cord-008837-74rfnt1x	2005	12 The two neuraminidase inhibitors, oseltamivir and zanamivir, have not been directly compared in controlled trials. 15, 16 Therefore governments should also consider stockpiling zanamivir as an anti-influenza agent in their pandemic plans. Governments and health agencies should also consider planning for clinical trials, for instance a combination of both neuraminidase inhibitors, with or without other potential novel drugs, such as shortinterfering RNAs and interferon. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections Efficacy and safety of the oral neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza: a randomized controlled trial. Management of influenza virus infections with neuraminidase inhibitors: detection, incidence, and implications of drug resistance Efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of influenza in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled multicentre study
cord-008841-r17qhfsj	2003	THE LANCET • Vol 361 • May 3, 2003 • www.thelancet.com COMMENTARY The Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH) has been at the forefront of the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong. Three major reasons for spread of infection to health-care workers have been: failure to apply isolation precautions to cases not yet identified as SARS, breaches of procedure, and inadequate precautions. "Super-spreaders" may be prone to carry a high viral load because of defects in their COMMENTARY SARS: experience at Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong immune system, as could be the case in the patient with end-stage renal failure implicated in the Amoy Gardens outbreak and another with renal failure at the centre of an outbreak in Singapore. Case definitions for surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong
cord-008855-hahqwt5x	2014	The Arab world today faces major challenges to health development, which are captured by papers in this Series. With support from WHO, and working closely with the World Bank and other partners, countries are beginning to develop a vision, Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world I owe special thanks to a large network of Arab scientists who have contributed to this Series. The response of countries to the very clear road map for addressing non-communicable diseases outlined in the global strategy 6 and the Political Declaration of the United Nations General Assembly 7 of September, 2011, is, so far, inadequate. Collective action and solidarity are needed to deliver health services to refugees and host communities, and to increase the resilience of countries to emergencies and ensure eff ective public health responses during crises. Responding to priority health challenges in the Arab world
cord-008866-be7725ap	2009	From this point of view, a strategy for the treatment and prevention of H1N1 infection in pregnancy based on neutralising human monoclonal antibodies should be planned in the future, being also aware of the effi cient protection of the fetus by circulating IgGs. We declare that we have no confl icts of interest. In 2003, Singapore was notably aff ected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 2 which led to the formation of a rapid response team, hospital quarantine, infect ious disease control measures, temperature screening at borders and in public buildings and spaces, timely public education, and constant communication with the public. 3, 4 In response to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s advice on poorer outcomes in H1N1-aff ected pregnant women on May 12, 2009, the above SARS strategies, coupled with rapid access to quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR within 24 h of presentation and early institution of antiviral therapy, was started from June 30, 2009, in Singapore.
cord-008880-cqbsmrpw	2004	This molecular profiling, with the current and planned Intergroup and Breast International Group trials, will provide insights into the effectiveness and indications for chemotherapy in node-negative and elderly patients, and is congruent with the statement made by Fisher et al that factors other than age and menopausal status must dictate systemic treatment. 1 The only other instance when the virus was isolated in human beings was in 1980, in Madhya Pradesh, India, from a patient with acute encephalitis. 3 During the 2003 outbreak, Chandipura virus RNA was detected by PCR in sandflies collected around the house of a patient with encephalitis. But there are also unknown unknowns-the ones we don''t know we don''t know." The 2003 encephalitis outbreak in India taught us that the previously unknown Chandipura virus joins the seemingly ever-growing list of the known important human pathogens.
cord-008881-579ronfq	1981	title: MULTISITE INTRADERMAL ANTIRABIES VACCINATION: Immune Responses in Man and Protection of Rabbits Against Death from Street Virus by Postexposure Administration of Human Diploid-Cell-Strain Rabies Vaccine Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. Lymphocyte transformation, production of neutralising antibody, and the development of antirabies IgG antibody were studied in ten healthy volunteers in response to 0·8 ml of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine administered on one occasion in divided doses in 8 intradermal (i.d.) sites. This resounding success has been repeated in trials in Germany and the U.S.A. using 5 or 6 doses of human diploid-cell strain (HDCS) rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.'', Thus, almost a century after the post exposure treatment of man began, effective antirabies prophylaxis appears to have been achieved.
cord-008917-ek8rp4kh	1980	971) report that they have seen pleomorphic coronavirus-like particles in a specimen of human faeces and postulate that these may have derived from an intestinal yeast-like organism and suggest Blastocystis (now believed to be a protozoon 1). Moreover, in general, there exists a large species variation in therapeutic or toxic effects of chemical substances, and additionally an interspecies difference exists in drug metabolism and pharmacological response, especially to liposoluble drugs 2-all of which points should be considered when extrapolating our findings in rats to man. Nevertheless, we feel very strongly that those drugs which evoke a positive response in our rat model are potentially harmful in the hereditary porphyrias and should be avoided. In our experience, 25% of patients with premyxoedema have a normal basal TSH but exaggerated response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). Coronavirus particles in faeces from patients with gastroenteritis
cord-008926-ntv18e1s	2008	
cord-008995-p89e6620	1976	The results show (figure A) that in 122 out of 125 samples rT3 levels were 4-9 times above the normal adult range. In these cases the slightly raised serum T3 levels and the normal serum T.S.H. levels suggested that the sera were from the mother since in cord-blood serum T3 levels are highly reduced and T.S.H. concentrations are normal or increased. Both cases cannot be strictly compared with the results obtained at birth in cord blood. For reasons given above, however, it seems unlikely that maternal T3 could influence the level observed in cord blood. Thus Fuller and McCartney''3 find it difficult to judge the significance of our data140n serum high-density lipoprotein (H.D.L.) levels in patients with coronary heart-disease (c.H.D.) because we did not give information on other variables.
cord-009002-790bee3v	1981	Their disparate detection rates of adenovirus and rotavirus from stool samples taken in two different rural areas in South Africa is intriguing and warrants further investigation. We are surprised that Dowling and Wynne "are aware of no other studies on the incidence of adenovirus-associated gastroenteritis in southern Africa", apart from our 1975 report.4 Since that time we have published papers on the aetiology of acute infantile gastroenteritis in our Black urban communities in the Pretoria5 and the Johannesburg6,7 areas. He states that in his wide experience of acute porphyria he has never encountered an attack induced by alcohol and consequently does not advise his patients to abstain from drinking. We strongly advise all of our patients with acute porphyria that alcohol may precipitate a porphyric attack.
cord-009027-uqsayb4d	1971	SIR,-The discovery of a reverse transcriptase in Australia antigen by Hirschman and his colleagues strongly suggests that the antigen is associated with an R.N.A. virus 2; and this idea is corroborated by the finding of small amounts of R.N.A. in the same antigen.3 3 All this is in keeping with our previous studies of the acute-hepatitis liver with the electron microscope,4>5 revealing the simultaneous presence of Australia antigen and coronaviruses, and showing how the particles of Australia antigen, present in the cytoplasm, fell together to form coronavirus membranes. We have tried to cultivate bits of hepatitis liver containing both the Australia antigen and the coronavirus on KB cells,5 and we have seen that the KB cells developed clusters of particles in their cytoplasm, suggesting the early stages of Australia-antigen formation; on the other hand, Perhaps the coronavirus, or adult form of the virus, occurs only exceptionally or is very short-lived.
cord-009089-hmfd0xws	1988	2 cases of precursor T cell lymphoma and 37 cases of peripheral T cell lymphoma were investigated for their reactivity with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) HML-1, which recognises human intestinal T lymphocytes but not lymph-node T cells. The HML-1(+) lymphoma was the only tumour that was primarily localised in the epithelium and lamina propria of the small intestine, and was associated with ulcerative jejunitis and coeliac disease. This suggestion has been confirmed by generation of a monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated HML-1, that reacts with nearly all intraepithelial T cells and 40% of the lamina propria T cells of the intestine but with only occasional cells in lymph nodes, tonsils, blood, or skin.6 If the mucosa-associated T cells give rise to lymphomas, these should be identifiable with the mAb HML-1. At the first meeting of the European Society for Haematopathology (April 14, 1988) Isaacson reported another case of intestinal T cell lymphoma associated with coeliac disease that was reactive with the HML-1 antibody.
cord-009096-3c5t70an	2003	W ith a pledge to give greater priority to HIV/AIDS and achieving results in poor countries, South Korea''s Jong-wook Lee took office as the new Director-General of WHO on July 21. "By Dec 1 this year, World AIDS Day, WHO''s HIV/AIDS department, working with partners, will produce a global plan for reaching the three-by-five target", Lee said. On his first day in office, the new Director-General also reinforced WHO''s commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, targets that world leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit 3 years ago. "I will begin by deploying additional resources to priority country offices for building up capacity in HIV/AIDS control and health systems", he said. Le Gales-Camus, a former scientific adviser to the Director-General of Health in France, as head of non-communicable diseases. Catherine Le Gales-Camus (France), most recently scientific adviser to France''s Director-General of Health will take leadership of the Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health cluster
cord-009137-wj5vhvxx	1977	Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C(3). Hospital, and Regional Virus Laboratory, City Hospital, Edinburgh Summary Urine from eight normal controls in whom an influenza-like illness developed contained high concentrations of fibrin-degradation products (F.D.P.), IgG, and C3. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. Urinary fibrin-degradation products are a well-known marker of glomerulonephritic activity and viral antigens may have induced an immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the 8 controls in whom an influenza-like disease developed. 14 In the present study high concentrations of urine fibrin-degradation products and immunoglobulins suggested that an immunological process consistent with a subclinical attack of glomerulonephritis had occurred during an epidemic of an influenza-like disease.
cord-009144-3slh1nbk	1971	Diagnosis by virus isolation and serology was attempted in 377 cases of respiratory-tract infection in infants under one year of age admitted to hospital during two winters. THERE have been few intensive studies of respiratoryvirus infections of infants.1-5 To prevent these infections, it is necessary to know which viruses cause the most severe illness and whether maternal antibody plays any part in their prevention. We report here the results of a survey of respiratory-virus infections in infants under one year of age in hospital. In this survey, as in others, R.s. virus was the commonest cause of respiratory illness requiring admission at this age (40°0), and the illnesses were more severe than those associated with other viruses (table iv). 23 Effect of Maternal Antibody The few parainfluenza virus infections observed in this survey occurred only in infants more than four months of age.
