cord-008219-ng9xb46c	2016	c o m / l o c a t e / i j i d During the oral abstract presentation session on One Health -Diseases Across Species Boundaries, Toph Allen from EcoHealth Alliance and colleagues shared results from an updated model assessing the global distribution of zoonotic emerging infectious disease risk. Professor [ 1 7 _ T D $ D I F F ] Daniel Lucey summarized the commissions'' recommendations including the importance of strengthening national health systems, consolidating and strengthening World Health Organization (WHO) emergency and outbreak response activities, and enhancing research and development. In a separate session, the challenges posed by climate change on infectious disease outbreaks and how to best prevent and track diseases in mobile populations were discussed. The importance of the food chain as a source for emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance between animals and humans was highlighted in a nation-wide study in Lebanon.
cord-024631-yvek5vjz	2020	OBJECTIVES: We investigated causes of fever in the primary levels of care in Southeast Asia, and evaluated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) could distinguish bacterial from viral pathogens. In this study, we aim to identify key organisms among acutely febrile children and adults attending primary health care in Southeast Asia, and to evaluate the performance of CRP for discriminating between bacteria and viruses. Specimens were collected from febrile patients recruited into a previously described multi-centre randomised-controlled trial evaluating the impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) testing on antibiotic prescription in primary care [38] . We investigated the spectrum of organisms among febrile children and adults in the community and evaluated the performance of CRP in distinguishing bacteria from viruses including its potential impact on antibiotic prescription compared with current practice. Investigating non-malarial acute febrile illness remains challenging in resource-poor areas [8] , and despite screening for multiple organisms on blood and respiratory specimens, we were only able to identify a probable cause of fever in 227 (29.4%) of patients.
cord-029882-kufs0fxe	2020	HCQ is touted for treatment of Covid 19 primarily based on its anti-viral properties, thus the timing of administration becomes very important for a meaning full assessment of study results. Recently it been shown that this score is not accurate for predicting severity of disease in Covid 19 patients . Covid 19 is a multisystem disease and the disease itself promotes proarrhythmic milieu with prolonged QT intervals at baseline .5,6 Risk assessment of HCQ therapy is not complete if such patients are excluded. Finally , mechanism of action of HCQ against is a part of its broad anti-viral and immunomodulatory properties and no specific pharmacologic actions are described for SARS-CoV-2 infection. 9,10 Weather HCQ as initial anti-viral agent prevents progression to severe disease is not known clearly . Ventricular arrhythmia risk due to chloroquine / hydroxychloroquine treatment for COVID-19: Should it be given Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today''s diseases?
cord-253102-z15j8izi	2015	The West African Ebola virus pandemic has shown us yet again that the world is ill prepared to respond to a global health emergency. The national health systems in West Africa, and for most low and middle income countries (LMICs), would not meet IHR standards (despite claims by some member WHA nations) and it is unlikely that following the Ebola pandemic much will change. This editorial discusses many issues including priority emerging and reemerging infectious diseases; the challenges of meeting international health regulations; the strengthening of global health systems; global pandemic funding; and the One Health approach to future pandemic planning. The PEF would 22 If the WHO contingency fund (100 million US dollars) and the World Bank pandemic emergency facility cannot be utilised to strengthen national health systems in LMICs in order to meet IHRs core capabilities, then how can this be achieved?
cord-254377-j8e8gb0l	2020	However, the risk associated with mild and moderate illness from Covid-19 is unknown, and there is no current recommendation for prophylaxis against thromboembolism in patients after hospital treatment unless there are established thrombophilic risk factors. We report the case of a 52-year old woman, who presented with massive saddle pulmonary embolism after one week of initial hospital discharge, successfully thrombolysed that raises the question of consideration of extended prophylactic anticoagulation even in low risk Covid-19 cases. 3 We report a case of acute massive PE successfully managed by thrombolysis in a patient who was discharged after one week of initial hospital treatment for Covid-19 pneumonia which raises serious concerns about the indication for extended prophylactic anticoagulation in such cases. Emerging data and clinical experience suggest an increased prevalence of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in COVID-19, especially in patients with severe disease requiring hospitalization, and even among those who are not critically ill.
cord-254776-m4makxr8	2020	title: A Follow-up Study of Recovered Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic has clearly entered a new stage with rapid spread in countries outside China [1] . Currently, a large number of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan have been cured and discharged. In Wuhan, China, all cured patients with COVID-19 are required to quarantine in either a designated hotel room or at home for 14 days [3] . We retrospectively evaluated the data of the recovered patients with COVID-19 in two different designated fever clinics in Wuhan, with a goal to provide relevant information about these patients. In this study, only 7.7‰ patients experienced recurrence during isolation and observation, and all presented with mild symptoms. Serological tests to identify antibodies played a key role in surveillance of recurrence of COVID-19 [4] . Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
cord-254872-w6d397js	2008	The surge in community-associated MRSA, at a time when reports of animal-to-human transmission are increasing, might not be merely coincidental, 12, 13 and according to a recent study conducted in the Netherlands, MRSA that entered from an animal reservoir into the human population is now responsible for over 20% of the strains isolated. 14 Findings that have accumulated in recent years make it necessary to define three additional patient groups at high risk for zoonotic MRSA: individuals in contact with farm animals, contacts of household pets, and veterinarian staff. Moreover, it is important to note that MRSA strains of animal origin have been isolated from people lacking previous documented direct animal contacts, supporting the possibility that direct human-to-human transmission occurs subsequent to one person''s colonization/infection. Methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from major food animals and their potential transmission to humans An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections resulting from horse to human transmission in a veterinary hospital
cord-255021-acgfwjwi	2020	title: Using the diagnostic model based on routine laboratory tests to distinguish patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 from those infected with influenza virus Abstract Background The differential diagnosis between novel coronavirus pneumonia patients (NCPP) and influenza patients (IP) remains a challenge in clinical practice. We observed that NCPP had significantly decreased white blood cells, alkaline phosphatase, and d-dimer, compared with IP. Conclusions Some routine laboratory results had statistical difference between NCPP and IP. A diagnostic model based on combination of routine laboratory results provides an adjunct approach in the differential diagnosis between NCPP and IP. We observed that NCPP had 37 significantly decreased white blood cells, alkaline phosphatase, and d-dimer, The Lancet, 2020). Epidemiological and clinical 307 characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a 308 descriptive study Clinical features of patients 312 infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan
cord-255901-nl9k8uwd	2016	Studies conducted in community or health care settings found facemasks to be generally effective against influenza-like illness (ILI) or even against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) but its effectiveness against respiratory infections at MGs remains unknown. 15, 17 A review of non-pharmaceutical interventions against respiratory tract infections among Hajj pilgrims presented data on the uptake of facemask and acknowledged that compliance was generally poor, but did not evaluate its effectiveness during Hajj. A few studies showed that providing educational session on protective measures against respiratory infections (including facemask) before Hajj was associated with significantly higher uptake of facemasks among pilgrims. 68 Focused studies are required to investigate factors influencing facemask compliance among attendees of Hajj and other MGs. In this systematic review, pooled data of facemask effectiveness showed that participants who used facemask during Hajj are about 20% less likely to suffer from respiratory infections compared to those who do not use it.
cord-257073-dm80bxnd	2011	OBJECTIVE: We examined the feasibility of combining communication by e-mail and self-collection of nasal swabs for the prospective detection of acute respiratory infections in a non-medical setting. Conclusions: Combining e-mail-based symptomatic surveillance with nasal self-swabbing promises to be a powerful tool for the real-time identification of incident cases of acute respiratory infections and the associated pathogens in population-based studies. Conclusions: Combining e-mail-based symptomatic surveillance with nasal self-swabbing promises to be a powerful tool for the real-time identification of incident cases of acute respiratory infections and the associated pathogens in population-based studies. We tested the feasibility of combining real-time symptomatic surveillance with nasal self-swabbing for the prospective collection of epidemiologic and virological data on acute respiratory infections. Combining e-mail-based active symptomatic surveillance with self-collection of nasal swabs ensured prospective, accurate collection of data on incident episodes of acute respiratory infections and timely sample collection for the detection of respiratory pathogens.
cord-257200-q0vqlerz	2016	5 All previous experiences from different mass gathering show that vaccine preventable diseases is the most important infections like influenza, hepatitis A, polio and meningitis. 5 All previous experiences from different mass gathering show that vaccine preventable diseases is the most important infections like influenza, hepatitis A, polio and meningitis. The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) from China to Hong Kong and further to Canada was not due to a mass gathering, but to infected individuals travelling late in the incubation period or just after the onset of symptoms. A review in this issue discusses the need for vaccines for mass gatherings and draws attention to immunization against pneumococcal infections in elderly pilgrims and highlights that polio may be a risk. Communicable diseases as health risks at mass gatherings other than Hajj: what is the evidence?
cord-257265-lkzytud0	2020	According to the published information in a US patent (US 7, 625, 555 B2) , this novel protein molecule was created by modified DNA shuffling technology using cDNA sequences of 12 human interferon subtypes as models, and named as Novaferon by its inventors (Wang et al., 2011) .In addition to the human interferon-like physiological functions, Novaferon exhibits better antiviral activities that are at least 10 times more potent than human interferon alpha-2b (Li et al.,2014) .Novaferon has been shown to enhance and improve the negative conversion of serum HBeAg in clinical studies (Daxianet al.,2015) , and in April 2018, was approved in China for treatment of chronic hepatitis B by former CFDA (Chinese Food and Drug Administration). We first determined whether Novaferon was able to inhibit J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f SARS-CoV-2 at cellular level, and subsequently conducted a randomized, open-label, parallel group trial to explore the antiviral effects of Novaferon in COVID-19patients by observing the SARS-CoV-2 clearance rates.
