cord-000402-unr44dvp	2011	
cord-000964-ysyz3grd	2013	We calculated the nationwide incidence, as well as the crude mortality and injury incidence rates, of disasters and MCIs. The data were collected from the administrative database of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and from provincial fire departments from January 2000 to December 2009. Disaster and MCI-related research in Korea has mostly focused on the establishment of a national disaster management system (12) , the role of disaster management agencies (13) , database (DB) building for disaster prevention (14) , and descriptive studies on post-disaster stress management (15) , post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (16) , hospital disaster (17) , incidents at mass gatherings and sporting events and building collapses (18, 19) . We aimed to calculate the incidence, mortality and overall rates of disasters and MCIs and to examine their relationship with population characteristics, using health-related indicators based on disaster/MCI database of NEMA to facilitate future compari-son of disasters and MCIs between domestic and foreign cases.
cord-003258-yrbo0hdk	2018	
cord-011782-hz0rtgd1	2020	
cord-259906-9em5tjya	2020	Because the patient closely contacted her uncle and her mother, she was screened for COVID-19, and three screening tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were all negative on day 1 and 4 since her uncle''s diagnosis (February 1) and day 2 from the last exposure (February 5) to her mother. As the number of confirmed cases surges in Korea, data on pediatric patients need to be comprehensively analyzed to further describe the clinical findings and to learn the role of children in a COVID-19 pandemic. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Correlation of chest CT and RT-PCR testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a report of 1014 cases
cord-260310-0gkoanrg	2020	
cord-262681-2voe4r7f	2020	
cord-268907-cv0mkpzd	2018	
cord-269440-6x19xuy3	2020	This study evaluated olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated assessment methods. 5, 6 Subsequent studies have reported that olfactory and gustatory dysfunction may be characteristic symptoms of COVID-19 infection, but there are limitations in assessments by validated methods. Therefore, this study was designed to assess olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in mild COVID-19 patients using validated olfactory and gustatory evaluation methods and endoscopic examination. This prospective surveillance study included mild COVID-19 patients who were isolated at Gyeonggi International Living and Treatment Support Center (LTSC) after confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using respiratory samples; all patients were interviewed daily regarding changes in olfactory and gustatory symptoms and their medical records were reviewed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to assess both olfactory and gustatory function with validated methods, with simultaneous nasal and oral endoscopic examination in mild COVID-19 patients.
cord-269885-r8molh8c	2017	
cord-270083-gm8i9olj	2020	CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found that diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 are independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Older age, male sex, presence of comorbidities, low oxygen saturation, and abnormal lab findings (high lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] , high procalcitonin, low CD4 cell count, low albumin level) were shown to be risk factors for severe However, patient-and disease-related factors vary from region to region, and these factors may be associated with the clinical severity of COVID19. We showed that the presence of diabetes mellitus, body temperature ≥ 37.8°C, peripheral oxygen saturation < 92%, and CK-MB > 6.3 were independent predictors of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
cord-270922-7z0n78ja	2020	No significant differences were determined in terms of positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16.9%) and the relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P > 0.05). 6 also reported conjunctivitis as an ocular finding in COVID-19 patients, demonstrating a positive correlation with higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts and higher levels of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase in Hubei, China. Blood test results indicated significantly higher values of procalcitonin, neutrophil count, monocyte count, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase in the first-episode group compared to the relapsed group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the positivity of ocular symptoms between the first-episode group (12 patients, 16 .9%) and relapsed group (10 patients, 31.3%, P = 0.18). Other factors such as age; total duration of hospitalization; gender; presence of pneumonia, diabetes, or hypertension; and other blood test results showed no significant difference between the ocular symptom-positive and -negative groups (P > 0.05).