cord-009153-zxx4m1kz	2004	THE LANCET • Vol 363 • May 15, 2004 • www.thelancet.com COMMENTARY Less than a year after an unprecedented international public-health effort interrupted human-to-human transmission of the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), some human beings are again infected. 2 Auspiciously, the new SARS cases are occurring as WHO''s Biosafety Advisory Group prepares to examine the long-term containment of poliovirus stocks, the risks of which will rapidly increase after interruption of transmission and the ending of immunisation with oral poliovirus vaccine. 3 The recent outbreak of nine cases of SARS in China, with one death, underlines again the challenges of maintaining appropriate biosafety conditions in laboratories working with dangerous pathogens. During the SARS outbreak last year, many specimens were obtained from human cases of SARS COMMENTARY Dangerous pathogens in the laboratory: from smallpox to today''s SARS setbacks and tomorrow''s polio-free world and sent to many different national and international laboratories for various studies.
cord-009160-e2qh3xd8	2004	Although the GATS has now been applied for almost 9 years, Pollock and Price fail to describe any actual case in which governments would have deprived themselves of their sovereign right to regulate and to determine the scope of public service. Since 1990, the aid policies of industrialised countries has tended to restrict the public sector''s functions to mere disease control. It could be invoked by powerful health services companies in countries with a weak bargaining position, to prevent publicly oriented services from receiving government subsidies or oblige subsidised public services to limit their activities to disease control. Article 1.3.c. could also hamper disease control-the paradigm of contemporary international aid in health. It provides the legal basis to preclude integration of disease control with general practice. The additional 10-20 min required by the lateral paramedian incision is far less expensive than the cost of repairing (often unsuccessfully) the roughly 10% or more hernias occurring in midline incisions.
cord-009230-muvoo3pe	2008	Since the mid-1990s, China has used science and education to improve its international competitiveness, 4 with an increase in expenditure on research and development from 0·6% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1996 to 1·4% in 2006 (a period during which the annual rate of growth in GDP reached more than 9%). While encouraging investigator-initiated projects by augmenting the budget of the National Natural Science Foundation (a fi ve-fold increase over the past decade, rising to 4·3 billion Renminbi [about £0·32 billion] in 2007), China has also launched the national key basic research programme (973) and established major scientifi c facilities, including synchrotron light-sources and centres for genomics or protein science, drug screening, and biodiversity conservation. China is the fi rst country to issue approval through the Government''s regulator (the State Food and Drug Administration [SFDA]) for the use of biochips to screen for diseases such as hepatitis C.
cord-009234-v4wlz3fa	2005	6 The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are to prevent, protect against, control, and provide a public-health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to publichealth risks, while avoiding unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade. Criteria include morbidity, mortality, whether the event is unusual or unexpected, its potential to have a major public-health effect, whether external assistance is needed to detect, investigate, respond, and control the current event, if there is a potential for international spread, or if there is a significant risk to international travel or trade. The revised IHR set out core capacities of a country''s preparedness to detect and respond to health threats-early Events detected by national surveillance system Unusual diseases which must be notified: Smallpox Wild poliovirus Human influenza (new subtype) Severe acute respiratory syndrome Any event of potential international public-health concern Known epidemic-prone diseases which must be notified: Cholera Pneumonic plague Viral haemorrhagic fevers Yellow fever West Nile fever Other locally or regionally important diseases If yes to any two of these questions
cord-009285-1ddfywfa	1993	By means of a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay for calcitonin precursors, we have measured serum concentrations of procalcitonin in patients with various bacterial and viral infections. Lancet 1993; 341: 518-21 Introduction About 3000 of the 30 000 people admitted to hospital in the UK each year for acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding will die.1 Prognostic indicators for outcome include: age, pulse rate, blood pressure, and haemoglobin at admission, and findings at endoscopy, such as presence, site, and nature of a bleeding lesion, and stigmata of recent bleeding.2-4 One factor that may promote continued bleeding and hence an adverse clinical outcome is the fibrinolytic activity of the upper gastrointestinal tract, because fibrinolysis may lead to digestion of haemostatic plugs.5 Consistent with this possibility, Poller and colleaguess demonstrated increased serum fibrin degradation products (FDP) in a small series of patients with acute upper-gastrointestinal-tract bleeding; however, the prognostic value of serum FDP concentrations has not been reported in a prospective study.
cord-010170-rwf52bly	1991	The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. The recommended treatment for mild acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children is supportive care only, but many physicians, especially in developing countries, continue to prescribe antibiotic treatment because they believe it prevents progression to more severe ARI. In our previous work on ARI in Indonesia (unpublished), we observed that many children with mild ARI were being treated with ampicillin by physicians at Government clinics despite the Ministry of Health guidelines (which accord with WHO recommendations) that only supportive care is required.14 In our discussions with physicians, it became clear that many believed antibiotics were effective at preventing the progression of mild ARI to pneumonia or other forms of severe ARI, which are frequently bacterial in origin.
cord-010255-gvkc2hjd	1978	RoTAViRUSES are the commonest cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in infancy and childhood,'','' and a common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in newborn calves3 and piglets.4 Rotavirus infection is world-wide and iri children admitted to hospital is most common between 6 months and 2 years of age;5 virus is seldom detected in the stools of symptomless age-matched controls. '' 7 Although the babies were infected as early as the third day of life, virus excretion was most frequent among 5-9 day-old babies, who showed few if any of the symptoms of infection found in older children.'' This paper describes a 12-month study of the incidence of infection, the amount of virus excreted by breast-fed and bottle-fed babies, and the pattern of virus spread during the transfer of maternity wards to quarters in a newly built hospital wing.
cord-020267-0axms5fp	1986	In Britain RSV accounts for yearly hospitaladmission rates of 12 -5 to 24'' 5 per 1000 among infants aged 1-3 months;3 and in North Carolina it is responsible for 24-50% of all admissions for pneumonia in children under 5 years of age.4 In hospital roughly 14% of RSV-infected infants require intensive care and 5% need assisted ventilation.s Although the mortality from RSV infection is generally low, it is especially high in infants with underlying congenital heart disease (37%, rising to 73% with concomitant pulmonary hypertension),5 and in the immunocompromised (23%),6 and is almost certainly raised in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis. Striking improvements were noted in 2 infants treated with ribavirin aerosol for parainfluenza virus type 3 infection complicating severe combined immunodeficiency disease13,14-a combination often causing respiratory failure and death. Rather it should be considered for infants with bronchiolitis or pneumonia, and for high-risk patients with underlying cardiopulmonary disorders or immunodeficiency with probable RSV or influenza, and possibly parainfluenza infection.
cord-020270-5mvzjrdg	1977	The incidence of Balkan nephropathy within the endemic area is variable, but levels as high as 10% of the population have been claimed for some villages with perhaps 30% of individuals showing symptomless proteinuria. Important information is provided by the incidence of Balkan nephropathy in individuals who move into or out of the endemic area. 8 Reviewing the subject in 1967, BARNES3 drew attention to the possible role of nephrotoxic fungi occurring as contaminants on foodstuffs, a notion which gained support from the later observations of AUSTWICK and SMITH.14 These workers reported a statistically significant correlation in three endemic areas between variation in the late-summer and autumn rainfall and the number of local deaths from Balkan nephropathy during the succeeding two years-the first clear association between a local environmental factor and the disease.
cord-020301-5jugyncm	1984	
cord-020316-xr9h4c1q	2004	
cord-023622-tul7bonh	1975	Certainly bacterial pathogens may cause both sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in children, but they cannot be isolated in up to 75% of cases.2, 3 Whilst it is true that some investigations suggest that enteroviruses or adenoviruses may occasionally cause localised outbreaks of gastroenteritis,4-7 others have shown that these viruses may be detected almost as frequently in controls as among patients. Employing negativestaining techniques on fsecal extracts, FLEWETT and his colleagues found similar particles in children with gastroenteritis in Birmingham 13; indeed, if virologists had only looked at such simply prepared specimens, there is no technical reason why these viruses could not have been detected, say, 15 years ago. Thus, existing evidence suggests that rotaviruses are the most important cause of infantile gastroenteritis throughout the world, but as yet only a limited number of specimens have been examined from those tropical areas where mortality-rates are particularly high.
cord-027472-pr037x2t	2020	Numerous videos document law enforcement officers'' indiscriminate use of chemical irritants and kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs); striking peaceful protesters, and even jour nalists, with batons, fists, and vehicles; and corralling crowds in confined areas, making physical distancing impossible. Chemical irritants, including tear gas and pepper spray, have been lobbed at protests nationwide. A systematic review 1 of 31 studies found that among 9261 injuries from chemical irritants, 8•7% were severe, two were lethal, and 58 caused permanent disabilities. Because chemical irritants provoke coughing and sneezing, their use during the COVID19 pandemic raises particular concern about viral spread. 3 Mass arrests, particularly combined with indiscriminate use of chemical irritants, risk accelerating the pandemic''s spread. Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray Tear gas use during COVID19 pandemic irresponsible; moratorium needed, says
cord-033974-0rzi7x22	2020	In terms of health, the current US administration has intentionally lied about the grave risks of COVID-19, failed to implement a coherent national pandemic strategy, hamstrung and underfunded public health agencies, initiated the process to withdraw the USA from WHO, reversed and weakened health regulations, attacked abortion and contraception access, eroded transgender health protections, and aired racist, anti-Asian, antiscience views. 11 The age-adjusted COVID-19 mortality rate among Black and Indigenous communities and people of colour in the USA is up to three times higher than among non-Hispanic white populations. 12 Latinx and Black children account for an astounding 74% of COVID-19 deaths among people aged 21 years and younger in the USA. 14 And every untimely death has occurred within the nation that spends more money on health care than any other country in the world. Deaths involving coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by race and Hispanic origin and age, by state
cord-034160-k2oy3avl	2020	In a call to action, Arlene King and colleagues 1 emphasise the potential for insolvency at the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and urge member states to pay their outstanding contributions. King and colleagues called on the spirit of solidarity in member states. King and colleagues also argued that health security will not be possible without a functioning PAHO; however, it is imperative to note that a functioning PAHO entails more than securing funding from member states. This reform should require member states to provide sustainable funding that cannot be withdrawn with a change in government, as seen in the USA. 3 Awareness should not only emphasise the public health achievements of PAHO across its more than 100 years of existence but also its effects on the countries that most greatly benefit from PAHO''s work-countries with gross inequities. Member states should agree to continued and sustained funding agreements with a focus on the vulnerable communities that PAHO most greatly affects.