cord-257737-obadq502	2020	title: Positive effects of COVID-19 control measures on influenza prevention This article aims to alert clinicians of the presence of co-infection with these two viruses and to describe the effect of the measures taken to fight COVID-19 on influenza prevention and control. [ 4 ] have reported the case of a patient co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus. Also, Li and Wang [ 5 ] have reported the need to be alert to the superposed effect of seasonal influenza while fighting pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus. Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report -71 Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus in Patient with Pneumonia Be alert to superposed effect of seasonal influenza while fighting against novel coronavirus pneumonia
cord-258078-k7y8k1vx	2020	title: Three cases of treatment with Nafamostat in elderly patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who need oxygen therapy We report three cases of COVID-19 pneumonia who progressed while using antiviral drugs and needed supplementary oxygen therapy, improved after treatment with nafamostat. Three COVID-19 patients had the following conditions: pneumonia with progression despite antiviral treatment; were elderly, over 65 years; and had underlying diseases that were known as high risk J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f factors. On admission, he was not dyspneic or cyanotic, with a body temperature of 37.0°C, respiratory rate of 20 breaths per minute, heart rate of 75 beats per minute, and blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg. Initial laboratory results were as follows: white blood cell (WBC) count 5,150/μL (65% segmented neutrophil), and C-reactive protein (CRP) 2.61 mg/dL.
cord-258250-zueo1xfa	2020	title: Comparison of Automated SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Test for COVID-19 Infection with Quantitative RT-PCR using 313 Nasopharyngeal Swabs Including from 7 Serially Followed Patients In summary, the LUMIPULSE antigen test can rapidly identify SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with moderate to high viral loads and may be helpful for monitoring viral clearance in hospitalized patients. To date, 11 million individuals have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and 0.52 million patients have died from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [2] . We compared the quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) results for viral load with the CLEIA results for antigen level following testing of 313 nasopharyngeal swabs. We used 100 µL of the supernatant per sample of thawed viral transport media from each nasopharyngeal swab to measure the antigen level with the LUMIPULSE SARS-CoV-2 Ag kit (Fujirebio) on the LUMIPULSE G600II automated immunoassay analyzer (Fujirebio) based on the CLEIA method. We next examined the relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 viral loads (as determined by RT-qPCR) and the antigen levels (Fig 2) .
cord-258669-ubw6mdzi	2020	We suggest investigating the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of distributing COVID-19 prevention kits to households with persons at increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease. Here, we call for the generation and strengthening of evidence to guide non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19, which we illustrate with a practical proposal for assessing the impact of targeted protection of at-risk individuals in settings in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the early implementation of lockdown measures for COVID-19 control may have contributed to the (initially) low mortality observed in most sub-Saharan Africa countries, the collateral damage resulting from this strategy is becoming increasingly apparent. We therefore propose to complement the extant containment measures in sub-Saharan Africa with more targeted protection strategies, aiming at protecting people at risk of severe COVID-19 disease. One strategy could be to distribute COVID-19 prevention kits to households with persons at increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease.
cord-258881-74aijckl	2020	Abstract The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 that began in Wuhan, China has become an emergency of international concern When thousands of peolple were infected around the world.We report a case infected by SARS-Cov-2 and HIV simultaneously,which showed a longer course of disease and slower generation of specific antibody. Here we report a patient infected by SARS-Cov-2 , who had a relatively long course of disease with unstable state. Then eight markers of infectious diseases was checked and the result showed that abtibodies to HIV and syphilis were positive .Then the patient was transferred to specialty hospital for further treatment on March 8. People are generally susceptible to SARS-Cov-2 infection, especially the elderly patients and those with underlying diseases [2] . The author suggested that SARS-Cov-2 might damage lymphocytes, especially T lymphocytes, and the immune system was impaired during the period of disease [2] . In conclusion, we report the clinical features of a patient infected by SARS-Cov-2 and HIV.
cord-259501-iggw1exl	2019	Earlier studies in resource-poor settings have identified Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B and Staphylococcus aureus as important bacterial causes of ARI, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Influenza as important viral causes (Rudan et al., 2008) . A multicountry study that included Haiti showed that agents detected in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age who had pneumonia included RSV, Influenza A and B, Parainfluenza viruses, Adenovirus and Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (Bénet et al., 2017) . Analysis of specific viral or bacterial agents detected showed more children with FluA or FluB had LRTI (33%) compared to URTI (15%) [ Table 5 ]. The overall findings of RV as the most common virus detected followed by Influenza in Haiti is comparable to that found in studies of children in other tropical, resource-poor countries (Hoffman et al., 2012; Schlaudecker et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2017) .
cord-259837-5tbdqzxr	2020	title: May COVID-19 cause sudden sensorineural hearing loss? In previous studies, viral infections have been reported to have an important role in the etiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) (Cohen et al., 2014) . Moreover, recently, studies on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 virus on central and peripheral nervous systems have been published. Some of these studies have reported Guillain -Barré syndrome (Toscano et al., 2020) and impaired olfactory function (Eliezer et al., 2020) to be related to SARS-CoV-2. Another recently published study reported neurologic changes in 58 of 64 patients with COVID-19 (Helms et al., 2020) . Therefore, we investigated the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f patients. Sudden and Complete Olfactory Loss Function as a Possible Symptom of COVID-19 An investigation into SARS-COV-2 in the etiology of sudden sensorineural hearing loss
cord-260332-tnz6k2z1	2020	key: cord-260332-tnz6k2z1 title: CT scan does not make a diagnosis of Covid-19: a cautionary case report() Here, we report the clinical case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with flu-like symptoms, cough, anosmia, ageusia, breathing difficulties, patchy ground glass opacities on TDM chest scan who turned out to be Coronavirus 229E-infected. This case must draw attention on the risk of false COVID-19 diagnosis when relying overly on CT scan imaging. RT-PCR assays of nasopharyngeal samples at admittance and 24 hours later, were negative for SARS-CoV-2. In this case report, parents'' anosmia and ageusia as well as chest scanner could have been misleading. According to Kim et al., scanner screening of patients with suspected COVID-19 in low-prevalence countries has a poor positive prediction value (1%-31%) 2 . The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
cord-260518-mswb3q67	2016	Since the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is host to millions of pilgrims each year travelling from all continents, 29 tackling the threat of MERS and other infectious diseases with epidemic potential will require enhanced closer cooperation between those who provide human health, animal health, and environmental health services, locally, nationally, regionally, and internationally: the Middle Eastern, European, African, Asian, and American governments, veterinary groups, the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Union, the United Nations International Children''s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), The World Bank, Office International des Epizooties (OIE), CDC, Public Health England, the newly formed Africa CDC, and funding agencies among others. The persistence of MERS-CoV 4 years since its first discovery has created major opportunities for each of the Middle Eastern and African countries to take leadership of the ''One Health'' approach with a view to bringing this under regional and global umbrellas, to tackle new emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with epidemic potential.
cord-261058-yu2qw02l	2005	Thus in genetically susceptible children, acute infections such as those causing fever and rash, may result in unrecognised damage to the cardiovascular system that later manifests itself as adult cardiovascular disease. 3 The consensus view is that KD results from a widely distributed infectious agent (or possibly agents) that causes the clinical syndrome in genetically susceptible children. Kawasaki disease is more common in boys (male:female ratio 1.6:1) 1 a feature observed in many infectious diseases 30, 31 and also in coronary atherosclerosis, where sex differences in immune responses are suggested to mediate susceptibility. A recent report of an association between the presence of genetic material from a novel coronavirus and Kawasaki disease in a handful of cases 48 remains unproven and may reflect an epiphenomenon; the putative etiological agent is a relatively common viral pathogen in young children and it is unclear how long the DNA persists.
cord-261672-0cresfn8	2020	OBJECTIVES: On March 15, 2020, 61.3% of the confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection are associated with the worship service that was organized on February 9 in the Shincheonji Church of Jesus in Daegu, South Korea. METHOD: Using opened data of daily cumulative confirmed cases and deaths, the basic and effective reproduction numbers was estimated using a modified susceptible–exposed–infected–recovered-type epidemic model. The effective reproduction number increased approximately 20 times after the mass infections from the 31 st patient, which was confirmed on February 9 in the Shincheonji Church of Jesus, Daegu. However, the effective reproduction number decreased to less than unity after February 28 owing to the implementation of high-level preventive control interventions in South Korea, coupled with voluntary prevention actions by citizens. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of mass infection due to temporal increases in contacts and assess the preventive control interventions using the confirmed cases and deaths data associated with COVID-19 in Korea.
cord-262017-utvy0i8l	2019	title: Talaromyces marneffei laboratory cross reactivity with Histoplasma and Blastomyces urinary antigen In the US when examining HIV-patients for suspected fungal infections, laboratory serological tests guide therapy until cultures are available. We present the case of a 35-year-old HIV patient originally from Thailand in which urine lab results were positive for Blastomyces and Histoplasma antigen, but biopsy showed T. Endemic to Southeast Asia, East Asia and China, Talaromyces marneffei is a dimorphic fungus capable of causing systemic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients (Supparatpinyo et al., 1994) . In the U.S. patients with HIV infection usually undergo testing for endemic fungal infections such as Blastomyces, Histoplasma, Coccidioides and Paracoccidioides. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting systemic mycosis due toTalaromyces marneffei with associated hyponatremia secondary to SIADH and cross-reactivity with Blastomyces and Histoplasma in urine antigen testing.
cord-262310-z0m6uuzf	2020	Methods We performed a Google TrendsTM search for "Coronavirus" and compared Relative Search Volumes (RSV) indices to the number of reported COVID-19 cases by the European Center for Disease Control (ECDC) using time-lag correlation analysis. The worldwide Google TrendsTM index reached its peak on the 12th of March 2020 at a time when numbers of infected patients started to increase in Europe and COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. In European countries, especially in Italy, a small peak in the Google Trends TM analysis was found during the outbreak in China and a climax was found on February 23 rd 2020, a few days before the numbers of newly COVID-19 started to increase exponentially. The peak of search queries was March 3 rd a new increase in RSV is found in Brazil, followed by increasing numbers of newly confirmed cases of COVID-19 ( Figure 2 ).
