Dominguez NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 9 Samuel Samuel NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 10 R. R. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 11 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 12 Holmes Holmes NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 14 Kathryn Kathryn NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 15 V. V. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 16 title title NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 17 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 18 Role role NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 19 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 20 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 21 Spike Spike NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 22 Glycoprotein Glycoprotein NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 24 Human Human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 25 Middle Middle NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 26 East East NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 27 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 28 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 29 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 31 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 32 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 33 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 35 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 36 Virus Virus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 37 Entry Entry NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 38 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 39 Syncytia Syncytia NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 40 Formation Formation NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 41 date date NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 42 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 43 2013 2013 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 44 - - SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 45 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 46 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 47 03 03 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 48 journal journal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 2 49 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 1 PLoS PLoS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 2 One one CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 4 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 5 10.1371 10.1371 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 6 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 7 journal.pone.0076469 journal.pone.0076469 VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 8 sha sha NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 9 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 10 5c533a06c3dc5afefab5dd138ec4de394b537261 5c533a06c3dc5afefab5dd138ec4de394b537261 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 11 doc_id doc_id CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 12 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 13 295559 295559 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 14 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 3 15 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 1 yc8q62z8 yc8q62z8 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 2 Little little JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 3 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 4 known know VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 5 about about IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 7 biology biology NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 8 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 9 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 10 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 11 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 12 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 13 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 14 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 16 Middle Middle NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 17 East East NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 18 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 19 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 20 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 22 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 23 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 24 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 4 26 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 1 Because because IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 2 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 3 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 4 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 6 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 8 mediate mediate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 9 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 10 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 12 affect affect VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 13 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 14 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 15 range range NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 17 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 18 elicit elicit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 19 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 20 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 22 analyzing analyze VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 24 functions function NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 26 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 27 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 28 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 29 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 30 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 31 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 32 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 33 high high JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 34 research research NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 35 priority priority NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 5 36 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 2 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 4 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 5 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 6 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 7 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 8 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 9 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 10 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 11 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 12 variety variety NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 13 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 14 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 15 types type NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 16 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 17 embryo embryo NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 18 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 19 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 20 New New NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 21 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 22 Eptesicus Eptesicus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 23 fuscus fuscus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 24 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 6 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 3 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 4 polyclonal polyclonal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 5 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 6 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 7 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 8 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 9 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 11 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 13 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 14 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 15 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 16 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 17 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 19 cross cross NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 20 - - VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 21 reacted react VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 22 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 23 immunoblots immunoblot NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 24 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 25 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 26 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 27 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 28 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 29 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 30 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 31 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 32 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 33 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 34 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 35 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 7 36 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 2 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 3 released release VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 4 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 5 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 6 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 7 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 8 contained contain VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 9 only only RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 10 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 11 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 13 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 14 pseudovirus pseudovirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 15 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 16 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 17 blocked block VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 18 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 19 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 20 reagents reagent NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 21 NH(4)Cl nh(4)cl CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 23 bafilomycin bafilomycin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 25 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 27 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 8 28 L. L. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 1 However however RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 3 when when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 6 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 7 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 8 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 9 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 10 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 11 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 12 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 13 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 14 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 15 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 16 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 17 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 18 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 19 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 21 brief brief JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 22 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 23 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 24 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 25 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 26 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 27 triggered trigger VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 28 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 29 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 30 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 31 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 32 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 33 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 35 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 36 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 9 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 1 When when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 2 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 3 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 4 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 5 producing produce VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 7 pseudotypes pseudotype NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 8 co co VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 9 - - VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 10 expressed express VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 11 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 12 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 13 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 14 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 15 -4 -4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 17 large large JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 18 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 19 formed form VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 20 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 21 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 22 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 25 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 26 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 27 produced produce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 28 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 29 non non JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 30 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 31 infectious infectious JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 32 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 33 deficient deficient JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 34 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 35 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 36 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 10 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 1 These these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 2 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 3 show show VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 4 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 5 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 6 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 7 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 8 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 10 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 11 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 12 uncleaved uncleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 14 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 15 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 16 enter enter VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 17 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 18 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 19 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 20 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 21 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 22 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 23 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 24 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 25 manner manner NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 27 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 28 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 30 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 31 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 32 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 33 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 34 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 35 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 36 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 37 during during IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 38 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 39 maturation maturation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 40 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 41 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 42 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 43 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 44 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 45 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 46 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 47 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 48 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 49 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 50 fluids fluid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 51 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 52 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 53 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 54 enter enter VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 55 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 56 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 57 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 58 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 59 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 60 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 61 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 62 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 63 cause cause VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 64 massive massive JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 65 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 66 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 67 even even RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 68 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 69 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 70 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 71 express express VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 72 little little JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 73 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 74 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 75 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 76 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 77 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 78 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 11 79 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 1 Thus thus RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 3 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 7 enters enter VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 9 within within IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 10 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 11 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 12 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 13 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 14 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 15 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 16 depends depend VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 17 upon upon IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 18 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 19 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 20 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 21 type type NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 23 tissue tissue NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 25 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 26 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 27 determined determine VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 28 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 29 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 30 location location NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 32 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 33 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 34 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 35 cleave cleave VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 36 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 37 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 38 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 39 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 40 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 41 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 42 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 43 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 12 44 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 13 1 Coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 13 2 cause cause VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 1 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 3 enteric enteric JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 5 renal renal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 6 and/or and/or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 7 neurological neurological JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 8 disease disease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 9 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 10 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 12 many many JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 13 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 14 mammals mammal NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 16 birds bird NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 14 17 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 2 2002 2002 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 3 - - SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 4 03 03 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 5 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 6 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 7 unknown unknown JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 9 emerged emerge VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 10 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 11 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 12 wild wild JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 13 animal animal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 14 reservoir reservoir NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 15 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 16 cause cause VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 17 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 21 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 22 about about RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 23 8,000 8,000 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 24 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 25 cases case NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 26 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 27 more more JJR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 28 than than IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 29 770 770 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 30 deaths death NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 32 1 1 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 34 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 15 36 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 1 Previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 3 cross cross JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 4 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 5 species species JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 6 transmission transmission NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 7 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 8 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 10 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 11 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 12 bovine bovine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 13 origin origin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 14 had have VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 15 allowed allow VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 16 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 16 18 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 1 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 3 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 4 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 5 229E 229e CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 6 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 7 become become VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 8 established establish VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 9 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 10 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 11 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 12 population population NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 13 worldwide worldwide RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 15 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 18 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 21 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 24 6 6 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 27 7 7 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 17 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 18 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 18 2 8 8 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 18 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 18 4 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 3 Arabian Arabian NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 4 Peninsula Peninsula NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 5 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 6 2012 2012 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 8 another another DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 9 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 10 human human NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 11 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 13 now now RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 14 called call VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 15 Middle Middle NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 16 East East NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 17 Respiratory Respiratory NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 18 Syndrome Syndrome NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 19 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 21 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 26 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 27 isolated isolate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 28 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 29 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 30 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 31 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 32 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 33 sputum sputum NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 34 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 35 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 36 fatal fatal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 37 case case NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 38 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 39 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 40 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 41 disease disease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 42 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 43 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 44 failure failure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 19 45 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 1 Since since IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 2 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 8 has have VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 9 been be VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 10 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 11 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 12 RT RT NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 14 PCR PCR NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 15 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 16 over over IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 17 70 70 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 18 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 19 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 20 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 21 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 22 moderate moderate JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 23 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 24 disease disease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 26 39 39 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 27 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 28 whom whom WP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 29 have have VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 30 died die VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 32 9 9 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 34 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 20 36 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 1 Genome genome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 2 sequence sequence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 3 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 4 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 5 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 9 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 10 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 11 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 12 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 13 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 14 genogroup genogroup NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 15 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 17 closely closely RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 18 related relate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 19 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 20 two two CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 21 prototype prototype NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 22 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 23 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 24 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 26 Asian asian JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 27 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 29 BtCoV BtCoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 30 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 31 HKU4 HKU4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 32 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 33 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 34 Tylonycteris Tylonycteris NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 35 pachypus pachypus JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 36 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 37 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 38 BtCoV BtCoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 39 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 40 HKU5 HKU5 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 41 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 42 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 43 Pipistrellus Pipistrellus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 44 abramus abramus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 45 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 47 11 11 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 49 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 50 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 51 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 52 partial partial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 53 sequences sequence NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 54 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 55 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 56 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 57 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 58 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 59 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 60 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 61 Pipistrellus Pipistrellus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 62 pipistrellus pipistrellus JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 63 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 64 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 65 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 66 Netherlands Netherlands NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 67 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 68 12 12 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 69 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 21 70 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 1 Recently recently RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 2 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 3 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 4 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 5 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 6 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 7 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 8 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 9 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 10 Nyctinomops Nyctinomops NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 11 laticaudatus laticaudatus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 12 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 13 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 14 Mexico Mexico NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 16 13 13 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 19 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 20 Nycyteris Nycyteris NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 21 cf cf NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 22 22 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 1 gambiensis gambiensis NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 2 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 3 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 4 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 5 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 6 14 14 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 7 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 23 8 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 2 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 5 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 9 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 10 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 11 probably probably RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 12 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 13 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 14 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 15 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 16 has have VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 17 spilled spill VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 18 over over RP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 19 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 20 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 22 directly directly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 23 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 24 indirectly indirectly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 26 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 27 one one CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 28 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 29 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 30 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 32 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 33 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 34 harbor harbor VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 35 group group NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 36 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 37 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 38 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 39 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 40 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 41 unknown unknown JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 42 animal animal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 43 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 45 13 13 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 46 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 47 15 15 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 48 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 49 16 16 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 24 51 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 2 ~200 ~200 JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 3 kDa kda XX cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 4 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 5 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 10 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 11 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 12 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 13 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 14 determinant determinant NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 15 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 16 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 17 virulence virulence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 19 tissue tissue NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 20 tropism tropism NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 21 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 22 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 23 range range NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 25 24 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 1 Trimers Trimers NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 3 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 4 form form NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 6 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 7 large large JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 8 spikes spike NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 9 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 10 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 12 envelope envelope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 13 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 14 bind bind VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 15 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 16 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 18 mediate mediate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 19 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 20 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 22 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 23 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 25 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 26 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 29 elicit elicit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 30 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 31 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 32 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 26 33 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 2 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 3 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 4 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 5 Class class NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 6 I -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 7 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 8 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 9 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 10 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 11 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 12 HIV HIV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 13 envelope envelope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 15 env env NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 18 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 19 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 21 HA HA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 24 paramyxovirus paramyxovirus JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 25 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 27 F F NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 29 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 31 17 17 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 34 which which WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 35 typically typically RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 36 require require VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 37 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 38 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 39 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 40 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 41 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 42 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 43 S2 s2 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 44 domains domain NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 46 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 47 1A 1a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 49 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 50 permit permit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 51 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 52 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 53 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 54 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 55 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 56 activated activate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 57 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 58 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 59 binding binding NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 60 and/or and/or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 61 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 62 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 63 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 64 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 65 mediate mediate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 66 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 67 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 68 leading lead VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 69 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 70 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 71 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 72 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 73 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 74 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 75 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 76 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 77 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 78 17 17 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 79 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 80 18 18 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 81 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 27 82 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 2 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 3 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 4 types type NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 5 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 6 tissues tissue NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 9 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 10 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 11 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 12 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 13 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 14 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 15 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 16 variety variety NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 17 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 18 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 19 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 20 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 21 furin furin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 23 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 25 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 26 airway airway NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 27 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 28 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 29 like like JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 30 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 32 HAT hat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 34 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 35 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 36 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 37 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 38 protease-2 protease-2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 40 TMPRSS-2 TMPRSS-2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 42 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 43 TMPRSS-4 TMPRSS-4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 44 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 45 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 46 cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 48 18 18 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 50 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 51 19 19 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 52 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 53 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 54 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 56 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 57 21 21 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 58 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 59 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 60 22 22 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 61 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 28 62 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 1 Functional functional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 2 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 8 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 9 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 10 needed need VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 11 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 12 identify identify VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 13 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 14 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 15 types type NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 16 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 17 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 18 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 19 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 20 affect affect VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 21 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 22 tissue tissue NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 23 tropism tropism NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 25 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 26 range range NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 29 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 30 determine determine VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 31 how how WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 32 various various JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 33 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 34 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 35 promote promote VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 37 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 39 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 40 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 41 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 42 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 43 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 29 44 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 1 Identification identification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 3 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 4 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 5 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 6 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 7 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 8 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 9 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 10 first first JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 11 step step NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 12 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 13 understanding understand VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 14 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 15 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 16 range range NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 17 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 18 tissue tissue NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 19 tropism tropism NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 20 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 21 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 30 22 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 1 Four four CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 2 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 3 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 4 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 5 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 6 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 8 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 9 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 10 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 11 now now RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 12 known know VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 31 13 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 1 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 2 carcinoembryonic carcinoembryonic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 3 antigen antigen NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 4 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 5 adhesion adhesion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 6 molecule molecule NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 7 1a 1a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 9 mCEACAM1a mCEACAM1a NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 11 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 12 mouse mouse NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 13 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 14 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 16 MHV mhv NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 32 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 2 23 23 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 5 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 6 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 8 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 9 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 10 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 11 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 12 N n CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 14 APN APN NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 16 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 17 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 19 229E 229e CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 21 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 24 several several JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 25 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 26 alphacoronaviruses alphacoronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 28 24 24 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 30 25 25 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 32 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 33 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 34 angiotensin angiotensin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 35 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 36 converting convert VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 37 enzyme enzyme NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 33 38 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 2 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 4 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 5 both both DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 9 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 10 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 11 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 12 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 13 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 14 b b NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 16 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 17 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 18 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 20 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 21 alphacoronavirus alphacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 23 26 26 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 25 27 27 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 34 27 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 1 Raj Raj NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 2 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 3 co co NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 4 - - NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 5 workers worker NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 7 28 28 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 9 recently recently RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 10 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 11 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 15 uses use VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 16 dipeptidyl dipeptidyl JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 17 peptidase peptidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 18 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 20 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 22 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 23 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 24 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 35 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 