cord-034165-kf6a8hix	2020	title: The COVID-19 syndemic is not global: context matters What is driving coronavirus to move through the population in the USA and interact with biological and social factors, however, differs from other contexts. US political failures have driven COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, and this cannot be divorced from our historical legacy of systemic racism 4 or our crisis of political leadership. 5 This matters because in other contexts COVID-19 is not syndemic. Recognising political determinants of health is central to the syndemic construct. By calling the COVID-19 syndemic global, we miss the point of the concept entirely. I do not write this to dampen Horton''s use of the term, as I believe COVID-19 is syndemic in my country (the USA). Recognising failures of wealthy countries is imperative as we think about where global knowledge and power sit within fields like global health.
cord-252801-97edhhkt	2020	title: Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19 We have watched as the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China, in particular, have worked diligently and effectively to rapidly identify the pathogen behind this outbreak, put in place significant measures to reduce its impact, and share their results transparently with the global health community. We sign this statement in solidarity with all scientists and health professionals in China who continue to save lives and protect global health during the challenge of the COVID-19 outbreak. 14 We want you, the science and health professionals of China, to know that we stand with you in your fight against this virus. We invite others to join us in sup porting the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of Wuhan and across China.
cord-253035-tijcxtwx	2020	Early in the SARS coronavirus outbreak, frontline health workers became infected, which amplified transmission to patients in hospitals where outbreaks were occurring. 4 Early evidence from the initial MERS outbreaks suggested that health workers were likewise being infected, but that their infections were less severe than those of patients in hospitals who became infected and had comorbidities such as diabetes or chronic respiratory disease. 3 In The Lancet, Chaolin Huang and colleagues 7 report clinical features of the first 41 patients admitted to the designated hospital in Wuhan who were confirmed to be infected with 2019-nCoV by Jan 2, 2020. Considering that substantial numbers of patients with SARS and MERS were infected in health-care settings, precautions need to be taken to prevent nosocomial spread of the virus. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected.
cord-253402-6sgeraws	2020	There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system''s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. At present, our national health system''s capacity to effectively respond to the needs of those who are already infected and require admission to an intensive care unit for ARDS, largely due to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, is a matter of grave concern. Given that the mortality of patients who are critically ill with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is high and that the survival time of non-survivors is 1-2 weeks, the number of people infected in Italy will probably impose a major strain on critical care facilities in our hospitals, some of which do not have adequate resources or staff to deal with this emergency. We predict that if the exponential trend continues for the next few days, more than 2500 hospital beds for patients in intensive care units will be needed in only 1 week to treat ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2-pneumonia in Italy.
cord-254187-dcdc6sqi	2005	At the Davos Summit in February, 2005, the World Economic Forum released its current survey on businesses and HIV/AIDS. In Asia, the prospective new epicentre of the epidemic, the efforts of the Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS and the Tata Group in India highlight roles business can play: prevention and education for workers; workplace programmes to prevent discrimination; and public-private collaboration and funding for effective programmes. 5 The most recent survey of the World Economic Forum''s Global Health Initiative 6 shows that awareness by business that AIDS will affect operations and profits reflects the level of efforts to combat the disease. 6 The Global Health Initiative worked with several South African firms to organise case studies, which vividly illustrate the imperatives and benefits for companies offering antiretrovirals to their employees. A role for business in HIV/AIDS in Asia
cord-254708-3d3abhg5	2020	A feminist economic approach to health requires that all people at all levels of healthcare decision making reorient their notion of wellbeing to include gender equality for women in all their diversities. As international financial institutions and donor groups like the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development embrace gender equality and the UHC agenda, WHO has the opportunity to use its access to these institutions to demonstrate the necessity of a feminist economic approach to build better, more equitable ways to steer sustainable economies that prioritise health and gender equality as mutually inclusive. Clear evidence of increased alcohol consumption and attributable harm in many low-income and middleincome countries (LMICs), 1 and predictions of more harm to come if effective policy is not adopted, 2 led a group of representatives from LMICs to propose a working group "to review and propose the feasibility of developing an international instrument for alcohol control".
cord-255628-bm4nogig	2015	First reported in September, 2012, human infections with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) can result in severe respiratory disease, characterised by life-threatening pneumonia and renal failure. He was asymptomatic upon return to South Korea on May 4, but tested positive for MERS-CoV on May 20, along with two additional cases: his 64-year-old wife, and a 76-year-old male who was a fellow patient. MERS-CoV infection was confi rmed on May 29, marking the fi rst laboratoryconfirmed case in China (appendix), and the patient was immediately put in isolation. 6 In response, the Chinese health authorities promptly placed 38 high-risk contacts under surveillance, but it is not known whether additional contacts exist and further MERS-CoV infections in China remains a possibility. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a case-control study of hospitalized patients Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Republic of Korea Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-China
cord-256121-9bl1ztuc	2020	3 Moreover, the COVID-19 response has reduced access to tuberculosis services worldwide, including in China, 4 India, 5 South Africa, 6 and Nigeria. In India, Kenya, and Ukraine, a 3-month lockdown, followed by a 10-month recovery period, is projected to lead to an estimated 1·65 million, 41 400, and 7960 additional incident tuberculosis cases in the next 5 years, respectively, because of limited access to drugs, diagnostics, and prevention programmes in the past few months. After accounting for annual growth rates, we estimate that a 3-month lockdown, followed by a 10-month recovery, would result in an excess cost of $1·95 billion in India, $29 million in Kenya, and $96 million in Ukraine with an increase of 7·9%, 5·5%, and 4·1% in average annual health spending on tuberculosis in each country over the next 5 years (table) .
cord-256146-d599uera	2003	METHODS: We tested clinical and postmortem samples from 436 SARS patients in six countries for infection with SARSCoV, human metapneumovirus, and other respiratory pathogens. SARS-CoV was detected in pneumonic areas by virus isolation and RT-PCR, and was localised to alveolar epithelial cells and syncytia by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. . Serial dilutions of the SARS-CoV virus stock and SARS-CoV-infected Vero cells from patient 5688 were made and tested with the NP and polymerase-specific RT-PCRs. Samples from the respiratory tract (nasal swabs, pharyngeal swabs, postmortem trachea, and lung samples) were also monitored for influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus (OC43 and 229E), and human metapneumovirus with use of essentially the same RT-PCR methods but with specific primers. Virological examinations of nasal and pharyngeal swabs, and tracheal and lung samples from all four macaques by RT-PCR for influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, coronavirus (OC43 and 229E) and human metapneumovirus were negative.
cord-256459-6h358si5	1996	Mucosal biopsy: Although diagnosis by stool analysis alone has been suggested by Johanson and Sonnenberg, 32 this study may have overestimated the value of symptomatic treatment and ignored the possibility that cytomegalovirus infection sometimes responds to therapy. Analysis of six stool samples and histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy speicmens detect more than 90% of infectious causes of diarrhoea in HIV-seropositive individuals. Since diagnosis of cytomegalovirus enteritis is improving, patients with milder symptoms are being detected and the quality of life with treatment-anti-CMV agents have to be given intravenously and have considerable toxicitymay not be enhanced compared with no therapy. The other origin of abdominal pain unique to HIV-seropositive patients is an AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis caused by various opportunists including Microsporidia, CMV, and Cryptosporidia. Effects of zidovudine treatment on the small intestinal mucosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus Atrovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1 infected patients
cord-256888-tdx12ccj	2020	To date, documentation of the histopathological features in fatal cases of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been scarce due to sparse autopsy performance and incomplete organ sampling. 8 Post-mortem studies have shown pulmonary, renal, and small vessel injury, with particles resembling virus observed in the kidney by electron microscopy. By electron microscopy, aggregates of uniform, round enveloped particles ranging in size from around 70 nm to 100 nm with peripheral spike-like projections consistent with the morphology described for SARS-CoV-2 were observed in the lung, trachea, kidney, and large intestine of patient 8 and patient 13. [9] [10] [11] [12] We present a case series of autopsy findings in 14 patients who died after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The major histopathological observation in our series of patients who died with COVID-19 was diffuse alveolar damage-type lung injury in the acute or organising phases (12 [86%] of 14 patients).
cord-260168-rb7j94dh	2007	Negative controls also included an unrelated antisense probe against the fragment of the polymerase gene (R1AB) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), 20 as well as H5N1 in-situ hybridisation probes to tissues (including lung and tracheal) obtained from seven adults who died from infectious lung diseases other than H5N1 infl uenza (four, SARS; one, purulent bronchitis; two, pneumonia), one adult who died from a non-infectious disease (gastric ulcer), one pregnant woman who died from an amniotic embolism, and one aborted fetus. Presence of viral sequences and antigens in the CNS is consistent with the recent isolation of H5N1 virus from cerebrospinal fl uid of a boy who died from encephalitis 6 with neurological symptoms commonly seen in patients with H5N1 infl uenza (Gao Zh, unpublished), including the two cases in this study.
cord-260559-n8i52e8q	2020	A popular assumption is that these vaccines will provide population immunity that can reduce transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and lead to a resumption of pre-COVID-19 "normalcy". The immunological correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 have yet to be elucidated. Pre-existing neutralising antibody seemed to have afforded protection against re-infection in people on board a fishing vessel where there was an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with a high infection attack rate. 20 Alongside the risks of severe morbidity and mortality and of disease transmission, this framework stipulates two additional criteria for equitable vaccine allocation-namely, risks of acquiring infection and of negative societal impact. If COVID-19 vaccines have acceptable effectiveness in reducing morbidity and mortality in high-risk groups, they would have an important role, irrespective of impact on transmission and population immunity.
cord-261011-bcyotwkf	2004	To stimulate discussion, we have selected four major schools of moral values commonly used to justify global health initiatives: humanitarianism, utilitarianism, equity, and rights. At present, whether the 3 by 5 initiative was evaluated according to aggregate utility (increasing the utility of people with HIV/AIDS) or distributional equity (increasing the numbers of people in developing countries who are given antiretroviral treatment), human rights (for health care), or the need www.thelancet.com Vol 364 September 18, 2004 1071 De Cock 21 argued that a public health rather than a human rights approach should frame responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa, but again this analysis is based on a very narrow example of both ethical schools. A common usage of moral values is advocacy, often to rich and powerful leaders, institutions, and nation states with the goal of mobilising resources-finance, political will, human motivations-on behalf of particular health action.
cord-261246-m40kwgcg	2020	title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study We describe epidemi ological data (ie, shortterm [occasional visits] and longterm [worked at or lived near] exposure to Huanan seafood market); demographics; signs and symptoms on admission; comorbidity; labora tory results; coinfection with other respiratory pathogens; chest radiography and CT findings; treatment received for 2019nCoV; and clinical outcomes. This study is, to our knowledge, the largest case series to date of 2019-nCoV infections, with 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals all over Wuhan, and provides further information on the demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of patients. This is an extended descriptive study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the 2019nCoV, including data on 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals across Wuhan.