cord-265146-j0n3a4m6	2013	Furthermore, correlation analysis was carried out to assess the correlation between infections among the male and female IDUs. RESULTS: Model fit revealed a two-wave epidemic during April 2004–March 2007. Furthermore, correlation analysis was carried out to assess the correlation between infections among the male and female IDUs. Results: Model fit revealed a two-wave epidemic during April 2004-March 2007. Correlation analysis was performed in an attempt to determine the relationship between the male and female IDUs. The data used here were extracted from the monthly reported HIV case data between April 2004 and March 2007, for a total of 36 months, made available by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (TCDC) on the TCDC website. The monthly time series data of reported HIV cases for male IDUs, female IDUs, and all IDUs in Taiwan were fit to the Richards model as in Figure 1 and Table 1 The effective reproduction number R was computed for each wave.
cord-266253-oyid5haj	2014	Within the framework of the national acute respiratory illness surveillance, the Ministry of Health in the Sultanate of Oman has announced two confirmed cases of MERS-CoV to date. Within the framework of the national acute respiratory illness surveillance, the Ministry of Health in the Sultanate of Oman has announced two confirmed cases of MERS-CoV to date. The absence of secondary cases among contacts of the reported cases can be seen as evidence of the effectiveness of infection prevention and control precautions as an important pillar of the national preparedness and response plan applied in the health care institutions in Oman. The absence of secondary cases among contacts of the reported cases can be seen as evidence of the effectiveness of infection prevention and control precautions as an important pillar of the national preparedness and response plan applied in the health care institutions in Oman.
cord-268037-szhzmzys	2008	authors: Eshaghi, A.; Blair, J.; Burton, L.; Lombos, E.; Choi, K.; De Lima, C.; Drews, S.J. title: A paucity of co-infecting respiratory viral pathogens in nasopharyngeal specimens from patients infected with H274Y-positive influenza A (H1N1) strains A paucity of co-infecting respiratory viral pathogens in nasopharyngeal specimens from patients infected with H274Y-positive influenza A (H1N1) strains The purpose of this brief investigation was to determine whether nasopharyngeal specimens from patients infected with strains of influenza A (H1N1) carrying the H274Y mutation were more likely than not to contain other commonly circulating respiratory viral pathogens. Isolate sequences were compared to sequences with described H274Y mutations: GenBank accession No. 7 Specimens corresponding to H274Y mutant and H274 wild-type isolates were blinded and chosen at random for a retrospective investigation for other respiratory viral pathogens (adenovirus, coronavirus 229E/NL63, coronavirus OC43, influenza A/B, parainfluenza virus 1/2/3, respiratory syncytial virus A/B, rhinovirus A) using the Seeplex 1 RV detection kit protocol (Seegene, Inc., Rockville, MD).
cord-268389-0agwvsrv	2020	This study aimed to compare the effects of intravenous (IV) and subcutaneous (SC) tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antagonist, on respiratory parameters and clinical outcome in patients with COVID 19. C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in patients in the IV group that did not respond (Table 2) Lastly, laboratory markers of inflammation were analyzed before and during the seven days following tocilizumab therapy to identify trends that correlated with response involving the respiratory parameters (Table 3) . Tocilizumab has been found to be associated with improved outcomes in patients with COVID-19 related respiratory disease, particularly for patients with critical illness (i.e., requiring mechanical ventilation) (Rossotti et al., 2020 , Somers et al., 2020 . In our report, levels of C-reactive protein fell acutely in both patients that did and did not have improvement in respiratory parameters seven days following tocilizumab therapy.
cord-268599-z54p3dk3	2014	Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), discovered in 2001, most commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but is also a concern for elderly subjects and immune-compromised patients. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), discovered in 2001, most commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in young children, but is also a concern for elderly subjects and immunecompromised patients. hMPV is the major etiological agent responsible for about 5% to 10% of hospitalizations of children suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. hMPV infection can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and its symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by human respiratory syncytial virus. hMPV infection can cause severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children, and its symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by human respiratory syncytial virus. Detection of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection using real-time RT-PCR in a hospital in northern Taiwan Human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with respiratory tract disease
cord-268883-nf4fm7r7	2020	This case shows that the problems that arise in the oral mucosa in patients with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection can be monitored through interdisciplinary teleconsultation during the pandemic with the support of information technology currently available worldwide. Due to the use of intensified therapeutic methods possibly aggravated by SARS-CoV-2, an increase in cases with oropharyngeal symptoms / conditions, dental-oral problems associated with soft tissues, saliva production (dry mouth) as side effects, could be predicted, even after recovering from COVID-19. Taking into account that Candida albicans is part of the oral microbiome and that there were favorable events for its pathological development, such as the decrease in salivation manifested in the patient by the sensation of dry mouth, in addition to the frequent use of antibiotics and a mild predisposing factor such as the female sex (Zegarelli 1993) and the successful response to nystatin treatment, we can clinically confirm candida infection The hyperpigmentation of the gums in the anterior teeth due to the aesthetic problem that it represents for the patient is the one that causes of most concern.
cord-271495-5906wju4	2020	Data and modelling supported the existence of ''superspreaders'' which played a crucial role in propagating the disease by being very efficient at transmitting SARS-CoV-1, such that in the absence of superspreading events most cases infected few, if any, secondary contacts (Stein, 2011) . Similarly, early modelling and data suggested that a small proportion of cases of COVID-19 were responsible for most transmission, which is evidence that superspreaders also play an important role for SARS-CoV-2 (MacKenzie D, 2020, Frieden and Lee, 2020). Infections resulting from exposure to high loads of virus are expected to be of high intensity, as a large quantity of viral particles initiating replication in synchrony might overwhelm the mechanisms of resistance, and the poor control of viral replication may therefore result in a new potential superspreader. Therefore, a case resulting from an exposure to high viral loads has the potential to develop severe disease and also of being highly infectious.
cord-272015-1anph6qi	2020	The observation by Lammers et al (Lammers et al.) that early HCQ treatment after admission at low dosage (2400 mg in total) is associated with lower risk of admission in intensive care unit coincides with large observational studies showing a lower mortality rate in patients exposed to HCQ therapy compared to no or other treatment. Another recent large cohort study of patients on low-dose HCQ for inflammatory disorders reported an association between chronic HCQ use and reduced mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection (Gentry et al. The association of treatment with hydroxychloroquine and hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients Low-dose hydroxychloroquine therapy and mortality in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a nationwide observational study of 8075 participants Use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalised COVID-19 patients is associated with reduced mortality: Findings from the observational multicentre Italian CORIST study Longterm hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study
cord-272179-wvw5mmy3	2020	title: Human respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, circulating in the winter season 2019-2020 in Parma, Northern Italy OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2, during December 2019 – March 2020, in a tertiary care hospital-based survey in Parma (Northern Italy). METHODS: A total of 906 biological samples of respiratory tract were analyzed by both conventional (including culture) and molecular assays targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the other respiratory viruses nucleic acids. All novel emergent respiratory viruses have varying but significant impact on human health and the potential to give outbreaks (Berry et al, 2015) ; SARS-CoV-2 as seen in these months, has shown, worldwide, its own unique potential to give epidemics. Epidemiology of human respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory tract infection in a 3-year hospital-based survey in Northern Italy Multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children
cord-273090-fdzkfo1u	2020	In critically ill patients, the decrease of absolute value of CD4 + T cells and increase of IL-6 level are significantly correlated with the volume of lung lesions. There have been many reports that most of the 2019-nCoV patients have chest CT manifestations of pneumonia, typically showing bilateral ground-glass shadows and patchy shadows, and a few can also appear as consolidation shadows and interstitial lesions, the laboratory showed that the lymphocytes count in most patients decreased [6] [7] [8] [9] , with gradually worsened the disease, the lymphocytes absolute count continued to decline [9] , and has been There are reports in the literature that the proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α are elevated in some 2019-nCoV patients [7] [8] . The purpose of this study is to investigate changes in lymphocytes counts and cytokines levels induced by 2019-nCoV and their effects on lung lesions, to determine the severity of the disease, and to select markers that could prompt early clinical intervention.
cord-273961-ja8xggnd	2020	title: Acute Onset Olfactory/Taste Disorders are Associated with a High Viral Burden in Mild or Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections We investigated the association between symptoms and viral clearance in 57 patients with asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection using cycle threshold (Ct) qPCR values. Patients with olfactory/taste disorders (OTDs) exhibited lower qPCR Ct values and longer time to negative qPCR than those without OTDs, suggesting association between OTDs and high viral burden. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using clinical specimens such as nasopharyngeal swabs or sputum is the standard of reference for diagnosis, and recent studies have shown an association between qPCR cycle threshold (Ct) values and disease severity (1, 2) . Specifically, Ct values from qPCR tests conducted on nasopharyngeal or sputum specimens of patients on admission were negatively associated with disease severity and progression to severe illness, and mild patients showed an early viral clearance using Ct values (1, 2) .
cord-274028-dvsvtsn0	2020	Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 mortality rates in Atahualpa residents aged ≥18 years. Twenty-J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f seven out of the 29 deaths likely related to SARS-CoV-2 were individuals aged ≥60 years, as were seven out of 11 deaths from unrelated causes (p=0.039). The overall mortality rate in Atahualpa residents aged ≥18 years was 21.6 per 1,000 population (95% C.I.: 15.9 -29.2), almost three-quarters of it due to SARS-CoV-2 (15.7 per 1,000; 95% C.I.: 11 -22.4 ). When SARS-CoV-2 mortality rate was calculated in the subset of individuals aged ≥60 years, it raised up to 68.9 per 1,000 (95% C.I.: 47. In Atahualpa, SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread across the village, markedly increasing mortality during April and May, 2020 (Figure 1) , and infecting 45% of the adult population, in just a few months [6] .