cord-271277-z0o7bhzr	2020	In order to minimize cross-contamination during the process of specimen collection, aprons and gloves should be worn in addition to personal protective equipment, and the apron and gloves should be changed for each patient. If the medical staff responsible for collecting samples is not sufficiently trained, cross-contamination may occur while wearing the apron and gloves. There is no way to preserve patient safety and prevent sample contamination unless the gloves fixed to the booth are changed for every patient. In order to increase the speed of sample collection at the WT screening centers, the number of booths should be increased. The closed booth WT screening center risks the possibility of cross-contamination due to fixed gloves, in addition to the ventilation issues after environmental sterilization, thus leading to the creation of an outdoor WT screening center. Gloves and aprons must be replaced for every patient.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, various screening centers are being set up in Korea.
cord-274788-oyk8js16	2020	
cord-277144-106q6ae0	2020	
cord-282293-pdhjl508	2016	title: Isolation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus from a Patient of the 2015 Korean Outbreak During the 2015 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Korea, 186 persons were infected, resulting in 38 fatalities. Full-length genome sequence of the virus isolate was obtained and phylogenetic analyses showed that it clustered with clade B of MERS-CoV. On May 27, 2015, he was unknowingly exposed to the index case (designated as patient number 14 by Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare) of the hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) at emergency department of a hospital (10) . For full-length genome sequencing of the virus isolate (MERS-CoV Hu/KOR/SNU1_035/2015), Vero cell monolayer showing cytopathic effects was harvested and used for RNA extraction. A previous study about S gene of MERS-CoV reported from Korea showed that a culture isolate from patient number 002 contained two nonsynonymous variants (S137R and V530L) (14) .
cord-282554-hlcgutzf	2020	Most coronaviruses cause only mild upper respiratory infections, but sometimes they cause fatal respiratory disease and outbreaks, as experienced in cases of SARS-CoV or MERS-CoV. This disaster has been warned until recently that new mutants of coronavirus can occur anytime. As much as the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak, we are also learning a lot of lesson from this disaster. Because epidemic is a national disaster, not only medical institutions but also governments have to be active. Our country is excellent at coping with this disaster, thanks to the experiences that we have gained during the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak. And this outbreak is expected to have a greater amount of transmission than the 2015 MERS-CoV. Health workers, the government, and the people will need to unite to overcome this disaster. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Surveillance case definitions for human infection with novel coronavirus (nCoV)
cord-283512-qly8iclf	2020	
cord-284879-sjkni2uc	2020	
cord-285984-hjyqg8n5	2019	BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare the indicators (the rates of diagnosis, need for treatment, treatment initiation, and treatment completion) of management of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in contacts and to identify the impact of active tuberculosis (TB) index case characteristics on the exposed population in congregated settings, such as schools, workplaces, and medical institutes. As shown in Table 3 , multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed using the diagnosis of latent TB in contacts, need for treatment, treatment initiation, and treatment completion as dependent variables, and the characteristics of the index case and cluster as independent variables; years were considered as a random effect. When compared by type of facility that index cases belonged to, other facilities showed significantly high ORs for rates of need for treatment of latent TB compared to schools (P < 0.001). 33 In this study, medical institutions had higher rates of latent TB diagnosis, need for treatment, and treatment initiation than schools.
cord-286930-c1zkjdgf	2014	title: Seroprevalence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus IgG among Healthy Young Adults in Basic Training for the Republic of Korea Air Force Nine basic trainees belonging to the RSV IgG negative and equivocal grey zone categories were prospectively observed for any particular vulnerability to respiratory infection during the training period of two months. Recent studies revealed that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) would also be a significant pathogen that causes respiratory infection and an outbreak of febrile illness in the military (2, 3) . This study attempted to verify the seroprevalence of RSV IgG among healthy young adults in their early twenties who had just been admitted to the Korea Air Force basic training camp. In an effort to verify the increased vulnerability to respiratory infection for the RSV IgG negative or equivocal grey zone recruits during the training period, the medical records for all 570 subjects were verified in the basic training camp.
cord-289370-3n56low4	2020	We herein present our first case of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with COVID-19 infection who developed AMI with cardiogenic shock during hospitalization in intensive care unit. This is the first case of a patient with COVID-19 who underwent PCI for AMI complicating cardiogenic shock. Therefore, it is necessary to closely observe and properly test ECG, cardiac enzymes, and TTE (if suspected) in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or underlying cardiovascular conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 15, 16 However, in real-world practice, it is possible to have a significant time delay between AMI diagnosis and the actual procedure because the primary PCI of a COVID-19 patient is accompanied by the possibility of COVID-19 transmission in hospital facilities, medical staff, and other patients. In our case, although he had AMI with cardiogenic shock, primary PCI was performed at the end of the scheduled procedures to minimize exposure of other patients.
