# pos

id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/uk-assange-bail-application-highlights-covid19-risk-to-many-vulnerable-detainees-and-prisoners/

lemma:
  https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/uk-assange-bail-application-highlights-covid19-risk-to-many-vulnerable-detainees-and-prisoners/


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: NNPS
token:
  https://rsf.org/en/news/uk-adjournment-julianassanges-us-extradition-hearing-considered-amidst-coronavirus-concerns

lemma:
  https://rsf.org/en/news/uk-adjournment-julianassanges-us-extradition-hearing-considered-amidst-coronavirus-concerns


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: NNP
token:
  https://freedom.press/news/trumpadministrations-indictment-julian-assange-threatens-core-press-freedom-rights/

lemma:
  https://freedom.press/news/trumpadministrations-indictment-julian-assange-threatens-core-press-freedom-rights/


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: .
token:
  https://www.craigmurray.org.uk/archives/2020/02/your-man-inthe-public-gallery-assange-hearing-day-2/

lemma:
  https://www.craigmurray.org.uk/archives/2020/02/your-man-inthe-public-gallery-assange-hearing-day-2/


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/feb/23/julianassange-was-harassed-by-cell-search-claims-father

lemma:
  https://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/feb/23/julianassange-was-harassed-by-cell-search-claims-father


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.sbs.com.au/news/despite-prisoner-coronavirus-fearsuk-government-won-t-release-julian-assange

lemma:
  https://www.sbs.com.au/news/despite-prisoner-coronavirus-fearsuk-government-won-t-release-julian-assange


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
pos: NNP
token:
  https://thewatchdog.net/2020/05/04/special-operationsofficers-disperse-assange-supporters-as-u-s-extraditioncase-delayed-for-months/

lemma:
  https://thewatchdog.net/2020/05/04/special-operationsofficers-disperse-assange-supporters-as-u-s-extraditioncase-delayed-for-months/


# ent

id: cord-009230-muvoo3pe
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  China Highly pathogenic H5N1 infl uenza virus infection in migratory birds Acute promyelocytic leukemia


id: cord-008881-579ronfq
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Human Diploid Cell Strain Rabies Vaccine date 1981 10 24 journal Lancet DOI 10 1016 s0140 6736 81 91402 1 sha c3fe672faf83bde603c04cab9c87d9ac822f80b8 doc_id 8881 cord_uid 579ronfq Lymphocyte


id: cord-008881-579ronfq
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  man Human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine rapid prophylactic immunisation of volunteers with small doses Immune responses of humans to a human diploid cell strain


id: cord-009234-v4wlz3fa
type: ORG
entity:
  the UN International Labour Organization Food and Agriculture Organization International Atomic Energy Agency International Civil Aviation Organization International Committees and Federations of the Red Cross


id: cord-261246-m40kwgcg
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cardiovascular and cerebro vascular diseases endocrine system disease digestive system disease respiratory system disease malignant tumour


id: cord-256121-9bl1ztuc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Political Declaration of the UN General Assembly High Level Meeting United Nations High Level Meeting on the Fight Against Tuberculosis WHO


id: cord-260168-rb7j94dh
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  macrophages CD3 T lymphocytes CD20 B lymphocytes CD8 cytotoxic T cells S100 dendritic cells cytokeratin AE1 AE3 epithelial cells surfactant protein A type II pneumoncytes tubulin


id: cord-256146-d599uera
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  colon mesenteric lymph node nasal septum pancreas skin spleen stomach tonsil trachea tracheobronchial lymph node urinary bladder and urine


id: cord-256146-d599uera
type: PERSON
entity:
  Schutten Martin Rimmelzwaan Guus F van Amerongen Geert van Riel Debby Laman Jon D de Jong Ton van Doornum


id: cord-008855-hahqwt5x
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Political Declaration of the United Nations General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non Communicable Diseases


id: cord-279681-ezu1j0tc
type: ORG
entity:
  China Programme in Emerging Infections Diseases Duke NUS Medical School SingHealth Duke NUS Global Health Institute


id: cord-253035-tijcxtwx
type: ORG
entity:
  Geneva World Health Organization Geneva World Health Organization Beijing China National Health Commission Geneva World Health Organization First


id: cord-253035-tijcxtwx
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus 2019 nCoV Geneva World Health Organization Beijing China National Health Commission Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection


id: cord-274112-6t0wpiqy
type: DNA
entity:
  primer sets 1 Bm HA 1 5Ј TATTCGTCTCAGGGAGCAA AAGCAGGGG 3Ј and 739 R 5Ј TAATCGTC TCGTTTCAATTTGAGGGCTATTTCTGAGCC 3Ј and 2 739 F 5Ј TAATCGTCTCTGAAA CTAGAGGATTATTTGGAGCTATAGC 3Ј


id: cord-256459-6h358si5
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  cultured human fetal small intestine Intestinal mucosal inflammation associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection Human immunodeficiency virus detected in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms Duodenal mucosal T cell subpopulation


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease individualised cogni tive rehabilitation mild or moderate dementia two studies 257 cognitive reserve intervention groups and 255 controls and in home


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease and related dementia Dementia Assessment management and support for people living with dementia and their carers London National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Donepezil for dementia due to Alzheimer s disease France removes state


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease Nilvadipine in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease a randomised controlled trial 5HT6 antagonists in the treatment of Alzheimer s


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: ORG
entity:
  the University College London Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Alistair Cohen Mansfield Jiska Cooper Claudia Costafreda Sergi G Dias Amit Fox Nick Gitlin Laura N Howard Robert Kales Helen C Kivimäki


id: cord-288197-drto66xt
type: ORG
entity:
  the State Key Laboratory of Virology Institute of Medical Virology School of Basic Medical Sciences Wuhan University


id: cord-277446-0e6akcjf
type: ORG
entity:
  International Students for Academic Year Ministry of Education of People s Republic of China Interim


id: cord-269702-20sldbte
type: DNA
entity:
  Congo date 2018 06 14 journal Lancet DOI 10 1016 s0140 6736 18 31326 6 sha 1033a7b4f089ea45374b7764cd685b83ca124705 doc_id 269702 cord_uid 20sldbte nan


id: cord-305906-a2srympy
type: ORG
entity:
  the NW London National Institute for Health Research NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Imperial College London


id: cord-291038-n8bk541m
type: GGP
entity:
  vitamin D 26 27 and relevant health behaviours Ethnic racial disparities in the health outcomes of people with COVID 19 need to be studied alongside age sex gender socioeconomic status and comorbidities in disaggregated public health data 4 19 A provisional


id: cord-291038-n8bk541m
type: ORG
entity:
  COVID 19 Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities


id: cord-313028-0nhgxoim
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CCL11 basic FGF2 GCSF CSF3 GMCSF CSF2 IFNγ IP10 CXCL10 MCP1 CCL2 MIP1A CCL3 MIP1B CCL4 PDGFB RANTES CCL5 TNFα


id: cord-313028-0nhgxoim
type: ORG
entity:
  FUNDING Ministry of Science and Technology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences National Natural Science Foundation of China


id: cord-328865-ekgqdjlk
type: ORG
entity:
  Bethesda MD National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Serology


id: cord-299627-nu4typ7j
type: ORG
entity:
  The War Veterans Organization of Thailand Printing Press Ministry of Health Indonesia National Health


id: cord-322541-yzum868k
type: ORG
entity:
  the International Health Regulations Pandemic Infl uenza Preparedness Framework Convention on Biological Diversity


id: cord-333183-xyuj1j57
type: ORG
entity:
  the Association of Cancer Physicians the Royal College of Radiologists the National Oncology Trainees Research Collaborative for Healthcare Research


id: cord-333183-xyuj1j57
type: ORG
entity:
  the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention CaStLeS Compute and Storage for the Life Sciences


id: cord-335560-fe4ixqdv
type: ORG
entity:
  behaviours Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 Outbreak


id: cord-347544-ym7uiqy5
type: ORG
entity:
  US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria


id: cord-349624-2sypsfba
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Ferigato Sabrina Fernandez Michelle Amorim Melania Ambrogi Ilana Fernandes Luísa M M Pacheco Rafaela


# url

id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
domain: www.amnesty.org
url:
  http://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/uk-assange-bail-application-highlights-covid19-risk-to-many-vulnerable-detainees-and-prisoners/


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
domain: rsf.org
url:
  http://rsf.org/en/news/uk-adjournment-julianassanges-us-extradition-hearing-considered-amidst-coronavirus-concerns


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
domain: freedom.press
url:
  http://freedom.press/news/trumpadministrations-indictment-julian-assange-threatens-core-press-freedom-rights/


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
domain: www.theguardian.com
url:
  http://www.theguardian.com/media/2020/feb/23/julianassange-was-harassed-by-cell-search-claims-father


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
domain: www.sbs.com.au
url:
  http://www.sbs.com.au/news/despite-prisoner-coronavirus-fearsuk-government-won-t-release-julian-assange


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
domain: thewatchdog.net
url:
  http://thewatchdog.net/2020/05/04/special-operationsofficers-disperse-assange-supporters-as-u-s-extraditioncase-delayed-for-months/


# bib

id: cord-008837-74rfnt1x
title: H5N1 influenza pandemic: contingency plans
author: Tsang, Kenneth WT
date: 2005-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-008837-74rfnt1x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008837-74rfnt1x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134619/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67080-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  12 The two neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, have not been directly compared in controlled trials. 15, 16 Therefore governments should also consider stockpiling zanamivir as an anti-influenza agent in their pandemic plans. Governments and health agencies should also consider planning for clinical trials, for instance a combination of both neuraminidase inhibitors, with or without other potential novel drugs, such as shortinterfering RNAs and interferon. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. Management of influenza virus infections with neuraminidase inhibitors: detection, incidence, and implications of drug resistance Efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of influenza in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled multicentre study


id: cord-008841-r17qhfsj
title: SARS: experience at Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
author: Tomlinson, Brian
date: 2003-05-03
txt: ./txt/cord-008841-r17qhfsj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008841-r17qhfsj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134636/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13218-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  THE LANCET • Vol 361 • May 3, 2003 • www.thelancet.com COMMENTARY The Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH) has been at the forefront of the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong. Three major reasons for spread of infection to health-care workers have been: failure to apply isolation precautions to cases not yet identified as SARS, breaches of procedure, and inadequate precautions. "Super-spreaders" may be prone to carry a high viral load because of defects in their COMMENTARY SARS: experience at Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong immune system, as could be the case in the patient with end-stage renal failure implicated in the Amoy Gardens outbreak and another with renal failure at the centre of an outbreak in Singapore. Case definitions for surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong


id: cord-008855-hahqwt5x
title: Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world
author: Alwan, Ala
date: 2014-01-20
txt: ./txt/cord-008855-hahqwt5x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008855-hahqwt5x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134683/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62572-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  The Arab world today faces major challenges to health development, which are captured by papers in this Series. With support from WHO, and working closely with the World Bank and other partners, countries are beginning to develop a vision, Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world I owe special thanks to a large network of Arab scientists who have contributed to this Series. The response of countries to the very clear road map for addressing non-communicable diseases outlined in the global strategy 6 and the Political Declaration of the United Nations General Assembly 7 of September, 2011, is, so far, inadequate. Collective action and solidarity are needed to deliver health services to refugees and host communities, and to increase the resilience of countries to emergencies and ensure eff ective public health responses during crises. Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world


id: cord-008866-be7725ap
title: Pregnancy and H1N1 infection
author: Su, Lin Lin
date: 2009-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-008866-be7725ap.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008866-be7725ap.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134704/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61854-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  From this point of view, a strategy for the treatment and prevention of H1N1 infection in pregnancy based on neutralising human monoclonal antibodies should be planned in the future, being also aware of the effi cient protection of the fetus by circulating IgGs. We declare that we have no confl icts of interest. In 2003, Singapore was notably aff ected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 2 which led to the formation of a rapid response team, hospital quarantine, infect ious disease control measures, temperature screening at borders and in public buildings and spaces, timely public education, and constant communication with the public. 3, 4 In response to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s advice on poorer outcomes in H1N1-aff ected pregnant women on May 12, 2009, the above SARS strategies, coupled with rapid access to quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR within 24 h of presentation and early institution of antiviral therapy, was started from June 30, 2009, in Singapore.


id: cord-008880-cqbsmrpw
title: Chandipura virus: an emerging human pathogen?
author: Van Ranst, Marc
date: 2004-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-008880-cqbsmrpw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008880-cqbsmrpw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134742/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16995-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  This molecular profiling, with the current and planned Intergroup and Breast International Group trials, will provide insights into the effectiveness and indications for chemotherapy in node-negative and elderly patients, and is congruent with the statement made by Fisher et al that factors other than age and menopausal status must dictate systemic treatment. 1 The only other instance when the virus was isolated in human beings was in 1980, in Madhya Pradesh, India, from a patient with acute encephalitis. 3 During the 2003 outbreak, Chandipura virus RNA was detected by PCR in sandflies collected around the house of a patient with encephalitis. But there are also unknown unknowns-the ones we don''t know we don''t know." The 2003 encephalitis outbreak in India taught us that the previously unknown Chandipura virus joins the seemingly ever-growing list of the known important human pathogens.


id: cord-008881-579ronfq
author: Nicholson, KarlG
date: 1981-10-24
txt: ./txt/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008881-579ronfq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134747/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91402-1
summary:
  title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0&middot;8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.'', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved.

title:
  MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine

abstract:
  Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. All ten volunteers rapidly developed substantial titres of rabies antibody, and eight of the ten had T lymphocytes that were immunologically stimulated by HDCS rabies-virus antigen. Postexposure treatment with 0·8 ml of HDCS vaccine given at 4 i.d. sites completely protected fourteen rabbits from death by street virus. The results suggest that in developing countries patients could be protected with small volumes of potent tissue-culture vaccine administered intradermally shortly after exposure.


id: cord-008917-ek8rp4kh
title: CORONAVIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES IN DIARRHOEA STOOLS
author: Caul, E.O.
date: 1980-12-06
txt: ./txt/cord-008917-ek8rp4kh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008917-ek8rp4kh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134874/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92509-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  971) report that they have seen pleomorphic coronavirus-like particles in a specimen of human faeces and postulate that these may have derived from an intestinal yeast-like organism and suggest Blastocystis (now believed to be a protozoon 1). Moreover, in general, there exists a large species variation in therapeutic or toxic effects of chemical substances, and additionally an interspecies difference exists in drug metabolism and pharmacological response, especially to liposoluble drugs 2-all of which points should be considered when extrapolating our findings in rats to man. Nevertheless, we feel very strongly that those drugs which evoke a positive response in our rat model are potentially harmful in the hereditary porphyrias and should be avoided. In our experience, 25% of patients with premyxoedema have a normal basal TSH but exaggerated response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Coronavirus particles in faeces from patients with gastroenteritis


id: cord-008995-p89e6620
title: FUNGAL TOXINS AND ENDEMIC (BALKAN) NEPHROPATHY
author: Krogh, Palle
date: 1976-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-008995-p89e6620.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008995-p89e6620.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135157/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)92990-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  The results show (figure A) that in 122 out of 125 samples rT3 levels were 4-9 times above the normal adult range. In these cases the slightly raised serum T3 levels and the normal serum T.S.H. levels suggested that the sera were from the mother since in cord-blood serum T3 levels are highly reduced and T.S.H. concentrations are normal or increased. Both cases cannot be strictly compared with the results obtained at birth in cord blood. For reasons given above, however, it seems unlikely that maternal T3 could influence the level observed in cord blood. Thus Fuller and McCartney''3 find it difficult to judge the significance of our data140n serum high-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) levels in patients with coronary heart-disease (c.H.D.) because we did not give information on other variables.


id: cord-009002-790bee3v
title: ENTERIC ADENOVIRUSES AND ROTAVIRUSES IN INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
author: Schoub, BarryD
date: 1981-10-24
txt: ./txt/cord-009002-790bee3v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009002-790bee3v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135177/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91405-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  Their disparate detection rates of adenovirus and rotavirus from stool samples taken in two different rural areas in South Africa is intriguing and warrants further investigation. We are surprised that Dowling and Wynne "are aware of no other studies on the incidence of adenovirus-associated gastroenteritis in southern Africa", apart from our 1975 report.4 Since that time we have published papers on the aetiology of acute infantile gastroenteritis in our Black urban communities in the Pretoria5 and the Johannesburg6,7 areas. He states that in his wide experience of acute porphyria he has never encountered an attack induced by alcohol and consequently does not advise his patients to abstain from drinking. We strongly advise all of our patients with acute porphyria that alcohol may precipitate a porphyric attack.


id: cord-009027-uqsayb4d
title: AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN, CORONAVIRUS, AND REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE IN VIRAL HEPATITIS
author: Sirtori, Carlo
date: 1971-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-009027-uqsayb4d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009027-uqsayb4d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135316/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92597-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  SIR,-The discovery of a reverse transcriptase in Australia antigen by Hirschman and his colleagues strongly suggests that the antigen is associated with an R.N.A. virus 2; and this idea is corroborated by the finding of small amounts of R.N.A. in the same antigen.3 3 All this is in keeping with our previous studies of the acute-hepatitis liver with the electron microscope,4>5 revealing the simultaneous presence of Australia antigen and coronaviruses, and showing how the particles of Australia antigen, present in the cytoplasm, fell together to form coronavirus membranes. We have tried to cultivate bits of hepatitis liver containing both the Australia antigen and the coronavirus on KB cells,5 and we have seen that the KB cells developed clusters of particles in their cytoplasm, suggesting the early stages of Australia-antigen formation; on the other hand, Perhaps the coronavirus, or adult form of the virus, occurs only exceptionally or is very short-lived.


id: cord-009089-hmfd0xws
title: IDENTIFICATION OF A T CELL LYMPHOMA CATEGORY DERIVED FROM INTESTINAL-MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED T CELLS
author: Stein, H.
date: 1988-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-009089-hmfd0xws.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009089-hmfd0xws.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135566/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90068-2
summary:
  2 cases of precursor T cell lymphoma and 37 cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma were investigated for their reactivity with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) HML-1, which recognises human intestinal T lymphocytes but not lymph-node T cells. The HML-1(+) lymphoma was the only tumour that was primarily localised in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestine, and was associated with ulcerative jejunitis and coeliac disease. This suggestion has been confirmed by generation of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated HML-1, that reacts with nearly all intraepithelial T cells and 40% of the lamina propria T cells of the intestine but with only occasional cells in lymph nodes, tonsils, blood, or skin.6 If the mucosa-associated T cells give rise to lymphomas, these should be identifiable with the mAb HML-1. At the first meeting of the European Society for Haematopathology (April 14, 1988) Isaacson reported another case of intestinal T cell lymphoma associated with coeliac disease that was reactive with the HML-1 antibody.

