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id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
pos: NN
token:
  https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d

lemma:
  https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d


# ent

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  Trends Endocrino AMPK Mechanisms of Cellular Energy Sensing and Restoration of Metabolic Balance Exploiting


id: cord-013176-6ckuya1w
type: ORG
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  Gilg Using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry


id: cord-013176-6ckuya1w
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  Nanocarriers An Opportunity to Increase Oral Bioavailability and Bioefficacy Nanomaterials Designed for Antiviral Drug Delivery Transport


id: cord-013176-6ckuya1w
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Paolino Antonelli Antonella Magnani Mauro Scarpa Emanuele Salvatore title Antiviral Properties of Flavonoids


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
type: GGP
entity:
  peroxisome proliferator activated receptors see 12 13 14 for references and they can act as substrates for synthesis of eicosanoid and docosanoid lipid mediators Eicosanoids formed


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease 64 and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega 3 LCPUFAs


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease A systematic review Defining the optimal target population for trials of polyunsaturated fatty acid


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type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Vitamin D Supplementation Reduces Both Oxidative DNA Damage and Insulin Resistance in the Elderly with Metabolic Disorders


id: cord-271968-92p8dmha
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Therapeutic Nutritional and Cosmetic Properties of Donkey Milk Use of Donkey Milk in Cases of Cow s Milk Protein Allergies Role of proteins


id: cord-271968-92p8dmha
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cancers bladder breast colon endometrial lung ovarian pancreatic prostate rectal testicular and vaginal cancer Hodgkin s lymphoma


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
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  vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF fibroblast growth factors FGFs matrix metalloproteinases MMPs


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  the Treatment of COVID 19 Infection Food Drug Administration GRAS Notice Inventory Scientific Opinion on the Re Evaluation of Curcumin


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
type: ORG
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  Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Women with Gestational Diabetes STRONG Study Impact of Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes GDM


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
type: EVENT
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  Overweight Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
type: EVENT
entity:
  Spinal Anesthesia Open Access Maced Dietary Curcumin Supplementation Attenuates Inflammation Hepatic Injury and Oxidative Damage


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Placental Tissue of Premature Birth of Infected Mice Asian Pac Correction to Bisphenol A Mediated Inhibition of Hippocampal Neurogenesis


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
type: ORG
entity:
  Cardiovascular Disease A Systemic Review on the Antioxidant and Anti Inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol Curcumin


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
type: ORG
entity:
  Dietary Nitric Oxide Supplementation on Human Cardiovascular Health Analysis of Causes of Maternal Death A Systematic Review Disruption of Placental Homeostasis Leads


id: cord-265332-a6qr8yoo
type: GGP
entity:
  lipoprotein p 0 002 The PUFA rich breakfast also showed a statistically significant reduction of lipoprotein a Lp


id: cord-265332-a6qr8yoo
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  Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program NCEP Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults


id: cord-260413-elyn2fdh
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Postbiotics for Preventing and Treating Common Infectious Diseases in Children A Systematic Review Preventive Effect of Cow s Milk Fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 on Common Infectious Diseases in Children


id: cord-260413-elyn2fdh
type: ORG
entity:
  Human Colonic Smooth Muscle Cells Fragmented Lactic Acid Bacterial Cells Activate Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors and Ameliorate Dyslipidemia


id: cord-287076-uxuff57y
type: ORG
entity:
  Behavioral Therapy Preferences in People with Migraine Guide to Measuring Household Food Security Definition of Food Insecurity Closures


id: cord-287076-uxuff57y
type: ORG
entity:
  Food Banks United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service Find Meals for Kids When Schools


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  Synopsis of a WHO report Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment Letter


id: cord-296836-aizquh16
type: ORG
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  Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults Potential for Limiting the Death Toll


id: cord-299731-sis9952k
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entity:
  The SARM1 Toll Interleukin 1 Receptor Domain Possesses Intrinsic NAD Cleavage Activity that Promotes Pathological Axonal Degeneration SIRT3 Regulation of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases Long Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age Associated Physiological Decline in Mice


id: cord-299731-sis9952k
type: ORG
entity:
  the Joint National Committee on Prevention Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and Evidence


id: cord-299731-sis9952k
type: ORG
entity:
  Nicotinamide Riboside Reduces Brain Inflammation and Improves Cognitive Function in Diabetic Mice Inflammation


id: cord-299731-sis9952k
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Safety Considerations with Niacin Therapy ACC AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults


id: cord-284064-w9qvsgh0
type: ORG
entity:
  the University of Illinois at Chicago Center for Clinical and Translational Science grant UL1TR002003 Notes


id: cord-284064-w9qvsgh0
type: FAC
entity:
  the New 2017 Child and Adult Care Food Program Standards for Infants and Children before Implementation Child Care Sites Participating


id: cord-284064-w9qvsgh0
type: ORG
entity:
  Young Children in Child Care An Assessment of Nutrition Practices and Attitudes in Family Child Care Homes Implications for Policy Implementation Participation


id: cord-274548-yeucn13x
type: DISEASE
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  diabetes of the total health expenditure 38 The variables listed above were classified as follows percentage of


id: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi
type: LAW
entity:
  Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Selenium Vitamin D status


id: cord-003520-f3jz59pt
type: DNA
entity:
  PermiT 17 Permissive Underfeeding vs Target Enteral Feeding in Adult Critically Ill Patients ISRCTN68144998


id: cord-325436-pp3q022y
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Lille COVID 19 and Obesity study group High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2


id: cord-325436-pp3q022y
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cucurbitaceae e g squash pumpkin zucchini Fabaceae legumes peas beans and Solanaceae eggplant tomato potato pepper


id: cord-298931-n1se3ajb
type: ORG
entity:
  Diseases Injuries and Risk Factors Clinical Study Laser Supported Reduction of Specific Microorganisms


id: cord-336256-d5292aga
type: FAC
entity:
  Human Cell Lines Role of Selenoprotein F in Protein Folding and Secretion Potential Involvement in Human Disease Selenoproteins and Viral Infection


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
type: ORG
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  CrossRef 2 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Household Food Security


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
type: ORG
entity:
  Station United States Census Bureau CP03 Comparative Economic Characteristics CP02 Comparative Social Characteristics


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Kindergarten cohort Development and Validity of a 2 Item Screen to Identify Families at Risk for Food Insecurity Implementation


id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
type: WORK_OF_ART
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  Prevent or Treat Common Colds A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection A


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type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti inflammatory biomarkers e g C reactive protein Interleukins 3 6 8 and 10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor


id: cord-346510-upyhirb7
type: ORG
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  Meta Analysis Cancer Support Source R Validation of a Revised Multi Dimensional Distress Screening Program for Cancer Patients and Survivors Supportive Care Cancer Discriminatory Power


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  Research The Rationale and Foundations of Group Psychotherapy for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer How Do Small Groups Promote


id: cord-346510-upyhirb7
type: ORG
entity:
  the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy General FACT G for Monitoring Symptoms and Concerns in Oncology Practice and Research An Ultra Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression


id: cord-346510-upyhirb7
type: ORG
entity:
  a Pan European Poject Health Policy Reform Governance and Law Interventions Designed to Increase Adult Fruit


id: cord-337849-tyabf12r
type: DISEASE
entity:
  impaired alloreactive T cell activation 1 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 inhibits dendritic cell differentiation


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: CL
entity:
  mangoes melons cantaloupe spinach Swiss chard tomatoes asparagus and Brussels sprouts Figure 1 18 In contrast grains e g rice millet


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: GGP
entity:
  vitamin C Dotted lines lower line indicates daily intake to prevent scurvy 10 mg d upper line indicates daily intake for optimal health 200 mg d Suboptimal diet


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: GGP
entity:
  vitamin C status 14 17 20 28 42 Institutionalized Institutionalized elderly and other institutionalized individuals e g priests prisoners boarding school children have lower vitamin C


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Global Burden of Disease Study World Health Organization Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases Report of a Joint WHO FAO Expert Consultation Epidemiological


# url

id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
domain: www.foxnews.com
url:
  http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d


# bib

id: cord-000549-qwhaesfk
title: Perspectives on Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Milk
author: Hurley, Walter L.
date: 2011-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-000549-qwhaesfk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000549-qwhaesfk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257684/
doi: 10.3390/nu3040442
summary:
  Nevertheless, bovine IgG from colostrum or milk can be effective as a means of providing passive immunity to protect animals and humans from disease. Other studies have found that treatment of children with hyperimmune bovine colostrum from cows immunized with human rotavirus serotypes reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea due to rotavirus [59] , and can provide significant protection from rotavirus infection [60] . In applications to humans, bovine whey preparations of colostrum from cows immunized with caries-inducing bacterial strains (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus), and containing over 60% immunoglobulin of which 80% was IgG1, has been used in several studies evaluating its effect on caries-producing bacteria. This means that maternal colostrum and milk will contain antibodies specific for pathogens that may be encountered by the neonate''s intestine and other mucosal tissues [10, 18, 148] , providing a rationale for the observations summarized above that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows also may afford passive immune protection against human pathogens [54, 55] .

abstract:
  Immunoglobulins form an important component of the immunological activity found in milk and colostrum. They are central to the immunological link that occurs when the mother transfers passive immunity to the offspring. The mechanism of transfer varies among mammalian species. Cattle provide a readily available immune rich colostrum and milk in large quantities, making those secretions important potential sources of immune products that may benefit humans. Immune milk is a term used to describe a range of products of the bovine mammary gland that have been tested against several human diseases. The use of colostrum or milk as a source of immunoglobulins, whether intended for the neonate of the species producing the secretion or for a different species, can be viewed in the context of the types of immunoglobulins in the secretion, the mechanisms by which the immunoglobulins are secreted, and the mechanisms by which the neonate or adult consuming the milk then gains immunological benefit. The stability of immunoglobulins as they undergo processing in the milk, or undergo digestion in the intestine, is an additional consideration for evaluating the value of milk immunoglobulins. This review summarizes the fundamental knowledge of immunoglobulins found in colostrum, milk, and immune milk.


id: cord-003520-f3jz59pt
author: Arabi, Yaseen M.
date: 2019-02-13
txt: ./txt/cord-003520-f3jz59pt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003520-f3jz59pt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6412238/
doi: 10.3390/nu11020384
summary:
  title: Free Fatty Acids'' Level and Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients and Association with Outcomes: A Prospective Sub-Study of PermiT Trial Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high free fatty acids (FFAs) level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and to study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness. Conclusion: We conclude that high FFAs level in critically ill patients is associated with features of metabolic syndrome and is not affected by short-term permissive underfeeding. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high FFAs level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and (2) study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness.