cord-297681-m0cckidw	2020	
cord-297965-3bdv6ady	2020	BACKGROUND: In response to the disaster of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) established a patient facility for mild condition patients other than hospital. CONCLUSION: In the time of an infectious disease disaster, a metropolitan city can operate a temporary patient facility such as CTC to make a surge capacity and appropriately allocate scarce medical resource. To respond the shortage of medical resource due to COVID-19 outbreak, the Korean government introduced a temporary patient facility called community treatment centers (CTCs). To prepare and respond second wave of COVID-19 epidemic and future emerging infectious disease disaster, analysis of operation of actual CTC and information of patient triage in the community is needed. 1,34 In a metropolitan city with a population of 10 million, through operating the two-stage surge capacity consisting of dedicated COVID-19 hospitals and CTCs, allocating scarce hospital resources to critically ill patients was possible.
cord-301553-bq8h13np	2020	Conceptualization: Lee Third, although the authors have acknowledged selection bias, they should recognize that the patient group had more of health-related issues compared with general population, resulting limited generalizability of the study. However, when an antibody test is performed to estimate seroprevalence at the population level, even a serological test with moderate sensitivity and specificity is acceptable 5 because of the tradeoff between false-positive and false-negative cases. Moreover, despite the possibility of selection bias, we believe that the size of missing undiagnosed cases in Daegu should be estimated because it is one of most important reasons underlying any seroprevalence study during the epidemic. Currently, however, even a population-based seroprevalence survey with a perfect serological assay may not validly estimate the size of missing undiagnosed cases in Daegu because of antibody loss in many previously infected cases.
cord-304010-n4gxxl5i	2020	
cord-304345-efic9sqh	2020	
cord-304526-hoybp1h6	2020	For safe and efficient screening for COVID-19, drive-through (DT) screening centers have been designed and implemented in Korea. Personal protective equipment (PPE) of inner and outer gloves, N95 respirator, eye-shield/face shield/goggles, and hooded coverall/gown is required for the HCWs who may have direct contact with testees. Specimen collection Drive-through COVID screening center is important since the examination work requires professionalism among all the DT stages, and this manpower pool is sparse during an outbreak situation. The main timeconsuming factor in the conventional COVID-19 screening system is the time required for ventilation and cleaning of the specimen collection room. 8 However, this time for ventilation and cleaning is not required for the DT screening system because testees'' cars are used as specimen collection rooms. In addition to the improved efficiency, the DT screening system can also exclude the risk of cross-infection between testees at the waiting space of conventional screening centers, for testees'' own cars work as isolation units throughout the test course.
cord-306092-5bi2q3jj	2015	title: Relationship between the Clinical Characteristics and Intervention Scores of Infants with Apparent Life-threatening Events We investigated the clinical presentations, diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and prognosis from follow-up of infants with apparent life-threatening events (ALTE). In 1986, the National Institutes of Health consensus conference named these episodes apparent life-threatening events (ALTE) and defined them using the following criteria: some combination of central or obstructive apnea; color change; marked change in muscle tone; and choking or gagging (2) . In some studies, high-risk groups for ALTE were defined as 1) having events during sleep, 2) needing resuscitation, 3) having a subsequent similar episode, 4) being siblings of SIDS patients, and 5) developing a seizure disorder. A confirmed bacterial or viral infection, abnormal chest radiographic finding, ECG, 2-dimensional echocardiogram, upper gastrointestinal study, EEG, brain image study, and any test to characterize metabolic disease were classified as significant diagnostic interventions.