2 contrast contrast NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 4 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 5 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 7 several several JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 8 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 9 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 10 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 11 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 12 bovine bovine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 14 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 15 hCoV hcov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 16 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 17 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 18 use use VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 19 sialic sialic NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 20 acid acid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 21 moieties moiety NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 22 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 23 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 25 29 29 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 27 58 58 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 36 29 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 2 have have VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 3 used use VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 4 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 5 pseudotypes pseudotype NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 6 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 9 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 10 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 11 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 12 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 13 identify identify VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 14 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 15 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 16 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 17 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 18 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 23 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 24 study study VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 25 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 26 role role NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 27 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 28 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 29 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 30 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 31 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 32 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 33 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 35 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 36 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 37 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 1 Expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 4 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 5 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 6 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 7 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 8 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 9 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 10 membranes membrane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 11 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 12 incorporation incorporation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 13 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 14 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 15 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 16 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 17 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 18 enhanced enhance VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 19 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 20 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 21 codon codon NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 23 optimized optimize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 24 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 25 cDNA cdna NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 26 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 27 deleting delete VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 28 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 29 ER ER NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 30 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 31 Golgi Golgi NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 32 retention retention NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 33 motif motif NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 35 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 36 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 37 recycling recycling NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 38 motif motif NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 39 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 40 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 41 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 42 tail tail NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 43 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 44 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 46 30 30 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 48 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 49 31 31 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 50 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 52 32 32 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 38 54 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 1 Codonoptimized Codonoptimized NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 2 cDNA cdna NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 3 encoding encode VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 4 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 10 derived derive VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 11 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 12 GenBank GenBank NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 39 13 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 1 AFS88936 AFS88936 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 4 15 15 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 6 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 7 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 9 16 16 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 10 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 11 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 12 terminal terminal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 13 amino amino NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 14 acids acid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 15 replaced replace VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 16 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 17 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 18 linker linker NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 20 GGGGS GGGGS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 23 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 24 FLAG flag NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 25 tag tag NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 27 here here RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 28 called call VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 30 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 31 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 32 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 40 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 2 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 3 1A 1a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 5 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 6 expressed express VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 7 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 8 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 9 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 10 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 11 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 12 1B 1b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 14 lane lane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 15 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 41 17 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 1 No no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 2 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 3 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 4 products product NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 7 ~200kDa ~200kDa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 8 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 9 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 10 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 11 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 12 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 13 transfected transfecte VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 14 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 15 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 16 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 17 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 18 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 20 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 21 1B 1b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 42 23 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 2 marked marked JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 3 contrast contrast NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 7 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 8 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 9 used use VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 10 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 11 identify identify VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 12 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 13 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 14 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 15 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 18 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 19 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 20 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 21 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 22 Poehlmann Poehlmann NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 23 laboratory laboratory NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 25 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 28 contained contain VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 29 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 30 high high JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 31 proportion proportion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 33 cleaved cleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 34 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 35 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 37 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 38 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 39 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 40 about about RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 41 100 100 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 42 kDa kDa NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 43 43 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 1 This this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 2 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 3 difference difference NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 4 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 7 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 8 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 9 likely likely JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 10 due due JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 11 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 12 differences difference NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 13 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 14 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 15 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 16 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 17 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 19 those those DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 20 used use VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 21 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 22 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 23 Poehlmann Poehlmann NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 24 laboratory laboratory NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 44 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 3 when when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 4 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 6 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 7 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 8 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 9 lysates lysate NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 10 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 11 blotted blot VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 12 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 13 polyclonal polyclonal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 14 goat goat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 15 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 16 AO4 AO4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 17 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 18 spikes spike NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 19 purified purify VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 20 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 21 detergent detergent NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 23 disrupted disrupt VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 24 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 26 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 27 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 28 A59 A59 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 30 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 31 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 32 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 33 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 34 a a NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 35 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 36 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 37 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 38 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 39 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 40 bands band NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 41 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 42 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 44 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 45 1B 1b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 45 47 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 1 Immunoblotting immunoblotte VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 3 soluble soluble JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 5 truncated truncated JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 8 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 9 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 10 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 11 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 12 terminal terminal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 13 FLAG flag NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 14 tags tag NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 15 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 16 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 17 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 18 AO4 AO4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 19 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 20 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 21 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 22 recognize recognize VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 24 S1 s1 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 25 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 27 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 28 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 30 Figure Figure NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 31 1C 1c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 34 so so CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 35 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 36 cross cross NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 37 - - NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 38 reactivity reactivity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 39 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 40 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 41 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 42 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 43 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 44 groups group NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 45 a a NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 46 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 47 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 48 must must MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 49 lie lie VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 50 within within IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 51 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 52 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 53 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 46 54 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 1 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 2 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 3 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 4 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 5 monkey monkey NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 6 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 7 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 8 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 9 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 10 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 11 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 12 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 13 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 15 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 17 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 19 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 21 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 24 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 26 34 34 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 29 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 30 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 31 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 32 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 33 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 34 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 35 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 36 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 37 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 38 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 39 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 40 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 41 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 42 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 44 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 45 2A 2a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 47 47 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 1 Cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 2 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 3 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 4 quantitated quantitate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 5 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 6 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 9 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 10 reporter reporter NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 11 gene gene NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 12 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 13 pseudovirus pseudovirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 14 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 15 transduced transduce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 16 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 48 17 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 1 Compared compare VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 2 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 3 control control VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 4 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 5 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 6 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 7 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 8 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 9 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 11 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 12 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 13 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 14 100 100 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 15 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 16 1,000 1,000 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 17 fold fold VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 18 increase increase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 19 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 20 luciferase luciferase JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 21 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 22 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 23 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 24 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 25 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 26 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 27 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 29 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 30 2A 2a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 31 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 32 B b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 34 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 35 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 36 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 37 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 38 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 39 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 40 1,000 1,000 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 41 increase increase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 42 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 43 luciferase luciferase JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 44 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 45 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 46 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 47 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 48 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 49 49 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 1 Because because IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 3 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 8 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 9 mediated mediate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 10 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 11 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 12 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 13 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 14 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 16 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 17 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 19 transduction transduction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 20 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 21 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 22 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 23 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 24 used use VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 25 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 26 identify identify VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 27 additional additional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 28 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 29 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 30 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 31 express express VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 32 functional functional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 33 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 34 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 35 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 36 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 37 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 39 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 40 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 41 34 34 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 50 43 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 2 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 3 detected detect VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 4 strong strong JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 6 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 7 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 8 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 9 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 10 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 11 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 12 Calu3 Calu3 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 13 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 15 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 16 airway airway NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 17 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 18 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 20 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 21 2A 2a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 23 B b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 26 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 27 weaker weak JJR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 28 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 29 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 30 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 31 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 32 A549 a549 JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 33 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 34 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 35 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 36 alveolar alveolar NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 37 basal basal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 38 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 39 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 51 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 1 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 2 _SP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 3 2A 2a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 5 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 6 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 7 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 8 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 12 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 14 35 35 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 52 16 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 3 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 4 EFF EFF NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 5 embryo embryo NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 6 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 7 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 8 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 9 Eptesicus Eptesicus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 10 fuscus fuscus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 11 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 12 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 13 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 14 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 16 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 18 increasing increase VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 19 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 20 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 21 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 22 nearly nearly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 23 100-fold 100-fold CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 24 compared compare VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 25 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 26 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 27 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 28 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 29 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 30 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 31 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 32 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 33 TB1Lu TB1Lu NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 34 lung lung NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 35 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 36 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 37 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 38 Tadarida Tadarida NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 39 brasiliensis brasiliensis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 40 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 41 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 42 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 43 fibroblasts fibroblast NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 44 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 45 HeLa HeLa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 46 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 47 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 48 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 49 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 50 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 51 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 52 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 54 Figure Figure NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 55 2C 2c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 53 57 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 1 Expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 3 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 4 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 5 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 6 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 7 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 9 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 10 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 11 significantly significantly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 12 increase increase VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 13 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 14 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 16 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 18 Figure Figure NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 19 3A 3a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 22 although although IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 23 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 24 expected expect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 25 hACE2 hace2 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 26 greatly greatly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 27 increased increase VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 28 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 29 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 30 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 31 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 32 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 33 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 35 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 37 Figure Figure NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 38 3A 3a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 54 40 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 1 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 2 3B 3b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 3 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 4 C C NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 5 show show VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 6 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 7 neither neither CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 8 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 9 CEACAM1 CEACAM1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 11 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 12 four four CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 13 related related JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 14 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 15 CEACAM CEACAM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 16 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 17 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 18 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 19 APN APN NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 20 functions function NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 21 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 22 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 23 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 24 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 25 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 26 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 28 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 29 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 55 30 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 1 These these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 2 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 3 confirm confirm VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 5 observation observation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 6 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 10 does do VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 11 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 12 use use VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 13 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 14 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 15 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 16 known know VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 17 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 18 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 19 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 21 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 23 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 24 related relate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 25 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 26 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 27 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 56 28 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 1 Instead instead RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 2 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 3 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 5 principal principal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 6 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 7 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 8 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 13 28 28 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 57 15 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 2 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 3 induced induce VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 4 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 5 small small JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 6 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 7 consistent consistent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 8 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 9 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 10 10-fold 10-fold JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 11 increase increase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 12 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 13 luciferase luciferase JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 14 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 15 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 16 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 17 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 18 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 19 embryo embryo NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 20 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 21 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 22 compared compare VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 23 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 24 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 25 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 26 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 27 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 28 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 30 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 31 2C 2c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 34 suggesting suggest VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 35 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 36 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 37 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 38 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 39 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 40 expressed express VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 41 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 42 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 43 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 44 level level NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 45 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 46 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 47 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 48 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 49 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 50 alternative alternative NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 51 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 52 less less RBR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 53 efficient efficient JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 54 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 55 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 56 such such JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 57 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 58 CD209L CD209L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 59 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 60 LSECtin lsectin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 61 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 62 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 63 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 64 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 65 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 66 36 36 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 67 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 68 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 69 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 58 70 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 1 To to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 2 determine determine VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 3 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 4 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 7 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 8 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 9 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 10 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 11 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 12 required require VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 13 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 14 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 15 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 16 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 17 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 19 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 20 effects effect NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 21 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 22 ammonium ammonium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 23 chloride chloride NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 25 bafilomycin bafilomycin VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 26 A A NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 28 lysosomotropic lysosomotropic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 29 agents agent NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 30 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 31 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 32 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 33 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 34 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 35 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 37 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 38 studied study VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 59 39 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 2 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 3 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 4 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 6 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 7 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 8 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 9 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 10 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 11 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 14 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 15 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 16 about about RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 17 99.9 99.9 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 18 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 19 compared compare VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 20 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 21 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 22 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 23 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 24 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 25 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 26 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 29 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 30 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 31 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 32 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 33 inhibited inhibit VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 34 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 35 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 37 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 38 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 39 about about RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 40 99.6 99.6 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 41 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 43 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 44 3A 3a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 60 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 1 Bafilomycin Bafilomycin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 2 A A NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 3 specifically specifically RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 4 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 6 vacuolar vacuolar JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 8 type type NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 9 H+-ATPase h+-atpase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 10 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 11 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 12 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 13 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 14 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 15 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 16 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 61 17 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 1 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 2 3A 3a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 3 shows show VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 4 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 5 bafilomycin bafilomycin VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 6 A a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 7 inhibited inhibited JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 8 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 11 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 12 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 13 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 14 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 15 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 16 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 17 99.8 99.8 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 18 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 19 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 20 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 21 reported report VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 23 21 21 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 25 38 38 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 29 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 30 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 31 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 33 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 34 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 35 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 36 more more JJR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 37 than than IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 38 99.9 99.9 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 39 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 40 compared compare VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 41 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 42 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 43 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 44 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 45 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 62 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 2 LLCMK2 llcmk2 JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 3 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 5 although although IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 6 bafilomycin bafilomycin VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 7 A a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 8 inhibited inhibited JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 9 99.7 99.7 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 10 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 16 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 17 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 19 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 20 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 21 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 22 reduced reduce VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 23 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 24 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 25 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 26 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 27 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 28 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 29 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 30 only only RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 31 6-fold 6-fold CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 33 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 34 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 35 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 37 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 38 suggesting suggest VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 39 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 40 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 41 inhibition inhibition NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 42 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 43 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 44 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 45 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 46 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 47 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 48 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 49 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 50 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 51 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 52 type type NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 53 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 63 54 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 1 These these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 2 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 3 show show VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 4 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 6 pseudovirions pseudovirion VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 7 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 8 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 9 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 10 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 11 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 12 enter enter VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 13 monkey monkey NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 14 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 15 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 16 only only RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 17 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 18 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 64 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 1 Cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 2 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 3 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 4 diverse diverse JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 5 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 7 acid acid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 9 activated activate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 10 cysteine cysteine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 11 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 12 located locate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 13 within within IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 14 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 16 lysosomes lysosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 65 17 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 1 Cathepsin Cathepsin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 2 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 3 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 4 essential essential JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 5 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 6 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 7 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 8 several several JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 9 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 10 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 11 enter enter VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 12 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 13 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 14 endosomal endosomal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 15 route route NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 17 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 18 reovirus reovirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 20 39 39 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 23 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 24 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 25 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 27 22 22 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 30 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 31 Ebolavirus Ebolavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 33 40 40 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 66 35 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 1 E64D E64D NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 3 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 4 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 7 cysteine cysteine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 8 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 9 activities activity NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 11 cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 12 B B NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 14 H H NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 16 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 17 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 19 calpain calpain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 21 reduced reduce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 22 transduction transduction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 24 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 25 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 26 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 27 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 29 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 30 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 31 80 80 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 32 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 33 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 34 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 35 reported report VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 37 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 38 3B 3b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 41 41 41 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 67 43 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 1 Since since IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 