title:
  Free Fatty Acids’ Level and Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients and Association with Outcomes: A Prospective Sub-Study of PermiT Trial

abstract:
  Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical and nutritional correlates of high free fatty acids (FFAs) level in critically ill patients and the association with outcomes, and to study the effect of short-term caloric restriction (permissive underfeeding) on FFAs level during critical illness. Patients/Method: In this pre-planned sub-study of the PermiT (Permissive Underfeeding vs. Target Enteral Feeding in Adult Critically Ill Patients) trial, we included critically ill patients who were expected to stay for ≥14 days in the intensive care unit. We measured FFAs level on day 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 of enrollment. Of 70 enrolled patients, 23 (32.8%) patients had high FFAs level (baseline FFAs level >0.45 mmol/L in females and >0.6 mmol/L in males). Results: Patients with high FFAs level were significantly older and more likely to be females and diabetics and they had lower ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen, higher creatinine, and higher total cholesterol levels than those with normal FFAs level. During the study period, patients with high FFAs level had higher blood glucose and required more insulin. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the predictors of high baseline FFAs level were diabetes (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 5.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56, 18.43, p = 0.008) and baseline cholesterol level (aOR, 4.29; 95% CI: 11.64, 11.19, p = 0.003). Serial levels of FFAs did not differ with time between permissive underfeeding and standard feeding groups. FFAs level was not associated with 90-day mortality (aOR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.09, 2.60, p = 0.40). Conclusion: We conclude that high FFAs level in critically ill patients is associated with features of metabolic syndrome and is not affected by short-term permissive underfeeding.


id: cord-009326-dvhkk405
author: Lee, Jae Min
date: 2020-03-14
txt: ./txt/cord-009326-dvhkk405.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009326-dvhkk405.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146562/
doi: 10.3390/nu12030773
summary:
  title: Broussonetia papyrifera Root Bark Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects on Adipose Tissue and Improves Insulin Sensitivity Potentially Via AMPK Activation PRE inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in the NF-κB luciferase assay and pro-inflammatory genes'' expression by blocking phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which were mediated by activating AMPK. Ten-week-high fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6 male mice treated with PRE had improved glucose intolerance and decreased inflammation in adipose tissue, as indicated by reductions in NF-κB phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory genes'' expression. To investigate the effects of PRE on inflammation, we first tested NF-κB transcriptional activity of TPRE because NF-κB is an essential regulator of pro-inflammatory response ( Figure S1 ). Together, these results strongly suggest that PRE suppresses TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating AMPK. Together, these results strongly suggest that PRE suppresses TNF-α-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression by activating AMPK.

title:
  Broussonetia papyrifera Root Bark Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects on Adipose Tissue and Improves Insulin Sensitivity Potentially Via AMPK Activation

abstract:
  The chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue plays a causal role in obesity-induced insulin resistance and its associated pathophysiological consequences. In this study, we investigated the effects of extracts of Broussonetia papyrifera root bark (PRE) and its bioactive components on inflammation and insulin sensitivity. PRE inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in the NF-κB luciferase assay and pro-inflammatory genes’ expression by blocking phosphorylation of IκB and NF-κB in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which were mediated by activating AMPK. Ten-week-high fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6 male mice treated with PRE had improved glucose intolerance and decreased inflammation in adipose tissue, as indicated by reductions in NF-κB phosphorylation and pro-inflammatory genes’ expression. Furthermore, PRE activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reduced lipogenic genes’ expression in both adipose tissue and liver. Finally, we identified broussoflavonol B (BF) and kazinol J (KJ) as bioactive constituents to suppress pro-inflammatory responses via activating AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these results indicate the therapeutic potential of PRE, especially BF or KJ, in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.


id: cord-013176-6ckuya1w
title: Antiviral Properties of Flavonoids and Delivery Strategies
author: Ninfali, Paolino
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-013176-6ckuya1w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013176-6ckuya1w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551920/
doi: 10.3390/nu12092534
summary:
  Quercetin, extracted from Embelia ribes (Mirsinaceae), exhibited antiviral effects against HCV, exerted through activity inhibition of the viral protease Non-Structural protein 3 (NS3), leading to a decrease in HCV replication [36] . The natural extract of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Vitaceae) contains many flavonoids, including vitexin, vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin, rutin, kaempferol, astragalin, quercitrin, quercetin and iso-quercetin, which were shown to be able to exert anti-influenza virus activity, with different efficiency, through the reduction of the number of plaques induced by the influenza virus in infected Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells [21] . In future perspective, this approach could be considered in order to possibly improve the antiviral activity of some flavonoids, like baicalin, that was able, like fludarabine [65] , to act against HIV-1 chronic infection of human monocytes and macrophages, inhibiting the fusion of HIV virus envelope proteins with these cells [73] .

abstract:
  This review summarizes the latest advancements in phytochemicals as functional antiviral agents. We focused on flavonoids, like apigenin, vitexin, quercetin, rutin and naringenin, which have shown a wide range of biological effects including antiviral activities. The molecular mechanisms of their antiviral effects mainly consist in the inhibition of viral neuraminidase, proteases and DNA/RNA polymerases, as well as in the modification of various viral proteins. Mixtures of different flavonoids or combination of flavonoids with antiviral synthetic drugs provide an enhancement of their antiviral effects. Recent strategies in drug delivery significantly contribute to overcoming the low bioavailability of flavonoids. Frequent viral infections worldwide have led to the need for new effective antiviral agents, which can be identified among the various phytochemicals. In this light, screening the antiviral activities of a cocktail of flavonoids would be advantageous in order to prevent viral infections and improve current antiviral therapies.


id: cord-013477-dzm4xi21
title: Curcumin: Could This Compound Be Useful in Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Related Complications?
author: Filardi, Tiziana
date: 2020-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-013477-dzm4xi21.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013477-dzm4xi21.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7603145/
doi: 10.3390/nu12103179
summary:
  The reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitoxicant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-hypertensive, and antidiabetic properties of curcumin appear to be encouraging, not only for the management of pregnancy-related disorders, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia (PE), depression, preterm birth, and fetal growth disorders but also to contrast damage induced by natural and chemical toxic agents. Results showed that 100 mg/kg curcumin significantly reduced blood glucose and insulin levels, increased hepatic glycogen content, and improved oxidative stress by reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver of diabetic pregnant mice at gestational day 20. The authors evaluated the possible mechanisms responsible for these effects and found that curcumin-induced apoptosis was associated with the modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic molecules (i.e., increased Bax and reduced Bcl-2 expression), ROS generation, and caspase-3 activation [66] .

abstract:
  Curcumin, the main polyphenol contained in turmeric root (Curcuma longa), has played a significant role in medicine for centuries. The growing interest in plant-derived substances has led to increased consumption of them also in pregnancy. The pleiotropic and multi-targeting actions of curcumin have made it very attractive as a health-promoting compound. In spite of the beneficial effects observed in various chronic diseases in humans, limited and fragmentary information is currently available about curcumin’s effects on pregnancy and pregnancy-related complications. It is known that immune-metabolic alterations occurring during pregnancy have consequences on both maternal and fetal tissues, leading to short- and long-term complications. The reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitoxicant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antiapoptotic, antiangiogenic, anti-hypertensive, and antidiabetic properties of curcumin appear to be encouraging, not only for the management of pregnancy-related disorders, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), preeclampsia (PE), depression, preterm birth, and fetal growth disorders but also to contrast damage induced by natural and chemical toxic agents. The current review summarizes the latest data, mostly obtained from animal models and in vitro studies, on the impact of curcumin on the molecular mechanisms involved in pregnancy pathophysiology, with the aim to shed light on the possible beneficial and/or adverse effects of curcumin on pregnancy outcomes.


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
author: Troesch, Barbara
date: 2020-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-252584-pcp1i0vb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252584-pcp1i0vb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092555
doi: 10.3390/nu12092555
summary:
  However, this was a very small study and it has also been suggested that olive oil, which was used as a placebo, may have a protective effect for Alzheimer''s disease [64] and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs. Similarly, an intervention comparing 200 mg EPA plus 500 mg DHA daily for 24 months compared to olive oil did not find an effect on the California Verbal Learning Test in cognitively healthy older adults (mean age 75 years) [65] . Based on evidence from different systematic reviews [143, [154] [155] [156] [157] , the ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in cancer patients state "in patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy and at risk of weight loss or malnourished, we suggest to use supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or fish oil to stabilize or improve appetite, food intake, lean body mass and body weight" but the recommendation is graded as weak and the level of evidence as low [158] .

title:
  Expert Opinion on Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA) in Aging and Clinical Nutrition

abstract:
  Life expectancy is increasing and so is the prevalence of age-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consequently, older people and patients present with multi-morbidities and more complex needs, putting significant pressure on healthcare systems. Effective nutrition interventions could be an important tool to address patient needs, improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Inflammation plays a central role in NCDs, so targeting it is relevant to disease prevention and treatment. The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are known to reduce inflammation and promote its resolution, suggesting a beneficial role in various therapeutic areas. An expert group reviewed the data on omega-3 LCPUFAs in specific patient populations and medical conditions. Evidence for benefits in cognitive health, age- and disease-related decline in muscle mass, cancer treatment, surgical patients and critical illness was identified. Use of DHA and EPA in some conditions is already included in some relevant guidelines. However, it is important to note that data on the effects of omega-3 LCPUFAs are still inconsistent in many areas (e.g., cognitive decline) due to a range of factors that vary amongst the trials performed to date; these factors include dose, timing and duration; baseline omega-3 LCPUFA status; and intake of other nutrients. Well-designed intervention studies are required to optimize the effects of DHA and EPA in specific patient populations and to develop more personalized strategies for their use.


id: cord-255233-rvgj6pvk
title: A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients
author: Munday, Molly-Rose
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32731485/
doi: 10.3390/nu12082255
summary:
  Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. Vitamin C deficiency is more common in smokers, the elderly and people of lower socio-economic status, potentially putting those groups at increased risk of periodontal diseases [24, 25] . Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. This study reports that a significant proportion of patients attending the Periodontics Clinic at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health have vitamin C deficiency.