cord-315181-emf4i6ir	2020	
cord-319024-11cdzkrs	2020	The "primary emotional reaction" during the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea may be considered the fear or anxiety of the physical disease itself, or the "contagion" myth, directly related to infectious diseases. With respect to the primary emotional reaction, mental health care should focus on patients in isolation, individuals in quarantine, and healthcare workers who treat COVID-19 cases. The "secondary emotional reaction", beyond the anxiety of the physical disease itself, or the contagion myth, may be considered the other psychological consequence of the COVID-19 outbreak. 3 Consequently, we introduce herein two groups who should urgently be considered for care in Korea due to secondary emotional reactions prompted by the COVID-19 outbreak. Mental health care related to the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea should cover not only primary emotional reactions, but also secondary emotional reactions. Also, pro-active care for secondary emotional reactions in Shincheonji congregants and the economically weak is of key importance.
cord-320022-e3ti4doi	2020	While such methods are being enforced for strict infection control at the national level in response to COVID-19, most countries-including the United States and many in Europeallow people who are asymptomatic or those with mild symptoms be placed under selfisolation for at-home treatment ( Table 1) . With respect to the recently updated Korean isolation release criteria, 4,5 asymptomatic cases can be released from isolation if they 1) develop no clinical symptoms for 10 days after being confirmed, OR 2) receive two consecutive negative PCR test results taken at least 24 hours 2/4 https://jkms.org https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e277 For symptomatic patients: 10 days after symptom onset, plus at least 3 days without symptoms (without fever and respiratory symptoms). The decision of location should be made on a case-bycase basis and will depend on the clinical presentation, requirement for supportive care, potential risk factors for severe disease, and conditions at home, including the presence of vulnerable persons in the household.
cord-320669-7acoduj3	2020	To allocate medical resources efficiently, Korea implemented a novel institution for the purpose of treating patients with cohort isolation out of hospital, namely the Community Treatment Center (CTC). To allocate medical resources efficiently, a novel institution with the purpose of treating patients with cohort isolation out of the hospital, namely the Community Treatment Center (CTC), was designed and implemented in Korea. The CTC is an independent building outside a hospital based on the concept that patients with mild symptoms do not require advanced medical resources, although they require isolation to prevent transmission and active surveillance in case they develop more severe symptoms. Candidates for CTC admission were confirmed COVID-19 patients with real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) method and considered by authorities as patients without severe symptoms using guidelines from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC).
cord-321748-9a54ekac	2020	A walk-through (WT) screening center using negative pressure booths that is inspired by the biosafety cabinet has been designed and implemented in Korea for easy screening of COVID-19 and for safe and efficient consultation for patients with fever or respiratory symptoms. These limitations can be overcome using mobile technology and increasing the number of booths to reduce congestion inside the center, reducing booth volume for sufficient and rapid ventilation, and using an effective, harmless, and certified environmental disinfectant. Environmental cleaning is performed in the following order: ventilation after the patient has left, disinfection of the surface of the booth including gloves and ventilation after disinfection. The CDC guidelines recommend applying a United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)registered disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 for environmental cleaning and disinfection in healthcare settings, including those patient-care areas where aerosol-generating procedures were performed.
cord-323326-p7vrlmrf	2018	
cord-323449-r1gyjxei	2020	BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of air and surface contamination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in four health care facilities with hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that remote (> 2 m) airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from hospitalized COVID-19 patients is uncommon when aerosol-generating procedures have not been performed. 10, 11 The objectives of the present study were 1) to investigate air and environmental contamination caused by COVID-19 patients in a variety of hospital settings; 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental cleaning; and 3) to examine the potential for remote airborne transmission in the absence of aerosol-generating procedures. Despite extensive surface sampling, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in the room in Hospital B (AIIR with routine surface cleansing using disinfectant wipes the patient''s respiratory samples (Ct value 22.4-28.9) (Fig. 1B) .