cord-261559-efbjyuen	2020	After adjusting for sex, age, deprivation, and region, people from a Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) background had a higher risk of death from COVID-19 than White British people. This initially appears to support PHE''s conclusion that differences in the distribution of comorbidities may account for the increased COVID-19 mortality of BAME patients. However, in CO-CIN''s analysis 2 of more than 14 000 patients with COVID-19 admitted to UK hospitals, BAME patients were more likely to have diabetes, but less likely to have other comorbidities such as chronic cardiac, pulmonary, kidney, and neuro logical disease, malignancy, and dementia. As patients from a White ethnic background were more likely to be older and have comorbidities associated with a higher risk of dying from COVID-19, it is very concerning that the case fatality at 30 days after hospital admission for COVID-19 appears to be the same in Black and White patients.
cord-261791-qpwvn2fi	2020	The National Health Commission of China has published a series of guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID19 pneumonia, based on growing evidence of the pathogens responsible for COVID19 infection, as well as the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and the most effective treatments. The latest research by Huijun Chen and colleagues 5 reported in The Lancet provides some insight into the clinical characteristics, pregnancy outcomes, and vertical transmission potential of COVID19 infection in pregnant women. Although neonatal nasopharyngeal swab samples have been collected in some hospitals across China, this study also collected and tested amniotic fluid, cord blood, and breastmilk samples for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2), thus allowing a more detailed assessment of the vertical transmission potential of COVID19 infection. As discussed in the study, pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory pathogens and to development of severe pneumonia, which possibly makes them more susceptible to COVID19 infection than the general population, especially if they have chronic diseases or maternal complications.
cord-263891-lbcxl6w9	2020	
cord-264968-ctx39vhi	2004	An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. An ELISA based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein for IgG detection was tested with serum from 149 healthy blood donors who donated 3 years previously and with serum positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV (by indirect immunofluorescence assay) from 106 patients with SARS-CoV pneumonia. Assessment of recombinant nucleocapsid protein ELISA Serum samples from 149 healthy blood donors who donated blood 3 years previously (aged 18 years or older) and 106 patients with pneumonia positive for antibodies against SARS-CoV detected by our indirect immunofluorescence assay 1 were used for the assessment of the ELISA-based IgG antibody test.
cord-266835-vfandmy4	2020	title: The Lombardy region of Italy launches the first investigative COVID-19 commission Because different political parties represent the national government and the regional government of Lombardy, initial cooperation shifted quickly towards reciprocal blaming as the pandemic led to increased panic. 2 For example, while the ministry of health suggested that all symptomatic patients in emergency rooms be tested, Lombardy''s Welfare Regional Director, in official communication about COVID-19 hospital management, asked that only those patients with severe symptoms and requiring admission be tested, and that all other patients be sent home without being tested. The Regional Council of Lombardy has now formed a COVID-19 investigative commission within the regional assembly to analyse the sequence of events and the specific choices that led to so many infections and deaths in a region with an extremely high standard of health care.
cord-268799-obeinwyq	2009	Prime Minister Stephen Harper has already signalled four priorities: the global economy, climate change, development, and democratic governance. Canada has many natural advantages to shape its international policyworld-class universities with global ambitions, a history of international policy infl uence (eg, the 1974 Lalonde report, which redrew the boundaries of health), frontrank scientists and intellectuals who have redefi ned what is possible in health, 7-9 and increasing overseas development assistance. The Lancet-UCL Commission on the health eff ects of climate change 13 argued that global warming is the biggest threat to health in the 21st century. Canada has been the leading nation bar none to develop the concept of peace dividends through policies on health. As the birthplace of evidence-based medicine, Canada''s health community should have a strong voice about the way health metrics are used to shape global health policies. Lancet-UCL Institute for Global Health Commission: managing the health eff ects of climate change
cord-268947-rh6n0u9n	2020	The upcoming US election presents stark contrasts in environmental policies that will affect health in the USA and globally. 8, 9 By contrast, Biden''s proposed climate change policies would be expected to yield health benefits; mitigation action delivers health co-benefits 10, 11 and adaptation, such as disaster planning, heatwave preparedness, and planned relocation, can reduce human suffering. 15.16 Safeguarding human health from pollution of air, water, and soil was a core reason for establishing the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, and the Trump administration''s weakening of these safeguards puts Americans at increased risk of cardiorespiratory disease, endocrine and neurobehavioural abnormalities, and some cancers. For example, adaptation actions such as pandemic preparedness are expected to be stronger under a Biden presidency than under a Trump presidency, as shown by the current administration''s COVID-19 response. Although a Biden presidency would be expected to advance planetary health more than a second Trump term, there are likely to be limits to these benefits.
cord-269343-qwgmn06t	2020	Overall, a growing body of evidence supports the nine potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia modelled by the 2017 Lancet Commission on dementia prevention, intervention, and care: less education, hypertension, hearing impairment, smoking, obesity, depression, physical inactivity, diabetes, and low social contact. 90 An individual-level meta-analysis of 19 observational studies of relatively younger adults included 404 840 participants'' data (mean baseline age 45·5 years; mean follow-up duration 14·9 years), reporting an increased incidence of all-cause dementia (HR 1·4, 95% CI 1·2-1·7) and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer''s disease (1·4, 1·1-1·7) in those who were physically inactive in the 10-year period before diagnosis. Little evidence of the effects of social interventions on dementia exists but a systematic review of low quality RCTs of 576 adults aged 60 or more years with normal cognition found facilitated meeting and discussion groups were associated with improved global cognition and increased brain volume at follow-up.
cord-269528-m8i1ss4w	2020	
cord-269623-9pxdeva3	2003	
cord-269702-20sldbte	2018	
cord-270858-ozvdz9ew	2020	
cord-270969-zb6ih5dl	2011	Southeast Asia is a region of enormous social, economic, and political diversity, both across and within countries, shaped by its history, geography, and position as a major crossroad of trade and the movement of goods and services. Rapid but inequitable socioeconomic development, coupled with differing rates of demographic and epidemiological transitions, have accentuated health disparities and posed great public health challenges for national health systems, particularly the control of emerging infectious diseases and the rise of non-communicable diseases within ageing populations. • The diversity of geography and history, including social, cultural, and economic diff erences, have contributed to highly divergent health status and health systems across and within countries of southeast Asia. Regional collaboration in standards of data collection and health systems analysis is hampered by WHO''s division of the ASEAN region into two areas under separate regional offi ces: the South-East Asia Regional Offi ce, encompassing Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand, and the Western Pacifi c Regional Offi ce, consisting of the remaining countries.
cord-271528-ob4l0bcf	2020	In The Lancet, Denis Y Logunov and colleagues from the N F Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Russia present findings from two phase 1/2, non-randomised, open-label studies of a heterologous, replication-deficient, recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccine in both frozen and lyophilised formulations. In Logunov and colleagues'' studies, however, the threshold for neutralisation was set high in two regards: the inoculating viral dose was large, and no arising cellular damage was allowable. Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open-label, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial
cord-272137-enfxk1ku	2020	Within any hospital''s emergency room, the fault lines of society are barely concealed. No one would think to provide the luxury of sufficient space and staff to, say, enable the kind of social distancing space between occupants that is recommended in the midst of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The city of Las Vegas infamously turned a parking lot into a sleeping area after a homeless shelter closed due to a case of COVID-19, marking squares on the bare ground to enforce social distancing. But in other places, hospitals are admitting stable patients with COVID-19 to avoid discharging them to the street, or hotel rooms and trailers have materialised as extra shelter. Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA chooe@ohsu.edu @choo_ek The Penumbra COVID-19 fault lines Interim guidance for homeless service providers to plan and respond to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
cord-272147-itdx3wqi	2020	
cord-274112-6t0wpiqy	2004	
cord-274313-mrvk9r4w	2020	With evidence collected from autopsy studies on COVID-19 and basic science research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, we have put forward several hypotheses about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis after multiple rounds of discussion among basic science researchers, pathologists, and clinicians working on COVID-19. Whether SARS-CoV-2 is able to directly attack vascular endothelial cells expressing high levels of ACE2, 13 and then lead to abnormal coagulation and sepsis, still needs to be explored. On the basis of observations from COVID-19 patients, we hypothesise that in mild cases, resident macrophages initiating lung inflammatory responses were able to contain the virus after SARS-CoV-2 infection; both innate and adaptive immune responses were efficiently established to curb the viral replication so that the patient would recover quickly. Meanwhile, the direct attack on other organs by disseminated SARS-CoV-2, the immune pathogenesis caused by the systemic cytokine storm, and the microcirculation dysfunctions together lead to viral sepsis (figure).
cord-275404-hv3y4x4g	2014	1 The WHO Emergency Committee concluded that the increase in cases reported among health-care workers from hospitals in Jeddah was amplifi ed due to overcrowding and inadequate infection control measures. 11 On the basis of analysis of data in a case-control study that involved 124 medical wards in 26 hospitals in Guangzhou, China, and Hong Kong, the risk factors for super-spreading events of SARS-CoV in the hospital setting were: close separation between beds of less than 1 m; performance of resuscitation; staff working while experiencing symptoms; and patients requiring oxygen or non-invasive ventilation therapy. A systematic review of fi ve case-control and fi ve retrospective cohort studies identifi ed tracheal intubation, tracheotomy, and manual ventilation before intubation as procedures associated with risk of transmission of SARS-CoV to health-care workers. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for hospitalized patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
cord-277446-0e6akcjf	2014	
cord-279575-sv1xhxb5	2020	Mr Assange''s treatment during the first phase of his extradition proceedings in February was described as "shocking and excessive" by the International Bar Association''s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI), which likened the abuses to those of the Abu Ghraib prison scandal (3) . When he returned to Belmarsh after the first day of the extradition hearing, prison authorities strip-searched Mr Assange twice, handcuffed him 11 times, and moved him successively to five different holding cells (4;7;8) . We note that IBAHRI has stated that, in view of Mr Assange being a victim of psychological torture, his extradition to the US would be illegal under international human rights law. Thus, the ongoing failure to properly treat Mr Assange may amount to an act of torture in which state officials, from parliament to court to prison, risk being judged complicit. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/uk-assange-bail-application-highlights-covid19-risk-to-many-vulnerable-detainees-and-prisoners/ .