2 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 3 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 4 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 5 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 6 VSV VSV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 8 g g NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 9 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 10 does do VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 11 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 12 require require VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 13 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 14 activation activation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 16 17 17 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 19 E64D e64d JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 20 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 21 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 22 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 23 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 25 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 26 3B 3b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 29 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 30 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 32 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 33 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 34 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 68 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 1 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 2 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 3 inhibit inhibit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 4 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 6 VSV VSV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 7 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 69 8 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 1 However however RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 3 E64D e64d NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 4 decreased decrease VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 5 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 6 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 7 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 8 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 9 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 12 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 13 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 14 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 16 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 17 96.7 96.7 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 18 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 20 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 21 3B 3b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 24 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 25 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 26 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 27 99.2 99.2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 28 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 30 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 31 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 32 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 70 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 1 Thus thus RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 3 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 6 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 8 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 9 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 10 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 11 one one CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 13 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 14 cathepsins cathepsin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 15 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 16 calpain calpain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 17 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 18 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 19 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 20 triggering trigger VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 21 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 23 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 24 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 25 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 26 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 27 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 28 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 29 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 30 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 31 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 32 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 33 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 71 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 1 As as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 2 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 3 reported report VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 5 41 41 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 8 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 9 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 10 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 11 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 12 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 13 µM µm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 15 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 16 L L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 17 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 18 III III NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 20 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 21 specific specific JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 23 irreversible irreversible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 24 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 26 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 27 L L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 29 significantly significantly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 30 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 31 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 32 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 33 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 35 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 36 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 37 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 38 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 39 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 40 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 41 inhibit inhibit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 42 VSV VSV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 43 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 44 g g NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 45 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 46 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 47 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 49 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 50 3B 3b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 72 52 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 1 Cathepsin Cathepsin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 2 L L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 3 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 4 III iii CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 5 reduced reduce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 6 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 7 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 8 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 9 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 13 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 14 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 15 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 16 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 17 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 18 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 19 97 97 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 20 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 21 relative relative JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 22 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 23 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 24 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 25 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 27 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 28 3B 3b CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 30 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 31 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 32 similar similar JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 33 results result NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 34 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 35 seen see VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 36 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 37 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 38 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 40 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 41 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 42 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 73 44 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 1 Thus thus RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 6 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 7 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 8 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 9 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 10 must must MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 11 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 12 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 13 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 14 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 15 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 17 acidactivated acidactivate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 18 cysteine cysteine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 19 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 20 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 21 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 22 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 23 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 24 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 25 trigger trigger VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 26 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 27 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 28 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 29 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 30 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 31 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 32 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 33 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 34 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 35 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 74 36 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 1 Trypsin Trypsin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 2 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 8 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 9 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 10 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 11 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 12 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 13 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 14 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 15 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 16 surface surface NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 17 triggers trigger VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 18 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 19 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 20 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 21 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 22 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 23 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 24 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 25 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 26 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 27 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 28 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 29 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 30 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 31 enter enter VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 32 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 33 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 34 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 35 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 36 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 37 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 38 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 39 instead instead RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 40 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 41 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 42 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 43 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 44 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 45 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 46 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 47 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 48 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 49 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 50 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 51 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 52 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 53 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 54 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 55 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 56 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 57 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 58 treated treat VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 59 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 60 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 61 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 62 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 63 warmed warm VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 64 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 65 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 66 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 67 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 68 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 69 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 70 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 71 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 72 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 73 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 74 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 75 endosomal endosomal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 76 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 77 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 78 21 21 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 79 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 75 80 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 1 Trypsin Trypsin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 2 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 3 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 4 either either DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 5 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 6 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 7 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 8 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 9 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 76 10 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 1 C C NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 2 cleaved cleave VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 3 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 4 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 5 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 8 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 10 generated generate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 11 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 12 ~65kDa ~65kDa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 13 subunit subunit NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 14 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 15 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 16 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 17 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 18 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 19 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 20 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 21 recognized recognize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 22 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 23 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 24 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 25 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 26 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 27 A59 A59 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 28 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 29 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 31 Figure Figure NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 32 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 77 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 2 pseudovirions pseudovirion VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 3 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 4 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 5 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 6 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 7 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 8 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 9 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 10 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 11 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 12 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 13 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 14 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 15 surface surface NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 16 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 17 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 18 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 19 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 20 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 21 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 22 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 23 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 24 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 25 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 26 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 27 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 28 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 30 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 31 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 32 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 33 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 34 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 35 bound bind VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 36 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 37 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 38 briefly briefly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 39 treated treat VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 40 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 41 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 42 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 43 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 44 7.4 7.4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 45 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 46 room room NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 47 temperature temperature NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 48 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 49 cleave cleave VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 50 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 51 ~200 ~200 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 52 kDa kDa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 53 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 54 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 55 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 56 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 57 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 58 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 59 fusing fuse VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 60 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 78 61 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 1 Figures figure NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 2 3A 3A NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 3 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 4 4A 4a CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 5 show show VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 6 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 7 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 8 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 9 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 10 strongly strongly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 11 inhibited inhibit VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 12 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 13 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 14 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 15 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 16 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 17 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 18 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 19 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 20 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 21 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 79 22 S. S. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 1 However however RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 3 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 4 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 8 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 9 bound bind VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 10 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 11 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 12 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 13 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 14 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 15 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 16 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 17 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 18 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 19 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 20 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 21 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 22 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 23 triggered trigger VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 24 both both DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 25 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 26 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 27 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 28 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 29 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 30 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 31 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 32 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 33 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 34 small small JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 35 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 36 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 37 40 40 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 38 hours hour NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 39 post post NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 40 inoculation inoculation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 42 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 43 4A 4a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 44 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 45 B b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 80 47 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 1 Thus thus RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 3 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 4 binding bind VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 5 together together RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 6 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 7 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 8 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 10 activation activation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 12 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 13 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 14 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 15 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 16 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 17 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 18 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 19 trigger trigger VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 20 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 21 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 22 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 23 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 25 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 26 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 81 27 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 2 this this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 3 experiment experiment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 4 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 5 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 6 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 7 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 8 depend depend VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 9 upon upon IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 10 synthesis synthesis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 12 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 13 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 15 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 16 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 17 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 18 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 19 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 20 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 21 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 22 cleaved cleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 23 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 24 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 25 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 26 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 27 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 28 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 29 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 30 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 31 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 32 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 33 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 34 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 82 35 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 1 Although although IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 2 acidic acidic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 3 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 4 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 5 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 6 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 7 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 9 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 10 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 11 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 12 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 13 allows allow VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 15 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 16 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 17 enter enter VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 18 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 19 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 21 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 22 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 23 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 24 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 25 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 26 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 27 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 28 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 29 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 30 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 31 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 32 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 33 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 34 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 35 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 37 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 38 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 39 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 40 mediate mediate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 41 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 42 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 43 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 44 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 45 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 83 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 1 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 2 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 3 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 4 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 5 uncleaved uncleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 9 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 10 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 11 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 12 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 13 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 14 stably stably RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 15 transfected transfecte VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 16 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 17 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 18 empty empty JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 19 pcDNA3.1 pcDNA3.1 : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 20 vector vector NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 21 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 22 overlaid overlay VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 23 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 24 monolayers monolayer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 26 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 27 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 28 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 29 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 30 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 31 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 32 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 33 absence absence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 34 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 35 TPCK TPCK NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 36 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 38 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 39 4C 4c CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 84 41 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 1 No no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 2 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 3 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 4 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 5 induced induce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 6 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 7 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 8 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 9 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 10 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 11 empty empty JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 12 vector vector NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 13 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 14 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 15 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 16 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 17 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 18 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 19 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 20 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 21 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 22 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 23 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 25 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 26 4C 4c CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 29 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 30 addition addition NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 32 TPCK TPCK NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 33 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 34 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 35 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 36 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 37 triggered trigger VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 38 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 39 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 40 massive massive JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 41 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 42 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 43 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 44 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 45 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 46 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 47 co co VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 48 - - NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 49 cultured cultured JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 50 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 51 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 52 hr hr NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 53 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 54 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 55 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 56 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 57 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 58 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 59 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 60 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 61 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 62 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 63 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 64 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 65 4C 4c CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 66 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 67 arrows arrow NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 85 69 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 1 Large large JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 2 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 3 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 4 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 5 formed form VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 6 after after IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 7 even even RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 8 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 9 brief brief JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 10 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 11 minute minute NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 12 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 13 pre pre NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 14 - - NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 15 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 16 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 17 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 18 7.4 7.4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 19 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 20 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 21 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 22 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 24 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 25 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 26 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 27 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 28 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 29 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 30 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 31 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 32 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 34 followed follow VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 35 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 36 incubation incubation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 37 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 38 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 39 5-fold 5-fold CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 40 excess excess NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 41 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 42 soybean soybean NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 43 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 44 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 45 before before IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 46 layering layer VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 47 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 48 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 49 over over IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 50 confluent confluent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 51 monolayers monolayer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 52 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 53 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 54 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 55 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 56 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 57 incubating incubate VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 58 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 59 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 60 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 61 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 62 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 63 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 64 hours hour NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 66 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 67 4C 4c CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 68 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 69 lower low JJR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 70 central central JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 71 panel panel NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 72 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 73 arrows arrow NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 74 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 86 75 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 1 Thus thus RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 3 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 4 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 5 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 6 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 7 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 8 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 12 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 13 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 14 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 15 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 16 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 17 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 18 triggered trigger VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 19 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 20 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 21 when when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 22 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 23 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 24 bound bind VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 25 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 26 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 27 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 28 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 29 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 30 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 31 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 87 32 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 1 Type Type NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 2 II II NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 3 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 4 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 5 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 6 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 7 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 8 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 ADD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 10 TMPRSS-4 TMPRSS-4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 12 which which WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 13 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 14 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 15 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 16 expressed express VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 17 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 18 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 19 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 20 tract tract NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 22 play play VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 23 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 24 roles role NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 25 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 26 triggering trigger VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 27 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 28 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 29 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 30 A a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 31 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 32 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 33 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 34 metapneumovirus metapneumovirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 35 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 36 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 37 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 38 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 39 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 40 b b NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 42 19 19 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 43 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 44 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 45 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 47 42 42 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 88 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 2 43 43 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 5 44 44 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 8 45 45 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 89 10 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 2 therefore therefore RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 3 transfected transfecte VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 4 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 5 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 6 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 7 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 8 plasmids plasmid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 9 encoding encode VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 10 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 ADD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 11 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 12 -4 -4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 14 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 15 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 16 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 17 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 18 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 20 psPAX2 psPAX2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 21 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 22 pLenti pLenti NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 23 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 24 GFP GFP NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 25 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 26 Luc Luc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 27 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 28 investigated investigate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 29 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 30 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 31 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 32 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 33 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 34 produced produce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 35 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 36 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 37 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 38 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 39 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 40 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 41 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 42 they -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 43 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 44 infect infect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 45 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 46 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 47 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 48 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 49 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 50 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 51 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 52 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 53 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 54 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 90 55 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 3 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 4 pseudovirionproducing pseudovirionproduce VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 5 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 6 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 7 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 8 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 9 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 10 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 11 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 12 -4 -4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 14 formed form VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 15 large large JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 16 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 17 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 18 40 40 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 19 hrs hrs NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 20 after after IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 21 transfection transfection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 23 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 24 5A 5a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 27 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 28 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 30 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 31 produced produce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 32 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 33 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 34 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 35 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 36 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 37 transduce transduce VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 38 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 39 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 40 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 41 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 42 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 43 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 44 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 45 absence absence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 46 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 47 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 48 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 49 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 51 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 52 5B 5b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 91 54 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 2 contrast contrast NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 4 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 5 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 6 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 7 -4 -4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 9 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 10 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 11 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 12 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 13 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 14 uncleaved uncleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 16 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 17 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 18 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 19 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 20 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 21 form form VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 22 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 25 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 26 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 27 they -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 28 produced produce VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 29 efficiently efficiently RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 30 infected infect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 31 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 32 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 33 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 34 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 35 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 36 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 37 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 38 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 39 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 40 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 41 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 42 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 43 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 45 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 46 5B 5b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 92 48 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 1 Immunoblots Immunoblots NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 2 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 3 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 4 AO4 ao4 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 5 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 6 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 8 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 9 anti anti JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 10 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 11 FLAG flag JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 13 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 14 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 15 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 17 revealed reveal VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 18 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 19 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 20 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 21 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 22 produced produce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 23 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 24 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 25 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 26 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 27 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 28 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 29 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 30 -4 -4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 31 contained contain VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 32 little little JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 33 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 34 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 35 immunoreactive immunoreactive JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 36 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 37 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 38 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 39 fragments fragment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 40 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 93 41 S. S. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 1 Although although IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 3 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 4 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 5 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 6 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 10 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 11 highly highly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 12 virulent virulent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 13 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 14 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 16 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 17 infect infect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 18 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 19 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 20 several several JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 21 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 22 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 24 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 25 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 27 monkeys monkey NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 29 pigs pig NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 30 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 31 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 32 some some DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 33 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 34 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 35 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 37 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 38 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 39 16 16 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 40 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 41 34 34 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 43 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 44 little little JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 45 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 46 known know VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 47 about about IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 48 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 49 biology biology NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 50 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 51 this this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 52 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 94 53 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 1 Because because IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 3 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 4 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 5 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 6 essential essential JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 7 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 9 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 11 elucidating elucidate VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 12 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 13 functions function NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 15 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 17 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 18 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 19 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 20 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 21 provide provide VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 22 valuable valuable JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 23 insight insight NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 24 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 25 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 26 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 27 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 28 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 29 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 30 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 31 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 32 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 33 suggest suggest VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 34 potential potential JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 35 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 36 interventions intervention NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 95 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 1 Here here RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 3 used use VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 4 lentivirus lentivirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 6 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 10 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 11 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 12 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 13 study study VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 14 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 15 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 16 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 17 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 18 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 19 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 20 Biosafety Biosafety NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 21 Level Level NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 22 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 96 23 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 2 found find VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 3 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 6 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 7 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 8 infectious infectious JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 12 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 14 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 16 34 34 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 19 readily readily RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 20 infected infect VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 21 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 22 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 23 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 25 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 26 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 27 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 28 monkey monkey NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 29 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 30 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 31 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 32 several several JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 33 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 34 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 35 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 36 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 37 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 38 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 39 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 40 embryo embryo NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 41 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 42 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 43 Eptesicus Eptesicus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 44 fuscus fuscus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 45 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 97 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 1 Others other NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 2 have have VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 3 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 4 recently recently RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 6 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 7 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 9 tract tract NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 12 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 13 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 14 primary primary JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 15 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 16 bronchus bronchus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 17 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 18 alveolar alveolar NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 19 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 20 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 21 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 22 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 23 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 24 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 25 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 26 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 27 accord accord NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 28 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 29 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 30 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 31 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 32 disease disease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 33 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 34 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 35 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 36 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 37 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 38 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 39 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 40 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 41 35 35 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 42 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 43 46 46 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 98 45 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 99 1 Muller Muller NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 99 2 et et NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 99 3 al al NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 99 4 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 2 34 34 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 4 recently recently RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 5 reported report VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 6 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 10 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 11 infect infect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 12 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 13 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 14 four four CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 15 genera genus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 17 Old old JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 18 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 19 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 21 Rousettus Rousettus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 23 Rhinolophus Rhinolophus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 25 Pipistrellus Pipistrellus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 27 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 28 Myotis Myotis NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 30 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 31 one one CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 32 New new JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 33 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 34 genus genus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 35 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 36 Carollia Carollia NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 100 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 2 found find VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 3 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 6 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 7 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 8 infect infect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 9 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 10 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 11 one one CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 12 New New NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 13 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 14 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 16 E. E. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 17 fuscus fuscus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 19 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 20 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 21 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 22 another another DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 24 T. t. NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 25 brasiliensis brasiliensis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 101 26 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 2 ability ability NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 7 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 8 infect infect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 9 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 10 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 11 multiple multiple JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 12 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 13 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 14 directly directly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 16 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 17 adaptation adaptation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 19 47 47 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 22 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 23 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 24 diverse diverse JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 25 array array NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 27 both both DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 28 Old Old NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 29 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 30 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 31 New New NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 32 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 33 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 34 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 35 suggests suggest VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 36 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 37 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 38 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 39 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 40 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 41 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 42 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 43 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 44 DPP4 DPP4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 45 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 46 28 28 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 47 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 48 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 49 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 50 broadly broadly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 51 conserved conserve VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 52 among among IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 53 many many JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 54 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 55 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 56 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 57 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 58 property property NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 59 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 60 many many JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 61 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 62 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 63 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 64 47 47 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 65 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 66 48 48 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 67 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 102 68 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 1 E. E. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 2 fuscus fuscus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 3 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 4 5A 5a NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 5 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 6 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 7 onto onto IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 8 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 9 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 11 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 12 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 13 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 15 striped striped JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 16 bars bar NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 18 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 19 absence absence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 21 white white JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 22 bars bar NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 24 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 25 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 26 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 27 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 28 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 29 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 30 inhibit inhibit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 31 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 33 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 103 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 1 doi doi NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 2 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 3 10.1371 10.1371 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 4 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 5 journal.pone.0076469.g005 journal.pone.0076469.g005 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 6 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 8 commonly commonly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 9 known know VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 10 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 11 big big JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 12 brown brown JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 13 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 15 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 17 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 18 most most RBS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 19 commonly commonly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 20 encountered encounter VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 21 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 22 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 23 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 24 North North NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 25 America America NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 27 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 28 they -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 29 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 30 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 31 reservoir reservoir NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 32 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 33 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 34 alphacoronavirus alphacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 36 49 49 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 37 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 38 50 50 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 104 40 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 2 will will MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 3 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 4 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 5 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 6 learn learn VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 7 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 8 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 9 New New NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 10 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 11 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 12 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 13 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 14 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 16 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 18 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 19 related related JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 20 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 21 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 22 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 105 23 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 2 recent recent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 3 detection detection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 4 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 5 N. N. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 6 laticaudatus laticaudatus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 7 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 8 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 9 Mexico Mexico NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 11 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 12 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 13 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 14 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 15 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 16 96 96 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 17 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 18 similarity similarity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 19 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 20 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 21 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 24 13 13 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 27 coupled couple VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 28 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 29 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 30 diverse diverse JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 31 array array NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 33 alphacoronaviruses alphacoronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 34 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 35 discovered discover VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 36 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 37 North north JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 38 American american JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 39 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 41 49 49 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 44 50 50 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 47 51 51 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 50 52 52 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 52 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 53 justify justify VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 54 increased increase VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 55 surveillance surveillance NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 56 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 57 identify identify VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 58 additional additional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 59 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 60 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 61 New new JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 62 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 63 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 64 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 65 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 66 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 67 harbor harbor VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 68 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 69 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 70 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 71 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 72 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 73 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 74 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 75 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 76 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 77 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 78 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 79 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 80 potential potential NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 81 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 82 cause cause VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 83 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 84 disease disease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 85 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 86 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 106 87 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 2 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 4 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 5 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 6 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 8 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 9 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 11 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 13 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 14 surprised surprised JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 15 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 17 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 18 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 19 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 20 recognized recognize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 21 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 22 immunoblots immunoblot NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 23 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 24 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 25 polyclonal polyclonal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 26 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 27 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 28 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 29 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 30 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 32 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 33 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 34 A59 A59 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 35 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 36 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 37 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 38 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 39 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 107 40 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 2 cross cross JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 3 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 4 reactive reactive JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 5 epitope(s epitope(s NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 7 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 8 mapped map VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 9 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 10 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 11 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 12 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 14 which which WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 15 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 16 more more RBR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 17 highly highly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 18 conserved conserve VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 19 than than IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 20 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 21 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 22 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 24 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 108 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 109 1 Chan Chan NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 109 2 et et NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 109 3 al al NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 109 4 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 2 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 4 53 53 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 6 found find VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 7 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 9 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 11 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 12 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 13 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 14 recognized recognize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 15 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 16 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 17 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 18 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 19 vitro vitro FW cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 20 neutralization neutralization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 21 assays assay NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 22 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 23 sera sera NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 24 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 25 some some DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 26 convalescent convalescent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 27 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 28 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 30 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 31 suggested suggest VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 32 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 33 based base VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 34 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 35 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 37 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 38 epitope(s epitope(s NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 40 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 41 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 42 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 43 account account VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 44 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 45 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 46 observed observed JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 47 serological serological JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 48 cross cross NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 49 - - NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 50 reactivity reactivity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 110 51 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 1 These these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 2 observations observation NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 3 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 5 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 6 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 9 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 12 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 13 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 14 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 15 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 17 contains contain VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 18 crossreacting crossreacte VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 19 epitope(s epitope(s NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 21 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 22 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 23 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 24 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 25 both both CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 26 some some DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 27 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 28 b b LS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 30 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 31 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 32 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 35 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 36 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 38 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 40 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 41 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 42 indicate indicate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 43 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 44 serological serological JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 45 studies study NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 46 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 47 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 48 accurately accurately RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 49 distinguish distinguish VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 50 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 51 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 52 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 53 groups group NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 54 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 55 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 111 56 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 1 Identification identification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 2 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 3 characterization characterization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 6 cross cross NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 7 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 8 reacting reacting JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 9 epitope(s epitope(s NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 11 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 12 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 13 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 14 research research NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 15 priority priority NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 16 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 17 show show VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 18 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 19 there there EX cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 20 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 21 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 22 common common JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 23 epitope epitope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 24 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 25 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 26 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 27 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 28 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 29 used use VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 30 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 31 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 32 immunogen immunogen NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 33 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 34 vaccinate vaccinate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 35 against against IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 36 all all DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 37 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 112 38 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 1 Enveloped envelop VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 2 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 3 infect infect VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 4 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 5 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 6 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 9 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 10 envelope envelope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 11 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 12 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 13 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 14 membranes membrane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 16 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 17 process process NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 18 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 19 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 20 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 21 series series NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 22 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 23 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 24 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 25 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 26 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 27 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 28 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 29 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 30 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 31 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 32 regulated regulate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 33 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 34 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 35 binding binding NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 37 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 38 activation activation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 113 39 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 114 1 and/or and/or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 114 2 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 114 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 114 4 17 17 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 114 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 114 6 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 2 classes class NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 4 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 5 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 6 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 7 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 8 determined determine VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 9 based base VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 10 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 12 structures structure NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 13 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 14 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 15 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 16 during during IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 17 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 18 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 115 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 116 1 Most Most JJS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 116 2 class class NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 2 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 3 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 4 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 5 require require VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 6 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 7 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 8 upstream upstream RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 10 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 11 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 12 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 13 peptide peptide NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 14 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 15 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 16 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 17 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 18 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 19 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 20 enable enable VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 21 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 22 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 23 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 24 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 25 occur occur VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 27 as as RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 28 well well RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 29 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 30 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 31 steps step NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 32 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 33 trigger trigger VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 34 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 35 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 36 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 37 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 38 binding bind VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 39 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 40 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 41 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 42 HIV HIV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 43 gp120 gp120 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 44 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 45 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 46 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 47 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 48 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 49 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 50 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 51 HA HA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 52 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 53 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 54 both both DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 55 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 56 avian avian JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 57 sarcoma sarcoma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 58 leukosis leukosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 59 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 60 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 61 ASLV ASLV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 117 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 2 9 9 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 4 17 17 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 7 54 54 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 118 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 2 55 55 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 5 56 56 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 119 7 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 1 Coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 2 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 3 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 4 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 5 groups group NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 6 differ differ VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 9 sequence sequence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 11 steps step NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 12 leading lead VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 13 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 14 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 15 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 17 57 57 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 19 58 58 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 120 21 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 2 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 3 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 4 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 5 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 121 7 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 1 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 2 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 3 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 5 A59 A59 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 6 requires require VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 7 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 8 activation activation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 9 -- -- : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 10 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 11 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 12 furin furin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 13 during during IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 14 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 15 maturation maturation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 17 18 18 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 20 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 21 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 22 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 23 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 24 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 25 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 26 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 27 extracellular extracellular JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 28 fluids fluid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 29 before before IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 30 either either DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 31 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 32 binding binding NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 34 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 35 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 36 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 37 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 38 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 39 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 40 acidic acidic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 41 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 42 - - : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 43 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 44 trigger trigger VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 45 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 46 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 47 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 48 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 49 lead lead VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 50 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 51 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 52 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 53 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 54 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 55 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 56 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 57 59 59 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 58 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 122 59 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 2 contrast contrast NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 4 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 6 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 7 b b NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 8 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 12 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 13 contain contain VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 14 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 17 22 22 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 20 first first JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 21 bind bind NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 22 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 24 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 25 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 26 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 28 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 30 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 31 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 32 endocytosed endocytose VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 35 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 36 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 37 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 38 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 39 within within IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 40 endosomal endosomal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 41 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 42 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 43 acid acid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 44 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 45 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 46 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 47 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 48 enabling enable VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 49 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 50 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 51 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 52 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 53 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 54 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 55 lead lead VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 56 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 57 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 58 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 59 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 60 21 21 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 61 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 62 22 22 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 63 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 64 60 60 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 65 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 123 66 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 1 Here here RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 3 analyzed analyze VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 5 steps step NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 6 needed need VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 7 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 8 trigger trigger VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 9 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 10 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 11 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 16 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 18 roles role NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 19 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 20 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 21 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 23 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 24 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 124 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 3 laboratory laboratory NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 6 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 7 released release VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 8 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 9 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 10 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 11 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 12 contained contain VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 13 only only RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 14 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 16 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 20 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 21 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 22 most most JJS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 23 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 25 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 26 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 27 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 29 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 30 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 31 necessary necessary JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 32 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 33 enable enable VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 34 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 35 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 36 fusing fuse VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 37 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 125 38 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 2 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 3 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 4 bound bind VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 5 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 6 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 7 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 8 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 9 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 10 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 11 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 12 endocytized endocytize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 14 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 15 within within IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 17 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 18 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 19 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 20 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 21 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 22 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 23 acid acid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 24 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 25 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 26 cysteine cysteine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 27 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 28 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 29 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 30 mediated mediate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 31 