abstract:
  2 cases of precursor T cell lymphoma and 37 cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma were investigated for their reactivity with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) HML-1, which recognises human intestinal T lymphocytes but not lymph-node T cells. In all but one of the lymphomas studied, the tumour cells were unreactive with the mAb HML-1. The HML-1(+) lymphoma was the only tumour that was primarily localised in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestine, and was associated with ulcerative jejunitis and coeliac disease. This result suggests that the HML-1(+) lymphoma was derived from intestinal mucosa T lymphocytes and differs from precursor T cell lymphoblastic lymphomas and nodal and cutaneous peripheral T cell lymphomas.


id: cord-009096-3c5t70an
title: New WHO chief promises greater commitment to HIV/AIDS
author: Frankish, Helen
date: 2003-07-26
txt: ./txt/cord-009096-3c5t70an.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009096-3c5t70an.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135582/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14007-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  W ith a pledge to give greater priority to HIV/AIDS and achieving results in poor countries, South Korea''s Jong-wook Lee took office as the new Director-General of WHO on July 21. "By Dec 1 this year, World AIDS Day, WHO''s HIV/AIDS department, working with partners, will produce a global plan for reaching the three-by-five target", Lee said. On his first day in office, the new Director-General also reinforced WHO''s commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, targets that world leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit 3 years ago. "I will begin by deploying additional resources to priority country offices for building up capacity in HIV/AIDS control and health systems", he said. Le Gales-Camus, a former scientific adviser to the Director-General of Health in France, as head of non-communicable diseases. Catherine Le Gales-Camus (France), most recently scientific adviser to France''s Director-General of Health will take leadership of the Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health cluster


id: cord-009137-wj5vhvxx
title: RAISED URINARY FIBRIN-DEGRADATION PRODUCTS, COMPLEMENT, AND IgG DURING AN INFLUENZA-LIKE ILLNESS
author: Fananapazir, L.
date: 1977-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-009137-wj5vhvxx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009137-wj5vhvxx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135692/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92227-9
summary:
  Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C(3). Hospital, and Regional Virus Laboratory, City Hospital, Edinburgh Summary Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C3. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. 14 In the present study high concentrations of urine fibrin-degradation products and immunoglobulins suggested that an immunological process consistent with a subclinical attack of glomerulonephritis had occurred during an epidemic of an influenza-like disease.

abstract:
  Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C(3). The study was carried out when influenza A was prevalent in the community. However, a wide range of serological investigations revealed no evidence for influenza A or other viruses. The infection may have been caused by other viruses which produce upper-respiratory-tract infections and which are not readily diagnosed by serology. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. A larger normal population should be investigated during a virus epidemic.


id: cord-009144-3slh1nbk
title: RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL AND OTHER VIRUSES ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN INFANTS
author: Jacobs, J.W.
date: 1971-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009144-3slh1nbk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135715/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92440-8
summary:
  Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. THERE have been few intensive studies of respiratoryvirus infections of infants.1-5 To prevent these infections, it is necessary to know which viruses cause the most severe illness and whether maternal antibody plays any part in their prevention. We report here the results of a survey of respiratory-virus infections in infants under one year of age in hospital. In this survey, as in others, R.s. virus was the commonest cause of respiratory illness requiring admission at this age (40&deg;0), and the illnesses were more severe than those associated with other viruses (table iv). 23 Effect of Maternal Antibody The few parainfluenza virus infections observed in this survey occurred only in infants more than four months of age.

abstract:
  Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. A diagnosis of infection with respiratory syncytial (R.S.) virus was made in 40%, rhinovirus in 6·1%, adenovirus in 3·7%, parainfluenza in 2·1%, enterovirus in 1·9%, and influenza in 1·3%. R.S.-virus infections were more severe than others and occurred mostly in the first five months of life, with a peak at two months. Rhinovirus infections occurred at all ages, and often involved the lower respiratory tract. Of the 12 deaths, only 1 (due to R.S. virus) was not associated with a contributory cause. Maternal antibody to R.S. virus did not notably affect the incidence or severity of R.S.-virus infections.


id: cord-009153-zxx4m1kz
author: Heymann, David L
date: 2004-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-009153-zxx4m1kz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009153-zxx4m1kz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135754/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16234-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  THE LANCET • Vol 363 • May 15, 2004 • www.thelancet.com COMMENTARY Less than a year after an unprecedented international public-health effort interrupted human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), some human beings are again infected. 2 Auspiciously, the new SARS cases are occurring as WHO''s Biosafety Advisory Group prepares to examine the long-term containment of poliovirus stocks, the risks of which will rapidly increase after interruption of transmission and the ending of immunisation with oral poliovirus vaccine. 3 The recent outbreak of nine cases of SARS in China, with one death, underlines again the challenges of maintaining appropriate biosafety conditions in laboratories working with dangerous pathogens. During the SARS outbreak last year, many specimens were obtained from human cases of SARS COMMENTARY Dangerous pathogens in the laboratory: from smallpox to today''s SARS setbacks and tomorrow''s polio-free world and sent to many different national and international laboratories for various studies.

title:
  Dangerous pathogens in the laboratory: from smallpox to today''s SARS setbacks and tomorrow''s polio-free world


id: cord-009160-e2qh3xd8
title: Public health implications of world trade negotiations
author: Unger, Jean-Pierre
date: 2004-01-03
txt: ./txt/cord-009160-e2qh3xd8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009160-e2qh3xd8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135777/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15191-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Although the GATS has now been applied for almost 9 years, Pollock and Price fail to describe any actual case in which governments would have deprived themselves of their sovereign right to regulate and to determine the scope of public service. Since 1990, the aid policies of industrialised countries has tended to restrict the public sector''s functions to mere disease control. It could be invoked by powerful health services companies in countries with a weak bargaining position, to prevent publicly oriented services from receiving government subsidies or oblige subsidised public services to limit their activities to disease control. Article 1.3.c. could also hamper disease control-the paradigm of contemporary international aid in health. It provides the legal basis to preclude integration of disease control with general practice. The additional 10-20 min required by the lateral paramedian incision is far less expensive than the cost of repairing (often unsuccessfully) the roughly 10% or more hernias occurring in midline incisions.


id: cord-009230-muvoo3pe
title: Biomedical science and technology in China
author: Chen, Zhu
date: 2008-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-009230-muvoo3pe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009230-muvoo3pe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7137927/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61352-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Since the mid-1990s, China has used science and education to improve its international competitiveness, 4 with an increase in expenditure on research and development from 0·6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1996 to 1·4% in 2006 (a period during which the annual rate of growth in GDP reached more than 9%). While encouraging investigator-initiated projects by augmenting the budget of the National Natural Science Foundation (a fi ve-fold increase over the past decade, rising to 4·3 billion Renminbi [about £0·32 billion] in 2007), China has also launched the national key basic research programme (973) and established major scientifi c facilities, including synchrotron light-sources and centres for genomics or protein science, drug screening, and biodiversity conservation. China is the fi rst country to issue approval through the Government''s regulator (the State Food and Drug Administration [SFDA]) for the use of biochips to screen for diseases such as hepatitis C.


id: cord-009234-v4wlz3fa
title: International Health Regulations (2005)
author: Merianos, Angela
date: 2005-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-009234-v4wlz3fa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009234-v4wlz3fa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138023/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67508-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  6 The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public-health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to publichealth risks, while avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. Criteria include morbidity, mortality, whether the event is unusual or unexpected, its potential to have a major public-health effect, whether external assistance is needed to detect, investigate, respond, and control the current event, if there is a potential for international spread, or if there is a significant risk to international travel or trade. The revised IHR set out core capacities of a country''s preparedness to detect and respond to health threats-early Events detected by national surveillance system Unusual diseases which must be notified: Smallpox Wild poliovirus Human influenza (new subtype) Severe acute respiratory syndrome Any event of potential international public-health concern Known epidemic-prone diseases which must be notified: Cholera Pneumonic plague Viral haemorrhagic fevers Yellow fever West Nile fever Other locally or regionally important diseases If yes to any two of these questions


id: cord-009285-1ddfywfa
title: High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection
author: Assicot, M.
date: 1993-02-27
txt: ./txt/cord-009285-1ddfywfa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009285-1ddfywfa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7141580/
doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90277-n
summary:
  By means of a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay for calcitonin precursors, we have measured serum concentrations of procalcitonin in patients with various bacterial and viral infections. Lancet 1993; 341: 518-21 Introduction About 3000 of the 30 000 people admitted to hospital in the UK each year for acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding will die.1 Prognostic indicators for outcome include: age, pulse rate, blood pressure, and haemoglobin at admission, and findings at endoscopy, such as presence, site, and nature of a bleeding lesion, and stigmata of recent bleeding.2-4 One factor that may promote continued bleeding and hence an adverse clinical outcome is the fibrinolytic activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract, because fibrinolysis may lead to digestion of haemostatic plugs.5 Consistent with this possibility, Poller and colleaguess demonstrated increased serum fibrin degradation products (FDP) in a small series of patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding; however, the prognostic value of serum FDP concentrations has not been reported in a prospective study.

abstract:
  High concentrations of calcitonin-like immunoreactivity have been found in the blood of patients with various extrathyroid diseases. By means of a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay for calcitonin precursors, we have measured serum concentrations of procalcitonin in patients with various bacterial and viral infections. 79 children (newborn to age 12 years) in hospital with suspected infections were investigated prospectively. 19 patients with severe bacterial infections had very high serum concentrations of procalcitonin at diagnosis (range 6-53 ng/mL) in comparison with 21 children found to have no signs of infection (baseline concentrations <0·1 ng/mL). Serum procalcitonin values decreased rapidly during antibiotic therapy. 11 patients with peripheral bacterial colonisation or local infections without invasive sepsis and 18 (86%) of 21 patients with viral infections had concentrations within or slightly above the normal range (0·1-1·5 ng/mL). Among 9 severely burned patients studied in an intensive care unit, the post-traumatic course of procalcitonin concentrations (range 0·1-120 ng/mL) was closely related to infectious complications and acute septic episodes. Concentrations of mature calcitonin were normal in all subjects, whatever procalcitonin concentrations were found. Concentrations of a substance immunologically identical to procalcitonin are raised during septic conditions. Serum concentrations seem to be correlated with the severity of microbial invasion.


id: cord-010170-rwf52bly
author: Sutrisna, B.
date: 1991-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-010170-rwf52bly.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010170-rwf52bly.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172283/
doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90544-y
summary:
  The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. In our previous work on ARI in Indonesia (unpublished), we observed that many children with mild ARI were being treated with ampicillin by physicians at Government clinics despite the Ministry of Health guidelines (which accord with WHO recommendations) that only supportive care is required.14 In our discussions with physicians, it became clear that many believed antibiotics were effective at preventing the progression of mild ARI to pneumonia or other forms of severe ARI, which are frequently bacterial in origin.

title:
  Randomised, controlled trial of effectiveness of ampicillin in mild acute respiratory infections in Indonesian children

abstract:
  The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. To find out whether ampicillin treatment conferred any benefit over supportive care alone, a randomised, controlled trial was carried out among 889 children (under 5 years) with mild ARI in Indonesia. 447 were randomly allocated ampicillin (25-30 mg/kg body weight three times daily for 5 days) plus supportive care (continued breastfeeding, clearing of the nose, and paracetamol to control fever); 442 were allocated supportive care only. The treatment groups were almost identical after randomisation in terms of age, sex, level of parental education, history of measles immunisation, and fever. After 1 week the percentages cured were nearly identical (204 [46%] ampicillin; 209 [47%] control), as were the percentages of cases progressing to moderate ARI (56 [13%] vs 53 [12%]). The effect of treatment was not modified by age, sex, measles immunisation status, or the educational level of the parents. At the 2-week follow-up, the percentages cured were 62% (277) in the ampicillin group and 58% (256) in the control group; 14% of both groups had progressed to moderate ARI; and 24% (107) and 28% (123), respectively, still had mild ARI. None of the differences in outcome between the ampicillin and control groups was statistically significant. Thus, ampicillin plus supportive care offers no benefit over supportive care alone for treatment of mild ARI in young Indonesian children.


id: cord-010255-gvkc2hjd
title: ASYMPTOMATIC ENDEMIC ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN THE NEWBORN
author: Chrystie, I.L.
date: 1978-06-03
txt: ./txt/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010255-gvkc2hjd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173156/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90967-4
summary:
  RoTAViRUSES are the commonest cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in infancy and childhood,'','' and a common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in newborn calves3 and piglets.4 Rotavirus infection is world-wide and iri children admitted to hospital is most common between 6 months and 2 years of age;5 virus is seldom detected in the stools of symptomless age-matched controls. '' 7 Although the babies were infected as early as the third day of life, virus excretion was most frequent among 5-9 day-old babies, who showed few if any of the symptoms of infection found in older children.'' This paper describes a 12-month study of the incidence of infection, the amount of virus excreted by breast-fed and bottle-fed babies, and the pattern of virus spread during the transfer of maternity wards to quarters in a newly built hospital wing.

abstract:
  Between May 1, 1976, and May 14, 1977, 343 (32·5%) of 1056 5-day-old babies in newborn nurseries excreted rotaviruses. The infection-rate was highest during winter (49%). 76% of infected babies at this time were bottle-fed. 41% of neonates excreted low amounts of virus (10(8) particles/g fæces); older children tended to excrete >10(10) particles/g fæces. Infected breast-fed babies excreted less virus than those who were bottle-fed. Stools of breast-fed babies often contained clumps of complete "smooth" rotavirus particles. When the newborn nurseries were transferred to a newly built hospital wing, infection appeared in the new wards, including those admitting only new patients, within a short period. Infection was either mild (8%) or symptomless (92%), and even babies with symptoms required no treatment.


id: cord-020267-0axms5fp
title: RIBAVIRIN AND RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS
author: nan
date: 1986-02-15
txt: ./txt/cord-020267-0axms5fp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020267-0axms5fp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134697/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92323-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  In Britain RSV accounts for yearly hospitaladmission rates of 12 -5 to 24'' 5 per 1000 among infants aged 1-3 months;3 and in North Carolina it is responsible for 24-50% of all admissions for pneumonia in children under 5 years of age.4 In hospital roughly 14% of RSV-infected infants require intensive care and 5% need assisted ventilation.s Although the mortality from RSV infection is generally low, it is especially high in infants with underlying congenital heart disease (37%, rising to 73% with concomitant pulmonary hypertension),5 and in the immunocompromised (23%),6 and is almost certainly raised in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis. Striking improvements were noted in 2 infants treated with ribavirin aerosol for parainfluenza virus type 3 infection complicating severe combined immunodeficiency disease13,14-a combination often causing respiratory failure and death. Rather it should be considered for infants with bronchiolitis or pneumonia, and for high-risk patients with underlying cardiopulmonary disorders or immunodeficiency with probable RSV or influenza, and possibly parainfluenza infection.


id: cord-020270-5mvzjrdg
title: Balkan Nephropathy
author: nan
date: 1977-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-020270-5mvzjrdg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020270-5mvzjrdg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134715/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92121-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  The incidence of Balkan nephropathy within the endemic area is variable, but levels as high as 10% of the population have been claimed for some villages with perhaps 30% of individuals showing symptomless proteinuria. Important information is provided by the incidence of Balkan nephropathy in individuals who move into or out of the endemic area. 8 Reviewing the subject in 1967, BARNES3 drew attention to the possible role of nephrotoxic fungi occurring as contaminants on foodstuffs, a notion which gained support from the later observations of AUSTWICK and SMITH.14 These workers reported a statistically significant correlation in three endemic areas between variation in the late-summer and autumn rainfall and the number of local deaths from Balkan nephropathy during the succeeding two years-the first clear association between a local environmental factor and the disease.


id: cord-023622-tul7bonh
title: Rotaviruses of Man and Animals
author: nan
date: 1975-02-01
txt: ./txt/cord-023622-tul7bonh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023622-tul7bonh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172916/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(75)91148-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Certainly bacterial pathogens may cause both sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in children, but they cannot be isolated in up to 75% of cases.2, 3 Whilst it is true that some investigations suggest that enteroviruses or adenoviruses may occasionally cause localised outbreaks of gastroenteritis,4-7 others have shown that these viruses may be detected almost as frequently in controls as among patients. Employing negativestaining techniques on fsecal extracts, FLEWETT and his colleagues found similar particles in children with gastroenteritis in Birmingham 13; indeed, if virologists had only looked at such simply prepared specimens, there is no technical reason why these viruses could not have been detected, say, 15 years ago. Thus, existing evidence suggests that rotaviruses are the most important cause of infantile gastroenteritis throughout the world, but as yet only a limited number of specimens have been examined from those tropical areas where mortality-rates are particularly high.


id: cord-027472-pr037x2t
title: US law enforcement crowd control tactics at anti-racism protests: a public health threat
author: Gaffney, Adam W
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-027472-pr037x2t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027472-pr037x2t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7304962/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31421-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Numerous videos document law enforcement officers'' indiscriminate use of chemical irritants and kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs); striking peaceful protesters, and even jour nalists, with batons, fists, and vehicles; and corralling crowds in confined areas, making physical distancing impossible. Chemical irritants, including tear gas and pepper spray, have been lobbed at protests nationwide. A systematic review 1 of 31 studies found that among 9261 injuries from chemical irritants, 8•7% were severe, two were lethal, and 58 caused permanent disabilities. Because chemical irritants provoke coughing and sneezing, their use during the COVID19 pandemic raises particular concern about viral spread. 3 Mass arrests, particularly combined with indiscriminate use of chemical irritants, risk accelerating the pandemic''s spread. Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray Tear gas use during COVID19 pandemic irresponsible; moratorium needed, says


id: cord-033974-0rzi7x22
title: In the 2020 US election, we can choose a just future
author: Boyd, Rhea W
date: 2020-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-033974-0rzi7x22.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033974-0rzi7x22.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7572098/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32140-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  In terms of health, the current US administration has intentionally lied about the grave risks of COVID-19, failed to implement a coherent national pandemic strategy, hamstrung and underfunded public health agencies, initiated the process to withdraw the USA from WHO, reversed and weakened health regulations, attacked abortion and contraception access, eroded transgender health protections, and aired racist, anti-Asian, antiscience views. 11 The age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate among Black and Indigenous communities and people of colour in the USA is up to three times higher than among non-Hispanic white populations. 12 Latinx and Black children account for an astounding 74% of COVID-19 deaths among people aged 21 years and younger in the USA. 14 And every untimely death has occurred within the nation that spends more money on health care than any other country in the world. Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by race and Hispanic origin and age, by state


id: cord-034160-k2oy3avl
title: Department of Error
author: nan
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-034160-k2oy3avl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034160-k2oy3avl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7581389/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32152-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a call to action, Arlene King and colleagues 1 emphasise the potential for insolvency at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and urge member states to pay their outstanding contributions. King and colleagues called on the spirit of solidarity in member states. King and colleagues also argued that health security will not be possible without a functioning PAHO; however, it is imperative to note that a functioning PAHO entails more than securing funding from member states. This reform should require member states to provide sustainable funding that cannot be withdrawn with a change in government, as seen in the USA. 3 Awareness should not only emphasise the public health achievements of PAHO across its more than 100 years of existence but also its effects on the countries that most greatly benefit from PAHO''s work-countries with gross inequities. Member states should agree to continued and sustained funding agreements with a focus on the vulnerable communities that PAHO most greatly affects.