abstract:
  Background: Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss worldwide. Current periodontal treatment is limited by its dependency on patients learning and maintaining good dental habits, and repeated visits to oral health physicians. Vitamin C’s role in collagen synthesis and immune function makes it important in wound healing and possibly periodontal healing. Therefore, if some patients are deficient, this may worsen patient outcomes. Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Adults were eligible if they gave informed consent and had current periodontal disease. Study involvement consisted of periodontal assessment and care followed by an interview and measurement of serum vitamin C and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: A total of 6 out of 20 patients had vitamin C levels less than the institutional normal range, of whom 2 had levels <11.4 μmol/L and one <28 μmol/L. Low vitamin C was associated with higher periodontal disease stage (p = 0.03). Elevated CRP was found in 2/3 of people with low vitamin C and CRP was negatively correlated with vitamin C (p < 0.01). Vitamin C did not correlate with patient-reported fruit or vegetable consumption, but high processed meat intake was associated with lower vitamin C. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. This warrants further studies to assess vitamin C and whether supplementation improves periodontal outcomes, particularly in deficient subjects.


id: cord-260413-elyn2fdh
title: Postbiotics—A Step Beyond Pre- and Probiotics
author: Żółkiewicz, Jakub
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-260413-elyn2fdh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260413-elyn2fdh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082189
doi: 10.3390/nu12082189
summary:
  As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei supernatants have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils by reducing the secretion of the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) cytokine and increasing secretion of the According to the current literature, postbiotics are not considered as synbiotics. Furthermore, Lactobacillus strains with increased catalase activity were more effective in relieving inflammation in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease than strains of the same bacterium producing SOD (both strains decreased the body temperature comparing to the controls with p < 0.05) [34] .

abstract:
  As an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of several diseases (e.g., type 1 diabetes, cancer, among others), the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics to alter the gut microbiome has attracted recent interest. Postbiotics include any substance released by or produced through the metabolic activity of the microorganism, which exerts a beneficial effect on the host, directly or indirectly. As postbiotics do not contain live microorganisms, the risks associated with their intake are minimized. Here, we provided a critical review of postbiotics described in the literature, including their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, and potential therapeutic applications. We detailed the pleiotropic effects of postbiotics, including their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Although the use of postbiotics is an attractive strategy for altering the microbiome, further study into its efficacy and safety is warranted.


id: cord-264405-8v0o4krh
author: Gosliner, Wendi
date: 2020-06-23
txt: ./txt/cord-264405-8v0o4krh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264405-8v0o4krh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061867
doi: 10.3390/nu12061867
summary:
  The Nutrition Policy Institute in partnership with University of California Cooperative Extension Advisors in three California counties received a rapid-response Opportunity Grant from the University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, to conduct a cross-sectional qualitative study to capture the experiences of SNAP (called CalFresh in California) participants during the benefit disruption. The guide asked about participants'' usual food routines, the level of support SNAP provides, how they understood and experienced receiving February''s SNAP benefit in January, whether the disruption in benefits impacted their family''s health or stress levels, whether the experience changed the way they think about SNAP, and what they recommend decision makers could do to better help them (Table 2) . Participants described challenges related to financial impacts of the disruption, because most reported spending their SNAP benefits earlier in the month and running out of money to buy food in February in a way that was different from usual.

title:
  Participants’ Experiences of the 2018–2019 Government Shutdown and Subsequent Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Benefit Disruption Can Inform Future Policy

abstract:
  The federal government shutdown from 22 December 2018 to 25 January 2019 created an unprecedented disruption in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits. We conducted a cross-sectional qualitative study to begin to capture how the disruption affected food security and wellbeing among a small sample of California SNAP participants. We collected data from 26 low-income adults in four focus groups in four diverse California counties. We found that participants routinely struggle to secure an adequate and healthy diet in the context of high costs of living, the shutdown and benefit disruption added to participants’ stress and uncertainty and exacerbated food insecurity, and it diminished some participants’ faith in government. Participants reported that, while having additional benefits in January felt like a relief from typical end-of-month deprivation, the subsequent extended gap between benefit distributions and a lack of clarity about future benefits caused cascading effects as participants later had to divert money from other expenses to buy food and faced added uncertainty about future economic stability. Additionally, the shutdown highlighted challenges related to the availability, timing, and tone of communications between participants and SNAP agencies. Participants recommended that SNAP adjust benefit and eligibility levels to better address costs of living, improve customer service, and avoid future disruptions.


id: cord-265332-a6qr8yoo
author: Delgado-Alarcón, Jessica M.
date: 2020-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-265332-a6qr8yoo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265332-a6qr8yoo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061695
doi: 10.3390/nu12061695
summary:
  The objective of the present work was to evaluate if the modification of fat intake only at breakfast was enough to modify lipid/lipoprotein/apolipoprotein markers of women with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Focusing on the effect of the interventions on the different plasma lipid variables, it is important to comment that PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) breakfasts were associated with a significant decrease of chylomicrons, in spite of the fact that the plasma samples were collected in fasting conditions (12 h) , where its concentration was supposed to be low or nonexistent. Focusing on the effect of the interventions on the different plasma lipid variables, it is important to comment that PUFA and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) breakfasts were associated with a significant decrease of chylomicrons, in spite of the fact that the plasma samples were collected in fasting conditions (12 h) , where its concentration was supposed to be low or nonexistent.

title:
  Effect of the Fat Eaten at Breakfast on Lipid Metabolism: A Crossover Trial in Women with Cardiovascular Risk

abstract:
  Recent studies point out that not only the daily intake of energy and nutrients but the time of day when they are ingested notably regulates lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk (CVR). Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess if the type of fat ingested at breakfast can modify lipid metabolism in women with CVR. A randomized, crossover clinical trial was performed. Sixty volunteers were randomly assigned to a (A) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich breakfast, (B) saturated fatty acid (SFA)-rich breakfast, or (C) monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich breakfast. Plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein subfractions were determined. Our data showed that the PUFA-rich breakfast decreased lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), and increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL). A similar trend was observed for the MUFA-rich breakfast, whereas the SFA-rich breakfast, although it decreased VLDL, also increased IDL and reduced HDL. The PUFA-rich breakfast also decreased β-lipoproteins and apolipoprotein-B. In summary, varying the type of fat eaten at breakfast is enough to significantly modify the lipid metabolism of women with CVR, which can be of great relevance to establish new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these subjects.


id: cord-271968-92p8dmha
title: Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis
author: Polzonetti, Valeria
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32532150/
doi: 10.3390/nu12061743
summary:
  The higher protein content in bovine milk can also negatively affect the calcium balance; the final result is that the high consumption of dairy products, together with other dietary sources of phosphorus, can increase the risk of osteoporosis [32] . Even if donkey milk represents a niche product, its use is recommended for consumers at risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as children and/or elderly; in these patients, donkey milk could help prevent lack of vitamin D [58] . The results obtained in this clinical trial demonstrated that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D deficiency can reduce bone resorption, positively affecting Ca and protein metabolism, analyzing the decrease in PTH and increase in IGF-I, respectively [69] . Vitamin D fortification of basic foods such as dairy and flour products can increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

abstract:
  Background: Vitamin D and calcium are important dietary compounds that affect bone mass, even if other minerals (potassium, zinc, etc.) and vitamins (A, C and K) are also involved. Vitamin D and certain minerals, in fact, play an important role in calcium homeostasis and calcium absorption. Hip fracture incidence is higher in Europe and the United States, where calcium is frequently included in the human diet; while the occurrence of these fractures is lower in developing countries, where diets are often poor in calcium. This condition is named the “calcium paradox”, and may be partially explained by phosphate toxicity, which can negatively affect mineral metabolism. It is important to maintain correct dietary calcium-phosphate balance in order to have a healthy life, reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures in older people. Vitamin D can also act as a hormone; vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the UV-B radiation of ergosterol, the natural vitamin D precursor detected in plants, fungi, and invertebrates. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesized by sunlight exposure from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol that can also act as provitamin D3. Dietary intake of vitamin D3 is essential when the skin is exposed for short periods to ultraviolet B light (UV-B), a category of invisible light rays such as UV-A and UV-C. This can be considered the usual situation in northern latitudes during the winter season, or the typical lifestyle for older people and/or for people with very white delicate skin. The actual recommended daily intake of dietary vitamin D is strictly correlated with age, ranging from 5 μg for infants, children, teenagers, and adults—including pregnant and lactating women—to 15 μg for people over 65 years.


id: cord-272303-6s0qr4e6
author: Kriaucioniene, Vilma
date: 2020-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-272303-6s0qr4e6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272303-6s0qr4e6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33065991/
doi: 10.3390/nu12103119
summary:
  This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the quarantine on dietary, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits of Lithuanians and the association between health behaviours and weight changes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher odds of weight gain were associated with females, older age, increased consumption of sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fried food, eating more than usual, increased snacking, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption. Univariate and Nutrients 2020, 12, 3119 3 of 9 multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations between weight gain during COVID-19 quarantine (dependent variable) and social factors, nutrition, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the association of weight gain with increased intake of carbonated or sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fast food, increased snacking, eating more than usual, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption remained statistically significant.

title:
  Associations between Changes in Health Behaviours and Body Weight during the COVID-19 Quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian COVIDiet Study

abstract:
  The COVID-19 quarantine has caused significant changes in everyday life. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the quarantine on dietary, physical activity and alcohol consumption habits of Lithuanians and the association between health behaviours and weight changes. An online cross-sectional survey was carried out among individuals older than 18 years in April 2020. The self-administered questionnaire included health behaviour and weight change data. Altogether 2447 subjects participated in the survey. Almost half of the respondents (49.4%) ate more than usual, 45.1% increased snacking, and 62.1% cooked at home more often. Intake of carbonated or sugary drinks, fast food and commercial pastries decreased, while consumption of homemade pastries and fried food increased. A decrease in physical activity was reported by 60.6% of respondents. Every third (31.5%) respondent, more often those already with overweight, gained weight. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher odds of weight gain were associated with females, older age, increased consumption of sugary drinks, homemade pastries and fried food, eating more than usual, increased snacking, decreased physical activity and increased alcohol consumption. Our data highlighted the need for dietary and physical activity guidelines to prevent weight gain during the period of self-isolation, especially targeting those with overweight and obesity.