cord-323656-bzefn894	2020	
cord-334284-rut6mheb	2020	title: Psychological Impact of Quarantine on Caregivers at a Children''s Hospital for Contact with Case of COVID-19 Thus, we aimed to identify the psychological and behavioral responses and stressors of caregivers quarantined with young patients after a close contact to a coronavirus disease 2019 case at a children''s hospital. A multidisciplinary team including infection control team, pediatrician, psychiatrist, nursing staff and legal department provided supplies and services to reduce caregiver''s psychological distress. As a result, 62 patients and 72 caregivers were quarantined at four COVID-19 isolation units of our children''s hospital for 2 weeks according to the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2. The psychological and behavioral responses and stressors of the caregivers were classified according to Brooks et al.''s review, 6 which extensively revealed numerous emotional outcomes as well as specific stressors of quarantined people and of health care providers. In conclusion, mandatory quarantine at a children''s hospital due to contact with a patient with COVID-19 had notable psychological impacts on the caregivers.
cord-334811-l5fxswfz	2020	Since the identification of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global number of confirmed cases as of March 15, 2020, is 156,400, with total death in 5,833 (3.7%) worldwide. We summarized the mortality data of 54 deceased patients when the total number of COVID-19 patients in Korea reached 7,513 as of March 10, 2020. The first fatal case (national patient number 104) occurred on February 19 and was officially reported on February 20 by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). 10 Of note, although without significant illness, this was a 72-year-old woman who developed symptoms on February 23 and was diagnosed with It is of note that even when the total confirmed cases reached 7,513, only 247 patients were released from isolation after treatment on March 10, 2020 (Fig. 2) . The cumulative CFR of COVID-19 in Korea was 0.7% (54 deaths of total 7,513 confirmed cases) as of 0 am, March 10, 2020.
cord-336225-ijodhrwf	2013	title: Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome: Tick-Mediated Viral Disease A small tick Haemaphysalis longicornis called ''Sochamjindeugi'' in Korean has bitten a week before, and an onset is characterized by fever, lymph node swelling, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, leucocytopenia, multiorgan dysfunction, altered consciousness, and occasionally to death in extreme cases (1, 2) . This emerging febrile disease, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), was reported in 2007 by the New England Journal of Medicine (3) and Clinical Infectious Diseases (4) (5) (6) . The vaccine development to combat the SFTS virus is not easy due to its characteristics. Also any treatment by killing the virus is able to give human damage. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome confirmed cases and follow-up measure Document for physicians about Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) Epidemiologic features of severe Fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China Person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus through blood contact
cord-338057-ycmr9prw	2015	title: An Appropriate Lower Respiratory Tract Specimen Is Essential for Diagnosis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) He briefly summarized the ongoing status of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak and emphasized close monitoring of medical staffs, patients, and visitors, and timely well-designed briefings to mass media. Some reasons that could be considered for the delayed diagnosis of MERS include: 1) low initial viral load and shedding, and 2) poor sample collection in patients with "no cough" or dry cough. In re-evaluating the patient''s diagnostic history, his viral load could have been low due to the early phase of disease and/or could have been falsely negative due to inadequate dry coughlinked respiratory samples. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes transient lower respiratory tract infection in rhesus macaques Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission
cord-338181-9sgygg8x	2020	title: Universal Screening of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 with Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing after Rally of Trainee Doctors There were two rallies of medical students and trainee doctors, where 9,000 participants gathered. We performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based universal screening for the participants using pooling at a tertiary care hospital. Our data suggested low transmission rates in open air mass gatherings when appropriate personal protective practices were followed. A total of 646 trainee doctors and medical students participated in the rally at least once. The number of participants in the second rally was 555 (67 interns, 300 residents, 131 clinical fellows, and 27 medical students). 4 To mitigate the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the rally of Korean trainee doctors, we developed an action plan and an app-based system for notification of COVID-19 symptoms. In conclusion, our study provides important information regarding low transmission rates in mass gatherings at open space when appropriate personal protective practices are followed.
cord-341933-dwki1hwu	2020	We report a rapidly deteriorating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient, a-58-year-old woman, with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and shock with hyperpyrexia up to 41.8°C, probably due to the cytokine storm syndrome. The therapeutic temperature modulation can safely be applied in a specific group of patients with cytokine storm syndrome and hyperpyrexia, which may reduce the number of patients requiring ECMO in the global medical resource shortage. The cytokine storm syndrome, which rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), shock, and multiorgan dysfunction, has been observed in a subgroup of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). 3 We present the case of a COVID-19 patient whose condition rapidly deteriorated with hyperpyrexia but was successfully managed with therapeutic temperature modulation (TTM). 7 The therapeutic temperature modulation may safely be applied in a specific group of patients with cytokine storm syndrome and hyperpyrexia.