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 32 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 126 33 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 1 Gierer Gierer NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 2 et et FW cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 3 al al NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 5 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 7 reached reach VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 8 similar similar JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 9 conclusions conclusion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 10 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 11 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 12 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 13 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 15 unlike unlike IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 16 ours our NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 18 contained contain VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 19 more more RBR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 20 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 21 than than IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 22 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 23 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 24 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 26 although although IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 27 both both DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 28 labs lab NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 29 had have VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 30 made make VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 31 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 32 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 33 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 34 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 35 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 36 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 127 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 128 1 Gierer Gierer NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 128 2 et et FW cord-295559-yc8q62z8 128 3 al al NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 128 4 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 2 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 4 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 5 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 6 batches batch NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 8 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 9 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 11 differ differ VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 12 markedly markedly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 13 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 14 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 15 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 18 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 19 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 20 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 21 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 22 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 23 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 24 transduction transduction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 25 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 26 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 27 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 129 28 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 3 laboratory laboratory NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 6 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 7 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 9 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 10 minimal minimal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 11 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 12 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 13 transduction transduction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 14 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 16 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 18 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 19 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 20 uncleaved uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 21 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 22 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 130 23 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 2 addition addition NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 3 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 4 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 5 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 6 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 9 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 10 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 12 like like IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 14 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 17 21 21 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 19 22 22 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 22 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 23 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 24 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 25 enter enter VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 26 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 27 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 28 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 29 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 30 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 31 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 32 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 33 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 34 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 35 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 36 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 37 first first RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 38 bound bind VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 39 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 40 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 41 surface surface NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 42 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 43 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 44 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 45 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 46 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 47 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 48 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 49 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 50 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 51 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 52 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 53 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 54 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 55 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 56 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 57 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 58 inhibit inhibit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 59 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 60 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 61 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 62 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 63 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 64 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 65 treated treat VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 66 briefly briefly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 67 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 68 room room NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 69 temperature temperature NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 70 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 71 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 72 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 73 cleave cleave VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 74 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 75 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 76 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 77 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 131 78 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 1 Upon upon IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 2 warming warm VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 3 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 4 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 5 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 6 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 7 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 8 neutral neutral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 9 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 11 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 13 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 14 fused fuse VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 15 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 17 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 18 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 19 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 20 transduced transduce VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 21 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 22 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 132 23 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 1 Thus thus RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 4 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 5 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 6 does do VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 7 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 8 require require VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 9 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 10 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 11 mediate mediate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 12 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 13 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 17 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 18 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 19 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 20 endosomal endosomal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 21 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 23 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 25 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 26 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 27 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 28 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 29 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 30 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 31 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 33 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 133 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 1 Although although IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 2 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 5 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 6 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 7 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 8 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 9 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 10 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 11 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 12 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 13 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 16 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 17 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 18 make make VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 19 them -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 20 lose lose VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 21 infectivity infectivity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 22 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 24 cleaved cleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 25 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 26 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 27 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 28 heterodimer heterodimer NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 29 dissociates dissociate VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 30 before before IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 31 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 32 binding binding NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 134 33 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 2 found find VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 3 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 6 released release VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 7 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 9 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 10 TMPRSS-2 TMPRSS-2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 11 contained contain VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 12 reduced reduced JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 13 amounts amount NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 15 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 16 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 17 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 18 had have VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 19 lost lose VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 20 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 21 ability ability NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 22 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 23 transduce transduce VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 24 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 25 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 135 26 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 2 postulate postulate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 3 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 6 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 7 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 8 contain contain VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 9 large large JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 10 amounts amount NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 12 cleaved cleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 13 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 14 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 16 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 17 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 18 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 19 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 21 terminal terminal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 22 tag tag NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 24 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 26 53 53 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 29 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 30 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 31 enter enter VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 32 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 33 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 34 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 35 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 36 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 37 because because IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 38 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 39 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 40 have have VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 41 dissociated dissociate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 42 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 43 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 44 cleaved cleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 45 spikes spike NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 46 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 47 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 136 48 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 1 Development development NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 3 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 4 specific specific JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 5 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 7 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 8 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 11 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 12 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 13 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 14 needed need VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 15 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 16 test test VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 17 this this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 18 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 137 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 2 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 3 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 4 expressed express VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 5 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 6 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 7 membranes membrane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 8 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 9 trigger trigger VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 10 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 11 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 12 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 13 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 14 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 15 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 17 membranebound membranebound NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 18 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 19 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 20 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 21 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 22 within within IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 24 infected infected JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 25 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 26 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 27 furin furin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 28 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 29 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 30 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 138 31 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 2 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 3 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 4 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 6 Calu-3 Calu-3 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 7 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 8 Caco-2 Caco-2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 9 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 10 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 11 induced induce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 12 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 13 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 15 35 35 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 139 17 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 2 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 3 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 4 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 5 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 6 only only RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 7 minimally minimally RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 8 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 9 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 10 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 14 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 16 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 17 did do VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 18 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 19 form form VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 20 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 21 when when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 22 producing produce VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 23 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 24 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 25 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 26 uncleaved uncleaved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 140 27 S. S. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 1 However however RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 3 when when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 4 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 5 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 6 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 7 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 8 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 9 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 10 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 11 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 12 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 13 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 14 co co JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 15 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 16 cultured cultured JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 17 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 18 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 19 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 20 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 21 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 22 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 23 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 24 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 25 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 26 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 27 express express VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 28 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 30 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 31 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 32 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 34 enormous enormous JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 35 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 36 formed form VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 141 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 1 These these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 2 observations observation NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 4 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 5 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 6 tissues tissue NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 7 such such JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 8 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 9 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 10 lung lung NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 12 where where WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 13 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 15 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 16 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 17 -4 -4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 19 HAT hat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 20 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 21 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 22 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 23 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 24 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 25 available available JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 27 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 28 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 29 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 30 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 31 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 32 might may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 33 spread spread VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 34 directly directly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 35 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 36 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 37 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 38 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 39 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 40 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 41 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 42 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 43 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 44 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 45 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 46 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 47 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 48 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 49 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 50 potentially potentially RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 51 escaping escape VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 52 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 53 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 54 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 55 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 56 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 57 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 58 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 59 do do VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 60 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 61 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 62 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 63 forming form VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 64 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 65 such such JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 66 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 67 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 68 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 69 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 70 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 71 parainfluenza parainfluenza NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 72 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 73 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 74 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 75 measles measle NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 142 76 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 2 will will MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 3 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 4 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 5 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 6 learn learn VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 7 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 8 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 9 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 10 formed form VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 11 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 12 lungs lung NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 13 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 14 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 15 tissues tissue NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 18 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 19 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 20 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 21 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 22 animal animal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 23 models model NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 24 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 143 25 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 144 1 -CoV. -cov. ADD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 1 Some some DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 2 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 3 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 4 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 5 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 6 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 7 trigger trigger VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 8 receptorindependent receptorindependent NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 9 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 10 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 12 61 61 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 14 62 62 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 145 16 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 1 When when WRB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 2 S s NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 3 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 4 expressed express VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 5 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 7 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 8 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 9 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 10 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 12 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 13 S1 s1 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 14 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 15 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 16 detach detach VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 17 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 18 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 19 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 21 exposing expose VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 22 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 23 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 24 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 25 peptide peptide NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 27 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 28 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 29 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 30 anchored anchor VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 31 S2 s2 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 32 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 33 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 34 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 35 directly directly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 36 induce induce VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 37 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 38 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 39 any any DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 40 nearby nearby JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 41 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 42 membranes membrane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 43 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 44 lipid lipid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 45 bilayers bilayer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 46 even even RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 47 if if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 48 they -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 49 lack lack VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 50 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 146 51 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 1 This this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 2 " " `` cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 3 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 5 independent independent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 6 spread spread NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 8 RIS RIS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 10 " " `` cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 11 allows allow VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 12 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 13 infected infected JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 14 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 15 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 16 fuse fuse VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 17 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 18 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 19 noninfected noninfected JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 21 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 23 negative negative JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 24 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 25 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 26 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 28 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 29 turn turn NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 30 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 31 produce produce VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 32 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 33 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 34 fuse fuse VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 35 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 36 additional additional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 37 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 38 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 39 negative negative JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 40 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 147 41 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 1 RIS RIS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 2 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 3 depends depend VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 4 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 6 stability stability NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 8 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 9 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 10 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 11 interactions interaction NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 13 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 14 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 15 stability stability NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 17 S1 s1 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 18 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 19 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 20 heterodimers heterodimer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 21 correlates correlate VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 22 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 23 rapid rapid JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 24 spread spread NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 26 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 27 through through IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 28 tissues tissue NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 29 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 30 express express VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 31 little little JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 32 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 33 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 35 63 63 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 37 64 64 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 38 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 148 39 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 2 found find VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 3 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 4 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 5 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 6 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 7 TMPRSS-2 tmprss-2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 8 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 9 -4 -4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 10 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 11 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 12 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 13 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 14 forming form VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 15 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 18 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 19 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 20 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 21 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 22 expressed express VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 23 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 24 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 25 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 26 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 27 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 28 these these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 29 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 30 do do VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 31 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 32 Class class NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 33 1 1 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 34 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 35 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 36 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 37 other other JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 38 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 39 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 40 including include VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 41 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 42 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 44 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 45 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 46 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 47 human human NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 48 metapneumovirus metapneumovirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 50 19 19 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 51 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 52 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 53 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 54 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 55 42 42 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 149 56 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 2 43 43 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 5 44 44 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 7 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 8 45 45 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 150 10 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 2 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 3 surprised surprised JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 4 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 5 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 6 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 7 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 9 which which WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 10 express express VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 11 very very RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 12 little little JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 14 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 16 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 18 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 19 so so RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 20 extensively extensively RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 21 fused fuse VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 24 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 25 hypothesize hypothesize VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 26 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 27 this this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 28 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 29 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 30 may may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 31 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 32 due due JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 33 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 34 RIS RIS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 151 35 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 1 Due due IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 2 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 4 high high JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 5 case case NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 6 fatality fatality NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 7 rate rate NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 9 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 10 interventions intervention NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 11 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 15 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 16 urgently urgently RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 17 needed need VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 152 18 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 1 Pooled pool VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 2 purified purify VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 3 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 4 immunoglobulin immunoglobulin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 5 containing contain VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 6 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 7 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 8 has have VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 9 been be VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 10 used use VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 11 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 12 treat treat VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 13 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 14 variety variety NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 15 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 16 infectious infectious JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 17 diseases disease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 153 18 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 1 Not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 2 surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 4 since since IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 6 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 8 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 9 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 10 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 11 pathogen pathogen NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 14 found find VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 15 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 16 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 17 immunoglobulin immunoglobulin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 18 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 19 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 20 USA USA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 21 could could MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 22 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 23 neutralize neutralize VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 24 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 25 infectivity infectivity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 27 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 28 pseudovirions pseudovirions NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 30 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 31 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 32 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 154 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 1 However however RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 3 sera sera NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 4 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 5 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 6 infected infect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 7 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 8 either either DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 12 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 14 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 16 contain contain VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 17 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 18 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 19 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 20 neutralize neutralize VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 21 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 25 33 33 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 27 53 53 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 155 29 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 1 Most Most JJS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 2 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 3 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 4 would would MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 5 likely likely RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 6 target target VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 7 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 8 receptorbinding receptorbinde VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 9 S1 S1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 10 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 11 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 17 which which WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 18 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 19 less less RBR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 20 conserved conserved JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 21 than than IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 22 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 23 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 24 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 25 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 26 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 27 mutate mutate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 29 likely likely RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 30 generating generate VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 31 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 32 escape escape NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 33 mutants mutant NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 35 65 65 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 156 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 1 Here here RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 3 showed show VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 4 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 5 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 6 polyclonal polyclonal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 7 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 8 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 9 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 10 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 11 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 13 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 15 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 16 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 17 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 18 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 20 cross cross NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 21 reacts react VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 22 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 24 S2 S2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 25 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 27 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 28 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 29 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 30 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 31 immunoblots immunoblot NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 157 32 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 1 As as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 3 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 4 others other NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 5 have have VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 6 proposed propose VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 7 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 9 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 10 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 12 66 66 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 14 67 67 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 17 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 18 more more RBR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 19 highly highly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 20 conserved conserve VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 21 S2 s2 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 22 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 25 especially especially RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 27 C C NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 28 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 29 terminal terminal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 30 heptad heptad NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 31 repeat repeat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 33 HRC HRC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 35 region region NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 37 can can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 38 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 39 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 40 targets target NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 41 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 42 blocking block VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 43 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 44 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 45 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 46 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 47 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 48 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 49 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 50 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 51 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 52 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 53 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 54 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 55 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 56 also also RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 57 eliciting elicit VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 58 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 59 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 158 60 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 1 If if IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 2 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 3 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 5 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 6 made make VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 9 lung lung NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 10 have have VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 11 uncleaved uncleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 12 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 13 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 14 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 15 must must MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 16 therefore therefore RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 17 enter enter VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 18 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 19 through through IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 20 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 22 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 23 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 24 HRC HRC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 25 peptides peptide NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 27 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 28 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 29 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 30 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 31 HRC HRC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 32 might may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 33 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 34 penetrate penetrate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 35 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 36 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 37 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 38 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 39 prevent prevent VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 40 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 41 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 159 42 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 1 However however RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 6 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 9 lung lung NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 10 likely likely RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 11 have have VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 12 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 13 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 14 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 15 due due IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 16 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 17 lung lung NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 18 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 20 so so IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 21 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 22 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 23 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 24 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 25 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 26 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 