cord-274230-old0xmcc	2020	title: Lymphopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A systemic review and meta-analysis Mean difference (MD) of lymphocyte count in COVID-19 patients with or without severe disease and odds ratio (OR) of lymphopenia for severe form of COVID-19 was evaluated with this meta-analysis. The pooled analysis showed that lymphocyte count was significantly lower in severe COVID-19 patients (MD -0.31×109/L; 95%CI: -0.42 to -0.19×109/L). After the significant clinical heterogeneity was excluded, the 130 randomized effects model was used for meta-analysis. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) -United States Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 284 and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease Retrospective study on the epidemiological 300 characteristics of 139 patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia on the effects of Severity Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 311 infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a 322 descriptive and predictive study
cord-274845-pqvlh3eg	2020	Here, we summarized the composition of pathogens in fever clinic patients and analyzed characteristics of different respiratory virus infection. COVID-19 group (83.33%) had higher rate of pneumonia in chest CT scan than Flu A and B virus infection groups. There was no statistical difference in complete blood count parameters between Similar to what was reported in COVID-19 [9] , fever was the most common symptom in the respiratory virus infection patients. In this study, the ratio of fever and the highest temperature were higher in Flu A virus infection patients than in COVID-19 patients. And in this study, it showed that COVID-19 patients even had lower WBC count and neutrophil count than Flu A virus and RSV infection group. Also, it was reported that they had low lymphocyte count [9, 10] , but this study found that the lymphocyte count was higher in COVID-19 than in Flu A and B virus infection patients.
cord-275191-lgze4zex	2020	AIM: this study aims to systematically review the published literature on SARS-CoV-2 in the asymptomatic patients to estimate the incidence of COVID-19 among asymptomatic cases, as well as describe its epidemiological and clinical significance. The following inclusion criteria were used in study selection: (i) published in a peerreviewed journal, letters, case reports, and commentaries (ii) articles studying the COVID-19 infection in asymptomatic patients, and (iii) articles published in English or at least with an abstract in English. No exclusion criteria were followed unless the studies did not report the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic patients, published in a non-English language, or do not have full-text access. However, there was a lack of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological studies from several countries worldwide, tracing the actual incidence of COVID-19, especially in asymptomatic patients. However, there was a lack of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological studies from several countries worldwide, tracing the actual incidence of COVID-19, especially in asymptomatic patients.
cord-275250-ilmgy7ce	2020	As shown in Table 1 , on Feb 14, reactivity to IgM/ IgG antibodies was very weak and invisible to the naked eye by using Kit A, C. Reactivity to IgM was also higher than that detected by using Kit B and C on Feb 17, respectively. Furthermore, IgM and IgG antibody levels were 0.92 AU/mL, 13.46 AU/mL, respectively, which was higher than that detected by using Kit D on Feb 17 (Figure 1 ). In the present study, IgG/IgM antibodies to specific proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were found in blood sample of the patient and gradually increased. Because COVID-19 is a newly emerged disease, the patient with either positive for IgM or IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 should be considered as the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. So we believe that positive for IgM or IgG antibodies could be a marker to diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection no matter the results of testing nucleic acid.
cord-275866-m89hgf41	2020	Methods 204 elderly patients (≥60 years old) diagnosed with COVID-19 in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 31st to February 20th, 2020 were included in this study. Multivariate analysis showed that dyspnea (hazards ratio (HR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.414 to 3.517;p < 0.001), older age (HR 1.1, 95% CI 1.070 to 1.123; p < 0.001), neutrophilia (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.310 to 15.061; p = 0.017) and elevated ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I (HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.471 to 10.433; p = 0.006) were independently associated with death. Univariate analysis showed age of 70 years or older, comorbidity (hypertension, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f cardiovascular disease, COPD, chronic renal failure), onset of dyspnea, and several laboratory indices abnormalities were associated with poor outcome. This study suggests that the elderly patients of COVID-19 have a rapid course of the disease and a higher case fatality ratio. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China
cord-276254-q04hqra2	2020	title: Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh In this context, community-based investigations may provide additional insight into key risk factors for infection, however, the benefits of these more laborious data collection strategies remains unclear. (Khatun et al., 2015 , Salje et al., 2016b Here we use the results from a detailed investigation of an outbreak of chikungunya virus in a village in Tangail, Bangladesh where the outbreak team visited every household in the community and interviewed all members in each household. This investigation suggests that chikungunya virus has become an emerging public health problem in Bangladesh, and outbreak investigations of emerging infections often have the objective of estimating attack rates of diseases and identifying the risk factors that lead to infection.
cord-276445-m5vjo3ym	2017	For the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa from 2014 to 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended securing 42 days (World Health Organization, 2015) , or twice the observed maximum incubation period, from the time at which the last case was found negative for the virus at second testing. WHO reports and other sources were reviewed in an analysis of all known recrudescence events occurring from 2014 to 2016 (World Health Organization, 2016; Sheri, 2015; Farge and Giahyue, 2015; Dahl et al., 2016; Dakaractu, 2016; Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2016) . A total of five cases of recrudescence were identified ( Figure 1 ): three occurred in Liberia and one each in Guinea and Sierra Leone (World Health Organization, 2016; Sheri, 2015; Farge and Giahyue, 2015; Dahl et al., 2016; Dakaractu, 2016; Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 2016) .
cord-277640-vy7ex5lv	2020	The virus isolate was named SARS-Cov-2/human/Parma/1/2020.Cell culture still remains the only reference diagnostic method also for emerging viruses, allowing to reveal cytopathogenic viruses and demonstrating their infectivity. To the best of our knowledge, no literature evidence of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection diagnosed including virus isolation is present for suckling babies and very little evidence for new-borns (Lu and Shi, 2020, Wang et al., 2020); in these reported cases, laboratory diagnosis was only done by molecular methods. The patient was referred to the Neonatology ward of the University Hospital of Parma (Italy) in the night of Only the culture isolation of this cytopathogenic agent allowed its final identification as SARS-CoV-2. To the best of our knowledge, in the international literature at the time of the manuscript submission, no other reports of infants of this age describing the laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection including virus isolation together with RNA detection were present.
cord-278406-n5e3a09i	2020	Reflecting on studies in ARDS, particularly that due to influenza, and on data from the SARS-CoV and MERS epidemics, many authorities, including within the discipline of infectious diseases, were initially passionate in their opposition to the use of corticosteroids for lung involvement in COVID-19. As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic first swept across the globe in the first quarter of 2020, the management of the associated clinical entity termed coronavirus disease 2019 became the subject of institutional recommendations (Massachusetts General Hospital, 2020), societal guidelines (Bhimarj et al, 2020), and position statements (Russell et al, 2020) . All too frequently, the features of lung involvement in severe COVID-19 have been conflated with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a clinically defined entity intended to correspond to the histological lung injury pattern known as diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).
cord-279581-d2l4nnex	2020	Constructively, this study follows direct observation approach with in-depth disk review for data collected locally from official sources (Governmental bodies, UN agencies, and INGOs), concrete context analysis is then made and employed towards predicting the potential risk scenarios associated with COVID19 supported by the application of simple risk matrix for each scenario within a limited time frame covering the period from 22 March to 05 July 2020. This study follows the direct observation approach with in-depth disk review for data collected locally from official sources (Governmental bodies, UN agencies, and INGOs), concrete context analysis is then made and employed towards predicting the potential risk scenarios associated with COVID19 supported by the application of simple risk matrix for each scenario likelihood determination and consequences identification within a limited time frame covering the period from 22 March to 05 July 2020.
cord-279892-37vyazby	2017	This study explored the application of a combined visible and thermal image processing approach that uses a CMOS camera equipped with IRT to remotely sense multiple vital signs and screen patients with suspected infectious diseases. These systems have already been installed at most major international airports, and they can remotely sense several vital signs, including body temperature and heart and respiration rates, thereby facilitating the rapid and accurate screening of people who are suspected of carrying infectious diseases. To distinguish between patients with infectious influenza and healthy control subjects, logistic regression discriminant analysis was used to establish a classification model based on the three derived vital signs. The classification model was established using the data that described the three vital signs from the 16 influenza virus-infected patients and the 22 healthy control subjects using multivariable logistic regression.
cord-279976-juz9jnfk	2020	METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) identified a novel beta-coronavirus called 2019-nCoV, now officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020) , that responsible for the pandemic. Further search words were above keywords, "SARS" OR "SARS-CoV" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "MERS" OR "MERS-CoV" OR "middle east respiratory syndrome", in combinations of with "spike protein" OR "genome" OR "reproductive number" OR "incubation period" OR "serial interval" OR "fatality rate" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "pathology" OR "autopsy" OR "treatment".
cord-280060-gzby85u9	2016	2 A International Journal of Infectious Diseases 48 (2016) 104-112 significant number of immunocompromised patients may also be migrants who may return to their countries of origin to visit friends and relatives, and may acquire travel-associated infections. 26 Cases of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) either as a consequence of reactivation of a latent infection not identified at the time of transplant (because an unrecorded travel history or stay in an endemic area) or by transmission through the organ donor, can also be associated with a high mortality. There have also been case reports of severe disease from other travel-associated infections, such as salmonellosis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. Less common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, avian influenza viruses such as H7N9 and H5N1, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Gram-negative rods such as Burkholderia pseudomallei must also be considered, as well as a few other pathogens that do not usually cause pneumonia, such as malaria.
cord-280627-dfnc9g2c	2020	The diagnosis of COVID-19 is mainly based on typical symptoms, bilateral involvement on chest radiographs, and exposure to infected patients, and confirmed by positive nucleic acid test of SARS-CoV-2 from numerous types of specimens. However, negative oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs could not rule out COVID-19, as some patients got positive SARS-CoV-2 from other types of specimen, including bronchoalveolar lavage fluid J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (BALF), anal swab, stool, and urine 12, 13 . We reviewed the medical record from February 16, 2020 to March 2, 2020, and compared the performance between nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs in SARS-CoV-2 detection from 353 patients who received tests with both specimens simultaneously. Respiratory tract specimen was suggested for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test, including nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF).