id: cord-034165-kf6a8hix
title: The COVID-19 syndemic is not global: context matters
author: Mendenhall, Emily
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-034165-kf6a8hix.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034165-kf6a8hix.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7581415/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32218-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The COVID-19 syndemic is not global: context matters What is driving coronavirus to move through the population in the USA and interact with biological and social factors, however, differs from other contexts. US political failures have driven COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, and this cannot be divorced from our historical legacy of systemic racism 4 or our crisis of political leadership. 5 This matters because in other contexts COVID-19 is not syndemic. Recognising political determinants of health is central to the syndemic construct. By calling the COVID-19 syndemic global, we miss the point of the concept entirely. I do not write this to dampen Horton''s use of the term, as I believe COVID-19 is syndemic in my country (the USA). Recognising failures of wealthy countries is imperative as we think about where global knowledge and power sit within fields like global health.


id: cord-252801-97edhhkt
author: Calisher, Charles
date: 2020-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-252801-97edhhkt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252801-97edhhkt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620304189
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30418-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19 We have watched as the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China, in particular, have worked diligently and effectively to rapidly identify the pathogen behind this outbreak, put in place significant measures to reduce its impact, and share their results transparently with the global health community. We sign this statement in solidarity with all scientists and health professionals in China who continue to save lives and protect global health during the challenge of the COVID-19 outbreak. 14 We want you, the science and health professionals of China, to know that we stand with you in your fight against this virus. We invite others to join us in sup porting the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of Wuhan and across China.

title:
  Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19


id: cord-253035-tijcxtwx
title: A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern
author: Wang, Chen
date: 2020-01-24
txt: ./txt/cord-253035-tijcxtwx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253035-tijcxtwx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986257/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30185-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Early in the SARS coronavirus outbreak, frontline health workers became infected, which amplified transmission to patients in hospitals where outbreaks were occurring. 4 Early evidence from the initial MERS outbreaks suggested that health workers were likewise being infected, but that their infections were less severe than those of patients in hospitals who became infected and had comorbidities such as diabetes or chronic respiratory disease. 3 In The Lancet, Chaolin Huang and colleagues 7 report clinical features of the first 41 patients admitted to the designated hospital in Wuhan who were confirmed to be infected with 2019-nCoV by Jan 2, 2020. Considering that substantial numbers of patients with SARS and MERS were infected in health-care settings, precautions need to be taken to prevent nosocomial spread of the virus. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected.


id: cord-253402-6sgeraws
title: COVID-19 and Italy: what next?
author: Remuzzi, Andrea
date: 2020-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-253402-6sgeraws.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253402-6sgeraws.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620306279
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30627-9
summary:
  There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system''s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. At present, our national health system''s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of those who are already infected and require admission to an intensive care unit for ARDS, largely due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, is a matter of grave concern. Given that the mortality of patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is high and that the survival time of non-survivors is 1-2 weeks, the number of people infected in Italy will probably impose a major strain on critical care facilities in our hospitals, some of which do not have adequate resources or staff to deal with this emergency. We predict that if the exponential trend continues for the next few days, more than 2500 hospital beds for patients in intensive care units will be needed in only 1 week to treat ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2-pneumonia in Italy.

abstract:
  The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already taken on pandemic proportions, affecting over 100 countries in a matter of weeks. A global response to prepare health systems worldwide is imperative. Although containment measures in China have reduced new cases by more than 90%, this reduction is not the case elsewhere, and Italy has been particularly affected. There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system's capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The percentage of patients in intensive care reported daily in Italy between March 1 and March 11, 2020, has consistently been between 9% and 11% of patients who are actively infected. The number of patients infected since Feb 21 in Italy closely follows an exponential trend. If this trend continues for 1 more week, there will be 30 000 infected patients. Intensive care units will then be at maximum capacity; up to 4000 hospital beds will be needed by mid-April, 2020. Our analysis might help political leaders and health authorities to allocate enough resources, including personnel, beds, and intensive care facilities, to manage the situation in the next few days and weeks. If the Italian outbreak follows a similar trend as in Hubei province, China, the number of newly infected patients could start to decrease within 3–4 days, departing from the exponential trend. However, this cannot currently be predicted because of differences between social distancing measures and the capacity to quickly build dedicated facilities in China.


id: cord-254187-dcdc6sqi
title: “What, me worry?” Businesses and AIDS at Davos
author: Kimball, AM
date: 2005-04-05
txt: ./txt/cord-254187-dcdc6sqi.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605747929
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74792-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  At the Davos Summit in February, 2005, the World Economic Forum released its current survey on businesses and HIV/AIDS. In Asia, the prospective new epicentre of the epidemic, the efforts of the Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS and the Tata Group in India highlight roles business can play: prevention and education for workers; workplace programmes to prevent discrimination; and public-private collaboration and funding for effective programmes. 5 The most recent survey of the World Economic Forum''s Global Health Initiative 6 shows that awareness by business that AIDS will affect operations and profits reflects the level of efforts to combat the disease. 6 The Global Health Initiative worked with several South African firms to organise case studies, which vividly illustrate the imperatives and benefits for companies offering antiretrovirals to their employees. A role for business in HIV/AIDS in Asia


id: cord-254708-3d3abhg5
title: Why WHO needs a feminist economic agenda
author: Herten-Crabb, Asha
date: 2020-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-254708-3d3abhg5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254708-3d3abhg5.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32222184/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30110-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  A feminist economic approach to health requires that all people at all levels of healthcare decision making reorient their notion of wellbeing to include gender equality for women in all their diversities. As international financial institutions and donor groups like the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development embrace gender equality and the UHC agenda, WHO has the opportunity to use its access to these institutions to demonstrate the necessity of a feminist economic approach to build better, more equitable ways to steer sustainable economies that prioritise health and gender equality as mutually inclusive. Clear evidence of increased alcohol consumption and attributable harm in many low-income and middleincome countries (LMICs), 1 and predictions of more harm to come if effective policy is not adopted, 2 led a group of representatives from LMICs to propose a working group "to review and propose the feasibility of developing an international instrument for alcohol control".


id: cord-255628-bm4nogig
title: MERS in South Korea and China: a potential outbreak threat?
author: Su, Shuo
date: 2015-06-11
txt: ./txt/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255628-bm4nogig.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60859-5
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60859-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  First reported in September, 2012, human infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can result in severe respiratory disease, characterised by life-threatening pneumonia and renal failure. He was asymptomatic upon return to South Korea on May 4, but tested positive for MERS-CoV on May 20, along with two additional cases: his 64-year-old wife, and a 76-year-old male who was a fellow patient. MERS-CoV infection was confi rmed on May 29, marking the fi rst laboratoryconfirmed case in China (appendix), and the patient was immediately put in isolation. 6 In response, the Chinese health authorities promptly placed 38 high-risk contacts under surveillance, but it is not known whether additional contacts exist and further MERS-CoV infections in China remains a possibility. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Republic of Korea Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-China


id: cord-256121-9bl1ztuc
title: Building a tuberculosis-free world while responding to the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Reid, Michael J A
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-256121-9bl1ztuc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256121-9bl1ztuc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620321383
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32138-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  3 Moreover, the COVID-19 response has reduced access to tuberculosis services worldwide, including in China, 4 India, 5 South Africa, 6 and Nigeria. In India, Kenya, and Ukraine, a 3-month lockdown, followed by a 10-month recovery period, is projected to lead to an estimated 1·65 million, 41 400, and 7960 additional incident tuberculosis cases in the next 5 years, respectively, because of limited access to drugs, diagnostics, and prevention programmes in the past few months. After accounting for annual growth rates, we estimate that a 3-month lockdown, followed by a 10-month recovery, would result in an excess cost of $1·95 billion in India, $29 million in Kenya, and $96 million in Ukraine with an increase of 7·9%, 5·5%, and 4·1% in average annual health spending on tuberculosis in each country over the next 5 years (table) .


id: cord-256146-d599uera
title: Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome
author: Kuiken, Thijs
date: 2003-07-26
txt: ./txt/cord-256146-d599uera.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256146-d599uera.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12892955/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13967-0
summary:
  METHODS: We tested clinical and postmortem samples from 436 SARS patients in six countries for infection with SARSCoV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory pathogens. SARS-CoV was detected in pneumonic areas by virus isolation and RT-PCR, and was localised to alveolar epithelial cells and syncytia by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. . Serial dilutions of the SARS-CoV virus stock and SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells from patient 5688 were made and tested with the NP and polymerase-specific RT-PCRs. Samples from the respiratory tract (nasal swabs, pharyngeal swabs, postmortem trachea, and lung samples) were also monitored for influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus (OC43 and 229E), and human metapneumovirus with use of essentially the same RT-PCR methods but with specific primers. Virological examinations of nasal and pharyngeal swabs, and tracheal and lung samples from all four macaques by RT-PCR for influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus (OC43 and 229E) and human metapneumovirus were negative.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The worldwide outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is associated with a newly discovered coronavirus, SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSCoV). We did clinical and experimental studies to assess the role of this virus in the cause of SARS. METHODS: We tested clinical and postmortem samples from 436 SARS patients in six countries for infection with SARSCoV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory pathogens. We infected four cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) with SARS-CoV in an attempt to replicate SARS and did necropsies on day 6 after infection. FINDINGS: SARS-CoV infection was diagnosed in 329 (75%) of 436 patients fitting the case definition of SARS; human metapneumovirus was diagnosed in 41 (12%) of 335, and other respiratory pathogens were diagnosed only sporadically. SARS-CoV was, therefore, the most likely causal agent of SARS. The four SARS-CoV-infected macaques excreted SARS-CoV from nose, mouth, and pharynx from 2 days after infection. Three of four macaques developed diffuse alveolar damage, similar to that in SARS patients, and characterised by epithelial necrosis, serosanguineous exudate, formation of hyaline membranes, type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia, and the presence of syncytia. SARS-CoV was detected in pneumonic areas by virus isolation and RT-PCR, and was localised to alveolar epithelial cells and syncytia by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. INTERPRETATION: Replication in SARS-CoV-infected macaques of pneumonia similar to that in human beings with SARS, combined with the high prevalence of SARS-CoV infection in SARS patients, fulfill the criteria required to prove that SARS-CoV is the primary cause of SARS. Published online July 22, 2003 http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art6318web.pdf


id: cord-256459-6h358si5
title: Gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV infection
author: Sharpstone, D
date: 1996-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-256459-6h358si5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256459-6h358si5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673696010343
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01034-3
summary:
  Mucosal biopsy: Although diagnosis by stool analysis alone has been suggested by Johanson and Sonnenberg, 32 this study may have overestimated the value of symptomatic treatment and ignored the possibility that cytomegalovirus infection sometimes responds to therapy. Analysis of six stool samples and histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy speicmens detect more than 90% of infectious causes of diarrhoea in HIV-seropositive individuals. Since diagnosis of cytomegalovirus enteritis is improving, patients with milder symptoms are being detected and the quality of life with treatment-anti-CMV agents have to be given intravenously and have considerable toxicitymay not be enhanced compared with no therapy. The other origin of abdominal pain unique to HIV-seropositive patients is an AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis caused by various opportunists including Microsporidia, CMV, and Cryptosporidia. Effects of zidovudine treatment on the small intestinal mucosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus Atrovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1 infected patients

abstract:
  The harrowing picture of emaciated terminally ill AIDS patients is a reminder of our lack of understanding of immunological mechanisms that normally control opportunistic infections. Many gastrointestinal pathogens in patients with AIDS are resistant to treatment and lead inexorably to weight loss and death. Although knowledge of the pathogenesis and clinical significance of weight loss has improved considerably, this has not yet led to a sustained effort to improve nutritional status during early stages of disease.


id: cord-256888-tdx12ccj
author: Bradley, Benjamin T
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-256888-tdx12ccj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256888-tdx12ccj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31305-2
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31305-2
summary:
  To date, documentation of the histopathological features in fatal cases of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been scarce due to sparse autopsy performance and incomplete organ sampling. 8 Post-mortem studies have shown pulmonary, renal, and small vessel injury, with particles resembling virus observed in the kidney by electron microscopy. By electron microscopy, aggregates of uniform, round enveloped particles ranging in size from around 70 nm to 100 nm with peripheral spike-like projections consistent with the morphology described for SARS-CoV-2 were observed in the lung, trachea, kidney, and large intestine of patient 8 and patient 13. [9] [10] [11] [12] We present a case series of autopsy findings in 14 patients who died after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The major histopathological observation in our series of patients who died with COVID-19 was diffuse alveolar damage-type lung injury in the acute or organising phases (12 [86%] of 14 patients).

title:
  Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of an ongoing pandemic, with increasing deaths worldwide. To date, documentation of the histopathological features in fatal cases of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been scarce due to sparse autopsy performance and incomplete organ sampling. We aimed to provide a clinicopathological report of severe COVID-19 cases by documenting histopathological changes and evidence of SARS-CoV-2 tissue tropism. METHODS: In this case series, patients with a positive antemortem or post-mortem SARS-CoV-2 result were considered eligible for enrolment. Post-mortem examinations were done on 14 people who died with COVID-19 at the King County Medical Examiner's Office (Seattle, WA, USA) and Snohomish County Medical Examiner's Office (Everett, WA, USA) in negative-pressure isolation suites during February and March, 2020. Clinical and laboratory data were reviewed. Tissue examination was done by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and quantitative RT-PCR. FINDINGS: The median age of our cohort was 73·5 years (range 42–84; IQR 67·5–77·25). All patients had clinically significant comorbidities, the most common being hypertension, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, and metabolic disease including diabetes and obesity. The major pulmonary finding was diffuse alveolar damage in the acute or organising phases, with five patients showing focal pulmonary microthrombi. Coronavirus-like particles were detected in the respiratory system, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. Lymphocytic myocarditis was observed in one patient with viral RNA detected in the tissue. INTERPRETATION: The primary pathology observed in our cohort was diffuse alveolar damage, with virus located in the pneumocytes and tracheal epithelium. Microthrombi, where observed, were scarce and endotheliitis was not identified. Although other non-pulmonary organs showed susceptibility to infection, their contribution to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection requires further examination. FUNDING: None.


id: cord-260168-rb7j94dh
title: H5N1 infection of the respiratory tract and beyond: a molecular pathology study
author: Gu, Jiang
date: 2007-09-27
txt: ./txt/cord-260168-rb7j94dh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260168-rb7j94dh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607615153
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61515-3
summary:
  Negative controls also included an unrelated antisense probe against the fragment of the polymerase gene (R1AB) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), 20 as well as H5N1 in-situ hybridisation probes to tissues (including lung and tracheal) obtained from seven adults who died from infectious lung diseases other than H5N1 infl uenza (four, SARS; one, purulent bronchitis; two, pneumonia), one adult who died from a non-infectious disease (gastric ulcer), one pregnant woman who died from an amniotic embolism, and one aborted fetus. Presence of viral sequences and antigens in the CNS is consistent with the recent isolation of H5N1 virus from cerebrospinal fl uid of a boy who died from encephalitis 6 with neurological symptoms commonly seen in patients with H5N1 infl uenza (Gao Zh, unpublished), including the two cases in this study.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Human infection with avian influenza H5N1 is an emerging infectious disease characterised by respiratory symptoms and a high fatality rate. Previous studies have shown that the human infection with avian influenza H5N1 could also target organs apart from the lungs. METHODS: We studied post-mortem tissues of two adults (one man and one pregnant woman) infected with H5N1 influenza virus, and a fetus carried by the woman. In-situ hybridisation (with sense and antisense probes to haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein) and immunohistochemistry (with monoclonal antibodies to haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein) were done on selected tissues. Reverse-transcriptase (RT) PCR, real-time RT-PCR, strand-specific RT-PCR, and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) detection assays were also undertaken to detect viral RNA in organ tissue samples. FINDINGS: We detected viral genomic sequences and antigens in type II epithelial cells of the lungs, ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells of the trachea, T cells of the lymph node, neurons of the brain, and Hofbauer cells and cytotrophoblasts of the placenta. Viral genomic sequences (but no viral antigens) were detected in the intestinal mucosa. In the fetus, we found viral sequences and antigens in the lungs, circulating mononuclear cells, and macrophages of the liver. The presence of viral sequences in the organs and the fetus was also confirmed by RT-PCR, strand-specific RT-PCR, real-time RT-PCR, and NASBA. INTERPRETATION: In addition to the lungs, H5N1 influenza virus infects the trachea and disseminates to other organs including the brain. The virus could also be transmitted from mother to fetus across the placenta.


id: cord-260559-n8i52e8q
title: What can we expect from first-generation COVID-19 vaccines?
author: Peiris, Malik
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-260559-n8i52e8q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260559-n8i52e8q.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31976-0
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31976-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  A popular assumption is that these vaccines will provide population immunity that can reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and lead to a resumption of pre-COVID-19 "normalcy". The immunological correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 have yet to be elucidated. Pre-existing neutralising antibody seemed to have afforded protection against re-infection in people on board a fishing vessel where there was an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with a high infection attack rate. 20 Alongside the risks of severe morbidity and mortality and of disease transmission, this framework stipulates two additional criteria for equitable vaccine allocation-namely, risks of acquiring infection and of negative societal impact. If COVID-19 vaccines have acceptable effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups, they would have an important role, irrespective of impact on transmission and population immunity.