id: cord-274548-yeucn13x
author: Altobelli, Emma
date: 2020-09-13
txt: ./txt/cord-274548-yeucn13x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274548-yeucn13x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092806
doi: 10.3390/nu12092806
summary:
  Full-text articles excluded, with reasons n = 48 type 1 diabetes registries n=14 paper without Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 18) (n = 9 EU-28 countries n = 9 outside EU-28 countries) The data covered the type of health system, presence or absence of a national diabetes plan (NDP), presence of a population-based register, care setting, methods for reimbursement of drugs, devices and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes, and the prevalence of and mortality from diabetes, gathered from the institutional sites of individual European countries to investigate the presence of national data and policies for diabetes control. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out in order to to evaluate the possible association between the variables taken into consideration, including EUROSTAT data for the countries of the European Union, data relating to mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and the mortality trend [32] , the prevalence of diabetes [32] , the organization of the health system [35, 36, 38] , the presence of a national diabetes plan, the year of approval [35, 36] , the general practitioners and diabetic centers involved, and the cost percentage of diabetes of the total health expenditure [38] .

title:
  Lifestyle Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and National Diabetes Care Systems in European Countries

abstract:
  Background. Diabetes is increasing by 3.09% per year in males and 1.92% in females. Lifestyle risk factors are related to diabetes. The aim of this work is to highlight within EU-28 countries the distribution percentages of some lifestyle risk factors and some components of diabetes health care. Methods. A literature search was conducted to highlight the presence of diabetes registries, which are fundamental tools for disease surveillance and health planning; the presence of a national diabetes plan (NDP); the care setting; and methods used for reimbursement of drugs, devices, and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out to evaluate the possible associations between the variables considered. Results. The highest percentages of diabetes (>10%) are registered in Bulgaria, Malta, and Hungary. Concerning the prevalence of overweight, no European country shows overall percentages of less than 50%. Regarding obesity, 57% of countries show prevalence rates of 25%. The record for physical inactivity belongs to Malta, with 45% of individuals being inactive. The percentage of physical inactivity for females is higher than for males across Europe. In total, 57% of the countries have an insurance-based health system, while 12 countries have public national health systems. Further, 57% of countries have an NDP, while 42% of the EU countries have established a prevalence register for diabetes. Conclusions. Prevalence rates for type 2 DM in the range of 8–9% are noted in 50% of EU-28 countries. In total, 21 out of EU countries show a high prevalence rate for overweight, while 7% of EU-28 countries have an obesity prevalence rate of 25%. Diabetes treatment is entrusted to general practitioners in most countries. The results of this work highlight the differences between countries, but also between genders.


id: cord-279649-wllc0gl5
author: Kent, Katherine
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-279649-wllc0gl5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279649-wllc0gl5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092682
doi: 10.3390/nu12092682
summary:
  Fifteen socio-demographic variables were collected, including age (in years), gender (male, female, other), local government area of residence, if they identified as from Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent, whether they have a health condition or disability that limited their activity, citizenship status (born in Australia, Australian citizen, permanent resident or temporary resident), the highest level of education, relationship status, household composition, employment status, total household income bracket and whether they were the main shopper for their family. Socio-demographic characteristics of the survey respondents according to food security categories and assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and income are presented in Table 1 . This study presents results from a survey of adults in Tasmania, Australia, assessing the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of household food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

title:
  Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Predictors of Food Insecurity in Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic vulnerabilities and disrupted the Australian food supply, with potential implications for food insecurity. This study aims to describe the prevalence and socio-demographic associations of food insecurity in Tasmania, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey (deployed late May to early June 2020) incorporated the U.S. Household Food Security Survey Module: Six-Item Short Form, and fifteen demographic and COVID-related income questions. Survey data (n = 1170) were analyzed using univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. The prevalence of food insecurity was 26%. The adjusted odds of food insecurity were higher among respondents with a disability, from a rural area, and living with dependents. Increasing age, a university education, and income above $80,000/year were protective against food insecurity. Food insecurity more than doubled with a loss of household income above 25% (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.02; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.71; p = 0.022), and the odds further increased with loss of income above 75% (AOR: 7.14; 95% CI: 2.01, 24.83; p = 0.002). Our results suggest that the prevalence of food insecurity may have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable households and people who lost income. Policies that support disadvantaged households and ensure adequate employment opportunities are important to support Australians throughout and post the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-279960-1phc0wds
title: Dietary Diversity among Chinese Residents during the COVID-19 Outbreak and Its Associated Factors
author: Zhao, Ai
date: 2020-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-279960-1phc0wds.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279960-1phc0wds.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32517210/
doi: 10.3390/nu12061699
summary:
  This study aimed to (1) explore the dietary diversity during the lockdown time in China and (2) examine factors associated with dietary diversity including socio-economic characteristics, sources for food and food purchases, and specific dietary behaviors responding to COVID-19 and isolation. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches to purchase or obtain food, and behaviors adopted to cope with COVID-19. We also identified a total of 37.7% participants who consumed certain foods or nutritional supplements to cope with COVID-19, which included vitamin C, probiotics, other dietary supplements, alcohol, and vinegar. This study was conducted via a quick online survey to assess dietary diversity among Chinese residents during the time of isolation and "staying at home" due to COVID-19 and to explore its associated factors. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants'' characteristics, approaches for food purchasing/sourcing, and certain dietary strategies to cope with COVID-19.

abstract:
  COVID-19, a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, has imposed enormous challenges on the health system, economy, and food supply and has substantially modified people’s lifestyles. This study aimed to (1) explore the dietary diversity during the lockdown time in China and (2) examine factors associated with dietary diversity including socio-economic characteristics, sources for food and food purchases, and specific dietary behaviors responding to COVID-19 and isolation. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted online in March 2020. Multi-stage sampling was used to recruit participants living in Hubei Province and other parts of China. Dietary diversity was assessed using the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and clustering analysis was used to categorize people with different propensities of methods for purchasing or obtaining foods. Logistic regression was used to model the associations among HDDS, participants’ characteristics, approaches to purchase or obtain food, and behaviors adopted to cope with COVID-19. Results: A total of 1938 participants were included in the analysis. The overall mean HDDS was 9.7 ± 2.1, and the median (25th, 75th) was 10 (8, 12). There were relatively low consumptions of fish, legumes, and miscellaneous foods (e.g., processed food like snacks and beverages). After adjusting for age, family income, and geographic regions, people living in places where laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases were above 500 (OR(adjusted) = 0.79, 95%CI 0.65, 0.96), or living in Hubei Province (OR(adjusted) = 0.60, 95%CI 0.39, 0.93) had a lower HDDS. During isolation time, the most common sources for food and food purchases were in-house storage and in person grocery shopping. More than half of the participants (55.9%) purchased food at least once via online ordering and delivery services. There was no significant difference in HDDS among people with distinct dependences on different ways to obtain or purchase food (i.e., dependence on in-person grocery shopping, dependence on both in-house storage and in-person grocery shopping, or dependence on online food purchasing). We also identified a total of 37.7% participants who consumed certain foods or nutritional supplements to cope with COVID-19, which included vitamin C, probiotics, other dietary supplements, alcohol, and vinegar. People who reported these specific dietary behaviors had a significantly higher HDDS (OR(adjusted) = 1.23, 95%CI 1.02, 1.45) than those who did not do so. This study revealed an overall good dietary diversity among the studied Chinese residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we observed a lower dietary diversity among people living in areas with a high number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Online ordering and delivery services were popular and could serve as a feasible method to obtain and purchase food, contributing to ensure diversified diets during the time of lockdown. Certain dietary behaviors associated with COVID-19 were also identified and had significant impacts on HDDS.


id: cord-284064-w9qvsgh0
author: Chriqui, Jamie F.
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-284064-w9qvsgh0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284064-w9qvsgh0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092818
doi: 10.3390/nu12092818
summary:
  title: Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017–2019 The aim of this quasi-experimental, pre-post study is to identify changes in food and beverage practices of CACFP-participating centers due to implementation of updated CACFP meal patterns over a 21-month period. Over 2 billion meals were served in CACFP homes, centers, and adult day care facilities during fiscal year 2019, with over 1.5 billion of these specifically being served in over 66 thousand study assessed changes in beverages served in childcare sites following implementation of updated California beverage standards for licensed childcare providers. (Appendix A Table A2 contains the unadjusted models.) At follow-up, most centers met the beverage overall standards/best practices (91.76%) and there was a significant increase in never serving flavored milk (baseline = 93.53%, follow-up = 96.32%). Early Childhood Education Centers'' Reported Readiness to Implement the Updated Child and Adult Care Food Program Meal Pattern Standards in the United States

title:
  Changes in Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) Practices at Participating Childcare and Education Centers in the United States Following Updated National Standards, 2017–2019

abstract:
  The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) updated meal pattern standards took effect in October 2017. The aim of this quasi-experimental, pre-post study is to identify changes in food and beverage practices of CACFP-participating centers due to implementation of updated CACFP meal patterns over a 21-month period. Eight hundred and fifty-eight centers located in 47 states and the District of Columbia completed a survey (primarily electronic) at both time points (67.6% follow-up response rate). Multivariable logistic regressions with robust standard errors assessed changes over time, accounting for repeated observations within each site. From baseline to follow-up, centers reported the increased familiarity and implementation, albeit with time, money, and staffing-related challenges. Significant improvements were seen in not serving sugary cereals or flavored milk, in serving 100% whole grains, and serving processed meats less than once a week. While CACFP-participating centers reported making significant progress in meeting the updated meal pattern standards and suggested best practices within 15–19 months of their effective date, reported compliance and adherence to the standards and best practices was not universal. USDA, state agencies, and technical assistance providers should work to provide centers with additional guidance to help them with implementation.


id: cord-287076-uxuff57y
title: Food Insecurity and COVID-19: Disparities in Early Effects for US Adults
author: Wolfson, Julia A.
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-287076-uxuff57y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287076-uxuff57y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32498323/
doi: 10.3390/nu12061648
summary:
  The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic, and the associated social and economic response [10] (e.g., school closures, stay at home orders, business closures, and job losses) have the potential to dramatically increase food insecurity and its related health disparities among already at-risk populations. We designed a web-based (Qualtrics) survey to measure the initial effects of COVID-19 on low-income adults in the United States (US) in mid-March 2020, just as some states were beginning to implement school closures and "stay at home" orders. This study presents results from a national survey of low-income adults in the US in the days immediately following the first major policy steps to enforce COVID-19-related social distancing measures on a wide scale in the US.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically increased food insecurity in the United States (US). The objective of this study was to understand the early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among low-income adults in the US as social distancing measures began to be implemented. On 19–24 March 2020 we fielded a national, web-based survey (53% response rate) among adults with <250% of the federal poverty line in the US (N = 1478). Measures included household food security status and COVID-19-related basic needs challenges. Overall, 36% of low-income adults in the US were food secure, 20% had marginal food security, and 44% were food insecure. Less than one in five (18.8%) of adults with very low food security reported being able to comply with public health recommendations to purchase two weeks of food at a time. For every basic needs challenge, food-insecure adults were significantly more likely to report facing that challenge, with a clear gradient effect based on severity of food security. The short-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are magnifying existing disparities and disproportionately affecting low-income, food-insecure households that already struggle to meet basic needs. A robust, comprehensive policy response is needed to mitigate food insecurity as the pandemic progresses.