cord-282177-8l7zukg4	2020	title: A case of transient existence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the respiratory tract with the absence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response ABSTRACT We report a patient who had travelled to Japan presented mild respiratory symptom during the COVID-19 infection outbreak period. The reported case indicates that transient colonization of SARS-CoV-2 in the upper respiratory tract is possible without inciting any antibody response against the virus. ☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths A case of COVID-19 and pneumonia returning from Macau in Taiwan: clinical course and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG dynamic Dynamics of anti-SARS-Cov-2 IgM and IgG antibodies among COVID-19 patients Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019
cord-282360-byqhzyzi	2010	To overcome the potential problem of reversion to virulence of attenuated strain vaccine, subunit vaccines consisting of only one or a few ''subunit'' proteins of the pathogen that can stimulate immune responses directed at the intact virus have been developed using recombinant DNA technology. 21 have described a recombinant VP1 protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, showing that the VP1 protein with a complete adjuvant is able to elicit a neutralizing antibody response, enhance T helper cell proliferation, and induce high levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-g in mice, providing direct evidence that the VP1 protein contains neutralizing epitopes independent of other viral capsid proteins; this paves the way for the use of VP1 as a backbone antigen for developing subunit vaccines against EV71. Protection against lethal enterovirus 71 infection in newborn mice by passive immunization with subunit VP1 vaccines and inactivated virus
cord-282421-yialyuav	2020	In anticipation that the recurrence of outbreaks and the measures for lifting the lockdown worldwide may cause supply chain issues over the coming months, we assessed the sensitivity of a number of one-step retrotranscription and quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) solutions to detect SARS-CoV-2. Methods We evaluated six different RT-qPCR alternatives for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 diagnosis based on standard RNA extractions. 2020) , standard diagnosis continues to rely on RNA extractions from respiratory or oral samples followed by one-step reverse transcription and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) that entail one or several primer-probe sets for targeting SARS-CoV-2 sequences . Our results evidenced a wide variability in the sensitivity of RT-qPCR solutions for SARS-CoV-2 detection which associated with a proportion of FN ranging from as low as 2% (0.3-7.9%) to as much as 39.8% (30.2-50.2). Given that the same patient nasopharyngeal samples were assayed for the different solutions, well-known factors affecting SARS-CoV-2 sensitivity (stage of infection and type of specimen) (Pan et al.
cord-283590-xvnv17zy	2020	Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; previously known as 2019-nCoV) has generated over 70000 cases of COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019, formerly known as Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, NCP) in China, including 1870 deaths, as of 17 February 2020 (National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China, 2020). Currently, COVID-19 patients remain the primary source of infection (Chan et al., 2020 ; General Office of National Health Commission and General Office of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020; Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, 2020). According to the guideline in China, patients should be isolated until two consecutive SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests of respiratory tract specimens are both negative, with an interval of at least 24 h (General Office of National Health Commission and General Office of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020).
cord-283812-ocfjj79v	2016	• The 2013–2016 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa that resulted in over 28 637 cases and 11 315 deaths required that countries holding these events put in place public health programmes for enhanced surveillance and specific response plans for any suspected cases of EVD. 7, 8 The unprecedented Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa 9 and the ongoing Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in South America 10, 11 were declared Public Health Emergencies of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in August 2014 and February 2016, respectively. 4, 14, 15 The 2013-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa, which resulted in over 28 637 cases and 11 315 deaths, 16 required that countries holding these events put in place public health programmes for enhanced surveillance and specific response plans for any suspected cases of viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF).
cord-283891-m36un1y2	2020	Methods We used spatiotemporal data of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices from the primary and secondary epidemic sources to calculate Pearson correlation coefficient,r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity, q, statistics. Here, using location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices, we analyzed the spatiotemporal association of the confirmed COVID-19 cases and human movements from the sources of the epidemic outbreak, and revealed the first, second and potential third generation spreads of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China. Based on the above datasets of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service data of mobile devices from the epidemic sources, we calculated their Pearson correlation coefficient, r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity (SSH), q, statistics.
cord-284652-7npya3yx	2020	Results At the regional level, Seoul and Gyeonggi Province have experienced the first peak of COVID-19 in early March, followed by the second wave in early June, withRt exceeding 3.0 and mean doubling time ranging from 3.6 to 10.1 days. Therefore, since 10 July, the government banned churches from organizing small gatherings other than regular worship services (KCDC, 2020a To estimate the regional and temporal variability in the reproduction number of COVID-19 in South Korea, including the second wave concentrated in the greater Seoul areas, we analysed the spatiotemporal progression of the epidemic in the country from mid-February to mid-July 2020. In this report, we estimated the doubling time and the effective reproduction number involving two epidemic waves of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Korea by employing the time series of cases by date of symptoms onset for the four most affected Korean regions: Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Gyeongbuk Province, and Daegu.
cord-286743-z0e5arlm	2020	Subsequently, a shift in practice by clinicians at some of our medical centers aimed to identify early COVID19-CS through laboratory abnormalities in patients with increasing O2 requirements and to initiate combined treatment with anakinra and corticosteroids occurred. Data were extracted by manual reviewing the EHR, including onset of dyspnea and other COVID-19 symptoms, age, sex, comorbidities, smoking status, tocilizumab and anakinra use, other J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f treatments rendered for hydroxychloroquine, and/or corticosteroids) , fever (>100.4F), hypotension requiring pressors, dates of admission, intubation, extubation, discharge and/or death. The primary purpose of analyses was to describe clinical outcomes among tocilizumab-or anakinra-treated COVID-19 patients and to examine whether differences in outcomes could be accounted for by COVID19-CS severity and/or duration at the time of treatment initiation (baseline).
cord-287209-hkrarxsd	2020	title: The basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) estimation based on exponential growth in the early outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A reply to Dhungana The estimates on the basic reproduction number, R0, were carried out in early outbreak as of January 22, 2020 when the surveillance data and the knowledge on the key epidemiological features of 2019-nCoV were limited. The estimates of the basic reproduction number, R0, with varying reporting rates, mean and SD of serial interval (SI). Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak
cord-288167-976qxja2	2018	title: Replicative virus shedding in the respiratory tract of patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection BACKGROUND: Information on the duration of replicative Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) shedding is important for infection control. This study examined the duration for detecting MERS-CoV sub-genomic mRNA compared with genomic RNA in diverse respiratory specimens. In the present study, replicative MERS-CoV was detected in sputum or transtracheal aspirate for up to 4 weeks after symptom development in MERS-CoV-infected patients with severe pneumonia. In conclusion, replicative MERS-CoV was detected in lower respiratory tract specimens for up to 4 weeks after symptom development, which was well correlated with the detection of genomic RNA. In upper respiratory tract specimens, the detection of sub-genomic mRNA and genomic RNA did not correlate. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) genomic RNA (upE) titers in sputum and transtracheal aspirates with vs.
cord-289304-9srk0ohb	2020	We describe a patient who developed diffuse and symmetrical muscle weakness after a long stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We describe a patient who developed diffuse and symmetrical muscle weakness after a long stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to coronavirus disease 2019 . The patient underwent a neurophysiological protocol, including nerve conduction studies, concentric needle electromyography (EMG) of the proximal and distal muscles, and direct muscle stimulation (DMS). In this report, we describe neurophysiological findings from a patient who developed severe muscular weakness, likely due to CIM, after hospitalization for COVID-19. The patient described here had myopathy, with greater involvement of the proximal muscles in the lower limbs, probably reflecting ICU-acquired weakness. Since rehabilitation programs can be effective to reverse muscle weakness caused by CIM, health systems must plan to provide adequate access to rehabilitative facilities for patients requiring both pulmonary and motor rehabilitative treatment after COVID-19.
cord-290100-wnjjqqn5	2012	OBJECTIVES: The current study was conducted to use a developed framework to appraise the public primary care response to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus in Hong Kong in 2009. RESULTS: We found that there was an increase in clinical service demand for public primary care doctors and that there was lower compliance with hand washing as compared to the wearing of masks among GOPC doctors during the study period. The current study was conducted to use a developed framework to appraise the public primary care response to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus in Hong Kong in 2009.
cord-290206-fmy4zrim	2020	The screening process should therefore maximise sensitivity to minimise the number of missed cases and risk of nosocomial transmission, which occurred in Singapore during another coronavirus outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Using ESC, NUH clinicians were able to identify and isolate 13 patients who did not fit the WHO SARS criteria but were eventually confirmed to have SARS, who would have otherwise been potential spreaders (the number of positive and negative cases for SARS are presented in Supplementary Table 1.) 12 Clinicians responded to the COVID-19 crisis similarly, implementing ESC on 7 th February 2020, which was approximately three weeks after the first imported case. At an of 2.5 and incubation period (IP) of 4 days, approximate to estimates by Wu and colleagues 29 for Wuhan, an estimated 240 (95% CI: 200-290) cases would be prevented over 150 days through ESC by isolating patients presenting fever or respiratory symptoms such as cough with their travel and exposure profile not considered (Table 2) .
cord-291367-rtmsrh16	2015	4, 5 The recent unprecedented outbreak of the MERS 6, 7 in South Korea which arose consequential to the importation of MERS-CoV by a South Korean traveler to the Middle East, alarmed global public health authorities and highlights the potential of MERS-CoV to spread across the globe and cause local outbreaks. National surveillance systems should be on alert for the low but long-lasting risk of MERS-CoV infected pilgrims returning from the Umrah throughout the year, and also for the large numbers of refugees at several conflict zones in the Middle East (those migrating from Syria to Turkey and from the Yemen border into Saudi Arabia and beyond). The Hajj pilgrimage and surveillance for Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus in pilgrims from African countries Infection prevention and control during health care for probable or confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection.