id: cord-261011-bcyotwkf
title: Global health and moral values
author: Alkire, Sabina
date: 2004-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-261011-bcyotwkf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261011-bcyotwkf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673604170633
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17063-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  To stimulate discussion, we have selected four major schools of moral values commonly used to justify global health initiatives: humanitarianism, utilitarianism, equity, and rights. At present, whether the 3 by 5 initiative was evaluated according to aggregate utility (increasing the utility of people with HIV/AIDS) or distributional equity (increasing the numbers of people in developing countries who are given antiretroviral treatment), human rights (for health care), or the need www.thelancet.com Vol 364 September 18, 2004 1071 De Cock 21 argued that a public health rather than a human rights approach should frame responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa, but again this analysis is based on a very narrow example of both ethical schools. A common usage of moral values is advocacy, often to rich and powerful leaders, institutions, and nation states with the goal of mobilising resources-finance, political will, human motivations-on behalf of particular health action.


id: cord-261246-m40kwgcg
author: Chen, Nanshan
date: 2020-01-30
txt: ./txt/cord-261246-m40kwgcg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261246-m40kwgcg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620302117
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7
summary:
  title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study We describe epidemi ological data (ie, shortterm [occasional visits] and longterm [worked at or lived near] exposure to Huanan seafood market); demographics; signs and symptoms on admission; comorbidity; labora tory results; coinfection with other respiratory pathogens; chest radiography and CT findings; treatment received for 2019nCoV; and clinical outcomes. This study is, to our knowledge, the largest case series to date of 2019-nCoV infections, with 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals all over Wuhan, and provides further information on the demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of patients. This is an extended descriptive study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the 2019nCoV, including data on 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals across Wuhan.

title:
  Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In December, 2019, a pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emerged in Wuhan, China. We aimed to further clarify the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV pneumonia. METHODS: In this retrospective, single-centre study, we included all confirmed cases of 2019-nCoV in Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital from Jan 1 to Jan 20, 2020. Cases were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and were analysed for epidemiological, demographic, clinical, and radiological features and laboratory data. Outcomes were followed up until Jan 25, 2020. FINDINGS: Of the 99 patients with 2019-nCoV pneumonia, 49 (49%) had a history of exposure to the Huanan seafood market. The average age of the patients was 55·5 years (SD 13·1), including 67 men and 32 women. 2019-nCoV was detected in all patients by real-time RT-PCR. 50 (51%) patients had chronic diseases. Patients had clinical manifestations of fever (82 [83%] patients), cough (81 [82%] patients), shortness of breath (31 [31%] patients), muscle ache (11 [11%] patients), confusion (nine [9%] patients), headache (eight [8%] patients), sore throat (five [5%] patients), rhinorrhoea (four [4%] patients), chest pain (two [2%] patients), diarrhoea (two [2%] patients), and nausea and vomiting (one [1%] patient). According to imaging examination, 74 (75%) patients showed bilateral pneumonia, 14 (14%) patients showed multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, and one (1%) patient had pneumothorax. 17 (17%) patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and, among them, 11 (11%) patients worsened in a short period of time and died of multiple organ failure. INTERPRETATION: The 2019-nCoV infection was of clustering onset, is more likely to affect older males with comorbidities, and can result in severe and even fatal respiratory diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. In general, characteristics of patients who died were in line with the MuLBSTA score, an early warning model for predicting mortality in viral pneumonia. Further investigation is needed to explore the applicability of the MuLBSTA score in predicting the risk of mortality in 2019-nCoV infection. FUNDING: National Key R&D Program of China.


id: cord-261559-efbjyuen
title: Ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality: are comorbidities to blame?
author: Ravi, Krithi
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-261559-efbjyuen.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261559-efbjyuen.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620314239
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31423-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  After adjusting for sex, age, deprivation, and region, people from a Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) background had a higher risk of death from COVID-19 than White British people. This initially appears to support PHE''s conclusion that differences in the distribution of comorbidities may account for the increased COVID-19 mortality of BAME patients. However, in CO-CIN''s analysis 2 of more than 14 000 patients with COVID-19 admitted to UK hospitals, BAME patients were more likely to have diabetes, but less likely to have other comorbidities such as chronic cardiac, pulmonary, kidney, and neuro logical disease, malignancy, and dementia. As patients from a White ethnic background were more likely to be older and have comorbidities associated with a higher risk of dying from COVID-19, it is very concerning that the case fatality at 30 days after hospital admission for COVID-19 appears to be the same in Black and White patients.


id: cord-261791-qpwvn2fi
title: What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women?
author: Qiao, Jie
date: 2020-02-12
txt: ./txt/cord-261791-qpwvn2fi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261791-qpwvn2fi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620303652
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30365-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The National Health Commission of China has published a series of guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID19 pneumonia, based on growing evidence of the pathogens responsible for COVID19 infection, as well as the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and the most effective treatments. The latest research by Huijun Chen and colleagues 5 reported in The Lancet provides some insight into the clinical characteristics, pregnancy outcomes, and vertical transmission potential of COVID19 infection in pregnant women. Although neonatal nasopharyngeal swab samples have been collected in some hospitals across China, this study also collected and tested amniotic fluid, cord blood, and breastmilk samples for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), thus allowing a more detailed assessment of the vertical transmission potential of COVID19 infection. As discussed in the study, pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory pathogens and to development of severe pneumonia, which possibly makes them more susceptible to COVID19 infection than the general population, especially if they have chronic diseases or maternal complications.


id: cord-264968-ctx39vhi
title: Relative rates of non-pneumonic SARS coronavirus infection and SARS coronavirus pneumonia
author: Woo, Patrick CY
date: 2004-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-264968-ctx39vhi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264968-ctx39vhi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604157292
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15729-2
summary:
  An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. Assessment of recombinant nucleocapsid protein ELISA Serum samples from 149 healthy blood donors who donated blood 3 years previously (aged 18 years or older) and 106 patients with pneumonia positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV detected by our indirect immunofluorescence assay 1 were used for the assessment of the ELISA-based IgG antibody test.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Although the genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been sequenced and a possible animal reservoir identified, seroprevalence studies and mass screening for detection of subclinical and non-pneumonic infections are still lacking. METHODS: We cloned and purified the nucleocapsid protein and spike polypeptide of SARS-CoV and examined their immunogenicity with serum from patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV was studied with the ELISA in healthy blood donors who donated during the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong, non-pneumonic hospital inpatients, and symptom-free health-care workers. All positive samples were confirmed by two separate western-blot assays (with recombinant nucleocapsid protein and recombinant spike polypeptide). FINDINGS: Western-blot analysis showed that the nucleocapsid protein and spike polypeptide of SARS-CoV are highly immunogenic. The specificity of the IgG antibody test (ELISA with positive samples confirmed by the two western-blot assays) was 100%, and the sensitivity was 94·3%. Three of 400 healthy blood donors who donated during the SARS outbreak and one of 131 non-pneumonic paediatric inpatients were positive for IgG antibodies, confirmed by the two western-blot assays (total, 0·48% of our study population). INTERPRETATION: Our findings support the existence of subclinical or non-pneumonic SARS-CoV infections. Such infections are more common than SARS-CoV pneumonia in our locality.


id: cord-266835-vfandmy4
title: The Lombardy region of Italy launches the first investigative COVID-19 commission
author: Usuelli, Michele
date: 2020-10-15
txt: ./txt/cord-266835-vfandmy4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266835-vfandmy4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620321541
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32154-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The Lombardy region of Italy launches the first investigative COVID-19 commission Because different political parties represent the national government and the regional government of Lombardy, initial cooperation shifted quickly towards reciprocal blaming as the pandemic led to increased panic. 2 For example, while the ministry of health suggested that all symptomatic patients in emergency rooms be tested, Lombardy''s Welfare Regional Director, in official communication about COVID-19 hospital management, asked that only those patients with severe symptoms and requiring admission be tested, and that all other patients be sent home without being tested. The Regional Council of Lombardy has now formed a COVID-19 investigative commission within the regional assembly to analyse the sequence of events and the specific choices that led to so many infections and deaths in a region with an extremely high standard of health care.


id: cord-268799-obeinwyq
title: Canada 2010: what should global health expect?
author: Horton, Richard
date: 2009-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-268799-obeinwyq.txt
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url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609616779
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61677-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Prime Minister Stephen Harper has already signalled four priorities: the global economy, climate change, development, and democratic governance. Canada has many natural advantages to shape its international policyworld-class universities with global ambitions, a history of international policy infl uence (eg, the 1974 Lalonde report, which redrew the boundaries of health), frontrank scientists and intellectuals who have redefi ned what is possible in health, 7-9 and increasing overseas development assistance. The Lancet-UCL Commission on the health eff ects of climate change 13 argued that global warming is the biggest threat to health in the 21st century. Canada has been the leading nation bar none to develop the concept of peace dividends through policies on health. As the birthplace of evidence-based medicine, Canada''s health community should have a strong voice about the way health metrics are used to shape global health policies. Lancet-UCL Institute for Global Health Commission: managing the health eff ects of climate change


id: cord-268947-rh6n0u9n
title: Planetary health and the 2020 US election
author: Frumkin, Howard
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-268947-rh6n0u9n.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32038-9
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32038-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  The upcoming US election presents stark contrasts in environmental policies that will affect health in the USA and globally. 8, 9 By contrast, Biden''s proposed climate change policies would be expected to yield health benefits; mitigation action delivers health co-benefits 10, 11 and adaptation, such as disaster planning, heatwave preparedness, and planned relocation, can reduce human suffering. 15.16 Safeguarding human health from pollution of air, water, and soil was a core reason for establishing the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, and the Trump administration''s weakening of these safeguards puts Americans at increased risk of cardiorespiratory disease, endocrine and neurobehavioural abnormalities, and some cancers. For example, adaptation actions such as pandemic preparedness are expected to be stronger under a Biden presidency than under a Trump presidency, as shown by the current administration''s COVID-19 response. Although a Biden presidency would be expected to advance planetary health more than a second Trump term, there are likely to be limits to these benefits.


id: cord-269343-qwgmn06t
title: Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission
author: Livingston, Gill
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269343-qwgmn06t.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620303676
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the nine potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia modelled by the 2017 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: less education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. 90 An individual-level meta-analysis of 19 observational studies of relatively younger adults included 404 840 participants'' data (mean baseline age 45·5 years; mean follow-up duration 14·9 years), reporting an increased incidence of all-cause dementia (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·2-1·7) and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer''s disease (1·4, 1·1-1·7) in those who were physically inactive in the 10-year period before diagnosis. Little evidence of the effects of social interventions on dementia exists but a systematic review of low quality RCTs of 576 adults aged 60 or more years with normal cognition found facilitated meeting and discussion groups were associated with improved global cognition and increased brain volume at follow-up.


id: cord-269623-9pxdeva3
title: Influenza
author: Nicholson, Karl G
date: 2003-11-22
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673603148544
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14854-4
abstract:
  Although most influenza infections are self-limited, few other diseases exert such a huge toll of suffering and economic loss. Despite the importance of influenza, there had been, until recently, little advance in its control since amantadine was licensed almost 40 years ago. During the past decade, evidence has accrued on the protection afforded by inactivated vaccines and the safety and efficacy in children of live influenza-virus vaccines. There have been many new developments in vaccine technology. Moreover, work on viral neuraminidase has led to the licensing of potent selective antiviral drugs, and economic decision modelling provides further justification for annual vaccination and a framework for the use of neuraminidase inhibitors. Progress has also been made on developing near-patient testing for influenza that may assist individual diagnosis or the recognition of widespread virus circulation, and so optimise clinical management. Despite these advances, the occurrence of avian H5N1, H9N2, and H7N7 influenza in human beings and the rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome are reminders of our vulnerability to an emerging pandemic. The contrast between recent cases of H5N1 infection, associated with high mortality, and the typically mild, self-limiting nature of human infections with avian H7N7 and H9N2 influenza shows the gaps in our understanding of molecular correlates of pathogenicity and underlines the need for continuing international research into pandemic influenza. Improvements in animal and human surveillance, new approaches to vaccination, and increasing use of vaccines and antiviral drugs to combat annual influenza outbreaks are essential to reduce the global toll of pandemic and interpandemic influenza.


id: cord-270969-zb6ih5dl
title: Health and health-care systems in southeast Asia: diversity and transitions
author: Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi
date: 2011-01-25
txt: ./txt/cord-270969-zb6ih5dl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270969-zb6ih5dl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61507-3
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61507-3
summary:
  Southeast Asia is a region of enormous social, economic, and political diversity, both across and within countries, shaped by its history, geography, and position as a major crossroad of trade and the movement of goods and services. Rapid but inequitable socioeconomic development, coupled with differing rates of demographic and epidemiological transitions, have accentuated health disparities and posed great public health challenges for national health systems, particularly the control of emerging infectious diseases and the rise of non-communicable diseases within ageing populations. • The diversity of geography and history, including social, cultural, and economic diff erences, have contributed to highly divergent health status and health systems across and within countries of southeast Asia. Regional collaboration in standards of data collection and health systems analysis is hampered by WHO''s division of the ASEAN region into two areas under separate regional offi ces: the South-East Asia Regional Offi ce, encompassing Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand, and the Western Pacifi c Regional Offi ce, consisting of the remaining countries.

abstract:
  Southeast Asia is a region of enormous social, economic, and political diversity, both across and within countries, shaped by its history, geography, and position as a major crossroad of trade and the movement of goods and services. These factors have not only contributed to the disparate health status of the region's diverse populations, but also to the diverse nature of its health systems, which are at varying stages of evolution. Rapid but inequitable socioeconomic development, coupled with differing rates of demographic and epidemiological transitions, have accentuated health disparities and posed great public health challenges for national health systems, particularly the control of emerging infectious diseases and the rise of non-communicable diseases within ageing populations. While novel forms of health care are evolving in the region, such as corporatised public health-care systems (government owned, but operating according to corporate principles and with private-sector participation) and financing mechanisms to achieve universal coverage, there are key lessons for health reforms and decentralisation. New challenges have emerged with rising trade in health services, migration of the health workforce, and medical tourism. Juxtaposed between the emerging giant economies of China and India, countries of the region are attempting to forge a common regional identity, despite their diversity, to seek mutually acceptable and effective solutions to key regional health challenges. In this first paper in the Lancet Series on health in southeast Asia, we present an overview of key demographic and epidemiological changes in the region, explore challenges facing health systems, and draw attention to the potential for regional collaboration in health.


id: cord-271528-ob4l0bcf
title: COVID-19 vaccines: early success and remaining challenges
author: Bar-Zeev, Naor
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271528-ob4l0bcf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620318675
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31867-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  In The Lancet, Denis Y Logunov and colleagues from the N F Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia present findings from two phase 1/2, non-randomised, open-label studies of a heterologous, replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccine in both frozen and lyophilised formulations. In Logunov and colleagues'' studies, however, the threshold for neutralisation was set high in two regards: the inoculating viral dose was large, and no arising cellular damage was allowable. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open-label, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial


id: cord-272137-enfxk1ku
title: COVID-19 fault lines
author: Choo, Esther K
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-272137-enfxk1ku.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272137-enfxk1ku.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30812-6
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30812-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Within any hospital''s emergency room, the fault lines of society are barely concealed. No one would think to provide the luxury of sufficient space and staff to, say, enable the kind of social distancing space between occupants that is recommended in the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The city of Las Vegas infamously turned a parking lot into a sleeping area after a homeless shelter closed due to a case of COVID-19, marking squares on the bare ground to enforce social distancing. But in other places, hospitals are admitting stable patients with COVID-19 to avoid discharging them to the street, or hotel rooms and trailers have materialised as extra shelter. Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA chooe@ohsu.edu @choo_ek The Penumbra COVID-19 fault lines Interim guidance for homeless service providers to plan and respond to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)


id: cord-274112-6t0wpiqy
author: Webby, RJ
date: 2004-04-03
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604158923
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15892-3
title:
  Responsiveness to a pandemic alert: use of reverse genetics for rapid development of influenza vaccines

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In response to the emergence of severe infection capable of rapid global spread, WHO will issue a pandemic alert. Such alerts are rare; however, on Feb 19, 2003, a pandemic alert was issued in response to human infections caused by an avian H5N1 influenza virus, A/Hong Kong/213/03. H5N1 had been noted once before in human beings in 1997 and killed a third (6/18) of infected people.1, 2 The 2003 variant seemed to have been transmitted directly from birds to human beings and caused fatal pneumonia in one of two infected individuals. Candidate vaccines were sought, but no avirulent viruses antigenically similar to the pathogen were available, and the isolate killed embryonated chicken eggs. Since traditional strategies of vaccine production were not viable, we sought to produce a candidate reference virus using reverse genetics. METHODS: We removed the polybasic aminoacids that are associated with high virulence from the haemagglutinin cleavage site of A/Hong Kong/213/03 using influenza reverse genetics techniques. A reference vaccine virus was then produced on an A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) backbone on WHO-approved Vero cells. We assessed this reference virus for pathogenicity in in-vivo and in-vitro assays. FINDINGS: A reference vaccine virus was produced in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-grade facilities in less than 4 weeks from the time of virus isolation. This virus proved to be non-pathogenic in chickens and ferrets and was shown to be stable after multiple passages in embryonated chicken eggs. INTERPRETATION: The ability to produce a candidate reference virus in such a short period of time sets a new standard for rapid response to emerging infectious disease threats and clearly shows the usefulness of reverse genetics for influenza vaccine development. The same technologies and procedures are currently being used to create reference vaccine viruses against the 2004 H5N1 viruses circulating in Asia.


id: cord-274313-mrvk9r4w
title: SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses
author: Li, Hui
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-274313-mrvk9r4w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274313-mrvk9r4w.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30920-x
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30920-x
summary:
  With evidence collected from autopsy studies on COVID-19 and basic science research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, we have put forward several hypotheses about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis after multiple rounds of discussion among basic science researchers, pathologists, and clinicians working on COVID-19. Whether SARS-CoV-2 is able to directly attack vascular endothelial cells expressing high levels of ACE2, 13 and then lead to abnormal coagulation and sepsis, still needs to be explored. On the basis of observations from COVID-19 patients, we hypothesise that in mild cases, resident macrophages initiating lung inflammatory responses were able to contain the virus after SARS-CoV-2 infection; both innate and adaptive immune responses were efficiently established to curb the viral replication so that the patient would recover quickly. Meanwhile, the direct attack on other organs by disseminated SARS-CoV-2, the immune pathogenesis caused by the systemic cytokine storm, and the microcirculation dysfunctions together lead to viral sepsis (figure).