id: cord-288543-iv715216
title: Selenium and Copper as Biomarkers for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Systemic Sclerosis
author: Sun, Qian
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-288543-iv715216.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288543-iv715216.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061894
doi: 10.3390/nu12061894
summary:
  Serum Cu was not different between the groups, but patients with SSc-related PAH showed elevated ratios of Cu/Se and CP/SELENOP as compared to controls. Given the severity of the disease and the urgent need for an improved diagnosis and helpful indicators of disease risk and progression, we decided to re-evaluate different biomarkers of TE status in patients with SSc and SSc-PAH in comparison to healthy controls. The group of SSc patients with skin involvement displayed relatively low values for total serum Se ( Figure 4A ), and SELENOP concentrations ( Figure 4B ), as well as for GPx3 activity The group of SSc patients with skin involvement displayed relatively low values for total serum Se ( Figure 4A ), and SELENOP concentrations ( Figure 4B ), as well as for GPx3 activity ( Figure 4C) .

abstract:
  Circulating selenoprotein P (SELENOP) constitutes an established biomarker of Se status. SELENOP concentrations are reduced in inflammation and severe disease. Recently, elevated SELENOP levels have been suggested as diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We decided to re-evaluate this hypothesis. A group of healthy controls (n = 30) was compared with patients suffering from systemic sclerosis (SSc, n = 66), one third with SSc-related PAH. Serum was analysed for trace elements and protein biomarkers, namely SELENOP, glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and ceruloplasmin (CP). Compared to controls, patients with SSc-related PAH displayed reduced serum Se (91 ± 2 vs. 68 ± 2 µg/L) and SELENOP concentrations (3.7 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 0.9 mg/L), along with lower GPx3 activity (278 ± 40 vs. 231 ± 54 U/L). All three biomarkers of Se status were particularly low in patients with skin involvement. Serum Cu was not different between the groups, but patients with SSc-related PAH showed elevated ratios of Cu/Se and CP/SELENOP as compared to controls. Our data indicate that patients with SSc-related PAH are characterized by reduced Se status in combination with elevated CP, in line with other inflammatory diseases. Further analyses are needed to verify the diagnostic value of these TE-related biomarkers in PAH.


id: cord-293311-dr2ysrwe
title: Nutrition Mediates the Relationship between Osteosarcopenia and Frailty: A Pathway Analysis
author: Chew, Justin
date: 2020-09-27
txt: ./txt/cord-293311-dr2ysrwe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293311-dr2ysrwe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102957
doi: 10.3390/nu12102957
summary:
  In this cross-sectional analysis of 230 independent, community-dwelling individuals (mean age 67.2 ± 7.4 years), we examined the associations between osteosarcopenia with nutritional status and frailty, and the mediating role of nutrition in the association between osteosarcopenia and frailty. Secondly, we investigated nutrition as a mediator of the relationship between osteosarcopenia and frailty, relative to osteoporosis and sarcopenia alone, in a cohort of independent community-dwelling older adults. A multicategorical mediation model examined the potential mediating role of nutrition, using total MNA score, in the relationship between osteoporosis, sarcopenia and osteosarcopenia with frailty. Our study demonstrated that in relatively healthy community-dwelling older adults, osteosarcopenia is present in 11.7% of individuals and is associated with markers of nutrition, including lower MNA scores, BMI, calf, mid-arm and waist circumference. The strengths of this study include the analysis of a reasonably-sized cohort of independent community-dwelling older adults, the use of contemporary consensus definitions for sarcopenia in an Asian population, and comprehensive evaluation of nutritional status.

abstract:
  Osteosarcopenia is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes such as falls and fractures. Its association with frailty is less well-described, particularly in independent community-dwelling older adults. Although nutrition plays a crucial role in maintaining bone and muscle health, the complex relationship between osteosarcopenia and nutrition in the pathogenesis of frailty remains to be elucidated. In this cross-sectional analysis of 230 independent, community-dwelling individuals (mean age 67.2 ± 7.4 years), we examined the associations between osteosarcopenia with nutritional status and frailty, and the mediating role of nutrition in the association between osteosarcopenia and frailty. Osteosarcopenia was defined as fulfilling both the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 consensus definition (low relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass adjusted for height, in the presence of either of either low handgrip strength or slow gait speed) and T-score ≤ −2.5 SD on bone mineral densitometry. We assessed frailty using the modified Fried criteria and nutrition using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment. We performed multiple linear regression, followed by pathway analysis to ascertain whether nutrition mediates the relationship between osteosarcopenia and frailty. Our study population comprised: 27 (11.7%) osteosarcopenic, 35 (15.2%) sarcopenic, 36 (15.7%) osteoporotic and 132 (57.4%) normal (neither osteosarcopenic, sarcopenic nor osteoporotic). Osteosarcopenia (β = 1.1, 95% CI 0.86–1.4) and sarcopenia (β = 1.1, 95% CI 0.90–1.4) were significantly associated with frailty, but not osteoporosis. Nutrition mediated the association between osteosarcopenia and frailty (indirect effect estimate 0.09, bootstrap 95% CI 0.01–0.22). In conclusion, osteosarcopenia is associated with frailty and poorer nutritional status, with nutrition mediating the association between osteosarcopenia and frailty. Our findings support early nutritional assessment and intervention in osteosarcopenia to mitigate the risk of frailty.


id: cord-296836-aizquh16
author: Brenner, Hermann
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32824839/
doi: 10.3390/nu12082488
summary:
  We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. We previously assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and their association with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50-75 years from Saarland, Germany [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

title:
  Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic?

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic goes along with increased mortality from acute respiratory disease. It has been suggested that vitamin D(3) supplementation might help to reduce respiratory disease mortality. We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were common (44% and 15%, respectively). Compared to those with sufficient vitamin D status, participants with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency had strongly increased respiratory mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.1 (1.3–3.2) and 3.0 (1.8–5.2) overall, 4.3 (1.3–14.4) and 8.5 (2.4–30.1) among women, and 1.9 (1.1–3.2) and 2.3 (1.1–4.4) among men. Overall, 41% (95% confidence interval: 20–58%) of respiratory disease mortality was statistically attributable to vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women.


id: cord-298931-n1se3ajb
author: Stańdo, Mirella
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-298931-n1se3ajb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298931-n1se3ajb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867199/
doi: 10.3390/nu12092614
summary:
  demonstrating that dietary supplementation of omega-3 PUFA with non-surgical periodontal treatment had significant effect on clinical parameters such as gingival index (GI), BOP, PD and CAL, but no effect on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level [12] . Similar to the results of our study, the decrease of BOP was demonstrated in the patients that received omega-3 PUFA in addition to the scaling and oral hygiene instructions versus control group, thus anti-inflammatory properties of EPA and DHA were also clinically detectable at the less advanced stages of periodontal inflammation [27, 28] . Another study demonstrated a significant reduction in PD and CAL in the group receiving omega-3 PUFA plus aspirin during non-surgical periodontal treatment compared to the control group, with significantly reduced levels of salivary RANKL and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 8 in the test group [29] . Dietary supplementation with low-dose omega-3 fatty acids reduces salivary tumor necrosis factor-α levels in patients with chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical study

title:
  Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids EPA and DHA as an Adjunct to Non-Surgical Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

abstract:
  Periodontitis is a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease that leads to the loss of supportive tissues around the teeth with gradual deterioration of masticatory function and esthetics, resulting eventually in the decrease of the life quality. Host immune response triggered by bacterial biofilm is responsible for the chronic periodontal inflammation and ongoing tissue loss. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory properties, thus may be used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFA in the patients with stage III and IV periodontitis. Thirty otherwise healthy patients were treated with scaling and root planning (SRP). In the test group (n = 16), patients were additionally supplemented with 2.6 g of EPA and 1.8 g of DHA. In the control group (n = 14), patients received only SRP. Periodontal examination was performed at baseline and three months following initial therapy. Salivary samples were taken twice at baseline and at the end of the experiment. We found that there was a statistically significant reduction in the bleeding on probing (BOP) and improvement of clinical attachment loss (CAL) at three months in the test group compared to the control group. Moreover, a statistically significant higher percentage of closed pockets (probing depth ≤ 4 mm without BOP) was achieved in the test group vs. control group after three months of treatment. Accordingly, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-17 were markedly lower, while the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was significantly higher in the salivary samples of the patients supplemented with omega-3 PUFA at three months in comparison to the patients treated with SRP alone. Our findings demonstrate that dietary intervention with high-dose of omega-3 PUFA during non-surgical therapy may have potential benefits in the management of periodontitis.


id: cord-299731-sis9952k
title: Nicotinamide Riboside—The Current State of Research and Therapeutic Uses
author: Mehmel, Mario
date: 2020-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-299731-sis9952k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299731-sis9952k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061616
doi: 10.3390/nu12061616
summary:
  Oral supplementation with NR has been shown to increase NAD + levels in multiple tissues, along with increased SIRT activity [10, 11] , improved mitochondrial function [37] , and regenerative potential of stem cells [38] . In mice models, NR can increase NAD + metabolism and thereby improve glucose tolerance, reduce weight gain, and exhibit neuroprotective effects against diabetic neuropathy and liver steatosis [41] . NAD + precursor supplementation also has the potential to protect against adverse cardiac remodeling by additional mechanisms of activating SIRTs (Table 2 ) and maintaining Ca 2+ homeostasis [67] . Via SIRT3 activation, a NR-induced increase in NAD + levels can have additional beneficial and possible therapeutic effects. CR life-prolonging effects may partly be mediated via increased sirtuin function, while the requirement of NAD + for their activity suggests a possible connection between aging and metabolism.