cord-279681-ezu1j0tc	2020	As the world watches the rapid spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, it is important to reflect on the lessons that can be learned from this and previous emerging zoonotic viruses (EZV) in a comparative and analytic way. To our knowledge, all previous EZV outbreak investigations started with a live virus isolation, including the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) discovery. While recognising the tremendous effort by the China CDC team in the early response to the 2019-nCoV outbreak, the small number of team members trained in animal health was probably one of the reasons for the delay in identifying an intermediate animal(s), which is likely to have caused the spread of the virus in a region of the market where wildlife animals were traded and subsequently found to be heavily contaminated.
cord-281397-w7ne9mj5	2020	key: cord-281397-w7ne9mj5 cord_uid: w7ne9mj5 In a review of 191 patients with COVID-19 admitted to hospital, 3 the IQR of ferritin concentrations at time of admission in non-survivors was 728·9-2000·0 ng/mL, and the median ferritin did not exceed 2000·0 ng/mL until 16 days after symptom onset, when most patients had experienced acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation. Other HScore criteria such as hypertriglyceridaemia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and bone marrow haemophagocytosis are not reported in most cohort studies of COVID-19. Finally, high fevers are weighted heavily in the HScore; however, temperature above 39·0°C does not distinguish between patients with moderate versus severe COVID-19. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression Development and validation of the HScore, a score for the diagnosis of reactive hemophagocytic syndrome Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019
cord-282411-n5xlpqms	2020	As more and more businesses stop non-essential services or initiate telecommuting work in an attempt to maintain social distancing and limit the further spread of SARS-CoV-2, people living with dementia, who have little knowledge of telecommuni cation and depend primarily on in-person support might feel lonely and abandoned, and become withdrawn. According to an interactive online tool that estimates the potential number of deaths from COVID-19 in a population, by age group, in individual countries and regional groupings worldwide under a range of scenarios, most of During the COVID-19 outbreak in China, five organisations, including the Chinese Society of Geriatric Psychi atry and Alzheimer''s Disease Chinese, promptly released expert recommendations and disseminated key messages on how to provide mental health and psychosocial support. As recommended by international dementia experts and Alzheimer''s Disease International, 10 support for people living with dementia and their carers is needed urgently worldwide.
cord-282420-0fcyjw7l	2020	
cord-283196-laerx0n2	2020	
cord-283744-qkvo6cji	2020	
cord-284711-l1za83w1	2011	
cord-288197-drto66xt	2020	METHODS: Clinical records, laboratory results, and chest CT scans were retrospectively reviewed for nine pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia (ie, with maternal throat swab samples that were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from Jan 20 to Jan 31, 2020. Findings from this small group of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for intrauterine infection caused by vertical transmission in women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy. Evidence of vertical transmission was assessed by testing for the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in amniotic fluid, cord blood, breastmilk, and neonatal throat swab samples from six of nine patients. Based on data from this small group of patients, there is currently no evidence of vertical transmission in pregnant women who develop COVID-19 pneumonia in the third trimester.
cord-288591-upnqi1f7	2020	As countries maintain or adjust public health measures, emergency legislation, and economic policies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need to protect the rights of, and to support, the most vulnerable members of society. As with all aspects of health, the ability of sex workers to protect themselves against COVID-19 depends on their individual and interpersonal behaviours, their work environment, the availability of community support, access to health and social services, and broader aspects of the legal and economic environment. 16 Sex worker organisations have rapidly responded to COVID-19 by circulating hardship funds; helping with financial relief applications; advocating for governments to include sex workers in the pandemic response; calling for basic labour rights to facilitate safer working conditions; and providing health and safety guidance for those moving online or unable to stop direct services.
cord-289235-slkqu1pt	2020	
cord-290068-s1gdbsfx	2003	
cord-290983-p3vfo3ne	2008	
cord-291038-n8bk541m	2020	
cord-291315-y40s45iv	2020	title: Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia Primary outcome measures were antigen-specific humoral immunity (SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies measured by ELISA on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42) and safety (number of participants with adverse events monitored throughout the study). INTERPRETATION: The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants. These findings of two open, phase 1/2 non-randomised studies of a heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine based on recombinant adenoviral vectors rAd26-S and rAd5-S show that the vaccine is safe, well tolerated, and induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses in 100% of healthy participants. In our study, despite formation of neutralising antibodies to recombinant adenoviruses after vaccination with rAd26 and rAd5, formation of a humoral immune response to target antigen (SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S) in vaccinated volunteers was not affected.
cord-292629-5kh46tks	2020	
cord-293543-87ulnpdm	2020	
cord-295800-w0dup04b	2003	
cord-295971-jtv1jj2z	2016	BACKGROUND: In 2015, a large outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection occurred following a single patient exposure in an emergency room at the Samsung Medical Center, a tertiary-care hospital in Seoul, South Korea. INTERPRETATION: Our results showed increased transmission potential of MERS-CoV from a single patient in an overcrowded emergency room and provide compelling evidence that health-care facilities worldwide need to be prepared for emerging infectious diseases. Excluding three patients with confi rmed MERS-CoV infection who were not identifi ed in the initial patient contact investigation (appendix p 5), the overall attack rate for patients in the emergency room was 4% (30 of 675). No MERS-CoV infection was reported in patients and visitors who had been in the emergency room on May 29 during the time period when they were exposed only to zones II (n=81) or III (n=15), while Patient 14 was confi ned to zone IV.
cord-296863-xu0h92ac	2004	
cord-299375-ve4lag21	2020	
cord-299440-y6o5e2k5	2016	
cord-299627-nu4typ7j	2011	
cord-300149-djclli8n	2003	
cord-300236-mon1loph	2020	Two factors have contributed to this: first, the observation that hypertension is one of the most common comorbidities associated with severe cases of COVID-19 in patients who have been admitted to hospital and their risk of death; 1 and second, that like the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via specific binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is ubiquitously expressed in the lung and other tissues. Thus, an interesting and potentially clinically important finding in the study by de Abajo and colleagues is that the use of RAAS inhibitors compared with other antihypertensive drugs almost halved the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 who had diabetes (adjusted OR 0·53, 95% CI 0·34-0·80). Nor does evidence exist to suggest that, once infected, the risk of admission to hospital due to COVID-19, progression to more severe complications, or death is increased with RAAS inhibitor use compared with treatment with other antihypertensive drugs.
cord-302485-hhsa76k8	2020	
cord-303173-q88zdf03	2020	The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) pandemic is no exception. 3 To tweak resources, we have adjusted the Zika virus international web registry 9 to create COVI-Preg, a structured data collection tool available to any facility assessing pregnant patients for SARS-CoV-2 infection. For the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we hypothesise that the collected data will allow researchers and health-care professionals to better characterise the disease course and spectrum, quantitatively estimate associated risks, and identify specific risk factors that can be used to define screening strategies in pregnant women and adequate prevention meas ures, and to direct specific and early clinical management of women and fetuses at risk. Clinical analysis of pregnancy in second and third trimesters complicated severe acute respiratory syndrome An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes
cord-303208-4bui0ioe	2010	
cord-305906-a2srympy	2020	We propose a largescale emergency programme to train community health workers (CHWs) to support people in their homes, initially the most vulnerable but with potential to provide a longterm model of care in the UK. Experience from Brazil, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and other nations shows how a coordinated community workforce can provide effective health and social care support at scale. CHWs could undertake regular review of vulnerable people at home in person or virtually, depending on need, and when patients become ill CHWs could undertake simple assessment of the need for more advanced care, reporting to other members of the primary care team, including to the COVID19 Health Management Team that is being commissioned. CHWs in Brazil have been established for many years, are well integrated into their communities, and provide a wide range of health and social care support activities to each of the 100-150 households that they are responsible for.
cord-306583-ttz6oszw	2020	One such instrument, the European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC), seems to show a discreet involvement in this crisis, suggesting emerging isolationist behaviours of the member states. The ECDC was established within a context that involved inconsistent national laws on pandemic planning across the EU member states, which already had their own institutes and agencies of public health. 7 In our research on the role of EU agencies in crisis episodes, we described how the low cooperation in public health issues within Europe severely hampered the involvement of the ECDC in the European response to the 2014 Ebola outbreak. The European Commission advisory panel on COVID-19 was set up by the EU member states as late as March 16, 2020. 9 From a policy perspective, a European public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic was not possible because emergency structures had not been set up.
cord-307622-r23eebet	2020	
cord-307756-5etje6qs	2020	
cord-307857-1xj0ys7c	2020	The unprecedented global social and economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic poses grave risks to the nutritional status and survival of young children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Of particular concern is an expected increase in child malnutrition, including wasting, due to steep declines in household incomes, changes in the availability and affordability of nutritious foods, and interruptions to health, nutrition, and social protection services. These efforts link three approaches to model the combined economic and health systems impacts from COVID-19 on malnutrition and mortality: MIRAGRODEP''s macroeconomic projections of impacts on per capita gross national income (GNI); 4 microeconomic estimates of how predicted GNI shocks impact child wasting using data on 1·26 million children from 177 Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 52 LMICs between 1990-2018; 9 and the Lives Saved Tool (LiST), which links country-specific health services disruptions and predicted increases in wasting to child mortality.
cord-309242-ilsupfl8	2014	CDC staff work with peers in Ministries of Health and other host country entities to implement eff ective national programmes in HIV care and treatment, tuberculosis-HIV integration, maternal and child health, HIV prevention, and HIV counselling and testing. President Obama announced in December, 2011, ambitious new targets for priority evidence-based interventions that were to be realised in just 2 years'' time: PEPFAR, in 2013, was committed to directly support 6 million patients receiving treatment, an increase of 50% over the previous target; provision of therapy to 1·5 million pregnant women to prevent vertical infection of HIV; and to cumulatively reach 4·7 million men with voluntary medical male circumcisions. 5 CDC implemented an innovative approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi by working with the Ministry of Health and local partners.
cord-310197-gwhb2e6q	2014	Public health advances that have resulted in a more resilient and prepared nation and that have led to such system strengthening at all levels of government have been described, 2 and include improvement and coordination of public health infrastructure through the National Incident Management System (NIMS), expansion of the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS), upgrading of medical care and countermeasures capabilities, and improvement of laboratory expertise and capacity. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) uses, supports, and promotes NIMS with local and state health departments through both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention''s (CDC) Public Health Emergency Preparedness programme and the Offi ce of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response''s Hospital Preparedness Program to be used whether responding to daily incidents or natural disasters. 6 The Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasure Enterprise was established by HHS to coordinate federal eff orts and build new ways to respond to 21st century health threats-from discovery to deployment.