27 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 28 might may MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 29 be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 30 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 31 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 32 HRC HRC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 33 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 34 targeted target VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 35 peptides peptide NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 36 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 37 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 160 38 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 2 summary summary NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 6 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 8 similar similar JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 9 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 11 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 14 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 15 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 16 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 17 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 19 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 20 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 21 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 22 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 23 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 25 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 26 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 27 -4 -4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 28 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 161 29 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 1 L L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 2 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 3 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 4 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 5 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 7 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 8 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 9 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 11 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 13 leading lead VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 14 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 15 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 16 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 17 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 18 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 19 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 20 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 21 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 22 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 24 location location NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 26 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 27 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 28 determines determine VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 29 whether whether IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 30 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 31 enters enter VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 32 via via IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 33 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 34 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 35 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 36 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 37 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 38 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 39 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 40 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 162 41 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 1 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 2 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 4 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 6 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 7 binding binding NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 8 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 9 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 10 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 11 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 12 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 13 triggering triggering NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 15 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 16 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 17 required require VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 18 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 23 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 24 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 25 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 26 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 27 syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 28 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 29 present present JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 30 potential potential JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 31 targets target NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 32 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 33 development development NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 34 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 35 drugs drug NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 36 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 37 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 38 against against IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 39 this this DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 40 newly newly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 41 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 42 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 43 lethal lethal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 44 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 45 c c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 46 human human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 47 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 163 48 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 1 Codon Codon NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 2 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 3 optimized optimize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 4 cDNA cdna NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 5 encoding encode VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 7 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 8 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 10 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 11 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 14 15 15 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 16 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 17 synthesized synthesize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 18 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 19 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 20 c c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 21 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 22 terminal terminal NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 23 16 16 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 24 amino amino JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 25 acids acid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 26 replaced replace VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 27 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 28 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 29 GGGGS GGGGS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 30 linker linker NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 31 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 32 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 33 FLAG flag NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 34 tag tag NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 36 GenScript GenScript NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 37 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 38 Piscataway Piscataway NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 39 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 40 NJ NJ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 42 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 43 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 44 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 45 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 46 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 47 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 48 cloned clone VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 49 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 50 pcDNA3.1(+ pcDNA3.1(+ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 164 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 2 Invitrogen Invitrogen NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 4 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 6 BamHI BamHI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 7 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 8 NotI NotI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 9 sites site NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 165 10 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 1 To to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 2 make make VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 3 constructs construct NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 4 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 5 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 7 truncated truncated JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 8 soluble soluble JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 10 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 11 aa1 aa1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 12 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 13 351 351 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 15 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 16 aa1 aa1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 17 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 18 384 384 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 20 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 21 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 22 aa1 aa1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 23 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 24 748 748 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 25 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 27 PCR PCR NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 28 reactions reaction NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 29 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 30 performed perform VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 31 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 32 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 33 same same JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 34 forward forward JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 35 primer primer NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 36 AATGAAAAGCTTCACCATGATTCACTCCGTGTTCCTC AATGAAAAGCTTCACCATGATTCACTCCGTGTTCCTC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 37 pairing pair VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 38 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 39 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 40 following following JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 41 reverse reverse NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 42 primers primer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 43 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 44 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 45 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 46 aa1 aa1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 47 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 48 351 351 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 49 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 50 TAGTTTTCTAGAACTTCCGCCTCCACCATAA TAGTTTTCTAGAACTTCCGCCTCCACCATAA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 51 CTACAGTGGAGCTGGCT CTACAGTGGAGCTGGCT NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 52 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 53 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 54 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 55 aa1 aa1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 56 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 57 384 384 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 58 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 59 TAGTTTTCTAGAACTTCCGCCTCCAC TAGTTTTCTAGAACTTCCGCCTCCAC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 60 CGTCGCACTCCACGCCTTCTGCC CGTCGCACTCCACGCCTTCTGCC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 61 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 62 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 63 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 64 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 65 aa1 aa1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 66 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 67 748 748 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 68 TAGTTTTCTAGAACTTC TAGTTTTCTAGAACTTC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 69 CGCCTCCACCTGGGGTCAGTGTGCTGGGGGT CGCCTCCACCTGGGGTCAGTGTGCTGGGGGT NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 70 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 71 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 72 cloned clone VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 73 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 74 p3xFLAG p3xFLAG NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 75 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 76 CMV CMV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 166 77 14 14 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 2 Sigma Sigma NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 4 St St NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 5 Louis Louis NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 6 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 7 MO MO NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 9 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 10 HindIII HindIII NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 11 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 12 XbaI XbaI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 13 sites site NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 14 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 15 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 167 16 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 2 VSV VSV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 3 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 4 g g NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 5 plasmid plasmid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 6 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 7 lentiviral lentiviral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 8 packaging packaging NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 9 plasmid plasmid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 11 psPAX2 psPAX2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 13 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 14 obtained obtain VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 15 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 16 Addgene Addgene NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 18 Cambridge Cambridge NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 19 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 20 MA MA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 168 22 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 2 lentiviral lentiviral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 3 reporter reporter NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 4 plasmid plasmid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 6 pLenti pLenti NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 8 GFP GFP NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 9 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 10 Luc Luc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 12 which which WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 13 expresses express VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 14 green green JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 15 fluorescent fluorescent NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 16 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 18 GFP GFP NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 20 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 21 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 23 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 24 kindly kindly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 25 provided provide VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 26 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 27 Fang Fang NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 28 Li Li NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 29 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 30 Duke Duke NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 31 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 32 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 33 68 68 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 35 _SP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 36 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 37 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 38 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 39 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 40 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 41 African african JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 42 green green JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 43 monkey monkey NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 44 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 45 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 46 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 47 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 48 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 49 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 50 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 51 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 52 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 53 embryonic embryonic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 54 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 55 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 56 transformed transform VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 57 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 58 SV40 SV40 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 59 large large JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 60 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 61 antigen antigen NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 62 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 63 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 64 Calu Calu NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 65 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 66 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 67 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 68 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 69 airway airway NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 70 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 71 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 72 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 73 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 74 A549 a549 JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 75 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 76 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 77 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 78 alveolar alveolar NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 79 epithelial epithelial JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 80 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 81 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 82 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 83 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 84 TB1Lu TB1Lu NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 85 lung lung NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 86 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 87 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 88 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 89 T. t. NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 90 brasiliensis brasiliensis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 91 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 92 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 93 obtained obtain VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 94 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 95 ATCC ATCC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 96 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 97 Manassas Manassas NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 98 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 99 VA VA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 100 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 169 101 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 1 Hela Hela NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 2 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 3 stably stably RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 4 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 5 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 6 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 7 CEACAM CEACAM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 8 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 10 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 11 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 12 Hela Hela NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 13 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 14 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 15 containing contain VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 17 empty empty JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 18 vector vector NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 19 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 20 kindly kindly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 21 provided provide VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 22 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 23 Scott Scott NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 24 Gray Gray NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 25 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 26 Owen Owen NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 28 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 29 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 30 Toronto Toronto NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 32 69 69 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 170 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 2 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 3 EFF eff NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 4 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 5 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 6 prepared prepare VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 7 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 8 macerating macerate VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 9 mid mid JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 10 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 11 gestation gestation JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 12 fetuses fetus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 13 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 14 Eptesicus Eptesicus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 15 fuscus fuscus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 16 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 18 briefly briefly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 19 trypsinizing trypsinize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 20 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 21 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 24 plating plate VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 25 them -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 26 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 27 expansion expansion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 171 28 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 1 Cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 2 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 3 passaged passage VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 4 twice twice RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 6 frozen frozen JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 8 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 9 kindly kindly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 10 provided provide VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 11 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 12 Richard Richard NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 13 Bowen Bowen NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 15 Colorado Colorado NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 16 State State NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 17 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 172 18 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 1 Isolation isolation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 3 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 4 EFF EFF NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 5 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 6 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 7 conducted conduct VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 8 under under IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 9 approval approval NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 10 03 03 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 11 - - SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 12 096A 096A NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 13 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 14 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 15 Colorado Colorado NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 16 State State NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 17 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 18 IACUC IACUC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 173 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 1 Murine Murine NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 2 NIH3T3 NIH3T3 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 3 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 4 stably stably RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 5 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 6 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 7 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 8 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 9 N N NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 11 hAPN hapn NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 13 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 14 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 15 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 16 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 17 empty empty JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 18 vector vector NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 19 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 20 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 21 described describe VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 23 70 70 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 174 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 1 These these DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 2 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 3 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 4 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 5 maintained maintain VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 6 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 7 Dulbecco Dulbecco NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 8 's 's POS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 9 MEM mem NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 10 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 11 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 12 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 13 fetal fetal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 14 bovine bovine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 15 serum serum NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 17 FBS FBS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 19 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 20 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 21 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 22 penicillin penicillin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 24 streptomycin streptomycin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 26 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 27 Fugizone Fugizone NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 29 PSF psf NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 175 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 2 Life Life NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 3 Technologies Technologies NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 4 Inc Inc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 6 Grand Grand NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 7 Island Island NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 9 NY NY NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 176 11 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 2 LLC LLC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 3 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 4 MK2 MK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 5 line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 7 rhesus rhesus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 8 monkey monkey NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 9 kidney kidney NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 11 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 12 ATCC ATCC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 13 CCL-7 CCL-7 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 14 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 15 maintained maintain VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 16 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 17 Opti Opti NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 18 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 177 19 MEM1 MEM1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 2 Life Life NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 3 Technologies Technologies NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 4 Inc Inc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 6 Grand Grand NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 7 Island Island NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 9 NY NY NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 11 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 12 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 13 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 14 FBS FBS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 16 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 17 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 18 PSF psf NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 178 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 1 Pseudotyped Pseudotyped NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 2 lentiviruses lentiviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 3 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 4 produced produce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 5 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 6 described describe VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 7 previously previously RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 9 71 71 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 11 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 12 minor minor JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 13 modifications modification NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 179 14 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 1 Briefly briefly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 3 plasmids plasmid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 4 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 5 encode encode VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 6 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 7 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 8 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 9 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 10 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 12 S∆16 S∆16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 15 S∆19 S∆19 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 17 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 18 VSV VSV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 19 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 20 g g NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 21 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 22 co co VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 23 - - VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 24 transfected transfecte VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 25 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 26 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 27 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 28 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 29 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 30 psPAX2 psPAX2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 31 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 32 pLenti pLenti NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 33 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 34 GFP GFP NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 35 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 36 Luc Luc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 37 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 38 polyetherimide polyetherimide NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 40 PEI PEI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 180 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 2 Polyscience Polyscience NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 3 Inc Inc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 5 Warrington Warrington NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 6 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 7 PA PA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 181 9 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 1 Forty forty CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 2 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 3 60 60 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 4 hr hr NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 5 later later RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 6 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 7 supernatant supernatant JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 8 media media NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 9 containing contain VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 10 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 11 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 12 centrifuged centrifuge VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 13 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 14 800 800 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 15 g g NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 16 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 17 5min 5min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 18 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 19 remove remove VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 20 debris debris NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 21 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 22 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 23 passed pass VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 24 through through IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 25 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 26 0.45 0.45 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 27 µm µm NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 28 filter filter NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 182 29 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 1 To to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 2 quantitate quantitate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 3 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 6 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 7 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 8 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 9 types type NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 11 250µl 250µl NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 13 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 14 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 15 8 8 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 16 µg µg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 17 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 18 ml ml NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 19 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 20 polybrene polybrene NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 22 Sigma Sigma NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 24 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 25 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 26 onto onto IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 27 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 28 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 29 24-well 24-well CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 30 plates plate NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 31 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 32 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 33 overnight overnight RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 34 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 35 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 36 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 37 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 38 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 39 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 40 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 41 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 42 fed feed VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 43 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 44 fresh fresh JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 45 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 183 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 1 At at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 2 40hr 40hr JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 3 post post NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 4 inoculation inoculation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 6 pi pi NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 9 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 10 lysed lyse VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 11 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 12 room room NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 13 temperature temperature NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 14 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 15 120µl 120µl NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 17 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 18 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 19 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 20 equal equal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 21 volume volume NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 22 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 23 Steady Steady NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 24 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 25 glo glo NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 27 Promega Promega NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 29 Madison Madison NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 30 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 31 WI WI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 184 33 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 1 Transduction transduction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 2 efficiency efficiency NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 3 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 4 monitored monitor VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 5 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 6 quantitation quantitation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 8 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 9 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 185 10 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 1 Living living NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 2 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 3 transduced transduce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 4 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 5 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 6 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 7 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 8 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 9 GFP GFP NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 10 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 186 11 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 1 For for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 2 all all DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 3 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 4 triplicate triplicate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 5 samples sample NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 6 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 7 analyzed analyze VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 9 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 10 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 11 representative representative JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 13 two two CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 14 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 15 more more JJR cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 16 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 19 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 20 standard standard JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 21 error error NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 22 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 23 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 187 24 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 1 Pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 2 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 3 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 5 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 6 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 9 SΔ19 SΔ19 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 11 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 12 VSVg vsvg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 13 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 14 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 15 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 16 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 17 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 18 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 19 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 20 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 21 centrifuged centrifuge VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 22 through through IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 23 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 24 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 25 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 26 sucrose sucrose NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 27 cushion cushion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 28 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 29 30,000 30,000 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 30 rpm rpm NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 31 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 32 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 33 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 34 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 35 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 36 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 37 h h NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 38 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 39 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 40 Beckman Beckman NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 41 SW41 SW41 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 42 rotor rotor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 44 71 71 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 188 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 1 Spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 2 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 3 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 5 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 6 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 7 separated separate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 8 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 9 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 10 - - SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 11 15 15 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 12 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 13 SDS SDS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 14 PAGE PAGE NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 16 blotted blot VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 17 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 18 nitrocellulose nitrocellulose NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 19 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 20 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 21 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 22 mouse mouse NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 23 anti anti JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 24 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 25 FLAG flag JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 26 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 27 M2 M2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 29 Sigma Sigma NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 30 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 31 St St NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 32 Louis Louis NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 34 MO MO NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 36 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 37 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 38 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 39 CoV cov NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 40 SΔ16 SΔ16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 41 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 42 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 43 polyclonal polyclonal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 44 goat goat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 45 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 46 AO4 AO4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 47 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 48 purified purify VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 49 spikes spike NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 50 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 51 detergent detergent NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 52 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 53 disrupted disrupt VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 54 MHV-59 MHV-59 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 55 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 56 [ [ -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 57 72 72 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 58 ] ] -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 59 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 60 followed follow VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 61 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 62 horseradish horseradish NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 63 peroxidase peroxidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 65 HRP)-conjugated hrp)-conjugate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 66 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 67 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 68 mouse mouse VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 69 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 70 goat goat NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 71 IgG IgG NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 72 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 73 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 74 visualized visualize VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 75 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 76 Chemiluminescent Chemiluminescent NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 77 Reagent Reagent NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 78 Plus Plus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 79 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 80 PerkinElmer PerkinElmer NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 81 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 82 Boston Boston NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 83 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 84 MA MA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 85 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 189 86 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 1 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 2 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 3 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 4 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 5 LLCMK2 llcmk2 JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 6 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 7 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 8 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 9 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 10 1hr 1hr CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 11 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 12 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 13 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 14 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 15 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 16 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 17 alone alone RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 18 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 19 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 20 containing contain VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 21 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 22 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 23 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 24 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 25 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 26 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 27 200nM 200nM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 28 bafilomycin bafilomycin VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 29 A A NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 30 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 31 inhibit inhibit VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 32 acidification acidification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 33 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 34 endosomes endosome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 35 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 36 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 37 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 38 spin spin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 39 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 40 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 41 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 42 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 43 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 44 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 45 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 46 controls control NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 47 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 48 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 49 presence presence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 50 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 51 either either DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 52 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 53 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 54 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 55 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 56 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 57 200nM 200nM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 58 bafilomycin bafilomycin NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 59 A A NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 60 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 61 90 90 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 62 min min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 63 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 64 1,200 1,200 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 65 g g NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 66 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 67 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 68 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 69 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 190 70 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 1 At at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 2 40 40 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 3 hr hr NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 4 pi pi NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 5 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 6 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 7 lysed lyse VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 8 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 9 luciferase luciferase JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 10 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 11 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 12 quantitated quantitate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 13 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 14 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 15 measure measure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 17 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 18 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 191 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 1 In in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 2 Figure Figure NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 3 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 4 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 6 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 7 activities activity NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 8 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 9 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 10 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 11 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 12 transduced transduce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 13 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 14 VSV- VSV- NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 15 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 16 SARS- SARS- NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 21 CoVSpseudovirions CoVSpseudovirions NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 22 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 23 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 24 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 25 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 26 1x10 1x10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 27 6 6 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 29 1.5 1.5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 30 - - SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 31 2x10 2x10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 32 6 6 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 35 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 36 - - SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 37 6x10 6x10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 38 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 39 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 40 respectively respectively RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 192 41 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 1 Monolayers monolayer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 3 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 4 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 5 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 6 LLCMK2 LLCMK2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 7 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 8 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 9 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 10 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 11 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 12 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 13 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 14 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 15 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 16 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 17 containing contain VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 18 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 19 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 20 FBS FBS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 21 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 22 1hr 1hr CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 23 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 24 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 25 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 26 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 28 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 29 shifted shift VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 30 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 31 15min 15min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 32 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 33 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 34 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 35 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 193 36 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 1 40mM 40mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 2 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 3 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 4 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 5 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 6 Pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 7 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 8 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 9 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 11 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 12 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 13 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 14 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 15 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 16 spin spin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 17 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 18 inoculation inoculation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 19 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 20 90 90 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 21 min min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 22 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 23 1,200 1,200 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 24 g g NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 194 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 2 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 3 inocula inocula NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 4 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 5 removed remove VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 6 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 7 replaced replace VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 8 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 9 prewarmed prewarmed JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 10 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 11 serum serum NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 12 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 13 free free JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 14 DMEM dmem NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 15 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 16 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 17 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 18 20mM 20mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 19 NH NH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 20 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 21 Cl Cl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 195 22 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 1 After after IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 2 15min 15min CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 3 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 4 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 5 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 6 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 8 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 9 media medium NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 10 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 11 replaced replace VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 12 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 13 serum serum NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 14 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 15 free free JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 16 DMEM dmem NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 17 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 18 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 19 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 20 15 15 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 21 µg µg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 22 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 23 ml ml NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 24 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 25 TPCK TPCK NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 26 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 27 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 28 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 29 room room NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 30 temperature temperature NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 31 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 32 activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 33 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 34 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 35 fusing fuse VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 36 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 37 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 38 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 39 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 40 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 41 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 42 virions virion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 43 adsorbed adsorb VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 44 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 45 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 46 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 47 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 196 48 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 1 Trypsin Trypsin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 2 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 3 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 4 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 5 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 6 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 7 incubation incubation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 8 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 9 15 15 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 10 min min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 11 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 12 ice ice NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 13 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 14 75µg 75µg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 15 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 16 ml ml NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 17 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 18 soybean soybean NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 19 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 20 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 22 Worthington Worthington NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 23 Biochemical Biochemical NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 24 Corporation Corporation NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 26 Lakewood Lakewood NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 28 NJ NJ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 30 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 31 DMEM DMEM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 32 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 33 10 10 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 34 % % NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 35 FBS FBS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 37 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 38 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 39 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 40 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 41 overnight overnight RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 42 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 43 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 44 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 45 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 46 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 47 fed feed VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 48 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 49 fresh fresh JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 50 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 51 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 52 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 53 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 54 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 55 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 56 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 57 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 197 58 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 1 At at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 2 40 40 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 3 hr hr NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 4 pi pi NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 5 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 6 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 7 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 8 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 9 quantitated quantitate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 10 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 11 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 12 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 13 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 14 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 15 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 16 photographed photograph VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 17 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 18 detect detect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 19 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 20 cytopathic cytopathic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 21 effects effect NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 198 22 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 1 Monolayers monolayer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 3 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 4 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 5 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 6 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 7 LLCMK2 llcmk2 JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 9 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 10 preincubated preincubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 11 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 12 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 13 hrs hrs NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 14 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 15 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 16 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 17 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 18 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 19 either either DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 20 30µM 30µm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 21 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 199 22 E64D E64D NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 1 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 2 that that DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 3 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 4 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 5 B b NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 6 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 7 H H NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 9 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 10 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 11 calpain calpain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 12 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 13 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 14 10µM 10µm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 15 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 16 specific specific JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 17 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 18 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 19 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 20 III III NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 22 Millipore Millipore NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 23 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 24 Billerica Billerica NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 25 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 26 MA MA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 200 28 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 1 Pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 2 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 3 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 4 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 5 controls control VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 6 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 7 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 8 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 9 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 10 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 11 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 12 spin spin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 13 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 14 inoculated inoculate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 15 onto onto IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 16 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 17 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 18 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 19 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 20 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 21 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 23 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 24 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 25 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 26 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 27 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 28 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 29 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 30 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 31 hours hour NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 32 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 33 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 34 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 35 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 36 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 37 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 201 38 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 1 Cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 2 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 3 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 4 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 5 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 6 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 7 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 8 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 9 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 10 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 12 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 13 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 14 40 40 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 15 hr hr NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 16 pi pi NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 18 luciferase luciferase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 19 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 20 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 21 lysed lyse VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 22 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 23 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 24 determined determine VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 202 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 1 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 2 T t NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 3 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 4 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 5 6-well 6-well CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 6 plates plate NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 7 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 8 transfected transfecte VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 9 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 10 PEI PEI NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 11 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 12 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 13 µg µg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 15 either either DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 16 empty empty JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 17 vector vector NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 18 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 22 S∆16 S∆16 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 23 plasmid plasmid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 203 24 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 1 For for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 2 brief brief JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 3 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 4 pre pre NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 5 - - NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 6 treatment treatment JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 8 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 9 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 10 lifted lift VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 11 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 12 1mM 1mm CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 13 EDTA EDTA NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 14 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 15 PBS PBS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 16 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 17 washed wash VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 18 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 19 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 20 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 21 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 22 ice ice NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 23 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 24 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 25 µg µg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 26 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 27 ml ml NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 28 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 29 TPCK TPCK NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 30 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 31 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 32 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 33 medium medium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 34 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 35 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 36 min min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 204 37 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 1 Typsin typsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 2 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 3 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 4 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 5 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 6 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 7 incubation incubation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 8 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 9 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 10 five five CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 11 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 12 fold fold JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 13 excess excess NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 15 soybean soybean NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 16 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 17 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 18 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 19 15min 15min NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 205 20 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 2 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 3 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 4 pretreated pretreate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 5 293 293 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 6 T T NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 7 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 8 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 9 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 10 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 11 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 12 then then RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 13 layered layer VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 14 over over IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 15 monolayers monolayer NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 17 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 18 E6 E6 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 19 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 20 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 21 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 22 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 23 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 24 hr hr NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 206 25 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 1 Syncytia syncytia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 2 formation formation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 3 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 4 detected detect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 5 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 6 phase phase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 7 contrast contrast NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 8 microscopy microscopy NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 9 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 10 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 11 imaging image VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 12 fixed fix VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 13 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 14 stained stain VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 15 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 16 crystal crystal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 17 violet violet NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 207 18 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 208 1 Figure figure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 208 2 S1 s1 NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 208 3 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 1 Detection detection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 2 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 3 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 5 cleaved cleave VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 6 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 9 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 10 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 11 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 12 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 13 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 14 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 15 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 16 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 17 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 18 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 209 19 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 1 Pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 2 containing contain VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 3 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 4 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 7 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 8 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 9 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 10 no no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 11 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 13 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 15 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 16 incubated incubate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 17 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 18 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 19 µg µg NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 20 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 21 ml ml NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 22 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 23 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 24 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 25 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 26 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 27 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 28 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 29 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 30 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 31 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 32 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 33 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 34 20 20 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 35 min min NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 210 36 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 1 After after IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 2 digestion digestion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 3 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 4 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 5 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 6 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 7 were be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 8 analyzed analyze VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 9 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 10 immunoblot immunoblot NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 11 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 12 AO4 AO4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 13 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 14 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 15 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 16 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 17 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 18 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 19 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 20 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 21 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 22 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 23 A59 A59 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 24 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 25 cross cross NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 26 - - VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 27 reacts react VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 28 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 29 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 30 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 31 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 32 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 33 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 211 34 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 1 Lanes lane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 2 1 1 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 3 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 4 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 5 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 6 No no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 7 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 8 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 9 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 10 Lanes lane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 11 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 12 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 13 6 6 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 14 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 16 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 17 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 18 Lanes lane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 19 1 1 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 20 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 21 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 22 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 23 No no DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 24 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 25 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 26 Lanes lane NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 27 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 29 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 30 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 31 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 32 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 33 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 34 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 35 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 36 ; ; : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 37 Lane Lane NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 38 3 3 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 39 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 40 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 41 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 42 trypsin trypsin VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 43 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 44 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 45 ° ° NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 46 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 212 47 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 2 band band NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 3 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 4 ~90kDa ~90kDa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 5 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 6 seen see VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 8 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 9 without without IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 10 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 12 indicating indicate VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 13 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 15 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 16 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 17 due due JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 18 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 19 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 22 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 23 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 213 24 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 1 Uncleaved Uncleaved NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 2 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 3 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 5 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 6 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 7 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 8 200kDa 200kda CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 9 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 10 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 11 pseudovirions pseudovirion NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 12 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 13 shown show VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 14 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 15 lane lane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 16 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 17 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 18 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 19 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 20 treatment treatment NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 21 cleaved cleave VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 22 all all DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 24 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 25 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 26 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 27 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 29 generated generate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 30 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 31 subunit subunit NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 33 ~65kDa ~65kDa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 34 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 35 was be VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 36 recognized recognize VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 37 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 38 AO4 AO4 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 39 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 41 Lanes Lanes NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 42 5 5 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 43 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 44 6 6 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 214 46 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 2 EPS EPS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 4 Identification identification NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 6 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 7 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 9 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 10 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 11 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 12 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 13 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 215 15 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 1 A a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 2 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 4 associated associate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 5 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 6 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 7 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 9 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 10 Recombination recombination NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 12 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 14 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 15 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 16 modular modular JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 17 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 18 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 19 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 20 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 21 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 22 cross cross JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 23 - - JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 24 species species JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 25 transmission transmission NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 26 Evidence evidence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 27 supporting support VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 28 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 29 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 30 origin origin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 32 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 33 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 34 strain strain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 35 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 36 Severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 37 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 38 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 39 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 40 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 41 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 42 like like JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 43 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 44 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 45 Chinese chinese JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 46 horseshoe horseshoe NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 216 47 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 1 Bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 2 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 3 natural natural JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 4 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 5 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 7 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 8 like like JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 217 9 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 1 Distant distant JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 2 relatives relative NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 4 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 5 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 10 close close JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 11 relatives relative NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 13 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 15 229E 229e CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 16 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 17 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 18 Complete complete VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 19 genomic genomic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 20 sequence sequence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 21 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 22 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 23 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 24 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 25 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 26 molecular molecular JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 27 clock clock NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 28 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 29 suggests suggest VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 30 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 31 relatively relatively RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 32 recent recent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 33 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 34 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 35 transmission transmission NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 218 36 event event NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 1 Middle Middle NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 2 East East NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 11 Isolation isolation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 13 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 14 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 16 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 17 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 18 man man NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 19 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 20 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 21 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 22 Saudi Saudi NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 23 Arabia Arabia NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 24 Comparative Comparative NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 25 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 27 twelve twelve CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 28 genomes genome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 29 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 30 three three CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 31 novel novel NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 32 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 33 2c 2c NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 34 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 35 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 36 2d 2d NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 37 coronaviruses coronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 38 reveals reveal VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 39 unique unique JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 40 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 41 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 42 subgroup subgroup NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 43 features feature VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 44 Genomic genomic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 45 characterization characterization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 46 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 47 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 48 newly newly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 49 discovered discover VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 50 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 51 associated associate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 52 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 53 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 54 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 55 distress distress NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 56 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 57 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 58 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 59 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 60 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 61 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 62 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 63 Mexico Mexico NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 64 Human Human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 65 Betacoronavirus Betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 66 2c 2c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 67 EMC/2012-related emc/2012-relate VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 68 Viruses Viruses NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 69 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 70 Bats Bats NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 71 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 72 Ghana Ghana NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 73 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 74 Europe Europe NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 75 Genomic Genomic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 76 characterization characterization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 77 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 78 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 79 newly newly RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 80 discovered discover VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 81 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 82 associated associate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 83 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 84 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 85 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 86 distress distress NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 87 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 88 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 219 89 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 2 new new JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 3 age age NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 5 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 6 discovery discovery NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 7 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 8 genomic genomic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 9 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 11 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 12 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 13 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 14 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 15 isolated isolate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 16 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 17 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 18 fatal fatal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 19 case case NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 20 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 21 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 22 Structures structure NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 24 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 25 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 26 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 27 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 28 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 29 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 220 30 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 1 multiple multiple JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 2 variations variation NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 3 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 4 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 5 common common JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 6 theme theme NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 7 Proteolytic Proteolytic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 8 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 10 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 11 E2 E2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 12 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 13 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 14 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 16 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 17 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 18 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 19 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 20 differences difference NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 21 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 22 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 23 cleavage cleavage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 24 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 25 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 26 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 27 Evidence evidence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 28 that that IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 29 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 30 activates activate VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 31 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 32 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 33 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 34 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 35 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 36 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 37 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 38 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 39 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 40 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 41 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 42 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 43 reduces reduce VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 44 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 45 control control NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 46 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 47 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 48 humoral humoral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 49 immune immune JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 50 response response NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 51 Efficient efficient JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 52 activation activation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 53 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 54 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 55 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 56 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 57 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 58 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 59 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 60 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 61 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 62 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 63 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 64 transmembrane transmembrane NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 65 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 66 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 67 Protease Protease NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 68 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 69 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 70 enhancement enhancement NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 71 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 72 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 73 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 74 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 75 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 76 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 77 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 78 Inhibitors Inhibitors NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 79 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 221 80 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 1 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 2 prevent prevent VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 3 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 4 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 5 