abstract:
  Nicotinamide riboside (NR) has recently become one of the most studied nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) precursors, due to its numerous potential health benefits mediated via elevated NAD(+) content in the body. NAD(+) is an essential coenzyme that plays important roles in various metabolic pathways and increasing its overall content has been confirmed as a valuable strategy for treating a wide variety of pathophysiological conditions. Accumulating evidence on NRs’ health benefits has validated its efficiency across numerous animal and human studies for the treatment of a number of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders. As the prevalence and morbidity of these conditions increases in modern society, the great necessity has arisen for a rapid translation of NR to therapeutic use and further establishment of its availability as a nutritional supplement. Here, we summarize currently available data on NR effects on metabolism, and several neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders, through to its application as a treatment for specific pathophysiological conditions. In addition, we have reviewed newly published research on the application of NR as a potential therapy against infections with several pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, to support rapid NR translation to therapeutics, the challenges related to its bioavailability and safety are addressed, together with the advantages of NR to other NAD(+) precursors.


id: cord-303053-238eegeu
author: Pellegrini, Marianna
date: 2020-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-303053-238eegeu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303053-238eegeu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072016
doi: 10.3390/nu12072016
summary:
  In this observational retrospective study, the patients of our Obesity Unit were invited to answer to a 12-question multiple-choice questionnaire relative to weight changes, working activity, exercise, dietary habits, and conditions potentially impacting on nutritional choices. Lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, consumption of snacks, unhealthy foods, cereals, and sweets were correlated with a significantly higher weight gain. A significantly higher weight and BMI increase was evident in individuals with lower education, who reported lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, and consumption of unhealthy foods, snacks, cereals, and sweets. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not consuming healthy foods were significantly associated with increased weight and BMI gain during the lockdown period. Lower education level, self-reported anxiety/depression, and not paying attention to the healthiness of food choices were significantly associated with weight and BMI increase.

title:
  Changes in Weight and Nutritional Habits in Adults with Obesity during the “Lockdown” Period Caused by the COVID-19 Virus Emergency

abstract:
  Our aim is evaluating the changes in weight and dietary habits in a sample of outpatients with obesity after 1 month of enforced lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Italy. In this observational retrospective study, the patients of our Obesity Unit were invited to answer to a 12-question multiple-choice questionnaire relative to weight changes, working activity, exercise, dietary habits, and conditions potentially impacting on nutritional choices. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to evaluate the associations among weight/BMI changes and the analyzed variables. A total of 150 subjects (91.5%) completed the questionnaire. Mean self-reported weight gain was ≈1.5 kg (p < 0.001). Lower exercise, self-reported boredom/solitude, anxiety/depression, enhanced eating, consumption of snacks, unhealthy foods, cereals, and sweets were correlated with a significantly higher weight gain. Multiple regression analyses showed that increased education (inversely, β = −1.15; 95%CI −2.13, −0.17, p = 0.022), self-reported anxiety/depression (β = 1.61; 0.53, 2.69, p = 0.004), and not consuming healthy foods (β = 1.48; 0.19, 2.77, p = 0.026) were significantly associated with increased weight gain. The estimated direct effect of self-reported anxiety/depression on weight was 2.07 kg (1.07, 3.07, p < 0.001). Individuals with obesity significantly gained weight 1 month after the beginning of the quarantine. The adverse mental burden linked to the COVID-19 pandemic was greatly associated with increased weight gain.


id: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi
author: Alexander, Jan
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082358
doi: 10.3390/nu12082358
summary:
  Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment.

title:
  Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19

abstract:
  Objectives: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) conveys a serious threat globally to health and economy because of a lack of vaccines and specific treatments. A common factor for conditions that predispose for serious progress is a low-grade inflammation, e.g., as seen in metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and heart failure, to which micronutrient deficiencies may contribute. The aim of the present article was to explore the usefulness of early micronutrient intervention, with focus on zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, to relieve escalation of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted an online search for articles published in the period 2010–2020 on zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, and corona and related virus infections. Results: There were a few studies providing direct evidence on associations between zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, and COVID-19. Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Hence, it is suggested that nutrition intervention securing an adequate status might protect against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - coronavirus-2) and mitigate the course of COVID-19. Conclusion: We recommended initiation of adequate supplementation in high-risk areas and/or soon after the time of suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2. Subjects in high-risk groups should have high priority as regards this nutritive adjuvant therapy, which should be started prior to administration of specific and supportive medical measures.


id: cord-316395-o9nblj5i
title: Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on COVID-19—A Prospective Analysis from the CovILD Registry
author: Pizzini, Alex
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-316395-o9nblj5i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316395-o9nblj5i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092775
doi: 10.3390/nu12092775
summary:
  PTH concentrations were increased in patients who needed intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, while VITD levels were not significantly different between disease severity groups. The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern leading to a substantial need for patient hospitalization, treatment at intensive care units (ICUs), and invasive ventilation [1] [2] [3] . This prospective, multicentre, observational study includes patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19, based on typical clinical presentation and a positive SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR test. The herein-presented analysis of the CovILD study cohort shows that 25(OH)D deficiency is common among COVID-19 patients, whereas a causal implication of VitD metabolism on its disease course remains uncertain. First, the CovILD trial was designed as an observational study to detect the rate of persistent lung injury after a severe course of COVID-19, therefore the here presented results must be interpreted carefully in the context of VITD deficiency, especially because predominantly patients with severe disease course were included.

abstract:
  The novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern. Vitamin D (VITD) deficiency has been suggested to alter SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and the course of disease. Thus, we aimed to investigate associations of VITD status to disease presentation within the CovILD registry. This prospective, multicenter, observational study on long-term sequelae includes patients with COVID-19 after hospitalization or outpatients with persistent symptoms. Eight weeks after PCR confirmed diagnosis, a detailed questionnaire, a clinical examination, and laboratory testing, including VITD status, were evaluated. Furthermore, available laboratory specimens close to hospital admission were used to retrospectively analyze 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels at disease onset. A total of 109 patients were included in the analysis (60% males, 40% females), aged 58 ± 14 years. Eight weeks after the onset of COVID-19, a high proportion of patients presented with impaired VITD metabolism and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. PTH concentrations were increased in patients who needed intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, while VITD levels were not significantly different between disease severity groups. Low VITD levels at disease onset or at eight-week follow-up were not related to persistent symptom burden, lung function impairment, ongoing inflammation, or more severe CT abnormalities. VITD deficiency is frequent among COVID-19 patients but not associated with disease outcomes. However, individuals with severe disease display a disturbed parathyroid-vitamin-D axis within their recovery phase. The proposed significance of VITD supplementation in the clinical management of COVID-19 remains elusive.


id: cord-323151-1rczh3hu
author: Calder, Philip C.
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-323151-1rczh3hu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323151-1rczh3hu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092696
doi: 10.3390/nu12092696
abstract: We thank Vorland et al [...].
summary:
  The systematic review of n-3 fatty acids, sometimes in combination with other nutrients, in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was cited in the context of a so-called "cytokine storm" rather than protection from viral, or any other, infection per se. Summary of the findings of the systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 fatty acid rich formulas in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome [3] . In relation to the systematic review on vitamin C and the common cold [5] we stated that "vitamin C supplementation has also been shown to decrease the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections, such as the common cold, and significantly decrease the risk of infection when given prophylactically in people under enhanced physical stress".

title:
  Reply to “Overstated Claims of Efficacy and Safety. Comment On: Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System Is an Important Factor to Protect against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1181”


id: cord-325436-pp3q022y
title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus
author: Alkhatib, Ahmad
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872374/
doi: 10.3390/nu12092633
summary:
  This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle.

abstract:
  Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is causing global mortality and lockdown burdens. A compromised immune system is a known risk factor for all viral influenza infections. Functional foods optimize the immune system capacity to prevent and control pathogenic viral infections, while physical activity augments such protective benefits. Exercise enhances innate and adaptive immune systems through acute, transient, and long-term adaptations to physical activity in a dose-response relationship. Functional foods prevention of non-communicable disease can be translated into protecting against respiratory viral infections and COVID-19. Functional foods and nutraceuticals within popular diets contain immune-boosting nutraceuticals, polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, pigments, unsaturated fatty-acids, micronutrient vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, and trace elements, including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper. Foods with antiviral properties include fruits, vegetables, fermented foods and probiotics, olive oil, fish, nuts and seeds, herbs, roots, fungi, amino acids, peptides, and cyclotides. Regular moderate exercise may contribute to reduce viral risk and enhance sleep quality during quarantine, in combination with appropriate dietary habits and functional foods. Lifestyle and appropriate nutrition with functional compounds may offer further antiviral approaches for public health.


id: cord-325454-svc2xeh1
author: Kow, Chia Siang
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-325454-svc2xeh1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325454-svc2xeh1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061626
doi: 10.3390/nu12061626
summary:
  We read with interest the review article entitled "Evidence that Vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of Influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths" by Grant et al., recently published in Nutrients [1] . The authors have conveniently ignored the results of some key clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of developing respiratory tract infections (RTIs). A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of developing RTIs among healthy individuals found no significant risk reduction [2] . However, the authors did include results of an IPD-based meta-analysis (including of 25 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials) evaluating the effectiveness of supplementation with vitamin D3 or vitamin D2 with prespecified acute RTIs as an outcome. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on respiratory tract infections in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

title:
  Vitamin D Supplementation in Influenza and COVID-19 Infections Comment on: “Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths” Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 988

abstract:
  There is an ongoing debate on the use of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. A recently published article highlights a relationship between vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of COVID-19 and influenza. This comment aims to discuss the evidence on the use of Vitamin D in people who are at risk of developing COVID-19, focusing on safety issues of the Vitamin D supplementation.


id: cord-327045-hn8pmcto
title: Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity
author: Li, Yao
date: 2016-03-15
txt: ./txt/cord-327045-hn8pmcto.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327045-hn8pmcto.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8030167
doi: 10.3390/nu8030167
summary:
  In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. A study demonstrates that quercetin has a direct regulatory effect on basic functional properties of immune cells which may be mediated by the extracellular regulated kinase 2 (Erk2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signal pathway in human mitogen-activated PBMC and purified T lymphocytes [54] . Quercetin most likely universally suppresses the accumulation and activation of immune cells, including anti-inflammatory cells, whereas it specifically increased gene expression associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in Western diet-induced obese mice. showed that a supplement of 1000 mg of quercetin alone three weeks before, during and two weeks after a three-day period of 3 h of cycling in the winter resulted in a markedly lower incidence of URTI in well-trained subjects in the two weeks after the intensified training, but had no effect on exercise-induced immune dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress [76] .