abstract:
  Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), clinicians have tried every effort to understand the disease, and a brief portrait of its clinical features have been identified. In clinical practice, we noticed that many severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients developed typical clinical manifestations of shock, including cold extremities and weak peripheral pulses, even in the absence of overt hypotension. Understanding the mechanism of viral sepsis in COVID-19 is warranted for exploring better clinical care for these patients. With evidence collected from autopsy studies on COVID-19 and basic science research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, we have put forward several hypotheses about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis after multiple rounds of discussion among basic science researchers, pathologists, and clinicians working on COVID-19. We hypothesise that a process called viral sepsis is crucial to the disease mechanism of COVID-19. Although these ideas might be proven imperfect or even wrong later, we believe they can provide inputs and guide directions for basic research at this moment.


id: cord-275404-hv3y4x4g
title: Infection control and MERS-CoV in health-care workers
author: Zumla, Alimuddin
date: 2014-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-275404-hv3y4x4g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275404-hv3y4x4g.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857701/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60852-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 The WHO Emergency Committee concluded that the increase in cases reported among health-care workers from hospitals in Jeddah was amplifi ed due to overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures. 11 On the basis of analysis of data in a case-control study that involved 124 medical wards in 26 hospitals in Guangzhou, China, and Hong Kong, the risk factors for super-spreading events of SARS-CoV in the hospital setting were: close separation between beds of less than 1 m; performance of resuscitation; staff working while experiencing symptoms; and patients requiring oxygen or non-invasive ventilation therapy. A systematic review of fi ve case-control and fi ve retrospective cohort studies identifi ed tracheal intubation, tracheotomy, and manual ventilation before intubation as procedures associated with risk of transmission of SARS-CoV to health-care workers. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)


id: cord-277446-0e6akcjf
title: China's distinctive engagement in global health
author: Liu, Peilong
date: 2014-08-28
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067361460725X
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60725-x
abstract:
  China has made rapid progress in four key domains of global health. China's health aid deploys medical teams, constructs facilities, donates drugs and equipment, trains personnel, and supports malaria control mainly in Africa and Asia. Prompted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, China has prioritised the control of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases and other health-related risks. In governance, China has joined UN and related international bodies and has begun to contribute to pooled multilateral funds. China is both a knowledge producer and sharer, offering lessons based on its health accomplishments, traditional Chinese medicine, and research and development investment in drug discovery. Global health capacity is being developed in medical universities in China, which also train foreign medical students. China's approach to global health is distinctive; different from other countries; and based on its unique history, comparative strength, and policies driven by several governmental ministries. The scope and depth of China's global engagement are likely to grow and reshape the contours of global health.


id: cord-279575-sv1xhxb5
title: The ongoing torture and medical neglect of Julian Assange
author: Hogan, William
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-279575-sv1xhxb5.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32593324/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31444-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Mr Assange''s treatment during the first phase of his extradition proceedings in February was described as "shocking and excessive" by the International Bar Association''s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), which likened the abuses to those of the Abu Ghraib prison scandal (3) . When he returned to Belmarsh after the first day of the extradition hearing, prison authorities strip-searched Mr Assange twice, handcuffed him 11 times, and moved him successively to five different holding cells (4;7;8) . We note that IBAHRI has stated that, in view of Mr Assange being a victim of psychological torture, his extradition to the US would be illegal under international human rights law. Thus, the ongoing failure to properly treat Mr Assange may amount to an act of torture in which state officials, from parliament to court to prison, risk being judged complicit. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/uk-assange-bail-application-highlights-covid19-risk-to-many-vulnerable-detainees-and-prisoners/ .


id: cord-279681-ezu1j0tc
title: From Hendra to Wuhan: what has been learned in responding to emerging zoonotic viruses
author: Wang, Lin-Fa
date: 2020-02-11
txt: ./txt/cord-279681-ezu1j0tc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279681-ezu1j0tc.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30350-0
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30350-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  As the world watches the rapid spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, it is important to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from this and previous emerging zoonotic viruses (EZV) in a comparative and analytic way. To our knowledge, all previous EZV outbreak investigations started with a live virus isolation, including the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) discovery. While recognising the tremendous effort by the China CDC team in the early response to the 2019-nCoV outbreak, the small number of team members trained in animal health was probably one of the reasons for the delay in identifying an intermediate animal(s), which is likely to have caused the spread of the virus in a region of the market where wildlife animals were traded and subsequently found to be heavily contaminated.


id: cord-281397-w7ne9mj5
title: Is the HScore useful in COVID-19?
author: Leverenz, David L
date: 2020-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-281397-w7ne9mj5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281397-w7ne9mj5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620310576
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31057-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-281397-w7ne9mj5 cord_uid: w7ne9mj5 In a review of 191 patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospital, 3 the IQR of ferritin concentrations at time of admission in non-survivors was 728·9-2000·0 ng/mL, and the median ferritin did not exceed 2000·0 ng/mL until 16 days after symptom onset, when most patients had experienced acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation. Other HScore criteria such as hypertriglyceridaemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and bone marrow haemophagocytosis are not reported in most cohort studies of COVID-19. Finally, high fevers are weighted heavily in the HScore; however, temperature above 39·0°C does not distinguish between patients with moderate versus severe COVID-19. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019


id: cord-282411-n5xlpqms
title: Dementia care during COVID-19
author: Wang, Huali
date: 2020-03-30
txt: ./txt/cord-282411-n5xlpqms.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282411-n5xlpqms.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240625/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30755-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  As more and more businesses stop non-essential services or initiate telecommuting work in an attempt to maintain social distancing and limit the further spread of SARS-CoV-2, people living with dementia, who have little knowledge of telecommuni cation and depend primarily on in-person support might feel lonely and abandoned, and become withdrawn. According to an interactive online tool that estimates the potential number of deaths from COVID-19 in a population, by age group, in individual countries and regional groupings worldwide under a range of scenarios, most of During the COVID-19 outbreak in China, five organisations, including the Chinese Society of Geriatric Psychi atry and Alzheimer''s Disease Chinese, promptly released expert recommendations and disseminated key messages on how to provide mental health and psychosocial support. As recommended by international dementia experts and Alzheimer''s Disease International, 10 support for people living with dementia and their carers is needed urgently worldwide.


id: cord-288197-drto66xt
author: Chen, Huijun
date: 2020-02-12
txt: ./txt/cord-288197-drto66xt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288197-drto66xt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32151335/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30360-3
summary:
  METHODS: Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for nine pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, with maternal throat swab samples that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from Jan 20 to Jan 31, 2020. Findings from this small group of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy. Evidence of vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in amniotic fluid, cord blood, breastmilk, and neonatal throat swab samples from six of nine patients. Based on data from this small group of patients, there is currently no evidence of vertical transmission in pregnant women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in the third trimester.

title:
  Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the pneumonia outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) were based on information from the general population. Limited data are available for pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in pregnancy and the intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection. METHODS: Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for nine pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, with maternal throat swab samples that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from Jan 20 to Jan 31, 2020. Evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in amniotic fluid, cord blood, and neonatal throat swab samples. Breastmilk samples were also collected and tested from patients after the first lactation. FINDINGS: All nine patients had a caesarean section in their third trimester. Seven patients presented with a fever. Other symptoms, including cough (in four of nine patients), myalgia (in three), sore throat (in two), and malaise (in two), were also observed. Fetal distress was monitored in two cases. Five of nine patients had lymphopenia (<1·0 × 10⁹ cells per L). Three patients had increased aminotransferase concentrations. None of the patients developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died, as of Feb 4, 2020. Nine livebirths were recorded. No neonatal asphyxia was observed in newborn babies. All nine livebirths had a 1-min Apgar score of 8–9 and a 5-min Apgar score of 9–10. Amniotic fluid, cord blood, neonatal throat swab, and breastmilk samples from six patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and all samples tested negative for the virus. INTERPRETATION: The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in pregnant women were similar to those reported for non-pregnant adult patients who developed COVID-19 pneumonia. Findings from this small group of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy. FUNDING: Hubei Science and Technology Plan, Wuhan University Medical Development Plan.


id: cord-288591-upnqi1f7
title: Sex workers must not be forgotten in the COVID-19 response
author: Platt, Lucy
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-288591-upnqi1f7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288591-upnqi1f7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620310333
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31033-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  As countries maintain or adjust public health measures, emergency legislation, and economic policies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to protect the rights of, and to support, the most vulnerable members of society. As with all aspects of health, the ability of sex workers to protect themselves against COVID-19 depends on their individual and interpersonal behaviours, their work environment, the availability of community support, access to health and social services, and broader aspects of the legal and economic environment. 16 Sex worker organisations have rapidly responded to COVID-19 by circulating hardship funds; helping with financial relief applications; advocating for governments to include sex workers in the pandemic response; calling for basic labour rights to facilitate safer working conditions; and providing health and safety guidance for those moving online or unable to stop direct services.


id: cord-290068-s1gdbsfx
title: Clinical presentations and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome in children
author: Hon, KLE
date: 2003-05-17
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603133648
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13364-8
abstract:
  Hong Kong has been severely affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Contact in households and healthcare settings is thought to be important for transmission, putting children at particular risk. Most data so far, however, have been for adults. We prospectively followed up the first ten children with SARS managed during the early phase of the epidemic in Hong Kong. All the children had been in close contact with infected adults. Persistent fever, cough, progressive radiographic changes of chest and lymphopenia were noted in all patients. The children were treated with high-dose ribavirin, oral prednisolone, or intravenous methylprednisolone, with no short-term adverse effects. Four teenagers required oxygen therapy and two needed assisted ventilation. None of the younger children required oxygen supplementation. Compared with adults and teenagers, SARS seems to have a less aggressive clinical course in younger children.


id: cord-291315-y40s45iv
author: Logunov, Denis Y
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-291315-y40s45iv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291315-y40s45iv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620318663
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31866-3
summary:
  title: Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Primary outcome measures were antigen-specific humoral immunity (SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies measured by ELISA on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42) and safety (number of participants with adverse events monitored throughout the study). INTERPRETATION: The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants. These findings of two open, phase 1/2 non-randomised studies of a heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine based on recombinant adenoviral vectors rAd26-S and rAd5-S show that the vaccine is safe, well tolerated, and induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses in 100% of healthy participants. In our study, despite formation of neutralising antibodies to recombinant adenoviruses after vaccination with rAd26 and rAd5, formation of a humoral immune response to target antigen (SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S) in vaccinated volunteers was not affected.

title:
  Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: We developed a heterologous COVID-19 vaccine consisting of two components, a recombinant adenovirus type 26 (rAd26) vector and a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vector, both carrying the gene for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (rAd26-S and rAd5-S). We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of two formulations (frozen and lyophilised) of this vaccine. METHODS: We did two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies at two hospitals in Russia. We enrolled healthy adult volunteers (men and women) aged 18–60 years to both studies. In phase 1 of each study, we administered intramuscularly on day 0 either one dose of rAd26-S or one dose of rAd5-S and assessed the safety of the two components for 28 days. In phase 2 of the study, which began no earlier than 5 days after phase 1 vaccination, we administered intramuscularly a prime-boost vaccination, with rAd26-S given on day 0 and rAd5-S on day 21. Primary outcome measures were antigen-specific humoral immunity (SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies measured by ELISA on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42) and safety (number of participants with adverse events monitored throughout the study). Secondary outcome measures were antigen-specific cellular immunity (T-cell responses and interferon-γ concentration) and change in neutralising antibodies (detected with a SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation assay). These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04436471 and NCT04437875. FINDINGS: Between June 18 and Aug 3, 2020, we enrolled 76 participants to the two studies (38 in each study). In each study, nine volunteers received rAd26-S in phase 1, nine received rAd5-S in phase 1, and 20 received rAd26-S and rAd5-S in phase 2. Both vaccine formulations were safe and well tolerated. The most common adverse events were pain at injection site (44 [58%]), hyperthermia (38 [50%]), headache (32 [42%]), asthenia (21 [28%]), and muscle and joint pain (18 [24%]). Most adverse events were mild and no serious adverse events were detected. All participants produced antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein. At day 42, receptor binding domain-specific IgG titres were 14 703 with the frozen formulation and 11 143 with the lyophilised formulation, and neutralising antibodies were 49·25 with the frozen formulation and 45·95 with the lyophilised formulation, with a seroconversion rate of 100%. Cell-mediated responses were detected in all participants at day 28, with median cell proliferation of 2·5% CD4(+) and 1·3% CD8(+) with the frozen formulation, and a median cell proliferation of 1·3% CD4(+) and 1·1% CD8(+) with the lyophilised formulation. INTERPRETATION: The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants. Further investigation is needed of the effectiveness of this vaccine for prevention of COVID-19. FUNDING: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.


id: cord-295800-w0dup04b
title: Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome
author: So, Loletta K-Y
date: 2003-05-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12747883/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13265-5
abstract:
  A series of 31 patients with probable SARS, diagnosed from WHO criteria, were treated according to a treatment protocol consisting of antibacterials and a combination of ribavirin and methylprednisolone. Through experience with the first 11 patients, we were able to finalise standard dose regimens, including pulsed methylprednisolone. One patient recovered on antibacterial treatment alone, 17 showed rapid and sustained responses, and 13 achieved improvement with step-up or pulsed methylprednisolone. Four patients required short periods of non-invasive ventilation. No patient required intubation or mechanical ventilation. There was no mortality or treatment morbidity in this series.


id: cord-295971-jtv1jj2z
author: Cho, Sun Young
date: 2016-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295971-jtv1jj2z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616306237
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30623-7
summary:
  BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. Excluding three patients with confi rmed MERS-CoV infection who were not identifi ed in the initial patient contact investigation (appendix p 5), the overall attack rate for patients in the emergency room was 4% (30 of 675). No MERS-CoV infection was reported in patients and visitors who had been in the emergency room on May 29 during the time period when they were exposed only to zones II (n=81) or III (n=15), while Patient 14 was confi ned to zone IV.

title:
  MERS-CoV outbreak following a single patient exposure in an emergency room in South Korea: an epidemiological outbreak study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology of MERS-CoV outbreak in our hospital. METHODS: We identified all patients and health-care workers who had been in the emergency room with the index case between May 27 and May 29, 2015. Patients were categorised on the basis of their exposure in the emergency room: in the same zone as the index case (group A), in different zones except for overlap at the registration area or the radiology suite (group B), and in different zones (group C). We documented cases of MERS-CoV infection, confirmed by real-time PCR testing of sputum samples. We analysed attack rates, incubation periods of the virus, and risk factors for transmission. FINDINGS: 675 patients and 218 health-care workers were identified as contacts. MERS-CoV infection was confirmed in 82 individuals (33 patients, eight health-care workers, and 41 visitors). The attack rate was highest in group A (20% [23/117] vs 5% [3/58] in group B vs 1% [4/500] in group C; p<0·0001), and was 2% (5/218) in health-care workers. After excluding nine cases (because of inability to determine the date of symptom onset in six cases and lack of data from three visitors), the median incubation period was 7 days (range 2–17, IQR 5–10). The median incubation period was significantly shorter in group A than in group C (5 days [IQR 4–8] vs 11 days [6–12]; p<0·0001). There were no confirmed cases in patients and visitors who visited the emergency room on May 29 and who were exposed only to potentially contaminated environment without direct contact with the index case. The main risk factor for transmission of MERS-CoV was the location of exposure. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. FUNDING: None.


id: cord-299627-nu4typ7j
title: Maternal, neonatal, and child health in southeast Asia: towards greater regional collaboration
author: Acuin, Cecilia S
date: 2011-01-25
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62049-1
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62049-1
abstract:
  Although maternal and child mortality are on the decline in southeast Asia, there are still major disparities, and greater equity is key to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. We used comparable cross-national data sources to document mortality trends from 1990 to 2008 and to assess major causes of maternal and child deaths. We present inequalities in intervention coverage by two common measures of wealth quintiles and rural or urban status. Case studies of reduction in mortality in Thailand and Indonesia indicate the varying extents of success and point to some factors that accelerate progress. We developed a Lives Saved Tool analysis for the region and for country subgroups to estimate deaths averted by cause and intervention. We identified three major patterns of maternal and child mortality reduction: early, rapid downward trends (Brunei, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand); initially high declines (sustained by Vietnam but faltering in the Philippines and Indonesia); and high initial rates with a downward trend (Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar). Economic development seems to provide an important context that should be coupled with broader health-system interventions. Increasing coverage and consideration of the health-system context is needed, and regional support from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations can provide increased policy support to achieve maternal, neonatal, and child health goals.


id: cord-300149-djclli8n
author: Ruan, Yijun
date: 2003-05-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12781537/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13414-9
title:
  Comparative full-length genome sequence analysis of 14 SARS coronavirus isolates and common mutations associated with putative origins of infection

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been identified as a new coronavirus. Whole genome sequence analysis of various isolates might provide an indication of potential strain differences of this new virus. Moreover, mutation analysis will help to develop effective vaccines. METHODS: We sequenced the entire SARS viral genome of cultured isolates from the index case (SIN2500) presenting in Singapore, from three primary contacts (SIN2774, SIN2748, and SIN2677), and one secondary contact (SIN2679). These sequences were compared with the isolates from Canada (TOR2), Hong Kong (CUHK-W1 and HKU39849), Hanoi (URBANI), Guangzhou (GZ01), and Beijing (BJ01, BJ02, BJ03, BJ04). FINDINGS: We identified 129 sequence variations among the 14 isolates, with 16 recurrent variant sequences. Common variant sequences at four loci define two distinct genotypes of the SARS virus. One genotype was linked with infections originating in Hotel M in Hong Kong, the second contained isolates from Hong Kong, Guangzhou, and Beijing with no association with Hotel M (p<0.0001). Moreover, other common sequence variants further distinguished the geographical origins of the isolates, especially between Singapore and Beijing. INTERPRETATION: Despite the recent onset of the SARS epidemic, genetic signatures are emerging that partition the worldwide SARS viral isolates into groups on the basis of contact source history and geography. These signatures can be used to trace sources of infection. In addition, a common variant associated with a non-conservative aminoacid change in the S1 region of the spike protein, suggests that immunological pressures might be starting to influence the evolution of the SARS virus in human populations. Published online May 9, 2003 http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4454web.pdf


id: cord-300236-mon1loph
title: Hypertension, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibition, and COVID-19
author: Williams, Bryan
date: 2020-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-300236-mon1loph.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300236-mon1loph.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31131-4
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31131-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Two factors have contributed to this: first, the observation that hypertension is one of the most common comorbidities associated with severe cases of COVID-19 in patients who have been admitted to hospital and their risk of death; 1 and second, that like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is ubiquitously expressed in the lung and other tissues. Thus, an interesting and potentially clinically important finding in the study by de Abajo and colleagues is that the use of RAAS inhibitors compared with other antihypertensive drugs almost halved the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 who had diabetes (adjusted OR 0·53, 95% CI 0·34-0·80). Nor does evidence exist to suggest that, once infected, the risk of admission to hospital due to COVID-19, progression to more severe complications, or death is increased with RAAS inhibitor use compared with treatment with other antihypertensive drugs.