cord-291638-oatrjbo3	2020	This study described the spatio-temporal pattern and measured the spatial association of the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China from 16 January–06 February 2020. The results showed that most of the models, except medical-care-based connection models, indicated a significant spatial association of COVID-19 infections from around 22 January 2020. There are 31 provinces in mainland China, and this study used 3 weeks'' data from 16 January to 06 February 2020, which was during the early stages of COVID-19 in China. Because COVID-19 spread from Hubei Province, the epicentre of the outbreak, the number of newly confirmed cases in the provinces neighbouring Hubei was investigated. It used Moran''s I statistic, a measure of spatial association, for the number of confirmed cases with different types of neighbourhoods. On 22 January Models 1-4 first detected a significant spatial dependency on the number of newly confirmed cases. Since approximately 24 January, the number of newly confirmed cases show significant spatial dependency in Models 1 and 2.
cord-292092-o6s5nw49	2015	title: Conservation of nucleotide sequences for molecular diagnosis of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2015 The present study was performed to assess the protocols used for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of viruses detected between 2012 and 2015, including sequences from the large outbreak in eastern Asia in 2015. 5 The laboratory diagnosis of MERS-CoV infection is mainly performed using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to detect viral RNA in specimens. This study was performed to analyze recent viral genomic nucleic acid sequences and to discuss the efficacy of the RT-PCR protocols for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV infections. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Table 1 Conservation of the primer and probe region sequences of the WHO-recommended assays for the molecular diagnosis of MERS-CoV
cord-292256-jp80u828	2020	We report the first case of meningitis associated with SARS-CoV-2 who was brought in by ambulance due to a convulsion accompanied by unconsciousness. A brain MRI showed hyperintensity along the wall of right lateral ventricle and hyperintense signal changes in the right mesial temporal lobe and hippocampus, suggesting the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 meningitis. (Wang et al., 2020a,b) A preliminary report warned that SARS-CoV-2 could have neuroinvasive potential because some patients showed neurologic symptoms such as headache, nausea, and vomiting . This brief report describes the first case of the patient, which brought in by the ambulance due to a convulsion accompanied by unconsciousness, was diagnosed with aseptic encephalitis with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid. This case shows the neuroinvasive potential of the virus and that we cannot exclude SARS-CoV-2 infections even if the RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 using the patient''s nasopharyngeal specimen is negative.
cord-292988-q1yz9y8k	2020	title: Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies We focus this editorial specifically on the background to, and the rationale for, the use and evaluation of mesenchymal stromal (Stem) cells (MSCs) in treatment trials of patients with severe COVID-19 disease. We focus this editorial specifically on the background to, and the rationale for, the use and evaluation of mesenchymal stromal (Stem) cells (MSCs) in treatment trials of patients with severe COVID-19 disease. It appears that all three lethal zoonotic coronaviruses, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CV-2 seem to induce excessive and aberrant host immune responses which are associated with severe lung pathology leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Li G et al, 2020; Li G et al, 2020) .
cord-293247-ltxt2dfv	2015	title: Advancing the global health security agenda in light of the 2015 annual Hajj pilgrimage and other mass gatherings Although current GHSA is yet to specifically highlight mass gathering preparedness as a strategic priority even in countries with high participant contribution to mass gatherings, the 12 Global Health Security Agenda action packages and the strategies to minimize the implications of mass gathering on public health are similar. Given that two-thirds of the emerging diseases are zoonotic, human-animal interaction during some mass gatherings such as the Hajj further increases the risk, and Saudi Arabia imports sacrifice animals from 6 countries. Mass gatherings offer opportunities to implement, test, and assess GHSA objectives in its entirety and can contribute significantly to health security of individuals, nations, and the world. Mass gatherings medicine and global health security
cord-293630-zc8huo1j	2020	Based on data updated to May 20, 2020, in Italy the total recorded number of patients who died due to COVID-19-related reasons is 31,851. While some of the excess mortality reported in the ILI group may be attributable to COVID-19, a question arises: do we have to consider this observation as a result of a random sequence of events or a potential relationship between the two viruses play a role? It would be of great relevance to identify patients at a very high risk of mortality as a result of an overlapping or combination of risk factors reported separately in patients died from COVID-19 or influenza. While some of the excess mortality reported in the ILI group (in over 65) may be attributable to COVID-19 infection actually, a question arises: do we have to consider this observation as a result of a random sequence of events or a potential relationship between the two viruses play a role?
cord-293942-n5ypkftc	2020	title: Favipiravir-induced fever in coronavirus disease 2019: A report of two cases Favipiravir, an antiviral agent, is undergoing clinical trials for treating novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report two cases of COVID-19 with favipiravir-induced fever. Favipiravir, a promising antiviral agent, is undergoing clinical trials as an alternative drug for treating COVID-19 (Arab-Zozani et al., 2020) in several countries, including China (Chen et al., 2020) , Iran, Germany, and Japan. We experienced two cases of favipiravir-induced fever in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Drug-induced fever was suspected and favipiravir was discontinued on Day 10. This preliminary report may help differentiate paradoxical fever in patients receiving favipiravir therapy for COVID-19. Favipiravir for treating patients with novel coronavirus (COVID-19): protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials Nafamostat mesylate treatment in combination with favipiravir for patients critically ill with Covid-19: A case series
cord-297396-r1p7xn3a	2020	OBJECTIVES: To develop:(1) two validated risk prediction models for COVID-19 positivity using readily available parameters in a general hospital setting; (2) nomograms and probabilities to allow clinical utilisation.  Developed two simple-to use nomograms for identifying COVID-19 positive patients  Probabilities are provided to allow healthcare leaders to decide suitable cut-offs  Variables are age, white cell count, chest x-ray appearances and contact history  Model variables are easily available in the general hospital setting. To develop: (1) two validated risk prediction models for COVID-19 positivity using readily available parameters in a general hospital setting; (2) nomograms and probabilities to allow clinical utilisation. Thus, a COVID-19 prediction model based on clinical, laboratory and radiological findings which presents the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) would allow public healthcare systems to decide a suitable strategy on prioritizing tests when such RT-PCR availability is constrained.
cord-297715-qcwp2jdv	2020	title: Changes in implementation of personal protective measures by ordinary Japanese citizens: A longitudinal study from the early phase to the community transmission phase of the COVID-19 outbreak Participants were asked how often they implemented the 5 personal protective measures recommended by the World Health Organization (hand hygiene, social distancing, avoiding touching the eyes, nose and mouth, respiratory etiquette, and self-isolation) in the baseline and follow-up surveys. In that study, we found that in the early phase of COVID-19 there was J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f low prevalence among ordinary Japanese citizens in the implementation of social distancing measures and avoiding touching the eyes, nose and mouth, 2 of the 5 personal protective measures recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) (WHO, 2020a The company, then invited the 2,400 respondents of the baseline survey to participate in a follow-up survey by email on April 1, 2020.
cord-297829-aynigoud	2014	
cord-300583-0krbrj4w	2020	METHODS: We identified three distinct physical distancing measures with varying intensity and implemented at different times—international travel controls, restrictions on mass gatherings, and lockdown-type measures—based on the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. INTERPRETATION: A combination of physical distancing measures, if implemented early, can be effective in containing COVID-19—tight border controls to limit importation of cases, encouraging physical distancing, moderately stringent measures such as working from home, and a full lockdown in the case of a probable uncontrolled outbreak. is the average reproduction number of country over the 14 days following the date of the 100 th case; is country ''s physical distancing measure of type on the date of the 100 th case; represents the country characteristic (income level, population density, age structure, and temperature) of country ; is a constant term, ''s are the regression coefficients, and denotes the error term.
cord-300774-5mrkmctl	2020	INTRODUCTION: Tocilizumab is an interleukin 6 receptor antagonist which has been used for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (SSP), aiming to ameliorate the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) -induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (SSP) die due to poor oxygenation despite ventilatory support and different treatments including drugs with anti-viral activity, such as remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, interferon beta, hydroxychloroquine; and/or anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, azithromycin and low molecular weight heparin amongst other [2] [3] [4] [5] . However, clinical and pathological studies of SARS-CoV-2 disease indicate that a systemic cytokine storm due to macrophage activation may be the leading cause of death in the vast majority of patients, usually occurring two to four weeks after primary infection [14] [22] [23] .
cord-301079-n1nytr6k	2020	Results A total of 367 air and surface swabbing samples were collected from the patient care areas of 15 mild and 9 severe/critical COVID-19 patients. Here we collected air and surface samples from isolation wards and ICU units of a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, with the aim to evaluate environmental contamination after enhancement of infection prevention and control measures (IPC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also compared environmental contamination of low-and high-touch surfaces, patient hands and PPE of HCP, and the results were also linked to clinical data of sampling patients. Another study found only 1 out of 14 surgical masks worn by mild and severe COVID-19 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 . Environmental contamination of the SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA could be found even in seroconverted patients in healthcare settings, and the contamination risk was higher in high-touch areas near severe/critical patients.
cord-301085-tk2vvxj7	2006	title: Knowledge, attitude, and practices related to standard precautions of surgeons and physicians in university-affiliated hospitals of Shiraz, Iran Objective: To measure levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward standard precautions (SP) in medical practitioners of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals in Iran. Objective: To measure levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward standard precautions (SP) in medical practitioners of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals in Iran. Method: In this cross-sectional study, knowledge, attitude, and practice related to SP among four medical staff groups -surgeons, surgical residents, physicians and medical residents -were assessed using a questionnaire. Method: In this cross-sectional study, knowledge, attitude, and practice related to SP among four medical staff groups -surgeons, surgical residents, physicians and medical residents -were assessed using a questionnaire. [2] [3] [4] The purpose of our study was to measure the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice in surgeons and physicians in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences affiliated hospitals.
cord-302409-40ktyt5q	2020	OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper was to monitor the presence of SARS-Cov-2 among hospital environment surfaces, sewage, and personal protective equipment (PPE) of staffs in isolation wards in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, China. The monitoring data in this study suggested that the strict disinfection and hand hygiene could decrease the hospital-associated COVID-19 infection risk of the staffs in isolation wards. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA among health-care settings, sewage, and staffs'' PPE In routine cleaning and disinfection, the 36 samples of environmental surface in isolation wards including the clean area, the semi-contaminated area, and the contaminated area were all negative. With routine cleaning and disinfection, none of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected among object surfaces in isolation wards including the clean area, the semi-contaminated area, and the contaminated area. In conclusion, the SARS-CoV-2 RNA monitoring results of the hospital isolation wards demonstrated the routine disinfection measures of air, object surface and sewage in the hospital were sufficient and the hand hygiene of staffs was effective.