abstract:
  In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties, dietary sources, absorption, bioavailability and metabolism of quercetin, especially main effects of quercetin on inflammation and immune function. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for quercetin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of quercetin on inflammation and immunity.


id: cord-328562-g5i838b3
title: The Early Food Insecurity Impacts of COVID-19
author: Niles, Meredith T.
date: 2020-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-328562-g5i838b3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328562-g5i838b3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072096
doi: 10.3390/nu12072096
summary:
  Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Respondents experiencing household food insecurity during COVID-19 (both newly and consistently food insecure) were significantly more likely (p < 0.001 comparison across all groups) to express higher levels of concern and worry about a variety of potential situations related to food access and COVID-19 ( Figure 2 , Table A7 ). Compared to food secure households, new and consistently food insecure households were significantly more likely (p < 0.001) to find strategies to address physical or economic food access challenges helpful during COVID-19 (Table A11) .

abstract:
  COVID-19 has disrupted food access and impacted food insecurity, which is associated with numerous adverse individual and public health outcomes. To assess these challenges and understand their impact on food security, we conducted a statewide population-level survey using a convenience sample in Vermont from 29 March to 12 April 2020, during the beginning of a statewide stay-at-home order. We utilized the United States Department of Agriculture six-item validated food security module to measure food insecurity before COVID-19 and since COVID-19. We assessed food insecurity prevalence and reported food access challenges, coping strategies, and perceived helpful interventions among food secure, consistently food insecure (pre-and post-COVID-19), and newly food insecure (post COVID-19) respondents. Among 3219 respondents, there was nearly a one-third increase (32.3%) in household food insecurity since COVID-19 (p < 0.001), with 35.5% of food insecure households classified as newly food insecure. Respondents experiencing a job loss were at higher odds of experiencing food insecurity (OR 3.06; 95% CI, 2.114–0.46). We report multiple physical and economic barriers, as well as concerns related to food access during COVID-19. Respondents experiencing household food insecurity had higher odds of facing access challenges and utilizing coping strategies, including two-thirds of households eating less since COVID-19 (p < 0.001). Significant differences in coping strategies were documented between respondents in newly food insecure vs. consistently insecure households. These findings have important potential impacts on individual health, including mental health and malnutrition, as well as on future healthcare costs. We suggest proactive strategies to address food insecurity during this crisis.


id: cord-332118-jg80szw7
title: Eating Habits and Physical Activity of the Spanish Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period
author: Sánchez-Sánchez, Eduardo
date: 2020-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-332118-jg80szw7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332118-jg80szw7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32942695/
doi: 10.3390/nu12092826
summary:
  The objective of our study is to learn the dietary patterns, consumption, and physical activity of the Spanish population before and during the period of confinement by COVID-19. Subsequently, and using the McNemar test, it was studied whether there were significant differences between gender and diet adherence, as well as the answers to each questionnaire item and the adherence to the MD during each period (before and after the confinement), accepting a confidence level of 95%. These habits have gained a special relevance during the period of confinement caused by COVID-19, as the alteration of the diet and physical activity can yield diseases like obesity, diabetes; which are risk mortality factors in patients with COVID-19 [13] . Our outcomes were higher than those reported by other studies, regarding the number of subjects that practiced physical activity during confinement (70.6% versus 59.6%) [18] .

abstract:
  Due to the pandemic situation caused by the COVID-19 infection, some governments have implemented house confinement measures. The objective of our study is to learn the dietary patterns, consumption, and physical activity of the Spanish population before and during the period of confinement by COVID-19. A cross-sectional descriptive study based on a questionnaire during May 2020, coinciding with the period of confinement and the step forward into Phase 1, is carried out. During confinement, the adherence to the Mediterranean Diet increases (8.0% versus 4.7%; p < 0.001). No socio-demographic variables show statistical significance (p < 0.05) regarding good adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) before and during confinement. During confinement, consumption of homemade baking shows a higher increase (0.28% versus 4.60%; p = 0.004). During confinement, the number of subjects that practice exercise decreases (29.4% versus 28.8%; p = 0.004), as well as the time spent exercising (more than an hour, 26.6% versus 14.7%, p = 0.001). Mediterranean Diet adherence slightly increases during confinement, although consumption of ‘unhealthy’ food also increases. Moreover, the number of subjects that practice physical activity, as well as the time spent on it weekly, decreases.


id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
author: Grant, William B.
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252338/
doi: 10.3390/nu12040988
summary:
  Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. For COPD patients, 25(OH)D inversely correlated with risk, severity, and exacerbation [88] Found at higher rates in regions with elevated air pollution Air pollution associated with lower 25(OH)D concentrations [89] Note: 25-hydroxyvitamin D ((25(OH)D); acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); community-acquired pneumonia (CAP); case-fatality rate (CFR); interleukin 6 (IL-6); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); C-reactive protein (CRP); vitamin D deficiency (VDD).

title:
  Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

abstract:
  The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D(3) for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.


id: cord-333286-lr32e0w4
author: Lehtoranta, Liisa
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333286-lr32e0w4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103163
doi: 10.3390/nu12103163
summary:
  We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. Similar effects have been demonstrated in several mouse studies with the ability to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and modulation of antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. The upregulation of IFN response seems to prime cells for better resistance against virus infection as probiotics were shown effective in inhibiting the replication of various respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses and RSV. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection. Similar effects have been demonstrated in mice with the ability of the probiotics to reduce virus titers in lung tissues and to modulate antiviral and pro-inflammatory gene expression before and after viral infection.

title:
  Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review

abstract:
  Viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) is the most frequent cause of infectious illnesses including the common cold. Pharmacological solutions for treating or preventing viral RTIs are so far limited and thus several self-care products are available in the market. Some dietary supplements such as probiotics have been shown to modulate immune system function and their role in reducing the risk and the course of RTIs has been investigated extensively within the past decade. However, the mechanism of action and the efficacy of probiotics against viral RTIs remains unclear. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. The literature summarized in this narrative review points out that specific probiotic strains seem effective in pre-clinical models, through stimulating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication. Clinical studies indicate variable efficacy on upper respiratory illnesses and lack proof of diagnosed viral infections. However, meta-analyses of clinical studies indicate that probiotics could be beneficial in upper respiratory illnesses without specific etiology. Further studies aiming at discovering the mechanisms of action of probiotics and clinical efficacy are warranted.


id: cord-333317-oai67igl
title: Biomarkers of Browning in Cold Exposed Siberian Adults
author: Efremova, Agrafena
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-333317-oai67igl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333317-oai67igl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082162
doi: 10.3390/nu12082162
summary:
  Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Studies by Palou and colleagues conducted on female rats demonstrated that the expression of regulators of BAT activity (Cidea, Prdm16), WAT browning (Hoxc9 and Slc27a1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (Cpt1a) in both tissues, correlates with the expression of the same modulators in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon cold stimulation [19] . This is the first study investigating the expression of browning, beige, and fatty acids utilization regulators in the PBMC of human subjects chronically exposed to extremely cold temperatures compared to controls living in thermoneutral conditions. Cold-exposed subjects enrolled in our study expressed higher levels of the beiging''s marker HOXC9 and lower amounts of the brown adipocytes'' marker CIDEA compared to controls.

abstract:
  Cold-exposure promotes energy expenditure by inducing brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, which over time, is also sustained by browning, the appearance, or increase, of brown-like cells into white fat depots. Identification of circulating markers reflecting BAT activity and browning is crucial to study this phenomenon and its triggers, also holding possible implications for the therapy of obesity and metabolic diseases. Using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expression profile of regulators of BAT activity (CIDEA, PRDM16), white adipocytes browning (HOXC9 and SLC27A1), and fatty acid β-oxidation (CPT1A) in 150 Siberian healthy miners living at extremely cold temperatures compared to 29 healthy subjects living in thermoneutral conditions. Anthropometric parameters, glucose, and lipid profiles were also assessed. The cold-exposed group showed significantly lower weight, BMI, hip circumference, and PBMC expression of CIDEA, but higher expression of HOXC9 and higher circulating glucose compared to controls. Within the cold-exposed group, BMI, total cholesterol, and the atherogenic coefficient were lower in individuals exposed to low temperatures for a longer time. In conclusion, human PBMC expresses the brown adipocytes marker CIDEA and the browning marker HOXC9, which, varying according to cold-exposure, possibly reflect changes in BAT activation and white fat browning.


id: cord-335000-4xss3bzv
author: Głąbska, Dominika
date: 2020-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-335000-4xss3bzv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335000-4xss3bzv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092640
doi: 10.3390/nu12092640
summary:
  The factors influencing food choices determined based on the applied FCQ for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the sample of adolescents studied within the PLACE-19 Study are presented in Table 5 . The factors influencing food choice based on the applied FCQ for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the sample of female adolescents studied within the PLACE-19 Study are presented in Table 6 . The factors influencing food choice based on the applied FCQ for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the sample of male adolescents studied within the PLACE-19 Study are presented in Table 7 . The results for the items included within the Factor-Health of the applied Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) for the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the sample of adolescents studied within the

title:
  Population-Based Study of the Changes in the Food Choice Determinants of Secondary School Students: Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study

abstract:
  During the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the lockdown, various changes of dietary habits are observed, including both positive and negative ones. However, the food choice determinants in this period were not studied so far for children and adolescents. The study aimed to analyze the changes in the food choice determinants of secondary school students in a national sample of Polish adolescents within the Polish Adolescents’ COVID-19 Experience (PLACE-19) Study population. The study was conducted in May 2020, based on the random quota sampling of schools (for voivodeships and counties) and a number of 2448 students from all the regions of Poland participated. The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ) (36 items) was applied twice—to analyze separately current choices (during the period of COVID-19 pandemic) and general choices (when there was no COVID-19 pandemic). For both the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, sensory appeal and price were indicated as the most important factors (with the highest scores). However, differences were observed between the scores of specific factors, while health (p < 0.0001) and weight control (p < 0.0001) were declared as more important during the period of COVID-19 pandemic, compared with the period before, but mood (p < 0.0001) and sensory appeal (p < 0.0001) as less important. The observations were confirmed for sub-groups, while female and male respondents were analyzed separately. It can be concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic may have changed the food choice determinants of Polish adolescents, as it may have increased the importance of health and weight control, but reduced the role of mood and sensory appeal. This may be interpreted as positive changes promoting the uptake of a better diet than in the period before the pandemic.