id: cord-303173-q88zdf03
title: An international registry for emergent pathogens and pregnancy
author: Panchaud, Alice
date: 2020-04-27
txt: ./txt/cord-303173-q88zdf03.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303173-q88zdf03.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30981-8
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30981-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) pandemic is no exception. 3 To tweak resources, we have adjusted the Zika virus international web registry 9 to create COVI-Preg, a structured data collection tool available to any facility assessing pregnant patients for SARS-CoV-2 infection. For the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we hypothesise that the collected data will allow researchers and health-care professionals to better characterise the disease course and spectrum, quantitatively estimate associated risks, and identify specific risk factors that can be used to define screening strategies in pregnant women and adequate prevention meas ures, and to direct specific and early clinical management of women and fetuses at risk. Clinical analysis of pregnancy in second and third trimesters complicated severe acute respiratory syndrome An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes


id: cord-305906-a2srympy
title: National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response
author: Haines, Andy
date: 2020-03-24
txt: ./txt/cord-305906-a2srympy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305906-a2srympy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620307352
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30735-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  We propose a largescale emergency programme to train community health workers (CHWs) to support people in their homes, initially the most vulnerable but with potential to provide a longterm model of care in the UK. Experience from Brazil, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and other nations shows how a coordinated community workforce can provide effective health and social care support at scale. CHWs could undertake regular review of vulnerable people at home in person or virtually, depending on need, and when patients become ill CHWs could undertake simple assessment of the need for more advanced care, reporting to other members of the primary care team, including to the COVID19 Health Management Team that is being commissioned. CHWs in Brazil have been established for many years, are well integrated into their communities, and provide a wide range of health and social care support activities to each of the 100-150 households that they are responsible for.


id: cord-306583-ttz6oszw
title: Where are the ECDC and the EU-wide responses in the COVID-19 pandemic?
author: Jordana, Jacint
date: 2020-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-306583-ttz6oszw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306583-ttz6oszw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31132-6
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31132-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  One such instrument, the European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC), seems to show a discreet involvement in this crisis, suggesting emerging isolationist behaviours of the member states. The ECDC was established within a context that involved inconsistent national laws on pandemic planning across the EU member states, which already had their own institutes and agencies of public health. 7 In our research on the role of EU agencies in crisis episodes, we described how the low cooperation in public health issues within Europe severely hampered the involvement of the ECDC in the European response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak. The European Commission advisory panel on COVID-19 was set up by the EU member states as late as March 16, 2020. 9 From a policy perspective, a European public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic was not possible because emergency structures had not been set up.


id: cord-307857-1xj0ys7c
title: Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality
author: Headey, Derek
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-307857-1xj0ys7c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307857-1xj0ys7c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620316470
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31647-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  The unprecedented global social and economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic poses grave risks to the nutritional status and survival of young children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Of particular concern is an expected increase in child malnutrition, including wasting, due to steep declines in household incomes, changes in the availability and affordability of nutritious foods, and interruptions to health, nutrition, and social protection services. These efforts link three approaches to model the combined economic and health systems impacts from COVID-19 on malnutrition and mortality: MIRAGRODEP''s macroeconomic projections of impacts on per capita gross national income (GNI); 4 microeconomic estimates of how predicted GNI shocks impact child wasting using data on 1·26 million children from 177 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 52 LMICs between 1990-2018; 9 and the Lives Saved Tool (LiST), which links country-specific health services disruptions and predicted increases in wasting to child mortality.


id: cord-309242-ilsupfl8
title: Global health and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
author: Schuchat, Anne
date: 2014-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-309242-ilsupfl8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309242-ilsupfl8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673614605705
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60570-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  CDC staff work with peers in Ministries of Health and other host country entities to implement eff ective national programmes in HIV care and treatment, tuberculosis-HIV integration, maternal and child health, HIV prevention, and HIV counselling and testing. President Obama announced in December, 2011, ambitious new targets for priority evidence-based interventions that were to be realised in just 2 years'' time: PEPFAR, in 2013, was committed to directly support 6 million patients receiving treatment, an increase of 50% over the previous target; provision of therapy to 1·5 million pregnant women to prevent vertical infection of HIV; and to cumulatively reach 4·7 million men with voluntary medical male circumcisions. 5 CDC implemented an innovative approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi by working with the Ministry of Health and local partners.


id: cord-310197-gwhb2e6q
title: Health security in 2014: building on preparedness knowledge for emerging health threats
author: Khan, Ali S
date: 2014-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-310197-gwhb2e6q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310197-gwhb2e6q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614602609
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60260-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Public health advances that have resulted in a more resilient and prepared nation and that have led to such system strengthening at all levels of government have been described, 2 and include improvement and coordination of public health infrastructure through the National Incident Management System (NIMS), expansion of the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), upgrading of medical care and countermeasures capabilities, and improvement of laboratory expertise and capacity. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) uses, supports, and promotes NIMS with local and state health departments through both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s (CDC) Public Health Emergency Preparedness programme and the Offi ce of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response''s Hospital Preparedness Program to be used whether responding to daily incidents or natural disasters. 6 The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasure Enterprise was established by HHS to coordinate federal eff orts and build new ways to respond to 21st century health threats-from discovery to deployment.


id: cord-311887-e8p6wnil
title: Preventing major outbreaks of COVID-19 in jails
author: Okano, Justin T
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-311887-e8p6wnil.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311887-e8p6wnil.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620310151
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31015-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-311887-e8p6wnil title: Preventing major outbreaks of COVID-19 in jails cord_uid: e8p6wnil The mathematical expression for the Basic Reproduction Number for SARS-CoV-2 in a jail ( " #$ ) is equal to: In this expression is the probability an infected inmate is symptomatic, 1 − is the probability an infected inmate is asymptomatic, is the transmissibility (per contact) of SARSTo generate the figure we calculated the values for and 1/ that would ensure that the above expression was equal to one. For the remaining parameters we set: = 0 · 65, 1 = 0 · 5 , 2 1/ = 14 days, 3 and 1/ = 60 days. 4 We set such that " #$ ∈ 1 · 1, 1 · 5 . COVID-19: What proportion are asymptomatic? Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) Los Angeles County Jail system by the numbers. Los Angeles Almanac


id: cord-312784-ykko0al5
title: COVID-19 battle during the toughest sanctions against Iran
author: Takian, Amirhossein
date: 2020-03-18
txt: ./txt/cord-312784-ykko0al5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312784-ykko0al5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620306681
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30668-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Given the COVID-19 pandemic and its alarming outcomes in Iran, 9 the international community must be obliged to stand against the sanctions that are hurting millions of Iranians. With the UK increasingly becoming an outlier globally in terms of its minimal social distancing populationlevel interventions, transparency is key to retaining the understanding, cooperation and trust of the scientific and health-care communities as well as the general public, ultimately leading to a reduction of morbidity and mortality. 1 However, we request that the government urgently and openly shares the scientific evidence, data, and models it is using to inform current decision making related to COVID-19 public health interventions within the next 72 h and then at regular intervals thereafter. The UK Government asserts that its response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is based on evidence and expert modelling.


id: cord-313028-0nhgxoim
title: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China
author: Huang, Chaolin
date: 2020-01-24
txt: ./txt/cord-313028-0nhgxoim.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313028-0nhgxoim.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620301835
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5
summary:
  INTERPRETATION: The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Following the pneumonia cases of unknown cause reported in Wuhan and considering the shared history of exposure to Huanan seafood market across the patients, an epidemiological alert was released by the local health authority on Dec 31, 2019, and the market was shut down on Jan 1, 2020. 16 Secondary infection was diagnosed if the patients had clinical symptoms or signs of nosocomial pneumonia or bacteraemia, and was combined with a positive culture of a new pathogen from a lower respiratory tract specimen (including the sputum, transtracheal aspirates, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or from blood samples taken ≥48 h after admission). In view of the high amount of cytokines induced by SARS-CoV, 22, 24 MERS-CoV, 25, 26 and 2019-nCoV infections, corticosteroids were used frequently for treatment of patients with severe illness, for possible benefit by reducing inflammatory-induced lung injury.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. METHODS: All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. FINDINGS: By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. INTERPRETATION: The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. FUNDING: Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.


id: cord-313316-l147b7jk
title: Misuse of SARS-CoV-2 testing in symptomatic health-care staff in the UK
author: Freudenthal, Bernard
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-313316-l147b7jk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313316-l147b7jk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620321474
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32147-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  An initiative to screen asymptomatic health-care workers for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was timely and logical, 1 and contrasted markedly with the UK Government''s testing strategy stated. His opened-out presentation of a brain does not show the paired lateral ventricles and the foramen of Monro, as several authors erroneously down, and the way to do that is to get the amount of testing up". Overzealous redirection of self-isolating staff back to work before they had completed sufficient self-isolation to exclude infectivity was therefore likely to increase spread of the virus to other staff and to patients or care-receivers in a substantial number of cases, especially given the high prevalence and likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection among exposed health-care workers during the epidemic. 5 We believe a symptom-agnostic testing approach for SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs is an effective measure of reducing viral transmission. 1 We agree that use of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing among health-care workers (HCWs) solely to reduce absenteeism is inappro priate.


id: cord-313845-757yiqlg
title: Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19
author: Kirschenbaum, Daniel
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-313845-757yiqlg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313845-757yiqlg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620315257
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31525-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19 We report two cases of olfactory neuropathy diagnosed at autopsy in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Postmortem histological analysis of the olfactory epithelium in both patients showed prominent leukocytic infiltrates in the lamina propria and focal atrophy of the mucosa. In both patients, the olfactory tracts showed few isolated CD45-positive infiltrates; the olfactory striae were unremarkable. 1 Inflammation of the olfactory system and anosmia have been reported in other viral diseases, 2 as was age-related atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. 4 Consistent with previous reports, the olfactory tracts were largely unremarkable, except for a few endoneurial leukocytes in both patients. 5 SARS-CoV-2induced damage might be medi ated by viral entry through its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and the transmembrane serine protease 2, which are ex pressed in non-neural cells of the olfactory epithelium. Anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection


id: cord-314278-ea73au8c
author: Gostin, Lawrence O
date: 2015-11-25
txt: ./txt/cord-314278-ea73au8c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314278-ea73au8c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673615009484
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00948-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  The Director-General has sole power to declare and to terminate a public health emergency of international concern but must consider information provided by a State Party; the decision instrument; Emergency Committee advice; scientifi c principles and evidence; and a risk assessment of human health, international spread, and interference with international traffi c. If the Director-General declares a public health emergency of international concern, she must issue temporary, non-binding recommendations describing health measures that States Parties should take. State Parties widely disregarded WHO''s temporary recommendations; 7, 8 however, in 2011, the Review Committee on International Health Regulations functioning during the H1N1 infl uence pandemic cautioned, "The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe infl uenza pandemic." 9 In 2014, the Director-General declared two further public health emergencies of international concern, for polio and for Ebola.

title:
  The International Health Regulations 10 years on: the governing framework for global health security


id: cord-314579-4nc4d05v
title: Global health goals: lessons from the worldwide effort to eradicate poliomyelitis
author: Aylward, R Bruce
date: 2003-09-13
txt: ./txt/cord-314579-4nc4d05v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314579-4nc4d05v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603143371
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14337-1
summary:
  10, 11 In this paper, we assess the politics, production, financing, and economics of poliomyelitis eradication to identify lessons that might be relevant to the pursuit of other global health goals. Implementation of National Immunisation Days (NIDs) has been a huge challenge; in China and India, for example, about 80 million and 150 million children, respectively, were immunised in a few days-the achievement was repeated 1 month later, and then annually Global health goals: lessons from the worldwide effort to eradicate poliomyelitis The World Health Assembly resolution that launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative stated that eradication should be pursued in ways that strengthened the delivery of primary health-care services in general and immunisation programmes in particular. In this review of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative, we have derived six lessons that could assist the planning and pursuit of worldwide health goals, whether global public goods for health or other health efforts in which international collective action might be warranted.

abstract:
  The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched in 1988. Assessment of the politics, production, financing, and economics of this international effort has suggested six lessons that might be pertinent to the pursuit of other global health goals. First, such goals should be based on technically sound strategies with proven operational feasibility in a large geographical area. Second, before launching an initiative, an informed collective decision must be negotiated and agreed in an appropriate international forum to keep to a minimum long-term risks in financing and implementation. Third, if substantial community engagement is envisaged, efficient deployment of sufficient resources at that level necessitates a defined, time-limited input by the community within a properly managed partnership. Fourth, although the so-called fair-share concept is arguably the best way to finance such goals, its limitations must be recognised early and alternative strategies developed for settings where it does not work. Fifth, international health goals must be designed and pursued within existing health systems if they are to secure and sustain broad support. Finally, countries, regions, or populations most likely to delay the achievement of a global health goal should be identified at the outset to ensure provision of sufficient resources and attention. The greatest threats to poliomyelitis eradication are a financing gap of US$210 million and difficulties in strategy implementation in at most five countries.


id: cord-316566-5iqtj3db
title: Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia
author: Elachola, Habida
date: 2016-01-27
txt: ./txt/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616002038
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00203-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  12, 13 In high-income countries, some health indices showed counter-cyclical eff ects with economic contractions (eg, increases in suicides, depression, and anxiety disorders and worsening reproductive health outcomes). If Saudi Arabia maintains increased relief spending on child health, improvements in access to nutrition and health, and strong infectious diseases control then these approaches can also help reduce mortality. Since Saudi Arabia''s sociodemographic and geopolitical foundation is diff erent from that of the case studies available thus far, it is diffi cult to predict potential health eff ects of the present economic recession and newly proposed health-sector reforms. 3 The expatriate workforce of Saudi Arabia, which accounts for 56% of the total population and about 86% of the private sector workforce, are not covered by the government health-care system. 14 Despite free health care, Saudi Arabia''s shortcomings are in the control of non-communicable diseases and mitigation of risk factors for disease. The eff ect of economic recession on population health


id: cord-317126-j3o9cfkv
title: Preparedness is essential for malaria-endemic regions during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Wang, Jigang
date: 2020-03-17
txt: ./txt/cord-317126-j3o9cfkv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317126-j3o9cfkv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30561-4
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30561-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  The emergence of Ebola in malaria-endemic countries, including Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, led to a public health emergency and dealt a heavy blow to malaria control efforts. 1 These features of COVID-19 and the previous experiences of the Ebola outbreak point to the need for malaria-endemic countries to consider preventive measures against not only the COVID-19 threat but also its likely impact on existing malaria control efforts. WHO is monitoring the fast-evolving situation of the COVID-19 epidemic and needs to advise the countries in the malaria-endemic regions on how to establish and effectively execute public health policies. Additional and pre-emptive measures must be taken for malaria control in these countries, anticipating the potential challenge that would be faced by the public health system during an outbreak of COVID-19. Preparedness is the key to navigating any public health crisis, and malariaendemic countries must be prepared for the challenges that COVID-19 might bring while minimising disruption to malaria control.


id: cord-318858-x8p0n6r3
title: A role for CT in COVID-19? What data really tell us so far
author: Hope, Michael D
date: 2020-03-27
txt: ./txt/cord-318858-x8p0n6r3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318858-x8p0n6r3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620307285
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30728-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Radiologists have watched the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unfold, wondering if and how imaging could be useful for diagnosis. They found that 97% of cases with RT-PCR-confirmed diagnoses had CT findings of pneumonia, and conclude, "CT imaging has high sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID-19". Although it is too early to assess the strength of the COVID-19 response in Africa, African countries, despite limited resources, have also adopted measures worth imitating, such as simplified triage strategies 3 and proactive screening (Uganda), handwashing stations at transport hubs (Rwanda), WhatsApp chatbots providing reliable information and rapid testing diagnostics (Senegal), and volunteer-staffed call centres and celebrity campaigns to promote responsible actions during the pandemic (Nigeria). If COVID-19 is suspected, patients should be isolated pending confirmation with (multiple) RT-PCR tests, or until quarantine has lapsed. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases


id: cord-318933-09ym98hx
title: Monitoring behavioural insights related to COVID-19
author: Betsch, Cornelia
date: 2020-04-02
txt: ./txt/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318933-09ym98hx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30729-7
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30729-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. 7 At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour. COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak


id: cord-320530-5xltmc65
title: Power of and power over COVID-19 response guidelines
author: Bozorgmehr, Kayvan
date: 2020-10-05
txt: ./txt/cord-320530-5xltmc65.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320530-5xltmc65.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067362032081X
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32081-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 Germany''s COVID-19 response is evaluated as reasoned and scientifically grounded; however, it has exposed undue political influence on national scientific guidelines due to migration policy concerns. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Germany''s national public health institute, has rapidly published an abundance of guidelines and recommendations on COVID-19. 2 The Competence Network Public Health COVID-19 raised ethical, legal, and epidemiological concerns about questionable benefits for infection control and high psychosocial burden for refugees, and it urged for national guidelines on prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 in refugee centres. 2 In June, 2020, civil society leaked an unpublished draft guideline by the RKI 3 that mandates asylum seekers should be accommodated in single rooms during the pandemic, and that mass quarantine should be avoided without exception. Key recommendations on SARS-CoV-2 prevention and management in refugee centres remained. public-health-covid19.de/en/ For the RKI''s COVID-19 guidelines and recommendations see


id: cord-322244-3en3yey1
title: Looming threat of COVID-19 infection in Africa: act collectively, and fast
author: Nkengasong, John N
date: 2020-02-27
txt: ./txt/cord-322244-3en3yey1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322244-3en3yey1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620304645
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30464-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Because of the high volume of air traffic and trade between China and Africa, 1 Africa is at a high risk for the introduction and spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); although only Egypt has reported the first case, from a non-national. To help develop a common strategy that will allow for effective coordination, collaboration, and communication, the African Union Commission, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), and WHO, in partnership with African countries, have established the Africa Taskforce for Coronavirus Preparedness and Response (AFTCOR). Second, any effective preparedness and response strategy for COVID-19 requires a committed political will; as such, the African Union Commission, Africa CDC, and WHO convened, on Feb 22, 2020, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, an emergency meeting of all ministers of health of 55 member states to commit to acting fast and collectively to develop and implement a coordinated continent-wide strategy.


id: cord-322541-yzum868k
author: Moon, Suerie
date: 2015-11-23
txt: ./txt/cord-322541-yzum868k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322541-yzum868k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673615009460
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00946-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  The west African Ebola epidemic that began in 2013 exposed deep inadequacies in the national and international institutions responsible for protecting the public from the far-reaching human, social, economic, and political consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. The 19 members come from academia, think tanks and civil society around the world, with expertise in Ebola, disease outbreaks, public and global health, international law, development and humanitarian assistance, and national and global governance. 64 In view of the severity of Ebola virus disease, rapid cross-border spread, weaknesses of the aff ected national health systems, the post-confl ict setting, 65 and repeated warnings from nongovernmental organisations in the region, 12 the Director-General had ample reason to raise international attention by convening the Emergency Committee or declaring a public health emergency of international concern earlier.

title:
  Will Ebola change the game? Ten essential reforms before the next pandemic. The report of the Harvard-LSHTM Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola


id: cord-325783-pqonn0as
title: Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome
author: Nicholls, John M
date: 2003-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-325783-pqonn0as.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325783-pqonn0as.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603134137
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13413-7
summary:
  Methods Post-mortem tissue samples from six patients who died from SARS in February and March, 2003 , and an open lung biopsy from one of these patients were studied by histology and virology. Methods Post-mortem tissue samples from six patients who died from SARS in February and March, 2003 , and an open lung biopsy from one of these patients were studied by histology and virology. Since Nov 1, 2002 , an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has affected 33 countries in five continents, with 7053 reported cases and 506 deaths at the time of writing. The case definition was fever (temperature 38°C or higher), cough or shortness of breath, new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph, and either a history of exposure to a patient with SARS or a lack of response to empirical antimicrobial coverage for typical and atypical pneumonia (beta-lactams and macrolides, fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines).