cord-344087-4f40zj13	2020	METHODS: We used data on confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 between January 20 and April 24, 2020 provided by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the local governments and the public media to determine disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) by sex and age. For the calculation of the YLDs, we used the numbers of confirmed cases by sex and age group, the duration of disease, and disability weights (DWs). The numbers of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by sex or age group were obtained from Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC). To compare the results with previous studies, we estimated the YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs per 100,000 population for the mid-year population of 2019 by sex and age, using data from the Statistics Korea demographic survey.
cord-344235-rd6cylsl	2020	Since 70% alcohol is used in relatively small areas such as stethoscopes, instrument surfaces, carts, counters, and laboratory benches, 4 it is inappropriate to disinfect the relatively large areas such as the inside of walk-through booths with alcohol. In the case of surface disinfection, a method of spraying is also being used, but it is not recommended by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines as it has uncertain coverage and may promote aerosol production. 7,8 Therefore, it is dangerous to think that it will be safe to conduct screening at short intervals without considering air changing per hour. NPIR doors should be always closed, but in the case of walk-through system, examinees frequently enter and exit, so there is a possibility that proper negative pressure may not be maintained due to the inflow of external air. The standard guideline for the prevention of health care associated infection
cord-344969-q1wqfeh7	2020	Using the Monte-Carlo-Markov-Chain algorithm with Gibbs'' sampling method, we estimated the time-varying effective contact rate to calibrate the model with the reported daily new confirmed cases from February 12th to March 31st (7 weeks). In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of various NPIs, including social distancing in adults, spring semester postponement, diagnostic testing, and contact tracing, using the developed mathematical model and scenario analysis. In this study, we estimated the expected epidemic size of COVID-19 in Korea, if social distancing among adults in March was more relaxed while maintaining the effective contact rate at a higher level than the status quo (Fig. 3) . The increase level of effective contact rate for the school opening scenario was obtained from increase level of effective contract rate by school opening in March 2019 using a mathematical model for varicella among adolescence; c Scenario 3 employed a lower detection rate (γ) and quarantine probability (ν) to evaluate the effectiveness of extensive diagnostic testing and contact tracing; d Effective contact rate-related parameters for status quo were estimated by calibration with reported data of confirmed COVID-19 cases.
cord-346842-ip4i3bdk	2020	METHODS: The impact on subject''s scheduled visits and major milestones of clinical trials in Korea were measured by conducting a survey among clinical project manager (CPMs) working at global clinical research organization. New approaches were necessary in clinical trials to eliminate the risk of infection by complying with the guideline and enable subjects to continue to participate in trials if no better alternative treatment options were available, for protecting the subjects'' safety and well-being. The study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic and the KCDC disease control guideline on the conduct of clinical research in Korea, on subjects, investigators, monitor, pharmaceutical companies, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and regulatory authorities (RAs), in order to suggest recommendations for conducting clinical trials during the pandemic. The survey was distributed to total 140 clinical project manager (CPMs) who were working at global clinical research organization and responsible for trials performed in Korea, according to method of simple random sampling from February 24, 2020 to March 7, 2020.
cord-349646-imv0sc9y	2020	
cord-349680-rz2ep5jf	2015	In June 2012, the first human with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection was found in Saudi Arabia. MERS is suspected to spread from animals to humans like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). One person among the 36 patients exposed in the Hospital B left for China through Hong Kong, because the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) could not confirm the exposure to the index case. Medical staffs who were involved in treating some of the patients with MERS-CoV were also infected (2) . If Korea also follows the outbreak pattern of the Middle East, I expect more tertiary infection will be developed. At present, the Korea CDC should focus on close monitoring of medical staffs and patients or visitors who have been exposed to the index, secondary, and tertiary cases in hospitals. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
cord-349812-nw1nlc1y	2020