cord-311887-e8p6wnil	2020	key: cord-311887-e8p6wnil title: Preventing major outbreaks of COVID-19 in jails cord_uid: e8p6wnil The mathematical expression for the Basic Reproduction Number for SARS-CoV-2 in a jail ( " #$ ) is equal to: In this expression is the probability an infected inmate is symptomatic, 1 − is the probability an infected inmate is asymptomatic, is the transmissibility (per contact) of SARSTo generate the figure we calculated the values for and 1/ that would ensure that the above expression was equal to one. For the remaining parameters we set: = 0 · 65, 1 = 0 · 5 , 2 1/ = 14 days, 3 and 1/ = 60 days. 4 We set such that " #$ ∈ 1 · 1, 1 · 5 . COVID-19: What proportion are asymptomatic? Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) Los Angeles County Jail system by the numbers. Los Angeles Almanac
cord-312784-ykko0al5	2020	Given the COVID-19 pandemic and its alarming outcomes in Iran, 9 the international community must be obliged to stand against the sanctions that are hurting millions of Iranians. With the UK increasingly becoming an outlier globally in terms of its minimal social distancing populationlevel interventions, transparency is key to retaining the understanding, cooperation and trust of the scientific and health-care communities as well as the general public, ultimately leading to a reduction of morbidity and mortality. 1 However, we request that the government urgently and openly shares the scientific evidence, data, and models it is using to inform current decision making related to COVID-19 public health interventions within the next 72 h and then at regular intervals thereafter. The UK Government asserts that its response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is based on evidence and expert modelling.
cord-313028-0nhgxoim	2020	INTERPRETATION: The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Following the pneumonia cases of unknown cause reported in Wuhan and considering the shared history of exposure to Huanan seafood market across the patients, an epidemiological alert was released by the local health authority on Dec 31, 2019, and the market was shut down on Jan 1, 2020. 16 Secondary infection was diagnosed if the patients had clinical symptoms or signs of nosocomial pneumonia or bacteraemia, and was combined with a positive culture of a new pathogen from a lower respiratory tract specimen (including the sputum, transtracheal aspirates, or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or from blood samples taken ≥48 h after admission). In view of the high amount of cytokines induced by SARS-CoV, 22, 24 MERS-CoV, 25, 26 and 2019-nCoV infections, corticosteroids were used frequently for treatment of patients with severe illness, for possible benefit by reducing inflammatory-induced lung injury.
cord-313316-l147b7jk	2020	An initiative to screen asymptomatic health-care workers for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was timely and logical, 1 and contrasted markedly with the UK Government''s testing strategy stated. His opened-out presentation of a brain does not show the paired lateral ventricles and the foramen of Monro, as several authors erroneously down, and the way to do that is to get the amount of testing up". Overzealous redirection of self-isolating staff back to work before they had completed sufficient self-isolation to exclude infectivity was therefore likely to increase spread of the virus to other staff and to patients or care-receivers in a substantial number of cases, especially given the high prevalence and likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection among exposed health-care workers during the epidemic. 5 We believe a symptom-agnostic testing approach for SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs is an effective measure of reducing viral transmission. 1 We agree that use of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing among health-care workers (HCWs) solely to reduce absenteeism is inappro priate.
cord-313845-757yiqlg	2020	title: Inflammatory olfactory neuropathy in two patients with COVID-19 We report two cases of olfactory neuropathy diagnosed at autopsy in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Postmortem histological analysis of the olfactory epithelium in both patients showed prominent leukocytic infiltrates in the lamina propria and focal atrophy of the mucosa. In both patients, the olfactory tracts showed few isolated CD45-positive infiltrates; the olfactory striae were unremarkable. 1 Inflammation of the olfactory system and anosmia have been reported in other viral diseases, 2 as was age-related atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. 4 Consistent with previous reports, the olfactory tracts were largely unremarkable, except for a few endoneurial leukocytes in both patients. 5 SARS-CoV-2induced damage might be medi ated by viral entry through its receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and the transmembrane serine protease 2, which are ex pressed in non-neural cells of the olfactory epithelium. Anosmia and dysgeusia in patients with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection
cord-314278-ea73au8c	2015	The Director-General has sole power to declare and to terminate a public health emergency of international concern but must consider information provided by a State Party; the decision instrument; Emergency Committee advice; scientifi c principles and evidence; and a risk assessment of human health, international spread, and interference with international traffi c. If the Director-General declares a public health emergency of international concern, she must issue temporary, non-binding recommendations describing health measures that States Parties should take. State Parties widely disregarded WHO''s temporary recommendations; 7, 8 however, in 2011, the Review Committee on International Health Regulations functioning during the H1N1 infl uence pandemic cautioned, "The world is ill-prepared to respond to a severe infl uenza pandemic." 9 In 2014, the Director-General declared two further public health emergencies of international concern, for polio and for Ebola.
cord-314579-4nc4d05v	2003	10, 11 In this paper, we assess the politics, production, financing, and economics of poliomyelitis eradication to identify lessons that might be relevant to the pursuit of other global health goals. Implementation of National Immunisation Days (NIDs) has been a huge challenge; in China and India, for example, about 80 million and 150 million children, respectively, were immunised in a few days-the achievement was repeated 1 month later, and then annually Global health goals: lessons from the worldwide effort to eradicate poliomyelitis The World Health Assembly resolution that launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative stated that eradication should be pursued in ways that strengthened the delivery of primary health-care services in general and immunisation programmes in particular. In this review of the poliomyelitis eradication initiative, we have derived six lessons that could assist the planning and pursuit of worldwide health goals, whether global public goods for health or other health efforts in which international collective action might be warranted.
cord-316566-5iqtj3db	2016	12, 13 In high-income countries, some health indices showed counter-cyclical eff ects with economic contractions (eg, increases in suicides, depression, and anxiety disorders and worsening reproductive health outcomes). If Saudi Arabia maintains increased relief spending on child health, improvements in access to nutrition and health, and strong infectious diseases control then these approaches can also help reduce mortality. Since Saudi Arabia''s sociodemographic and geopolitical foundation is diff erent from that of the case studies available thus far, it is diffi cult to predict potential health eff ects of the present economic recession and newly proposed health-sector reforms. 3 The expatriate workforce of Saudi Arabia, which accounts for 56% of the total population and about 86% of the private sector workforce, are not covered by the government health-care system. 14 Despite free health care, Saudi Arabia''s shortcomings are in the control of non-communicable diseases and mitigation of risk factors for disease. The eff ect of economic recession on population health
cord-317126-j3o9cfkv	2020	The emergence of Ebola in malaria-endemic countries, including Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, led to a public health emergency and dealt a heavy blow to malaria control efforts. 1 These features of COVID-19 and the previous experiences of the Ebola outbreak point to the need for malaria-endemic countries to consider preventive measures against not only the COVID-19 threat but also its likely impact on existing malaria control efforts. WHO is monitoring the fast-evolving situation of the COVID-19 epidemic and needs to advise the countries in the malaria-endemic regions on how to establish and effectively execute public health policies. Additional and pre-emptive measures must be taken for malaria control in these countries, anticipating the potential challenge that would be faced by the public health system during an outbreak of COVID-19. Preparedness is the key to navigating any public health crisis, and malariaendemic countries must be prepared for the challenges that COVID-19 might bring while minimising disruption to malaria control.
cord-318858-x8p0n6r3	2020	Radiologists have watched the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unfold, wondering if and how imaging could be useful for diagnosis. They found that 97% of cases with RT-PCR-confirmed diagnoses had CT findings of pneumonia, and conclude, "CT imaging has high sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID-19". Although it is too early to assess the strength of the COVID-19 response in Africa, African countries, despite limited resources, have also adopted measures worth imitating, such as simplified triage strategies 3 and proactive screening (Uganda), handwashing stations at transport hubs (Rwanda), WhatsApp chatbots providing reliable information and rapid testing diagnostics (Senegal), and volunteer-staffed call centres and celebrity campaigns to promote responsible actions during the pandemic (Nigeria). If COVID-19 is suspected, patients should be isolated pending confirmation with (multiple) RT-PCR tests, or until quarantine has lapsed. Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases
cord-318933-09ym98hx	2020	Changes in risk perceptions or knowledge can be assessed over time; data on acceptance of new response measures can be made rapidly available; and misinformation or possible stigma can be identified as they emerge. Journalists need timely knowledge about developing audience behaviour and habits to rapidly tailor information sharing and to develop narrative tools that encourage behaviour changes according to evidence from risk communication research. In sum, rapid data collection and sharing could support effective interaction between authorities, health workers, journalists, and the public to encourage appropriate behavioural change, to manage the crisis, and to protect the most important asset in a crisis: public trust. 7 At the same time, not enough is known about the complex interplay of changing epidemiology, media attention, pandemic control measures, risk perception, and public health behaviour. COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring (COSMO): monitoring knowledge, risk perceptions, preventive behaviours, and public trust in the current coronavirus outbreak
cord-320530-5xltmc65	2020	1 Germany''s COVID-19 response is evaluated as reasoned and scientifically grounded; however, it has exposed undue political influence on national scientific guidelines due to migration policy concerns. The Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Germany''s national public health institute, has rapidly published an abundance of guidelines and recommendations on COVID-19. 2 The Competence Network Public Health COVID-19 raised ethical, legal, and epidemiological concerns about questionable benefits for infection control and high psychosocial burden for refugees, and it urged for national guidelines on prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 in refugee centres. 2 In June, 2020, civil society leaked an unpublished draft guideline by the RKI 3 that mandates asylum seekers should be accommodated in single rooms during the pandemic, and that mass quarantine should be avoided without exception. Key recommendations on SARS-CoV-2 prevention and management in refugee centres remained. public-health-covid19.de/en/ For the RKI''s COVID-19 guidelines and recommendations see
cord-322244-3en3yey1	2020	Because of the high volume of air traffic and trade between China and Africa, 1 Africa is at a high risk for the introduction and spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); although only Egypt has reported the first case, from a non-national. To help develop a common strategy that will allow for effective coordination, collaboration, and communication, the African Union Commission, Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), and WHO, in partnership with African countries, have established the Africa Taskforce for Coronavirus Preparedness and Response (AFTCOR). Second, any effective preparedness and response strategy for COVID-19 requires a committed political will; as such, the African Union Commission, Africa CDC, and WHO convened, on Feb 22, 2020, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, an emergency meeting of all ministers of health of 55 member states to commit to acting fast and collectively to develop and implement a coordinated continent-wide strategy.