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a novel infectious disease with global impact. A virus from the family Coronaviridae has been identified as the cause, but the pathogenesis is still unclear. METHODS: Post-mortem tissue samples from six patients who died from SARS in February and March, 2003, and an open lung biopsy from one of these patients were studied by histology and virology. Only one full autopsy was done. Evidence of infection with the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and human metapneumovirus was sought by reverse-transcriptase PCR and serology. Pathological samples were examined by light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. FINDINGS: All six patients had serological evidence of recent infection with SARS-CoV. Diffuse alveolar damage was common but not universal. Morphological changes identified were bronchial epithelial denudation, loss of cilia, and squamous metaplasia. Secondary bacterial pneumonia was present in one case. A giant-cell infiltrate was seen in four patients, with a pronounced increase in macrophages in the alveoli and the interstitium of the lung. Haemophagocytosis was present in two patients. The alveolar pneumocytes also showed cytomegaly with granular amphophilic cytoplasm. The patient for whom full autopsy was done had atrophy of the white pulp of the spleen. Electron microscopy revealed viral particles in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells corresponding to coronavirus. INTERPRETATION: SARS is associated with epithelial-cell proliferation and an increase in macrophages in the lung. The presence of haemophagocytosis supports the contention that cytokine dysregulation may account, at least partly, for the severity of the clinical disease. The case definition of SARS should acknowledge the range of lung pathology associated with this disease. Published online May 16, 2003 http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4347web.pdf


id: cord-325991-dktffiaa
title: COVID-19-associated nephritis: early warning for disease severity and complications?
author: Gross, Oliver
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-325991-dktffiaa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325991-dktffiaa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620310412
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31041-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: COVID-19-associated nephritis: early warning for disease severity and complications? COVID-19-associated nephritis: early warning for disease severity and complications? Here we report that analysis of a urine sample on admission to hospital can be used to detect systemic capillary leak syndrome, which can be a predictor of fluid overload, respiratory failure, need for ICU admission, and death. Three of these patients had coincidentally submitted urine samples in the few weeks before their infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On the basis of these findings, we generated an algorithm for early detection of COVID-19-associated nephritis and to assess the risk of respiratory decompensation by capillary leak syndrome (figure). In summary, the respiratory tract is the gateway for SARS-CoV-2 infection, but we postulate that COVID-19associated nephritis, which can be easily screened for through a simple and inexpensive urine sample analysis, might help predict complications.


id: cord-326031-srmpzrzj
title: Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection for prevention of COVID-19
author: MacIntyre, C Raina
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-326031-srmpzrzj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326031-srmpzrzj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620311831
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31183-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  COVID19 guidelines issued by WHO, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other agencies have been consistent about the need for physical distancing of 1-2 m but conflicting on the issue of respiratory protection with a face mask or a respirator. 6 Chu and colleagues reported that masks and respi rators reduced the risk of infection by 85% (aOR 0·15, 95% CI 0·07-0·34), with greater effectiveness in health care settings (RR 0·30, 95% CI 0·22-0·41) than in the community (0·56, 0·40-0·79; p interaction =0·049). The other important finding for health workers by Chu and colleagues was that eye protection resulted in a 78% reduction in infection (aOR 0·22, 95% CI 0·12-0·39); infection via the ocular route might occur by aerosol transmission or selfinoculation. This study by Chu and colleagues should prompt a review of all guidelines that recommend a medical mask for health workers caring for COVID19 patients. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent persontoperson transmission of SARSCoV2 and COVID19: a systematic review and metaanalysis


id: cord-327242-g3pfc94x
title: COVID-19: Africa needs unprecedented attention to strengthen community health systems
author: Nepomnyashchiy, Lyudmila
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-327242-g3pfc94x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327242-g3pfc94x.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31532-4
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31532-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  As the first cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in Liberia, in March, 2020, former President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 1 among others, 2 highlighted the need to adopt lessons learned from the response to the 2014-16 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in west Africa. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, governments took swift action to institute lockdown measures, activate incident management response systems, and mobilise front-line health workers to be trained. 19 To its credit, Liberia, scarred from the Ebola outbreak, has been training its National Community Health Assistants to prevent, detect, and respond to COVID-19 while maintaining essential services and is in the process of procuring PPE for CHWs. 20 COVID-19 is the new public health backdrop and we cannot wait to strengthen community health systems. Community health workers during the Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone Prevent, detect, respond: how community health workers can help in the fight against COVID-19


id: cord-328522-ef4xg3q0
author: Kelen, Gabor D
date: 2006-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328522-ef4xg3q0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673606698085
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69808-5
summary:
  The aim of this phase was to develop a disposition classifi cation system (reverse triage) based on risk tolerance of a consequential medical event as a result of discharge; assuming that critical interventions were withdrawn or withheld. We focus on the main components of the fi rst phase: (1) conceptualisation of the disposition classifi cation system; (2) development of operational defi nitions of consequential medical events and critical interventions; and (3) derivation of risk estimates related to early discharge from a multidisciplinary panel of experts. After the defi nitions had been decided on, the panellists voted to defi ne the upper limit of acceptable risk for the occurrence of a consequential medical event (ie, need for critical intervention), for each of the categories of the disposition classifi cation system.

title:
  Inpatient disposition classification for the creation of hospital surge capacity: a multiphase study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The ability to provide medical care during sudden increases in patient volume during a disaster or other high-consequence event is a serious concern for health-care systems. Identification of inpatients for safe early discharge (ie, reverse triage) could create additional hospital surge capacity. We sought to develop a disposition classification system that categorises inpatients according to suitability for immediate discharge on the basis of risk tolerance for a subsequent consequential medical event. METHODS: We did a warfare analysis laboratory exercise using evidence-based techniques, combined with a consensus process of 39 expert panellists. These panellists were asked to define the categories of a disposition classification system, assign risk tolerance of a consequential medical event to each category, identify critical interventions, and rank each (using a scale of 1–10) according to the likelihood of a resultant consequential medical event if a critical intervention is withdrawn or withheld because of discharge. FINDINGS: The panellists unanimously agreed on a five-category disposition classification system. The upper limit of risk tolerance for a consequential medical event in the lowest risk group if discharged early was less than 4%. The next categories had upper limits of risk tolerance of about 12% (IQR 8–15%), 33% (25–50%), 60% (45–80%) and 100% (95–100%), respectively. The expert panellists identified 28 critical interventions with a likelihood of association with a consequential medical event if withdrawn, ranging from 3 to 10 on the 10-point scale. INTERPRETATION: The disposition classification system allows conceptual classification of patients for suitable disposition, including those deemed safe for early discharge home during surges in demand. Clinical criteria allowing real-time categorisation of patients are awaited.


id: cord-328835-r9znjkfo
title: 2019-nCoV epidemic: what about pregnancies?
author: Favre, Guillaume
date: 2020-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-328835-r9znjkfo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328835-r9znjkfo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620303111
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30311-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a review of 11 pregnant women infected with MERS-CoV, 3 ten (91%) presented with adverse outcomes, six (55%) neonates required admission to the intensive care unit, and three (27%) died. Considering that the 2019-nCoV seems to have a similar pathogenic potential as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 4 pregnant women are at increased risk of severe infections, there are no specific clinical signs of coronavirus infections preceding severe complications, 5 coronaviruses have the potential to cause severe maternal or perinatal adverse outcomes, or both, 2,3 and the current lack of data on the consequences of a 2019-nCoV infection during pregnancy, we recommend systematic screening of any suspected 2019-nCoV infection during pregnancy. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the literature


id: cord-328865-ekgqdjlk
author: Anand, Shuchi
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-328865-ekgqdjlk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328865-ekgqdjlk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620320092
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32009-2
summary:
  METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, in partnership with a central laboratory that receives samples from approximately 1300 dialysis facilities across the USA, we tested the remainder plasma of 28 503 randomly selected adult patients receiving dialysis in July, 2020, using a spike protein receptor binding domain total antibody chemiluminescence assay (100% sensitivity, 99·8% specificity). 12 Testing remainder plasma from monthly samples obtained for routine care of patients on dialysis for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies therefore represents a practical approach to a population-representative surveillance strat egy, 13 informing risks faced by a susceptible population while ensuring representation from racial and ethnic minorities. In our analysis of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding antibodies from a nationwide representative sample of patients receiving dialysis, we find that despite the USA contemporaneously leading the world in the numbers of diagnosed cases, overall, fewer than 10% of US adults had evidence of seroconversion in July, 2020.

title:
  Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a large nationwide sample of patients on dialysis in the USA: a cross-sectional study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Many patients receiving dialysis in the USA share the socioeconomic characteristics of underserved communities, and undergo routine monthly laboratory testing, facilitating a practical, unbiased, and repeatable assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, in partnership with a central laboratory that receives samples from approximately 1300 dialysis facilities across the USA, we tested the remainder plasma of 28 503 randomly selected adult patients receiving dialysis in July, 2020, using a spike protein receptor binding domain total antibody chemiluminescence assay (100% sensitivity, 99·8% specificity). We extracted data on age, sex, race and ethnicity, and residence and facility ZIP codes from the anonymised electronic health records, linking patient-level residence data with cumulative and daily cases and deaths per 100 000 population and with nasal swab test positivity rates. We standardised prevalence estimates according to the overall US dialysis and adult population, and present estimates for four prespecified strata (age, sex, region, and race and ethnicity). FINDINGS: The sampled population had similar age, sex, and race and ethnicity distribution to the US dialysis population, with a higher proportion of older people, men, and people living in majority Black and Hispanic neighbourhoods than in the US adult population. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 8·0% (95% CI 7·7–8·4) in the sample, 8·3% (8·0–8·6) when standardised to the US dialysis population, and 9·3% (8·8–9·9) when standardised to the US adult population. When standardised to the US dialysis population, seroprevalence ranged from 3·5% (3·1–3·9) in the west to 27·2% (25·9–28·5) in the northeast. Comparing seroprevalent and case counts per 100 000 population, we found that 9·2% (8·7–9·8) of seropositive patients were diagnosed. When compared with other measures of SARS-CoV-2 spread, seroprevalence correlated best with deaths per 100 000 population (Spearman's ρ=0·77). Residents of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic neighbourhoods experienced higher odds of seropositivity (odds ratio 3·9 [95% CI 3·4–4·6] and 2·3 [1·9–2·6], respectively) compared with residents of predominantly non-Hispanic white neighbourhoods. Residents of neighbourhoods in the highest population density quintile experienced increased odds of seropositivity (10·3 [8·7–12·2]) compared with residents of the lowest density quintile. County mobility restrictions that reduced workplace visits by at least 5% in early March, 2020, were associated with lower odds of seropositivity in July, 2020 (0·4 [0·3–0·5]) when compared with a reduction of less than 5%. INTERPRETATION: During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer than 10% of the US adult population formed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and fewer than 10% of those with antibodies were diagnosed. Public health efforts to limit SARS-CoV-2 spread need to especially target racial and ethnic minority and densely populated communities. FUNDING: Ascend Clinical Laboratories.


id: cord-329222-o155z3na
title: Person-to-person transmission of influenza A (H5N1)
author: Hien, Nguyen Tran
date: 2008-04-07
txt: ./txt/cord-329222-o155z3na.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329222-o155z3na.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673608604948
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60494-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  By contrast, most of the data on risks of coronary heart disease associated with antiretroviral therapy come from observational and short-term effi cacy studies. Person-to-person transmission of H5N1 was fi rst mooted after the 1997 Hong Kong outbreak, in which family members and at least two health workers might have been infected by contact with patients. 9 Transmission of avian infl uenza virus between mammals is not, however, restricted to H5N1 in human beings: H7N7 can also be transmitted from person to person, 10 and there is evidence of transmission of H5N1 among other mammalian species. A possible lack of host-induced evolutionary pressure, disseminated viral replication and high viral loads in infected people, 13 and the rarity of person-to-person transmission suggest that the infecting avian viruses might be already well adapted to the individual in which they fi nd themselves, but not to the wider human population. Probable limited person-to-person transmission of highly pathogenic avian infl uenza A (H5N1) virus in China


id: cord-330868-7ocseuz3
author: Donnelly, Christl A
date: 2003-05-24
txt: ./txt/cord-330868-7ocseuz3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330868-7ocseuz3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12781533/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13410-1
summary:
  Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. Key epidemiological determinants of the magnitude and timescale of the epidemic (figure 1) include the interval between infection and onset of symptoms and between onset and hospital admission, the degree and duration of the infectiousness of the agent, and the extent of contact and mixing between infectious and susceptible people enabling transmission of the virus. If ␥ distribution is assumed, the estimated distributions and case fatality rate varied as a function of patients'' age, but not the time from onset to admission (figure 2).

title:
  Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Health authorities worldwide, especially in the Asia Pacific region, are seeking effective public-health interventions in the continuing epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We assessed the epidemiology of SARS in Hong Kong. METHODS: We included 1425 cases reported up to April 28, 2003. An integrated database was constructed from several sources containing information on epidemiological, demographic, and clinical variables. We estimated the key epidemiological distributions: infection to onset, onset to admission, admission to death, and admission to discharge. We measured associations between the estimated case fatality rate and patients’age and the time from onset to admission. FINDINGS: After the initial phase of exponential growth, the rate of confirmed cases fell to less than 20 per day by April 28. Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. The mean incubation period of the disease is estimated to be 6.4 days (95% Cl 5.2–7.7). The mean time from onset of clinical symptoms to admission to hospital varied between 3 and 5 days, with longer times earlier in the epidemic. The estimated case fatality rate was 13.2% (9.8–16.8) for patients younger than 60 years and 43.3% (35.2–52.4) for patients aged 60 years or older assuming a parametric γ distribution. A non-parametric method yielded estimates of 6.8% (4.0–9.6) and 55.0% (45.3–64.7), respectively. Case clusters have played an important part in the course of the epidemic. INTERPRETATION: Patients’age was strongly associated with outcome. The time between onset of symptoms and admission to hospital did not alter outcome, but shorter intervals will be important to the wider population by restricting the infectious period before patients are placed in quarantine. Published online May 7, 2003 http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art4453web.pdf


id: cord-331643-gmasuqov
title: Reordering gender systems: can COVID-19 lead to improved gender equality and health?
author: King, Tania
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-331643-gmasuqov.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331643-gmasuqov.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620314185
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31418-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  1 The way that paid and unpaid labour is inequitably divided between men and women is central to the perpetuation of gender inequalities across the globe, and the ways that such divisions can be shifted or disrupted offer critical opportunities to modify the gender-differentiated effects of COVID-19 on health. 4 The unequal distribution of unpaid care work serves as a barrier to female labour force participation and is one way that gender inequalities are reinforced. 9 Gender-differentiated exposure to work and household stressors as they strive to fulfil paid and unpaid responsibilities contributes to poor mental health in women, including depression. 10 This inequitable division of paid and unpaid labour aligns with pervasive and entrenched gender norms that define women as caregivers-nurturing, self-sacrificing, and caring-and men as breadwinners. Proactive policies related to exit from the COVID-19 pandemic should aim to redistribute a proportion of women''s unpaid caring responsibilities to support female labour force participation.


id: cord-333183-xyuj1j57
author: Lee, Lennard Y W
date: 2020-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-333183-xyuj1j57.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333183-xyuj1j57.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473682/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31173-9
summary:
  After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, chemotherapy in the past 4 weeks had no significant effect on mortality from COVID-19 disease, when compared with patients with cancer who had not received recent chemotherapy (1·18 [0·81–1·72]; p=0·380). We are not able to identify evidence that cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy or other anticancer treatment are at an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 disease compared with those not on active treatment. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed for all studies related to the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of COVID-19, on patients with cancer, using the search terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "cancer", "treatment", "chemotherapy", "immunotherapy", "radiotherapy", "targeted therapy", "outcomes," "death", "mortality", and "risk". Therefore, we did a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, gender, and comorbidities and found that deaths in patients with COVID-19 who have cancer who had received recent chemotherapy were still no more likely than in those who had not (table 3) .

title:
  COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Individuals with cancer, particularly those who are receiving systemic anticancer treatments, have been postulated to be at increased risk of mortality from COVID-19. This conjecture has considerable effect on the treatment of patients with cancer and data from large, multicentre studies to support this assumption are scarce because of the contingencies of the pandemic. We aimed to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with cancer. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, all patients with active cancer and presenting to our network of cancer centres were eligible for enrolment into the UK Coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project (UKCCMP). The UKCCMP is the first COVID-19 clinical registry that enables near real-time reports to frontline doctors about the effects of COVID-19 on patients with cancer. Eligible patients tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on RT-PCR assay from a nose or throat swab. We excluded patients with a radiological or clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, without a positive RT-PCR test. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, or discharge from hospital, as assessed by the reporting sites during the patient hospital admission. FINDINGS: From March 18, to April 26, 2020, we analysed 800 patients with a diagnosis of cancer and symptomatic COVID-19. 412 (52%) patients had a mild COVID-19 disease course. 226 (28%) patients died and risk of death was significantly associated with advancing patient age (odds ratio 9·42 [95% CI 6·56–10·02]; p<0·0001), being male (1·67 [1·19–2·34]; p=0·003), and the presence of other comorbidities such as hypertension (1·95 [1·36–2·80]; p<0·001) and cardiovascular disease (2·32 [1·47–3·64]). 281 (35%) patients had received cytotoxic chemotherapy within 4 weeks before testing positive for COVID-19. After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, chemotherapy in the past 4 weeks had no significant effect on mortality from COVID-19 disease, when compared with patients with cancer who had not received recent chemotherapy (1·18 [0·81–1·72]; p=0·380). We found no significant effect on mortality for patients with immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy use within the past 4 weeks. INTERPRETATION: Mortality from COVID-19 in cancer patients appears to be principally driven by age, gender, and comorbidities. We are not able to identify evidence that cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy or other anticancer treatment are at an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 disease compared with those not on active treatment. FUNDING: University of Birmingham, University of Oxford.


