id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
cord-341154-wwq0sd2r	Liao, Pei-Yu	The many paths to frameshifting: kinetic modelling and analysis of the effects of different elongation steps on programmed –1 ribosomal frameshifting	2010-09-07		.txt	text/plain	7236	389	59	The model reveals three kinetic pathways to −1 PRF that yield two possible frameshift products: those incorporating zero frame encoded A-site tRNAs in the recoding site, and products incorporating −1 frame encoded A-site tRNAs. Using known kinetic rate constants, the individual contributions of different steps of the translation elongation cycle to −1 PRF and the ratio between two types of frameshift products were evaluated. Protein sequencing was originally employed to generate the simultaneous slippage model, and to confirm that the À1 PRF site for HIV-1 is U UUU UUA located within the gag/ pol overlap (where the P-site of the ribosome during frameshifting is underlined) (1). In agreement with the model predictions, experimental perturbation of different translation steps resulted in different levels of À1 PRF efficiency as well as in the relative ratios of two types of frameshift proteins. Our model suggests that in both mechanisms, incomplete translocation and slippage of P-and A-site tRNAs participate in synthesizing frameshift proteins to varying extents for different À1 PRF signals.	./cache/cord-341154-wwq0sd2r.txt	./txt/cord-341154-wwq0sd2r.txt