cord-322541-yzum868k	2015	The west African Ebola epidemic that began in 2013 exposed deep inadequacies in the national and international institutions responsible for protecting the public from the far-reaching human, social, economic, and political consequences of infectious disease outbreaks. The 19 members come from academia, think tanks and civil society around the world, with expertise in Ebola, disease outbreaks, public and global health, international law, development and humanitarian assistance, and national and global governance. 64 In view of the severity of Ebola virus disease, rapid cross-border spread, weaknesses of the aff ected national health systems, the post-confl ict setting, 65 and repeated warnings from nongovernmental organisations in the region, 12 the Director-General had ample reason to raise international attention by convening the Emergency Committee or declaring a public health emergency of international concern earlier.
cord-325783-pqonn0as	2003	Methods Post-mortem tissue samples from six patients who died from SARS in February and March, 2003 , and an open lung biopsy from one of these patients were studied by histology and virology. Methods Post-mortem tissue samples from six patients who died from SARS in February and March, 2003 , and an open lung biopsy from one of these patients were studied by histology and virology. Since Nov 1, 2002 , an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has affected 33 countries in five continents, with 7053 reported cases and 506 deaths at the time of writing. The case definition was fever (temperature 38°C or higher), cough or shortness of breath, new pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograph, and either a history of exposure to a patient with SARS or a lack of response to empirical antimicrobial coverage for typical and atypical pneumonia (beta-lactams and macrolides, fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines).
cord-325991-dktffiaa	2020	title: COVID-19-associated nephritis: early warning for disease severity and complications? COVID-19-associated nephritis: early warning for disease severity and complications? Here we report that analysis of a urine sample on admission to hospital can be used to detect systemic capillary leak syndrome, which can be a predictor of fluid overload, respiratory failure, need for ICU admission, and death. Three of these patients had coincidentally submitted urine samples in the few weeks before their infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On the basis of these findings, we generated an algorithm for early detection of COVID-19-associated nephritis and to assess the risk of respiratory decompensation by capillary leak syndrome (figure). In summary, the respiratory tract is the gateway for SARS-CoV-2 infection, but we postulate that COVID-19associated nephritis, which can be easily screened for through a simple and inexpensive urine sample analysis, might help predict complications.
cord-326031-srmpzrzj	2020	COVID19 guidelines issued by WHO, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and other agencies have been consistent about the need for physical distancing of 1-2 m but conflicting on the issue of respiratory protection with a face mask or a respirator. 6 Chu and colleagues reported that masks and respi rators reduced the risk of infection by 85% (aOR 0·15, 95% CI 0·07-0·34), with greater effectiveness in health care settings (RR 0·30, 95% CI 0·22-0·41) than in the community (0·56, 0·40-0·79; p interaction =0·049). The other important finding for health workers by Chu and colleagues was that eye protection resulted in a 78% reduction in infection (aOR 0·22, 95% CI 0·12-0·39); infection via the ocular route might occur by aerosol transmission or selfinoculation. This study by Chu and colleagues should prompt a review of all guidelines that recommend a medical mask for health workers caring for COVID19 patients. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent persontoperson transmission of SARSCoV2 and COVID19: a systematic review and metaanalysis
cord-327242-g3pfc94x	2020	As the first cases of COVID-19 were confirmed in Liberia, in March, 2020, former President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, 1 among others, 2 highlighted the need to adopt lessons learned from the response to the 2014-16 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in west Africa. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, governments took swift action to institute lockdown measures, activate incident management response systems, and mobilise front-line health workers to be trained. 19 To its credit, Liberia, scarred from the Ebola outbreak, has been training its National Community Health Assistants to prevent, detect, and respond to COVID-19 while maintaining essential services and is in the process of procuring PPE for CHWs. 20 COVID-19 is the new public health backdrop and we cannot wait to strengthen community health systems. Community health workers during the Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone Prevent, detect, respond: how community health workers can help in the fight against COVID-19
cord-328522-ef4xg3q0	2006	The aim of this phase was to develop a disposition classifi cation system (reverse triage) based on risk tolerance of a consequential medical event as a result of discharge; assuming that critical interventions were withdrawn or withheld. We focus on the main components of the fi rst phase: (1) conceptualisation of the disposition classifi cation system; (2) development of operational defi nitions of consequential medical events and critical interventions; and (3) derivation of risk estimates related to early discharge from a multidisciplinary panel of experts. After the defi nitions had been decided on, the panellists voted to defi ne the upper limit of acceptable risk for the occurrence of a consequential medical event (ie, need for critical intervention), for each of the categories of the disposition classifi cation system.
cord-328835-r9znjkfo	2020	In a review of 11 pregnant women infected with MERS-CoV, 3 ten (91%) presented with adverse outcomes, six (55%) neonates required admission to the intensive care unit, and three (27%) died. Considering that the 2019-nCoV seems to have a similar pathogenic potential as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 4 pregnant women are at increased risk of severe infections, there are no specific clinical signs of coronavirus infections preceding severe complications, 5 coronaviruses have the potential to cause severe maternal or perinatal adverse outcomes, or both, 2,3 and the current lack of data on the consequences of a 2019-nCoV infection during pregnancy, we recommend systematic screening of any suspected 2019-nCoV infection during pregnancy. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: report of two cases & review of the literature
cord-328865-ekgqdjlk	2020	METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, in partnership with a central laboratory that receives samples from approximately 1300 dialysis facilities across the USA, we tested the remainder plasma of 28 503 randomly selected adult patients receiving dialysis in July, 2020, using a spike protein receptor binding domain total antibody chemiluminescence assay (100% sensitivity, 99·8% specificity). 12 Testing remainder plasma from monthly samples obtained for routine care of patients on dialysis for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies therefore represents a practical approach to a population-representative surveillance strat egy, 13 informing risks faced by a susceptible population while ensuring representation from racial and ethnic minorities. In our analysis of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding antibodies from a nationwide representative sample of patients receiving dialysis, we find that despite the USA contemporaneously leading the world in the numbers of diagnosed cases, overall, fewer than 10% of US adults had evidence of seroconversion in July, 2020.
cord-329222-o155z3na	2008	By contrast, most of the data on risks of coronary heart disease associated with antiretroviral therapy come from observational and short-term effi cacy studies. Person-to-person transmission of H5N1 was fi rst mooted after the 1997 Hong Kong outbreak, in which family members and at least two health workers might have been infected by contact with patients. 9 Transmission of avian infl uenza virus between mammals is not, however, restricted to H5N1 in human beings: H7N7 can also be transmitted from person to person, 10 and there is evidence of transmission of H5N1 among other mammalian species. A possible lack of host-induced evolutionary pressure, disseminated viral replication and high viral loads in infected people, 13 and the rarity of person-to-person transmission suggest that the infecting avian viruses might be already well adapted to the individual in which they fi nd themselves, but not to the wider human population. Probable limited person-to-person transmission of highly pathogenic avian infl uenza A (H5N1) virus in China
cord-330868-7ocseuz3	2003	Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. Public-health interventions included encouragement to report to hospital rapidly after the onset of clinical symptoms, contact tracing for confirmed and suspected cases, and quarantining, monitoring, and restricting the travel of contacts. Key epidemiological determinants of the magnitude and timescale of the epidemic (figure 1) include the interval between infection and onset of symptoms and between onset and hospital admission, the degree and duration of the infectiousness of the agent, and the extent of contact and mixing between infectious and susceptible people enabling transmission of the virus. If ␥ distribution is assumed, the estimated distributions and case fatality rate varied as a function of patients'' age, but not the time from onset to admission (figure 2).
cord-331643-gmasuqov	2020	1 The way that paid and unpaid labour is inequitably divided between men and women is central to the perpetuation of gender inequalities across the globe, and the ways that such divisions can be shifted or disrupted offer critical opportunities to modify the gender-differentiated effects of COVID-19 on health. 4 The unequal distribution of unpaid care work serves as a barrier to female labour force participation and is one way that gender inequalities are reinforced. 9 Gender-differentiated exposure to work and household stressors as they strive to fulfil paid and unpaid responsibilities contributes to poor mental health in women, including depression. 10 This inequitable division of paid and unpaid labour aligns with pervasive and entrenched gender norms that define women as caregivers-nurturing, self-sacrificing, and caring-and men as breadwinners. Proactive policies related to exit from the COVID-19 pandemic should aim to redistribute a proportion of women''s unpaid caring responsibilities to support female labour force participation.
cord-333183-xyuj1j57	2020	After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, chemotherapy in the past 4 weeks had no significant effect on mortality from COVID-19 disease, when compared with patients with cancer who had not received recent chemotherapy (1·18 [0·81–1·72]; p=0·380). We are not able to identify evidence that cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy or other anticancer treatment are at an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 disease compared with those not on active treatment. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed for all studies related to the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of COVID-19, on patients with cancer, using the search terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "cancer", "treatment", "chemotherapy", "immunotherapy", "radiotherapy", "targeted therapy", "outcomes," "death", "mortality", and "risk". Therefore, we did a multivariate analysis with adjustment for age, gender, and comorbidities and found that deaths in patients with COVID-19 who have cancer who had received recent chemotherapy were still no more likely than in those who had not (table 3) .
cord-334771-uy3s6443	2004	Samples obtained were: 54 blood samples, 22 throat swabs, ten CSF samples, and one brain aspirate from 55 patients with encephalitis; five blood samples and nine throat swabs from 13 fever cases; and ten blood samples and one throat swab from ten family contacts (including specimens from the brother and mother of a patient who Methods Cell lines and peripheral blood lymphocyte co-cultures were used to isolate the causative agent from clinical samples. The confirmed Chandipura virus encephalitis group consisted of individuals from whose samples we isolated the virus, viral RNA, or reactive IgM antibodies. The viruses isolated in different cell lines from clinical samples from patients with encephalitis were confirmed as Chandipura virus with various techniques including complement fixation, neutralisation test, and immunofluorescence assay. Moreover, the presence of Chandipura virus RNA in nine patients with encephalitis, all from samples obtained before day 4 after onset of illness, suggests an early viraemic phase of the infection process.