id: cord-334771-uy3s6443
author: Rao, BL
date: 2004-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-334771-uy3s6443.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334771-uy3s6443.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673604169821
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16982-1
summary:
  Samples obtained were: 54 blood samples, 22 throat swabs, ten CSF samples, and one brain aspirate from 55 patients with encephalitis; five blood samples and nine throat swabs from 13 fever cases; and ten blood samples and one throat swab from ten family contacts (including specimens from the brother and mother of a patient who Methods Cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocyte co-cultures were used to isolate the causative agent from clinical samples. The confirmed Chandipura virus encephalitis group consisted of individuals from whose samples we isolated the virus, viral RNA, or reactive IgM antibodies. The viruses isolated in different cell lines from clinical samples from patients with encephalitis were confirmed as Chandipura virus with various techniques including complement fixation, neutralisation test, and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, the presence of Chandipura virus RNA in nine patients with encephalitis, all from samples obtained before day 4 after onset of illness, suggests an early viraemic phase of the infection process.

title:
  A large outbreak of acute encephalitis with high fatality rate in children in Andhra Pradesh, India, in 2003, associated with Chandipura virus

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: An outbreak of acute encephalitis of unknown origin with high case fatality (183 of 329 cases) was reported in children from Andhra Pradesh state in southern India during 2003. We investigated the causative agent. METHODS: Cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocyte co-cultures were used to isolate the causative agent from clinical samples. Identity of the agent was established by electron microscopy and serological and molecular assays. FINDINGS: Clinical samples tested negative for IgM antibodies to Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, dengue, and measles viruses, and for RNA of coronavirus, paramyxovirus, enterovirus, and influenza viruses. Virus was isolated from six patients with encephalitis and was identified as Chandipura virus by electron microscopy, complement fixation, and neutralisation tests. Chandipura virus RNA was detected in clinical samples from nine patients. Sequencing of five of these RNA samples showed 96·7–97·5% identity with the reference strain of 1965. Chandipura viral antigen and RNA were detected in brain tissue of a deceased child by immunofluorescent antibody test and PCR. Neutralising, IgG, and IgM antibodies to Chandipura virus were present in some patients' serum samples. Serum samples obtained after 4 days of illness were more frequently positive for IgM to Chandipura virus than were those obtained earlier (p<0·001). A similar trend was noted for neutralising antibodies. INTERPRETATION: Our findings suggest that this outbreak of acute encephalitis in Andhra Pradesh was associated with Chandipura virus, adding to the evidence suggesting that this virus should be considered as an important emerging pathogen.


id: cord-334938-q4xhcxtc
title: Seeking clarity on retinal findings in patients with COVID-19
author: Ouyang, Pingbo
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-334938-q4xhcxtc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334938-q4xhcxtc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32950097/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31921-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  key: cord-334938-q4xhcxtc cord_uid: q4xhcxtc Paula M Marinho and colleagues 1 described hyper-reflective lesions in ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images from 24 eyes of 12 adults who had symptoms of COVID-19. 3, 4 Therefore, all hyper-reflective lesions marked out by Marinho and colleagues by arrows in the figure of their Correspondence 1 can be adequately explained by normal retinal blood vessels extending into the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. The retinal blood vessels in the infrared fundus images correspond to the hyper-reflective, tube-like structures with obvious shadows in the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers of the OCT images. In summary, relating the retinal OCT findings of 12 patients to the consequences of COVID-19 is not well validated. Pingbo Ouyang, Xinyu Zhang, Yinghui Peng, *Bing Jiang Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19 Retinal vessel structure measurement using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography


id: cord-335560-fe4ixqdv
title: Ethnicity and COVID-19: an urgent public health research priority
author: Pareek, Manish
date: 2020-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-335560-fe4ixqdv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335560-fe4ixqdv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330427/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30922-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues advancing globally, reporting of clinical outcomes and risk factors for intensive care unit admission and mortality are emerging. 1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this. Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds vary in behaviours, comorbidities, immune profiles, and risk of infection, as exemplified by the increased morbidity and mortality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in previous pandemics. Only two (7%) of 29 publications reported ethnicity disaggregated data (both were case series without outcomes specific to ethnicity). BME communities might be at increased risk of acquisition, disease severity, and poor outcomes in COVID-19 for several reasons (figure). Specific ethnic groups, such as south Asians, have higher rates of some comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which have been associated with severe disease and mortality in COVID-19.


id: cord-337631-w4u6rcnv
title: Moving towards anti-racist praxis in medicine
author: Crear-Perry, Joia
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-337631-w4u6rcnv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337631-w4u6rcnv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32687809/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31543-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Moving towards anti-racist praxis in medicine "There must exist a paradigm, a practical model for social change that includes an understanding of ways to transform consciousness that are linked to efforts to transform structures." bell hooks, Killing Rage: Ending Racism 1 The devastating effects of police brutality, maternal mortality, and COVID-19 all have one commonality: they render disproportionate, deadly impact on marginalised and minoritised communities in the USA. It is important that physicians who use innovations, and the designers who make them, are confident in their abilities to address legacies of structural racism within the clinical setting as it bears on health outcomes. Anti-racist, structural competency training needs to start from pre-medicine pathways and will be essential for reimagining justice in the medical workforce pipeline. For the same reason, new and established physicians must undergo consistent, continuing medical education that includes anti-racist, structural competency training.


id: cord-338516-0x4guveu
title: A view from UK public health registrars on the challenges of COVID-19
author: Allen, Matilda
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-338516-0x4guveu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338516-0x4guveu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31058-8
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31058-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  The quotes from frontline workers in Richard Horton''s Comment 1 about COVID-19 and the National Health Service (NHS) make for distressing reading, and the risks currently facing our clinical colleagues weigh heavily on our minds. As public health registrars, we understand that root causes of the current challenges regarding COVID-19 include historical policy decisions that have affected the UK''s health workforce and systems, 2 including laboratory capacity. Many of the signatories of this Correspondence were involved in Public Health England''s extensive early contact tracing, testing, and isolation efforts, done by health protection staff working tirelessly across the country. We agree that improved testing capacity, combined with innovative ways to contact trace at scale, are vital. Critical supply shortages -the need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts


id: cord-339645-0babe90b
title: Evidence synthesis communities in low-income and middle-income countries and the COVID-19 response
author: Stewart, Ruth
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-339645-0babe90b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339645-0babe90b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620321413
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32141-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Weak health systems in LMICs are generally struggling to make the necessary responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of comorbidities are putting our populations at increased risk of the direct and indirect consequences of the pandemic. 8 In many countries, these challenges have come on top of entrenched economic, social, and political pressures and present considerable demands on researchers seeking to generate evidence in the COVID-19 response. Despite these practical challenges, above and beyond those faced by all researchers producing rapid reviews during this period, 10 our networks continue to generate evidence syntheses to support our governments and strengthen their capacities and resilience. We need action from individuals, organisations, govern ments, and donors to enable and sustain the generation and use of evidence synthesis in LMICs if we are to tackle COVID-19 globally.


id: cord-341868-btalafo6
title: Steroids for sepsis and ARDS: this eternal controversy remains with COVID-19
author: Carlet, Jean
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-341868-btalafo6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341868-btalafo6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32132-2
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32132-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  Therefore, we do not think that it would be wise to try again those drugs in Covid-19 2) We used in the above paragraph the term "sepsis", just because it is a well-, known severe syndrome due to infectious agents. Many "sepsologists" push very hard and without any doubt to include Covid-19 severe cases in the sepsis syndrome. In addition, secondary infections with nosocomial pathogens are very frequent in severe COVID-19 disease, making the prognosis even more complex to evaluate. Although this study was not a phase III one, it''s double blind design and the relatively high number of patients makes it a key information 5) We are surprised to read that on September 25th, the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend the use of CS in severe COVID-19 cases, without any doubt or comments on the methodology of the various studies (3).


id: cord-342888-o7ezn9dd
title: Remdesivir and COVID-19
author: Wang, Lei-Yun
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-342888-o7ezn9dd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342888-o7ezn9dd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620320195
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32019-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Yeming Wang and colleagues 1 reported that the hazard of 28-day clinical improvement for 158 patients with severe COVID-19 randomly assigned to remdesivir was 1·2 times (95% CI 0·9 to 1·8) the hazard of patients randomly assigned to placebo, but the 28-day mortality in both these groups was similar. Additionally, Wang and colleagues 1 report that the effect of remdesivir on clinical improvement appeared stronger among patients who started treatment within 10 days of symptom onset than among those who started later. We appreciate the possible explanation raised by Lei-Yun Wang and colleagues that the genetic backgrounds of patients might be one of the reasons for discrepant results between the Chinese and American remdesivir clinical trials. Whether the different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between China and the USA contribute to the discrepant effect of remdesivir also needs to be confirmed.


id: cord-343219-0dwyv1vk
title: Why vaccine rumours stick—and getting them unstuck
author: Gellin, Bruce
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-343219-0dwyv1vk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343219-0dwyv1vk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620316408
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31640-8
abstract: Unknown
summary:
  Why vaccine rumours stick-and getting them unstuck Infectious diseases have long shaped human history, from the plague of Athens (430-427 BCE) that killed around a third of the Athenian population, the Black Death in the 14th century that killed about 30-60% of all Europeans, and the 1918-19 influenza pandemic that took the lives of at least 50 million people globally. As only population-wide immunity will end the pandemic, there has been an unprecedented effort to rapidly develop safe and effective vaccines that can be deployed globally. Although many other measures-eg, surveillance, testing, contact tracing, isolation, quarantine, physical distancing, handwashing, provision of PPE, investments in resilient health and social care systems and research, and socioeconomic support, among others-are key elements in the COVID-19 response, a longer-term goal is the possibility of population-level immunity from a vaccine. But hope is not a strategy and there is a need to address the complex challenges related to vaccine hesitancy that Larson''s book illuminates.


id: cord-345125-s96xufes
author: McCloskey, Brian
date: 2020-03-20
txt: ./txt/cord-345125-s96xufes.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345125-s96xufes.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620306814
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30681-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  at MGs in response to the World Health Assembly''s endorsement on Dec 22, 2011, of the 130th Executive Board Decision "Global mass gatherings: implications and opportunities for global health security" that encompassed joint planning, enhancement of health infrastructures, and taking proper pre-emptive and preventive measures to control infectious diseases on an international scale. 4 Since then, many MGs have been held safely and successfully without any major communicable disease issues arising, 3,5-7 even for MG events held during three WHO declared Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa during the H1N1 influenza pandemic; the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations Football tournament in Equatorial Guinea during the outbreak of Ebola virus disease; and the Rio 2016 Olympics during the Zika virus outbreak. Action plans should include: WHO, working with global partners in MG health, many of whom were involved in the Riyadh conferences and The Lancet''s 2014 Mass Gatherings Medicine Series, [4] [5] [6] [7] 13 has developed comprehensive recommendations for managing the public health aspects of MGs that have been updated with interim key recommendations for COVID-19.

title:
  Mass gathering events and reducing further global spread of COVID-19: a political and public health dilemma


id: cord-346015-bzeqs5oh
author: Wang, Yeming
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-346015-bzeqs5oh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346015-bzeqs5oh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620310229
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31022-9
summary:
  Although several approved drugs and investigational agents have shown antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, 6, 7 at present there are no antiviral therapies of proven effectiveness in treating severely ill patients with A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of hydroxychloroquine involving 150 adults admitted to hospital for COVID-19 reported no significant effect of the drug on accelerating viral clearance. This was an investigator-initiated, individually randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of intravenous remdesivir in adults (aged ≥18 years) admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19. Our study is the first randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial assessing the effect of intravenous remdesivir in adults admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19. Future studies of remdesivir, including earlier treatment in patients with COVID-19 and higher-dose regimens or in combination with other antivirals or SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in those with severe COVID-19 are needed to better understand its potential effectiveness.

title:
  Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: No specific antiviral drug has been proven effective for treatment of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Remdesivir (GS-5734), a nucleoside analogue prodrug, has inhibitory effects on pathogenic animal and human coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro, and inhibits Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 replication in animal models. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial at ten hospitals in Hubei, China. Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an interval from symptom onset to enrolment of 12 days or less, oxygen saturation of 94% or less on room air or a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen of 300 mm Hg or less, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to intravenous remdesivir (200 mg on day 1 followed by 100 mg on days 2–10 in single daily infusions) or the same volume of placebo infusions for 10 days. Patients were permitted concomitant use of lopinavir–ritonavir, interferons, and corticosteroids. The primary endpoint was time to clinical improvement up to day 28, defined as the time (in days) from randomisation to the point of a decline of two levels on a six-point ordinal scale of clinical status (from 1=discharged to 6=death) or discharged alive from hospital, whichever came first. Primary analysis was done in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and safety analysis was done in all patients who started their assigned treatment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04257656. FINDINGS: Between Feb 6, 2020, and March 12, 2020, 237 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to a treatment group (158 to remdesivir and 79 to placebo); one patient in the placebo group who withdrew after randomisation was not included in the ITT population. Remdesivir use was not associated with a difference in time to clinical improvement (hazard ratio 1·23 [95% CI 0·87–1·75]). Although not statistically significant, patients receiving remdesivir had a numerically faster time to clinical improvement than those receiving placebo among patients with symptom duration of 10 days or less (hazard ratio 1·52 [0·95–2·43]). Adverse events were reported in 102 (66%) of 155 remdesivir recipients versus 50 (64%) of 78 placebo recipients. Remdesivir was stopped early because of adverse events in 18 (12%) patients versus four (5%) patients who stopped placebo early. INTERPRETATION: In this study of adult patients admitted to hospital for severe COVID-19, remdesivir was not associated with statistically significant clinical benefits. However, the numerical reduction in time to clinical improvement in those treated earlier requires confirmation in larger studies. FUNDING: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Emergency Project of COVID-19, National Key Research and Development Program of China, the Beijing Science and Technology Project.


id: cord-347544-ym7uiqy5
title: Confronting antimicrobial resistance beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 US election
author: Strathdee, Steffanie A
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-347544-ym7uiqy5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347544-ym7uiqy5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620320638
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32063-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  6 In 2015, the White House released a comprehensive action plan for the USA proposing milestones to curtail antibiotic misuse and accelerate new antimicrobials and vaccines. 5 The US Federal Government could accelerate progress on its AMR national action plan in several ways: first, by permanently ceasing use of medically important antibiotics in agribusiness; second, by supporting antibiotic stewardship programmes; third, by encouraging the development of new antibiotics through bipartisan initiatives such as the Developing an Innovative Strategy for Antimicrobial Resistant Microorganisms (DISARM) Act, 10,13 which some legislators have proposed as part of a COVID-19 relief bill, as well as the Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscriptions to End Up Surging Resistance (PASTEUR) Act, which incorporates an antibiotic subscription programme similar to that in the UK; and, finally, by simultaneously investing in innovation to identify and evaluate other anti-infectives. Priorities for the National Action Plan on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria


id: cord-349624-2sypsfba
title: The Brazilian Government''s mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Ferigato, Sabrina
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-349624-2sypsfba.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349624-2sypsfba.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620321644
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32164-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  Submissions should be made via our electronic submission system at http://ees.elsevier.com/ thelancet/ www.thelancet.com Published online October 20, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)321644 1 The Brazilian Government''s mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic The federal government''s denial of science and, consequently, of the seriousness of the pandemic to the health and wellbeing of Brazilians has led to a failure to coordinate, promote, and finance internationally sanctioned public health measures. Yet, primary health care has been overlooked by the federal government as a key element in this public health crisis response. It is necessary to analyse the Brazilian Government''s response to the COVID19 pandemic based on trustworthy knowledge built upon scientific facts. A coordinated politi cal response guided by social justice and evidencebased knowledge is essential to managing any public health emergency, especially one with as broad economic and health impacts as COVID19. For more on COVID-19 in Brazil''s indigenous population see


id: cord-353895-tgn1kk07
title: Reckoning with mortality: global health, HIV, and the politics of data
author: Kavanagh, Matthew M
date: 2020-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-353895-tgn1kk07.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353895-tgn1kk07.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620310461
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31046-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Studies in South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have shown that most patients with HIV admitted to hospital have already been on antiretroviral therapy (often for years) but they either stop treatment or are on a treatment regimen that is not effectively suppressing the virus. In South Africa, in particular, tracking the mortality of young people using systems at the local level helped monitor the effectiveness of HIV programmes. 20 Hopefully, this step will improve patient outcomes by incentivising effective interventions for advanced HIV disease and support for people who have stopped treatment to re-enter care. 17 Third, we can move towards a variety of outcomeoriented global health programmes beyond HIV, for which measures of success move from the number of patients receiving services to explicit reductions in mortality rates.


id: cord-354855-vwxbo01b
title: Solidarity in the wake of COVID-19: reimagining the International Health Regulations
author: Taylor, Allyn L
date: 2020-06-19
txt: ./txt/cord-354855-vwxbo01b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354855-vwxbo01b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620314173
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31417-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Amid frenzied national responses to COVID-19, the world could soon reach a critical juncture to revisit and strengthen the International Health Regulations (IHR), the multilateral instrument that governs how 196 states and WHO collectively address the global spread of disease. 4 The concrete links between infectious disease control and global security provide a compelling rationale for an inspection mechanism that encourages states to be more forthright and accountable in reporting a potential PHEIC. Following more than a decade under the revised IHR, only a third of countries meet the core capacities of public health systems required therein, 2 impacting countries'' abilities to prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and putting "the whole world at risk". To ensure accountability for national capacity building, states should integrate an effective reporting mechanism to monitor implementation of IHR obligations. AP reports grants and personal fees as past and current consultant to WHO on global and public health law matters, including the IHR.