cord-303417-1237ykxt	2020	Arshad et al show evidence for a reduced mortality in Covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine alone or with azithromycin in an observational study in USA [1] . We divided a subset of our cohort in three groups who started treatment a median of 1 day after admission: those receiving hydroxycholoroquine alone (N=197), those receiving hydroxycholoroquine+azithromycin (N=94), and those receiving neither (controls) (N=92). After adjusting for a number of key confounders (see table) , the use of hydroxycholoroquine+azithromycin was associated with a 66% reduction in risk of death as compared to controls; the analysis also suggested a larger effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine in patients with less severe COVID-19 disease (PO2/FiO2>300, interaction p-value<.0001). Treatment with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomised clinical trial Hydroxychloroquine in patients mainly with mild to moderate COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial An observational cohort study of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for COVID-19: (Can''t get no) satisfaction
cord-304743-0bsdahh6	2020	Abstract Objectives This article is a summary of countermeasures for Marburg virus disease focusing on pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostics, with an emphasis on therapies and vaccines that have demonstrated potential for use in an emergency situation, through their evaluation in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and/or in humans. Results We identified six treatments and four vaccine platforms that have demonstrated potential benefit for treating or preventing infection in humans, through their efficacy in NHPs. Conclusion We provide succinct summaries of Marburg countermeasures to give the busy clinician a head start in reviewing the literature if faced with a patient with Marburg virus disease. Postexposure protection against Marburg haemorrhagic fever with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors in non-human primates: an efficacy assessment Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against aerosol challenge with Ebola and Marburg viruses. Single-injection vaccine protects nonhuman primates against infection with Marburg virus and three species of ebola virus
cord-304872-hnxmtbrf	2020	OBJECTIVES: To investigate olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan using a telephone interview. The characteristics of the patient''s disease course and recovery time for olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunctions (OD and/or GD) were collected by telephone interview. Two hypotheses might explain the low prevalence of OD and/ or GD reported in the Chinese study: First, the number of Chinese patients with COVID-19 who exhibit olfactory or gustatory disorders is indeed lower. Furthermore, all previous studies were limited to the acute phase with a short follow-up period, which might not reflect the recovery regularity of olfactory and/or gustatory impairment in patients with COVID 19. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and recovery time of olfactory and/or gustatory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 infection who were discharged from non-intensive care units 3 months earlier in China.
cord-305763-160heazx	2020	One population-based study demonstrated that the positive rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM in the J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f hospital settings was 2.5% (170/6919), which was higher than that reported in the community setting (0.8%, 81/10,449) . Many studies had evaluated the seroprevalence among HCWs (Steensels et al., 2020; Martin et al., 2020; Korth et al., 2020; Stubblefield et al., 2020; Pallett et al., 2020; Grant et al., 2020; Hunter et al., 2020; Self et al., 2020; Moscola et al., 2020; Plebani et al., 2020 HCWs who regularly had direct contact with units housing adult COVID-19 patients in the month prior to undergoing testing with the validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against the extracellular domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Stubblefield et al., 2020) . These findings may be due to the fact that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence varies according to the different study countries/regions, study populations, timing during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, and methods used for serology tests.
cord-305782-gnzwe2z2	2020	Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to analyze the usefulness of the CURB-65 and pneumonia severity index (PSI) in predicting 30-day mortality in patients with COVID-19 and to identify other factors associated with higher mortality. Conclusion In a large group of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, we found that PSI performed better than CURB-65 in predicting mortality. According to the Health Ministry Guideline, any suspected case who is over 50 years old or has any comorbidity should be hospitalized irrespective of vital signs, laboratory results and computed tomography (CT) findings (Bilim Kurulu, 2020) Thus, a large proportion of patients with COVID-19 meet criteria for admission as an inpatient. In this study, we aimed to assess whether CURB-65 or PSI is useful tool to predict 30-day mortality and to identify other factors that are associated with higher mortality in patients with COVID-19.
cord-305788-z75yv88e	2020	Few days after returning to Denmark, six travel companions developed symptoms of COVID-19 and were tested SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive. Extension of the national COVID-19 testing April 1 led the family to the local test-center, where the indexperson and the daughter presenting ageusia tested SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive. Comparative testing with the SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay (CLIA, DiaSorin, Liaison) found the index-person and three daughters positive and the wife just below cut-off (Table 1) . This family cluster incorporates several aspects of the challenges surrounding COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. The familial transmission from an asymptomatic carrier who displayed a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR four weeks after infestation and a subsequent immunologic response. The wife and three daughters, who J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f had mild symptoms of COVID-19, presented diverse and divergent SARS-CoV-2 PCR results, yet displayed an immunologic response.
cord-306200-d5qn65k0	2020	
cord-306682-01q775up	2004	In this study we examined whether polymorphisms could be detected in the HCoV-229E binding domain of APN in a Caucasian population of 100 unrelated, healthy individuals, assuming that these mutations could be of importance in HCoV-229E attachment to human cells. A total of 100 healthy unrelated Belgian individuals were screened for polymorphisms in the human aminopeptidase N domain that is essential for its HCoV-229E receptor activity. All individuals were heterozygous for these polymorphisms, which have no apparent functional consequence, as they are located in a non-coding intron region of the APN gene. In our search for polymorphisms in the APN domain that is essential for its HCoV-229E receptor function, we identified seven polymorphisms, of which four were located in the non-coding intron 3. Three polymorphisms in APN exon 4 (C956T, G978T and G987A) in association with an intron 3 variation (C389T), were identified at a relatively high allele frequency (8.5%) in our Belgian population.
cord-308080-1heu9vuv	2020	title: First COVID-19 Case in Zambia – Comparative phylogenomic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 detected in African countries Contact tracing showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection was contained within the patient''s household, with no further spread to attending health care workers or community members. Whole genome sequence analysis should be part of all surveillance and case detection activities in order to monitor the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 lineages across Africa. We report the identification and clinical management of the first COVID-19 case from Zambia, and present the phylogenetic analyses of the patient''s SARS-CoV-2 isolate, comparing it to other SARS-CoV-2 lineages reported from other African countries. Phylogenomic analysis showed that the detected SARS-CoV-2 belonged to lineage B.1.1, sharing the most common recent ancestor with viruses detected in South Africa (Figure 2) Wuhan-Hu-1, which included the D614G mutation which has been observed to correlate with increased case fatality rates.
cord-308114-68cgub5o	2020	MCs, present in all vascularized tissues but dominantly at the environmental interfaces and in vessel walls (Akin and Metcalfe, 2004) , are activated by the SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus which causes Covid-19 infection (Kritas et al., 2020; Theoharides, 2020; Zhou et al., 2020) , leading to MC activation and resulting release of various subsets of the MC''s >1000 potent multi-action mediators (Ibelgaufts, 2020) (including biogenic amines (e.g., histamine), proteases (e.g., tryptase and chymase), cytokines (e.g., interleukins and TNF-α), eicosanoids (e.g., prostaglandins and leukotrienes), heparin, and growth factors) increasingly thought to play a key role in driving the hyperinflammation of severe Covid-19 illness (Kempuraj et al., 2020; Valent et al., 2020) .
cord-309032-idjdzs97	2020	Several studies conducted in China, Italy and the United States have reported some epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in the initial phase (Grasselli et al., 2020 , Liang et al., 2020 , Price-Haywood et al., 2020 , Richardson et al., 2020 , Wu and McGoogan, 2020 , However, there is still a lack of research on the space-time characteristics in the populations of imported and local cases respectively which is of great significance. In this study, we described the spatiotemporal distribution of the COVID-19 in eighteen provinces of China (outside Hubei province) and investigated the epidemiological characteristics in the population of imported cases and local cases, from the beginning of this epidemic until it was under good control. We further assessed the critical influence factors associated with time interval from symptom onset to hospitalization (TOH) and length of hospital stay (LOS), including demographic and temporal and spatial characteristics.
cord-310691-6danlh8h	2020	title: Clinical Characteristics of Critically Ill Patients Co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza Virus in Wuhan, China Our results further confirmed that co-infection with the influenza virus may induce an earlier and more severe cytokine storm in critically ill COVID-19 patients, leading to serious complications such as shock, ARDS, fulminant myocarditis, acute kidney injure or multiple organ failure (Cao 2020; Ruan et al. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus among critically ill COVID-19 patients. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the influenza virus may lead to a much earlier occurrence of the cytokine storm and organ damage in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The submission of manuscript entitled "Clinical Characteristics of Critically Ill Patients Co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the Influenza Virus in Wuhan, China" to "International Journal of Infectious Diseases" for publication has been approved by all of the authors and by the institution where the work was carried out.
cord-311026-mpr3xb2a	2020	Another approach could be to open travel from countries with good surveillance systems, transparent reporting, and few local cases where risk of importing infected cases would be low. Thus, public health capabilities for case identification and isolation must be expanded probably permanently; tools can include physical inspection or use of electronic devices, such as mobile phone-based surveillance and point of care tests as used in Taiwan, Korea and Oman, summarized in table 3. Despite the city state''s strict contact-tracing, quarantining and travel restrictions, a second wave of infections from returning residents and local transmissions saw cases spike from 100 to 1,000 in one month (SCMP 3 rd April). This initial public health response included travel bans from countries with high levels of community transmission and 14-day mandatory quarantine for all returning travelers from those countries; school closures; cancellation of gatherings of more than 100 people; and expanding testing and isolation capacity.