cord-334938-q4xhcxtc	2020	key: cord-334938-q4xhcxtc cord_uid: q4xhcxtc Paula M Marinho and colleagues 1 described hyper-reflective lesions in ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images from 24 eyes of 12 adults who had symptoms of COVID-19. 3, 4 Therefore, all hyper-reflective lesions marked out by Marinho and colleagues by arrows in the figure of their Correspondence 1 can be adequately explained by normal retinal blood vessels extending into the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. The retinal blood vessels in the infrared fundus images correspond to the hyper-reflective, tube-like structures with obvious shadows in the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers of the OCT images. In summary, relating the retinal OCT findings of 12 patients to the consequences of COVID-19 is not well validated. Pingbo Ouyang, Xinyu Zhang, Yinghui Peng, *Bing Jiang Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19 Retinal vessel structure measurement using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography
cord-335560-fe4ixqdv	2020	As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues advancing globally, reporting of clinical outcomes and risk factors for intensive care unit admission and mortality are emerging. 1 Striking differences between Chinese and Italian mortality indicate ethnicity might affect disease outcome, but there is little to no data to support or refute this. Individuals from different ethnic backgrounds vary in behaviours, comorbidities, immune profiles, and risk of infection, as exemplified by the increased morbidity and mortality in black and minority ethnic (BME) communities in previous pandemics. Only two (7%) of 29 publications reported ethnicity disaggregated data (both were case series without outcomes specific to ethnicity). BME communities might be at increased risk of acquisition, disease severity, and poor outcomes in COVID-19 for several reasons (figure). Specific ethnic groups, such as south Asians, have higher rates of some comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, which have been associated with severe disease and mortality in COVID-19.
cord-337631-w4u6rcnv	2020	Moving towards anti-racist praxis in medicine "There must exist a paradigm, a practical model for social change that includes an understanding of ways to transform consciousness that are linked to efforts to transform structures." bell hooks, Killing Rage: Ending Racism 1 The devastating effects of police brutality, maternal mortality, and COVID-19 all have one commonality: they render disproportionate, deadly impact on marginalised and minoritised communities in the USA. It is important that physicians who use innovations, and the designers who make them, are confident in their abilities to address legacies of structural racism within the clinical setting as it bears on health outcomes. Anti-racist, structural competency training needs to start from pre-medicine pathways and will be essential for reimagining justice in the medical workforce pipeline. For the same reason, new and established physicians must undergo consistent, continuing medical education that includes anti-racist, structural competency training.
cord-338516-0x4guveu	2020	The quotes from frontline workers in Richard Horton''s Comment 1 about COVID-19 and the National Health Service (NHS) make for distressing reading, and the risks currently facing our clinical colleagues weigh heavily on our minds. As public health registrars, we understand that root causes of the current challenges regarding COVID-19 include historical policy decisions that have affected the UK''s health workforce and systems, 2 including laboratory capacity. Many of the signatories of this Correspondence were involved in Public Health England''s extensive early contact tracing, testing, and isolation efforts, done by health protection staff working tirelessly across the country. We agree that improved testing capacity, combined with innovative ways to contact trace at scale, are vital. Critical supply shortages -the need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the Covid-19 pandemic Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts
cord-339645-0babe90b	2020	Weak health systems in LMICs are generally struggling to make the necessary responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of comorbidities are putting our populations at increased risk of the direct and indirect consequences of the pandemic. 8 In many countries, these challenges have come on top of entrenched economic, social, and political pressures and present considerable demands on researchers seeking to generate evidence in the COVID-19 response. Despite these practical challenges, above and beyond those faced by all researchers producing rapid reviews during this period, 10 our networks continue to generate evidence syntheses to support our governments and strengthen their capacities and resilience. We need action from individuals, organisations, govern ments, and donors to enable and sustain the generation and use of evidence synthesis in LMICs if we are to tackle COVID-19 globally.
cord-341868-btalafo6	2020	Therefore, we do not think that it would be wise to try again those drugs in Covid-19 2) We used in the above paragraph the term "sepsis", just because it is a well-, known severe syndrome due to infectious agents. Many "sepsologists" push very hard and without any doubt to include Covid-19 severe cases in the sepsis syndrome. In addition, secondary infections with nosocomial pathogens are very frequent in severe COVID-19 disease, making the prognosis even more complex to evaluate. Although this study was not a phase III one, it''s double blind design and the relatively high number of patients makes it a key information 5) We are surprised to read that on September 25th, the guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recommend the use of CS in severe COVID-19 cases, without any doubt or comments on the methodology of the various studies (3).
cord-342888-o7ezn9dd	2020	Yeming Wang and colleagues 1 reported that the hazard of 28-day clinical improvement for 158 patients with severe COVID-19 randomly assigned to remdesivir was 1·2 times (95% CI 0·9 to 1·8) the hazard of patients randomly assigned to placebo, but the 28-day mortality in both these groups was similar. Additionally, Wang and colleagues 1 report that the effect of remdesivir on clinical improvement appeared stronger among patients who started treatment within 10 days of symptom onset than among those who started later. We appreciate the possible explanation raised by Lei-Yun Wang and colleagues that the genetic backgrounds of patients might be one of the reasons for discrepant results between the Chinese and American remdesivir clinical trials. Whether the different strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between China and the USA contribute to the discrepant effect of remdesivir also needs to be confirmed.
cord-343219-0dwyv1vk	2020	Why vaccine rumours stick-and getting them unstuck Infectious diseases have long shaped human history, from the plague of Athens (430-427 BCE) that killed around a third of the Athenian population, the Black Death in the 14th century that killed about 30-60% of all Europeans, and the 1918-19 influenza pandemic that took the lives of at least 50 million people globally. As only population-wide immunity will end the pandemic, there has been an unprecedented effort to rapidly develop safe and effective vaccines that can be deployed globally. Although many other measures-eg, surveillance, testing, contact tracing, isolation, quarantine, physical distancing, handwashing, provision of PPE, investments in resilient health and social care systems and research, and socioeconomic support, among others-are key elements in the COVID-19 response, a longer-term goal is the possibility of population-level immunity from a vaccine. But hope is not a strategy and there is a need to address the complex challenges related to vaccine hesitancy that Larson''s book illuminates.
cord-345125-s96xufes	2020	at MGs in response to the World Health Assembly''s endorsement on Dec 22, 2011, of the 130th Executive Board Decision "Global mass gatherings: implications and opportunities for global health security" that encompassed joint planning, enhancement of health infrastructures, and taking proper pre-emptive and preventive measures to control infectious diseases on an international scale. 4 Since then, many MGs have been held safely and successfully without any major communicable disease issues arising, 3,5-7 even for MG events held during three WHO declared Public Health Emergencies of International Concern: the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa during the H1N1 influenza pandemic; the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations Football tournament in Equatorial Guinea during the outbreak of Ebola virus disease; and the Rio 2016 Olympics during the Zika virus outbreak. Action plans should include: WHO, working with global partners in MG health, many of whom were involved in the Riyadh conferences and The Lancet''s 2014 Mass Gatherings Medicine Series, [4] [5] [6] [7] 13 has developed comprehensive recommendations for managing the public health aspects of MGs that have been updated with interim key recommendations for COVID-19.
cord-346015-bzeqs5oh	2020	Although several approved drugs and investigational agents have shown antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, 6, 7 at present there are no antiviral therapies of proven effectiveness in treating severely ill patients with A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of hydroxychloroquine involving 150 adults admitted to hospital for COVID-19 reported no significant effect of the drug on accelerating viral clearance. This was an investigator-initiated, individually randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to assess the effectiveness and safety of intravenous remdesivir in adults (aged ≥18 years) admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19. Our study is the first randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical trial assessing the effect of intravenous remdesivir in adults admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19. Future studies of remdesivir, including earlier treatment in patients with COVID-19 and higher-dose regimens or in combination with other antivirals or SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies in those with severe COVID-19 are needed to better understand its potential effectiveness.
cord-347544-ym7uiqy5	2020	6 In 2015, the White House released a comprehensive action plan for the USA proposing milestones to curtail antibiotic misuse and accelerate new antimicrobials and vaccines. 5 The US Federal Government could accelerate progress on its AMR national action plan in several ways: first, by permanently ceasing use of medically important antibiotics in agribusiness; second, by supporting antibiotic stewardship programmes; third, by encouraging the development of new antibiotics through bipartisan initiatives such as the Developing an Innovative Strategy for Antimicrobial Resistant Microorganisms (DISARM) Act, 10,13 which some legislators have proposed as part of a COVID-19 relief bill, as well as the Pioneering Antimicrobial Subscriptions to End Up Surging Resistance (PASTEUR) Act, which incorporates an antibiotic subscription programme similar to that in the UK; and, finally, by simultaneously investing in innovation to identify and evaluate other anti-infectives. Priorities for the National Action Plan on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
cord-349624-2sypsfba	2020	Submissions should be made via our electronic submission system at http://ees.elsevier.com/ thelancet/ www.thelancet.com Published online October 20, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)321644 1 The Brazilian Government''s mistakes in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic The federal government''s denial of science and, consequently, of the seriousness of the pandemic to the health and wellbeing of Brazilians has led to a failure to coordinate, promote, and finance internationally sanctioned public health measures. Yet, primary health care has been overlooked by the federal government as a key element in this public health crisis response. It is necessary to analyse the Brazilian Government''s response to the COVID19 pandemic based on trustworthy knowledge built upon scientific facts. A coordinated politi cal response guided by social justice and evidencebased knowledge is essential to managing any public health emergency, especially one with as broad economic and health impacts as COVID19. For more on COVID-19 in Brazil''s indigenous population see
cord-353895-tgn1kk07	2020	Studies in South Africa, Kenya, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo have shown that most patients with HIV admitted to hospital have already been on antiretroviral therapy (often for years) but they either stop treatment or are on a treatment regimen that is not effectively suppressing the virus. In South Africa, in particular, tracking the mortality of young people using systems at the local level helped monitor the effectiveness of HIV programmes. 20 Hopefully, this step will improve patient outcomes by incentivising effective interventions for advanced HIV disease and support for people who have stopped treatment to re-enter care. 17 Third, we can move towards a variety of outcomeoriented global health programmes beyond HIV, for which measures of success move from the number of patients receiving services to explicit reductions in mortality rates.
cord-354855-vwxbo01b	2020	Amid frenzied national responses to COVID-19, the world could soon reach a critical juncture to revisit and strengthen the International Health Regulations (IHR), the multilateral instrument that governs how 196 states and WHO collectively address the global spread of disease. 4 The concrete links between infectious disease control and global security provide a compelling rationale for an inspection mechanism that encourages states to be more forthright and accountable in reporting a potential PHEIC. Following more than a decade under the revised IHR, only a third of countries meet the core capacities of public health systems required therein, 2 impacting countries'' abilities to prevent, detect, and respond to disease outbreaks and putting "the whole world at risk". To ensure accountability for national capacity building, states should integrate an effective reporting mechanism to monitor implementation of IHR obligations. AP reports grants and personal fees as past and current consultant to WHO on global and public health law matters, including the IHR.