id: cord-336256-d5292aga
title: The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease: Emerging and Recurring Trends
author: Méplan, Catherine
date: 2020-04-10
txt: ./txt/cord-336256-d5292aga.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336256-d5292aga.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041049
doi: 10.3390/nu12041049
summary:
  In this Special Issue of Nutrients, "The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease" covers diverse diseases in the 8 original research articles and 2 reviews, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, and viral infection, and highlights novel potential biomarkers of disease risk and prognosis [...]. The findings provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that individual genotypes relevant for selenoprotein expression, metabolism, and function and interaction with Se status may affect CRC risk in a population of marginally low Se status, such as in Europe. The review also summarises results from genetic association studies linking genotypes for SNPs in the SELENOF gene to risk for various cancers, Kashin-Beck disease, and AIDs progression, with a particular focus on two well-characterised functional SNPs (rs5845 and rs5859) affecting SELENOF protein expression.

abstract:
  In this Special Issue of Nutrients, "The Role of Selenium in Health and Disease" covers diverse diseases in the 8 original research articles and 2 reviews, such as cardiovascular disorders (CVD), metabolic syndrome, obesity, cancer, and viral infection, and highlights novel potential biomarkers of disease risk and prognosis [...].


id: cord-337849-tyabf12r
title: Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D
author: Greiller, Claire L.
date: 2015-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-337849-tyabf12r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337849-tyabf12r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240
doi: 10.3390/nu7064240
summary:
  Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Numerous studies have demonstrated the role the 1,25(OH)2D-ligated VDR plays in binding to a VDRE in the promoter of the cathelicidin gene to enhance hCAP-18 production [116] [117] [118] [119] , thus suggesting a potential mechanism by which vitamin D may enhance innate immunity to respiratory infections.

abstract:
  Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. Scope: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Future research: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells.


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
title: Factors Affecting Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Global Health Perspective
author: Carr, Anitra C.
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-342335-awu50iev.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342335-awu50iev.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071963
doi: 10.3390/nu12071963
summary:
  Although these recommendations generally take into account variations in requirements based on age, sex, pregnancy and lactation, and sometimes smoking status, there are many other factors that affect vitamin C status that are not taken into consideration by these global authorities. Dietary intake of vitamin C is a key determinant of body status, with the amount consumed and the frequency of consumption correlating with plasma status and prevalence of deficiency (Table 1) [14, 15] . Numerous studies have found that even in developed countries, where there is no shortage of fresh fruit and vegetables, those who consume supplements have significantly higher vitamin C status and/or lower prevalence of deficiency (Table 2) . [14, 17, 20, 28, 42] Institutionalized Institutionalized elderly, and other institutionalized individuals (e.g., priests, prisoners, boarding school children) have lower vitamin C status and a higher prevalence of deficiency; this is partly due to a lower dietary intake.

abstract:
  A recent review of global vitamin C status has indicated a high prevalence of deficiency, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in specific subgroups within high-income countries. Here, we provide a narrative review of potential factors influencing vitamin C status globally. The in vivo status of vitamin C is primarily affected by dietary intake and supplement use, with those who supplement having a higher mean status and a lower prevalence of deficiency. Dietary intake can be influenced by cultural aspects such as traditional cooking practices and staple foods, with many staple foods, such as grains, contributing negligible vitamin C to the diet. Environmental factors can also affect vitamin C intake and status; these include geographic region, season, and climate, as well as pollution, the latter partly due to enhanced oxidative stress. Demographic factors such as sex, age, and race are known to affect vitamin C status, as do socioeconomic factors such as deprivation, education and social class, and institutionalization. Various health aspects can affect vitamin C status; these include body weight, pregnancy and lactation, genetic variants, smoking, and disease states, including severe infections as well as various noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Some of these factors have changed over time; therefore, we also explore if vitamin C status has shown temporal changes. Overall, there are numerous factors that can affect vitamin C status to different extents in various regions of the world. Many of these factors are not taken into consideration during the setting of global dietary intake recommendations for vitamin C.


id: cord-345373-ulsz1d85
title: The Nutritional and Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
author: Grabia, Monika
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-345373-ulsz1d85.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345373-ulsz1d85.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103013
doi: 10.3390/nu12103013
summary:
  From 6 July to 22 July 2020, the period when the survey was conducted, the following regulations were in force in the country: nose-and-mouth coverings in confined public areas; closure of primary and secondary schools, and institutions of higher education; food and drink establishments were operational with enhanced sanitary measures in place (nose-and-mouth coverings required when not at the table, disinfecting tables, keeping a minimum distance of 1.5 m between patrons); gyms and swimming pools were reopened on 6 June 2020; individuals were allowed to socialise indoors in small groups; in most places, access to specialist medical care was provided at outpatient clinics [3] . Consumption of selected food products during the COVID-19 pandemic is presented in Figure 2 and the breakdown by the type of diabetes and gender is included in Supplementary Table S3 . A statistically significant increase in hand sanitiser use by the youngest respondents during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) was observed.

abstract:
  COVID-19 related restrictions aimed at curbing the spread of the coronavirus result in changes in daily routines and physical activity which can have a negative effect on eating and health habits. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with diabetes and their nutrition and health behaviours. A survey conducted in July 2020 included 124 individuals with type 1 (n = 90) and 2 (n = 34) diabetes mellitus from Poland. To assess nutritional and health behaviours, an online questionnaire covering basic information, anthropometric data, and details regarding physical activity, eating, and hygiene habits was used. Almost 40% of all respondents with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) stated that their disease self-management had significantly improved. Over 60% of all participants declared that they had started eating more nutritious and regular meals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Enhanced hygiene, in particular, during the period, a statistically significant increase in hand sanitiser use was reported by respondents (18% vs. 82%, p < 0.001). The study demonstrated that the pandemic had a significant impact on the behaviour of patients with DM. Improved disease self-management and making healthy, informed food and hygiene choices were observed.


id: cord-346510-upyhirb7
author: Miller, Melissa Farmer
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-346510-upyhirb7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346510-upyhirb7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33076229/
doi: 10.3390/nu12103144
summary:
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen (CCK), an 8 week in-person program offering education, culinary demonstrations and food tasting, and psychosocial group support, compared to receiving CCK printed materials by mail on knowledge, confidence, and skills in implementing a plant-based diet. The objectives of this paper are to describe the randomized controlled trial, report the results, and examine whether the in-person CCK program (the intervention group) increased knowledge, skills, and confidence in adopting a plant-based diet as well as made positive changes in dietary intake and quality of life compared to the delivery of the CCK program through printed materials (the control group). This trial investigated the effectiveness of CCK, a multidisciplinary behavioral intervention incorporating both nutrition education and psychosocial support, in modulating several motivational, action, and environmental mediators for implementing a healthy plant-based diet and for improving quality of life among cancer survivors.

title:
  A Randomized Controlled Trial Testing the Effectiveness of Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen, a Nutrition Education Program for Cancer Survivors

abstract:
  Following a diet rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and beans may reduce cancer incidence and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Coping with Cancer in the Kitchen (CCK), an 8 week in-person program offering education, culinary demonstrations and food tasting, and psychosocial group support, compared to receiving CCK printed materials by mail on knowledge, confidence, and skills in implementing a plant-based diet. A total of 54 adult cancer survivors were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 26) and control groups (n = 27) with assessments at baseline, 9, and 15 weeks via self-administered survey. The response rate was 91% at 9 weeks and 58% at 15 weeks. The majority of our study participants were female breast cancer survivors (58%) who had overweight or obesity (65%). Compared with the control, there were significant (p < 0.05) increases in intervention participants’ knowledge about a plant-based diet at weeks 9 and 15, reductions in perceived barriers to eating more fruits and vegetables at week 9, and enhanced confidence and skills in preparing a plant-based diet at week 15. There was a significant reduction in processed meat intake but changes in other food groups and psychosocial measures were modest. Participation in CCK in person increased knowledge, skills, and confidence and reduced barriers to adopting a plant-based diet. Positive trends in intake of plant-based foods and quality of life warrant further investigation in larger-scale studies and diverse populations.


id: cord-354031-j4qlvm60
author: Rodríguez-Pérez, Celia
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-354031-j4qlvm60.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354031-j4qlvm60.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32531892/
doi: 10.3390/nu12061730
summary:
  For that purpose, an online questionnaire, based on 44 items including socio-demographic data, Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Adherence Screener (MEDAS) as a reference of a healthy diet, processed foods intake, changes in their usual food choices and weight gain was distributed using social media and snowball sampling. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, region and other variables, showed a statistically significant higher likelihood of changing the adherence to the MedDiet (towards an increase in adherence) in those persons who decreased the intake of fried foods, snacks, fast foods, red meat, pastries or sweet beverages, but increased MedDiet-related foods such as olive oil, vegetables, fruits or legumes during the confinement. Multivariate-adjusted models showed that those participants who reported a lower intake of fried foods, alcohol, fast-food, and snacks during the COVID-19 Spanish confinement had a statistically significant higher likelihood of turning into a higher adherence to the MedDiet compared to those who kept their usual intake as before the confinement (OR: 4.71; 2.15; 3.12; 3.53, respectively).

title:
  Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study

abstract:
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dietary behaviours of the Spanish adult population were changed during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement. For that purpose, an online questionnaire, based on 44 items including socio-demographic data, Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) Adherence Screener (MEDAS) as a reference of a healthy diet, processed foods intake, changes in their usual food choices and weight gain was distributed using social media and snowball sampling. A total of 7514 participants (37% aged below 35 years, 70.6% female, 77.9% university-level education or higher) from all the Spanish territory completed the questionnaire. Results outlined healthier dietary behaviours during the confinement when compared to previous habits. Overall, the MEDAS score (ranging from 0 to 14, whereby higher a scoring reflects greater adherence to the MedDiet) increased significantly from 6.53 ± 2 to 7.34 ± 1.93 during the confinement. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, region and other variables, showed a statistically significant higher likelihood of changing the adherence to the MedDiet (towards an increase in adherence) in those persons who decreased the intake of fried foods, snacks, fast foods, red meat, pastries or sweet beverages, but increased MedDiet-related foods such as olive oil, vegetables, fruits or legumes during the confinement. COVID-19 confinement in Spain has led to the adoption of healthier dietary habits/behaviours in the studied population, as reflected by a higher adherence to the MedDiet. This improvement, if sustained in the long-term, could have a positive impact on the prevention of chronic diseases and COVID-19-related complications.