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 6 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 8 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 9 Cloning clone VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 11 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 12 mouse mouse NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 13 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 14 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 16 MHV mhv NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 18 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 19 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 20 expression expression NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 21 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 22 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 24 hamster hamster NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 25 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 26 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 27 confers confer VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 28 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 222 29 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 1 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 2 Aminopeptidase Aminopeptidase NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 3 N N NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 4 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 5 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 6 major major JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 7 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 8 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 9 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 10 entero entero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 11 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 12 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 14 TGEV tgev ADD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 15 Feline feline JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 16 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 17 N n CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 18 serves serve VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 19 as as IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 20 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 21 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 22 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 23 feline feline JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 24 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 25 canine canine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 26 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 27 porcine porcine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 28 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 29 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 30 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 31 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 32 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 223 33 serogroup serogroup NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 224 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 224 2 Human Human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 224 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 1 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 2 employs employ VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 3 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 4 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 5 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 6 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 7 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 9 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 10 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 225 12 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 1 Angiotensinconverting angiotensinconverting NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 2 enzyme enzyme NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 3 2 2 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 4 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 5 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 6 functional functional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 7 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 8 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 9 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 11 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 12 Dipeptidyl Dipeptidyl NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 13 peptidase peptidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 14 4 4 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 15 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 16 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 17 functional functional JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 18 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 19 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 20 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 21 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 22 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 23 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 24 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 25 EMC EMC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 26 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 27 structure structure NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 28 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 29 bovine bovine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 30 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 31 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 32 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 33 lectin lectin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 34 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 35 Retroviral retroviral NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 36 vectors vector NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 37 pseudotyped pseudotyped NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 38 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 39 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 40 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 41 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 42 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 43 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 44 S S NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 45 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 46 Aromatic aromatic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 47 amino amino NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 48 acids acid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 49 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 50 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 51 juxtamembrane juxtamembrane NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 52 domain domain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 53 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 54 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 55 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 56 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 57 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 58 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 59 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 60 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 61 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 62 important important JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 63 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 64 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 65 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 66 dependent dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 67 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 68 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 69 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 70 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 71 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 72 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 226 73 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 1 Intracellular Intracellular NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 2 targeting target VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 3 signals signal NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 4 contribute contribute VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 5 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 6 localization localization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 9 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 10 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 11 near near IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 12 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 13 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 14 assembly assembly NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 227 15 site site NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 2 Spike Spike NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 3 Protein Protein NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 6 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 7 Betacoronavirus Betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 8 EMC EMC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 9 Uses use VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 10 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 11 Novel Novel NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 12 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 13 Receptor Receptor NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 14 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 15 Entry Entry NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 16 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 17 Can Can MD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 18 Be be VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 19 Activated activate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 20 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 21 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 24 Is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 25 Targeted target VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 26 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 27 Neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 28 Antibodies Antibodies NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 29 Human Human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 30 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 228 31 EMC EMC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 1 Does do VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 2 Not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 3 Require require VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 6 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 7 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 8 Receptor Receptor NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 10 Maintains maintain VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 11 Broad Broad NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 12 Replicative Replicative NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 13 Capability Capability NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 14 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 15 Mammalian Mammalian NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 16 Cell Cell NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 17 Lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 18 Differential Differential NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 19 Cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 20 Line line NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 21 Susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 22 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 23 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 24 Emerging Emerging NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 25 Novel Novel NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 26 Human Human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 27 Betacoronavirus Betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 28 2c 2c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 29 EMC/2012 EMC/2012 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 229 30 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 1 Implications implication NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 2 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 3 Disease Disease NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 4 Pathogenesis Pathogenesis NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 5 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 6 Clinical Clinical NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 230 7 Manifestation manifestation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 1 LSECtin lsectin UH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 2 interacts interact VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 3 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 4 filovirus filovirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 5 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 6 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 7 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 8 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 9 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 13 CD209L CD209L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 15 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 16 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 17 SIGN SIGN NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 19 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 20 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 21 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 22 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 23 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 24 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 26 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 27 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 28 Characterization characterization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 29 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 30 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 31 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 32 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 33 syndromeassociated syndromeassociate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 34 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 36 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 37 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 231 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 1 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 2 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 3 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 4 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 5 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 6 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 7 Cathepsin Cathepsin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 8 L L NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 9 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 10 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 11 B B NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 12 mediate mediate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 13 reovirus reovirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 14 disassembly disassembly NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 15 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 16 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 17 fibroblast fibroblast NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 232 18 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 1 Endosomal Endosomal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 2 proteolysis proteolysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 3 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 5 Ebola Ebola NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 6 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 7 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 8 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 9 necessary necessary JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 10 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 11 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 15 but but CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 16 not not RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 17 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 233 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 1 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 2 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 3 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 4 cathepsin cathepsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 5 L l NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 6 to to TO cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 7 infect infect VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 8 ACE2-expressing ace2-expressing NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 9 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 10 Matriptase Matriptase NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 11 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 12 HAT hat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 13 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 14 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 234 15 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 235 1 Activate activate VB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 235 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 235 3 Hemagglutinin Hemagglutinin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 235 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 235 5 H9N2 H9N2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 236 1 Influenza Influenza NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 236 2 A a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 236 3 Viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 237 1 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 1 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 2 TMPRSS4 TMPRSS4 NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 3 facilitate facilitate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 4 trypsin trypsin NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 5 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 6 independent independent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 7 spread spread NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 8 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 9 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 10 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 11 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 12 Caco-2 Caco-2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 13 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 14 Proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 15 activation activation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 17 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 18 viruses virus NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 19 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 20 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 21 proteases protease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 22 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 23 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 24 HAT HAT NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 25 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 26 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 27 airway airway NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 28 epithelium epithelium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 29 Efficient efficient JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 30 multiplication multiplication NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 32 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 33 metapneumovirus metapneumovirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 34 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 35 Vero Vero NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 36 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 37 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 38 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 39 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 40 serine serine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 41 protease protease NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 42 TMPRSS2 TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 43 Tropism tropism NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 44 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 45 innate innate JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 46 immune immune JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 47 responses response NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 48 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 49 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 50 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 51 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 52 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 53 lineage lineage NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 54 C C NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 55 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 56 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 57 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 58 ex ex FW cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 59 vivo vivo NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 60 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 61 organ organ NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 62 cultures culture NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 63 Efficient efficient JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 64 replication replication NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 65 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 66 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 67 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 68 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 69 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 70 EMC EMC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 71 on on IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 72 primary primary JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 73 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 238 74 epithelium epithelium NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 1 highlights highlight VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 2 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 3 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 4 potential potential JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 5 Global global JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 6 trends trend NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 7 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 8 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 10 diseases disease NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 11 Detection detection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 12 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 13 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 14 1 1 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 15 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 16 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 17 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 18 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 19 North North NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 20 America America NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 21 Metagenomic Metagenomic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 22 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 24 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 25 viromes virome NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 26 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 27 three three CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 28 North north JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 29 American american JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 30 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 31 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 239 32 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 1 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 2 diversity diversity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 3 among among IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 4 different different JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 5 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 6 species specie NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 7 that that WDT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 8 share share VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 9 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 10 common common JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 11 habitat habitat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 12 Detection detection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 13 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 14 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 15 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 16 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 17 group group NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 18 1 1 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 19 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 20 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 21 South south JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 22 American american JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 23 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 24 Alphacoronaviruses Alphacoronaviruses NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 25 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 26 New New NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 27 World World NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 28 bats bat NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 29 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 30 prevalence prevalence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 31 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 32 persistence persistence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 33 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 34 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 35 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 36 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 37 potential potential NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 38 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 39 interaction interaction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 40 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 41 humans human NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 42 Crossreactive Crossreactive NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 43 antibodies antibody NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 44 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 45 convalescent convalescent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 46 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 47 patients patient NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 48 ' ' POS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 49 sera sera NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 50 against against IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 51 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 52 emerging emerge VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 53 novel novel JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 54 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 55 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 56 EMC EMC NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 58 2012 2012 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 60 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 61 both both DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 62 immunofluorescent immunofluorescent NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 63 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 64 neutralizing neutralize VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 65 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 66 tests test NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 67 Membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 68 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 69 activity activity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 70 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 71 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 72 influenza influenza NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 73 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 74 hemagglutinin hemagglutinin NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 240 75 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 2 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 3 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 4 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 5 induced induce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 6 conformational conformational JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 7 change change NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 8 Induction Induction NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 9 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 10 CD4-dependent cd4-dependent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 11 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 12 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 13 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 14 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 15 HTLV HTLV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 16 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 17 III III NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 18 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 19 LAV LAV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 20 envelope envelope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 21 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 22 Retroviral Retroviral NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 23 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 24 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 25 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 26 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 27 priming priming NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 28 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 29 low low JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 30 pH ph NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 31 triggering trigger VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 32 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 33 an an DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 34 envelope envelope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 35 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 36 Mechanisms Mechanisms NNPS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 37 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 38 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 39 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 40 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 41 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 42 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 43 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 44 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 45 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 46 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 47 Ready Ready NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 48 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 49 set set VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 50 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 51 fuse fuse NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 241 52 ! ! . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 2 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 3 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 4 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 5 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 6 acquisition acquisition NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 8 fusion fusion NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 242 9 competence competence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 1 Conformational Conformational NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 2 changes change NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 3 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 5 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 6 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 7 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 8 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 10 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 11 induced induce VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 12 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 13 37 37 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 14 degrees degree NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 15 C c NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 16 either either CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 17 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 18 soluble soluble JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 19 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 20 CEACAM1 CEACAM1 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 21 receptors receptor NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 22 or or CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 23 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 24 pH pH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 25 8 8 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 26 Proteasemediated Proteasemediated NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 27 entry entry NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 28 via via IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 29 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 30 endosome endosome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 32 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 33 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 34 229E 229e CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 35 Cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 36 receptorindependent receptorindependent NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 37 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 38 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 39 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 40 neurotropic neurotropic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 41 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 42 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 43 Entry Entry NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 44 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 45 mouse mouse NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 46 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 47 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 48 into into IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 49 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 50 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 51 endosomal endosomal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 52 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 53 nonendosomal nonendosomal NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 243 54 pathways pathway NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 1 The the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 2 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 3 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 4 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 5 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 7 MHV MHV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 9 JHM JHM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 10 mediates mediate VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 11 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 12 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 13 independent independent JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 14 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 15 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 16 spread spread VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 17 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 18 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 19 central central JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 20 nervous nervous JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 21 systems system NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 22 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 244 23 Ceacam1a-/-Mice ceacam1a-/-mice NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 1 Enhanced enhanced JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 2 virulence virulence NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 3 mediated mediate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 4 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 5 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 6 murine murine JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 8 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 9 mouse mouse NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 10 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 11 virus virus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 12 strain strain NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 13 JHM JHM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 14 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 15 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 16 associated associate VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 17 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 18 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 19 glycine glycine NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 20 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 21 residue residue NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 22 310 310 CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 23 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 24 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 25 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 26 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 27 Escape Escape NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 28 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 29 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 30 monoclonal monoclonal JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 31 antibody antibody NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 32 neutralization neutralization NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 33 affects affect VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 34 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 35 vitro vitro FW cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 36 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 37 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 38 vivo vivo NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 39 fitness fitness NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 40 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 41 severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 42 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 43 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 44 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 45 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 46 Severe severe JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 47 acute acute JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 48 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 49 syndrome syndrome NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 50 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 52 SARS SARS NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 53 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 54 CoV CoV NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 245 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 1 infection infection NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 2 inhibition inhibition NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 3 using use VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 4 spike spike NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 5 protein protein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 6 heptad heptad NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 7 repeat repeat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 8 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 9 derived derive VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 10 peptides peptide NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 11 Requirements requirement NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 12 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 13 prediction prediction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 14 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 15 peptide peptide JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 16 retention retention NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 17 time time NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 18 in in IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 19 reversed reverse VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 20 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 21 phase phase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 22 high high JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 23 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 24 performance performance NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 25 liquid liquid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 26 chromatography chromatography NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 27 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 28 hydrophilicity hydrophilicity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 29 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 30 hydrophobicity hydrophobicity NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 31 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 32 side side NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 33 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 34 chains chain NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 35 at at IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 36 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 37 N N NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 38 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 39 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 40 C C NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 41 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 42 termini termini NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 43 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 44 peptides peptide NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 45 are be VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 46 dramatically dramatically RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 47 affected affect VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 48 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 49 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 50 end end NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 51 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 52 groups group NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 246 53 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 1 location location NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 2 Apoptotic Apoptotic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 3 caspases caspase NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 4 regulate regulate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 5 induction induction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 6 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 7 iPSCs ipscs CD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 8 from from IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 9 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 247 10 fibroblasts fibroblast NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 1 CD66 CD66 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 2 carcinoembryonic carcinoembryonic NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 3 antigens antigen NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 4 mediate mediate VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 5 interactions interaction NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 6 between between IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 7 Opaexpressing Opaexpressing NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 8 Neisseria Neisseria NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 9 gonorrhoeae gonorrhoeae NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 10 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 11 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 12 polymorphonuclear polymorphonuclear NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 13 phagocytes phagocyte NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 14 Human Human NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 15 myeloid myeloid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 16 plasma plasma NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 17 membrane membrane NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 18 glycoprotein glycoprotein NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 19 CD13 CD13 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 21 gp150 gp150 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 23 is be VBZ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 24 identical identical JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 25 to to IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 26 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 27 N N NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 28 Complementation Complementation NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 29 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 30 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 31 binding binding JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 32 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 33 defective defective JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 34 retrovirus retrovirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 35 by by IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 36 a a DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 37 host host NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 38 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 39 receptor receptor NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 40 mutant mutant JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 41 Isolation isolation NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 42 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 43 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 44 envelope envelope NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 45 glycoproteins glycoprotein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 46 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 47 interaction interaction NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 48 with with IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 49 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 50 viral viral JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 248 51 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 2 thank thank VBP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 3 Scott Scott NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 4 D. D. NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 5 Gray Gray NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 6 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 7 Owen Owen NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 9 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 10 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 11 Toronto Toronto NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 13 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 14 providing provide VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 15 HeLa HeLa NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 16 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 17 stably stably RB cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 18 expressing express VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 19 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 20 CEACAM CEACAM NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 21 proteins protein NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 22 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 23 Linda Linda NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 24 Shapiro Shapiro NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 26 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 27 of of IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 28 Connecticut Connecticut NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 30 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 31 mouse mouse NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 32 cells cell NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 33 producing produce VBG cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 34 human human JJ cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 35 APN APN NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 36 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 37 Richard Richard NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 38 Bowen Bowen NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 40 Colorado Colorado NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 41 State State NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 42 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 44 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 45 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 46 bat bat NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 47 cell cell NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 48 lines line NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 49 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 50 Stefan Stefan NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 51 Poehlmann Poehlmann NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 53 Hannover Hannover NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 54 Medical Medical NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 55 School School NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 56 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 57 German German NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 58 Primate Primate NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 59 Center Center NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 61 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 62 pCA7-TMPRSS2 pCA7-TMPRSS2 NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 63 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 64 pCMV pcmv NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 65 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 66 TMPRSS4 TMPRSS4 NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 67 plasmids plasmid NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 68 , , , cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 69 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 70 Fang Fang NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 71 Li Li NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 72 ( ( -LRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 73 Duke Duke NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 74 University University NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 75 ) ) -RRB- cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 76 for for IN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 77 pLenti pLenti NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 78 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 79 GFP GFP NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 80 - - HYPH cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 81 Luc Luc NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 249 82 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 1 Conceived conceive VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 2 and and CC cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 3 designed design VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 4 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 5 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 6 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 7 ZQ ZQ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 8 SRD SRD NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 9 KVH KVH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 250 10 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 251 1 Performed perform VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 251 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 251 3 experiments experiment NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 251 4 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 251 5 ZQ ZQ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 251 6 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 1 Analyzed analyze VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 3 data datum NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 4 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 5 ZQ ZQ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 6 SRD SRD NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 7 KVH KVH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 252 8 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 1 Contributed contribute VBN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 2 reagents reagent NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 3 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 4 materials material NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 5 / / SYM cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 6 analysis analysis NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 7 tools tool NNS cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 8 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 9 ZQ ZQ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 10 SRD SRD NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 11 KVH KVH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 253 12 . . . cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 1 Wrote write VBD cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 2 the the DT cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 3 manuscript manuscript NN cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 4 : : : cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 5 ZQ ZQ NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 6 SRD SRD NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 7 KVH KVH NNP cord-295559-yc8q62z8 254 8 . . .