cord-311413-uiwjrvru	2020	COVID-19 currently imposes an additional burden to the already overstretched, resource strapped health services which are grappling to bring under control the high burden of existing infectious and non-infectious diseases, including TB, HIV, and malaria. Health care workers and community members alike are faced with an important challenge of quickly identifying symptoms and taking appropriate steps for laboratory investigation in line with the case definition based on surveillance or clinical characterisation (WHO, 2020a) . Key steps to identifying a COVID-19 case ultimately involves symptomatic or high risk patients presenting to health providers with complaints of any of the following symptoms or travel history: fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache and others of acute onset or history of travel to affected areas or contact with an infected person. Thus, current screening approaches for COVID-19 are likely to miss approximately 50% of the infected cases even in countries with good health systems and available diagnostic capacities (Gostic et al., 2020) .
cord-311453-l6quzef6	2020	CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size in the group TCZ, this result suggests that TCZ reduces mortality and/or IMV requirement in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. We have recently published a retrospective study including 45 patients treated in our hospital, which shows that TCZ seems to reduce the number of COVID-19 severe cases and/or mortality (11) . Based on the medical literature, we checked several criteria before starting TCZ treatment: no contraindication to TCZ, confirmed COVID-19 with real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR SARS-CoV-2 RNA, failure of standard treatment, period since symptoms onset ≥ 5 days, oxygen therapy ≥ 4 liters/min, ≥ 25% of lung damages on chest computed tomography (CT) scan, and ≥ 2 parameters of inflammation or biological markers of mortality (with a high level) such as ferritin, CRP, D-dimer, lymphopenia, and/or lactate dehydrogenase.
cord-311479-8pjoz64q	2020	A recent 24 study in China showed that transmissibility of the asymptomatic cases is comparable to that 25 of symptomatic cases. A recent 24 study in China showed that transmissibility of the asymptomatic cases is comparable to that 25 of symptomatic cases. 28 29 Keywords: COVID-19; asymptomatic cases; relative transmissibility 30 31 32 33 Main text 35 Nishiura et al (Nishiura et al, 2020 ) estimated the asymptomatic ratio of COVID-19 was 41.6% 36 (5 out of 12 confirmed cases) among 565 Japanese individuals evacuated from Wuhan, China. The odds ratio (OR) is estimated 109 In summary, we conclude that the relatively transmissibility of asymptomatic case could be 127 significantly smaller than that of the symptomatic cases. Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-158 19) Estimating the asymptomatic 161 proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess 162 cruise ship
cord-311654-ixn65hxb	2020	Apart from generic prevention and control issues of public health and lockdown measures to limit epidemic spread, specific issues of Mass Gathering (MG) sporting and religious events came under specific spotlight (Alzahrani et al, 2020; Baloch et al, 2020; McCloskey et al, 2020; . WHO with global MG partners, developed comprehensive key recommendations for COVID-19, and since end of February, 2020, there was a stepwise increase in cancellation, temporary suspension or postponement of international and national religious, sporting, musical, and other MGs, as countries worldwide took public health and other measures (WHO, 2020b; McCloskey et al, 2020; Petersen, McCloskey et al, 2020) . The successful completion of the 2020 Hajj is a major tribute to the leadership and commitment of the Saudi authorities, and it reflects their extensive experience of organising the annual Hajj pilgrimage, and continued commitment to improvement public health issues related to mass gatherings events.
cord-315059-l6guql8q	2020	title: Corona and Clergy: The missing link for an effective social distancing in Pakistan. To begin with, more than half of the COVID-19 cases in Malaysia received virus 11 in a congregation of 16000 believers from 30 countries. Pakistan''s case is of concern due to a fragile healthcare system, poor hygiene practices, 20 limited access to healthcare, and steep rise in the number of local cases in a population bigger 21 than Italy and Iran combined. Evidence supports the substantial impact of social distancing as 22 a viable practice to contain the spread of the virus. In Pakistan, the practice of social distancing 24 Email: naeem.mubarak@lmdc.edu.pk Tel: 00-92-42-37392215 Muslim world, and cancelled Umrah (pilgrimage). for Pakistan to implement social distancing in the holy month of Ramadan (26 th April) when 46 influx in mosques increases many-fold for daily prayers and Tarawih (an additional prayer in 47 Email: naeem.mubarak@lmdc.edu.pk Tel: 00-92-42-37392215 79 80 COVID-19: Pakistan to allow mosques prayers in 70
cord-315860-9j667c03	2020	METHODS: This prospective study enrolled children aged 2–59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital with World Health Organization (WHO)-defined clinical pneumonia. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viral infections predominated among this cohort of WHO-defined clinical pneumonia cases, whereas bacterial aetiologies were uncommon, highlighting the epidemiologic transition that Bhutan seems to have reached. We conducted this prospective hospital-based observational study to describe the epidemiology, aetiology, and clinical and radiological presentation of World Health Organization (WHO)defined pneumonia among children aged between 2 and 59 months admitted to the Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital in Thimphu. All children aged 2-59 months hospitalized with WHO-defined pneumonia (irrespective of severity) were eligible for recruitment (World Health Organization, 2014) (see Box 1). Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study
cord-316209-juvmabdq	2020	The lower number of COVID-19 cases in most African countries is attributed to inadequate health systems, low-to-absent testing capacity, poor reporting system and insufficient number of medical staff. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared COVID-19 a pandemic, pointing to the over 118,000 cases of the coronavirus illnesses in over 110 countries and territories around the world and the sustained risk of further global spread. Africa Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), World Health Organization and other international agencies are providing support and guidance to many African countries in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Despite reported low case-fatality of COVID-19, the pandemic is likely to cause more deaths in Africa if the compliance to COVID-19 prevention and control measures continues to be ignored as observed in some African countries.
cord-316505-tdlj5smv	2013	METHODS: Proteomics-based studies were done to determine the expression of differentially expressed proteins in the plasma of controls, acute typhoid cases, and chronic typhoid carriers. Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry techniques were used to identify newer proteins that may provide an insight into the host-pathogen interactions after Salmonella infection and in further colonization of the host leading to the chronic typhoid carrier state. The expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin, haptoglobin, and albumin in chronic typhoid carriers was significantly higher compared to those of control and acute typhoid cases (p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively; Figure 3 ). typhi infection in enteric fever cases using bacteriological and serological methods and used 2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry as an alternative method to differentiate chronic typhoid carriers based on alterations in the expression of proteins. When analyzed, the plasma proteome of controls, acute typhoid cases, and chronic typhoid carriers showed significant differences in the expression of four protein spots.
cord-317080-kn56oov6	2020	title: COVID-19 and Religious Congregations: Implications for Spread of Novel Pathogens Gathering of large number of people in close approximation could be a fertile ground for the spread of novel pathogens. COVID 19 is spread through droplet and basic reproduction rate, a 23 measure of transmissibility of the virus, ranges from 2.24 to 3.58 (Zhao et al., 2020) . Public 24 gatherings will evidently increase transmission and therefore social distancing was touted as the 25 foremost preventive strategy.  Suspension of communal gatherings must be promptly done as a preventive strategy 196 whenever novel pathogens emerge, in order to contain its spread.  An international regime of containment measures with regards to suspension of religious 198 congregations during infectious disease outbreaks must be devised. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel 185 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the 186 early phase of the outbreak
cord-317399-693q80xo	2020	title: COVID-19 epidemic monitoring after non-pharmaceutical interventions: the use of time-varying reproduction number in a country with a large migrant population In this study, we will analyse the dynamics of COVID-19 infection transmissibility in Oman in the different populations (Omani and non-Omani) and the effects of the introduction of the nonpharmaceutical measures on disease transmissibility. With the increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases in Oman, our study showed the feasibility of using the time-varying Rt to assess and explain transmissibility dynamics and epidemic progression. However, the use of timevarying Rt in assessing the transmissibility dynamics and epidemic progression was a crucial tool to know how the mitigation measures influenced Rt. Nevertheless, a study from China demonstrated that changes in reporting rates substantially affect estimates of Rt. 23 Thus, the initial Rt is influenced by testing frequency, contact tracing, and reporting of mild cases outside hospital.
cord-317500-ufo2qgj4	2020	Dear Editor, the outbreak of novel Coronavirus disease 2019 in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 21 st , and has since then forced the scientific community to consider two fundamental aspects: first off, SARS-CoV-2 does not only cause pneumonia and second, the death of many critical ill patients is caused by multiple organ failure (involving the heart, liver, kidneys, blood and immune system). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 pneumonia: a random association? COVID-19 Complicated by Acute Pulmonary Embolism Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging Findings of Acute Pulmonary Embolism in COVID-19 Patients Management strategy of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in the radiology department: a Chinese experience The Authors declare no conflicts of interest associated for the manuscript entiltled "Pulmonary thromboembolism in criticall ill COVID-19 patients
cord-317624-qdzhncs0	2020	METHODS: Nationwide retrospective case-control study was conducted to compare the effect of HCQ and LPV/r on viral shedding duration among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 using the reimbursement data of National Health Insurance Service. This study aimed to compare the effect of HCQ and LPV/r on the viral shedding duration among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 cases using South Korea''s National Health J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Insurance Service (NHIS) database. Among these, only mild-to-moderate grade 1 patients were included in the analysis, and the effect of LPV/r or HCQ use on viral shedding duration was evaluated ( Figure 1 ). In the previous studies including mild COVID-19 patients in CTCs, the mean viral shedding duration from symptom onset was 21-24.5 days, which is longer than the results of our control group , Noh et al., 2020 .
cord-317910-rwhwo55z	2020	In this editorial we discuss several important strategies for controlling COVID-19 including: vaccination, molecular and serological diagnostics, hygiene and WaSH interventions, and low-cost therapeutics. For example, at the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic Bangladesh had only one RT-qPCR laboratory at the Institute of Epidemiology and Disease Control Research (IEDCR) designated for diagnosis of COVID-19 infection for the whole country (170 million) but now there are 77 RT-PCR labs ( Figure 2 ) conducting approximately 20,000 daily tests [9] . As part of a ''district/ward strategy'' an Early Warning Surveillance System may be deployed using: rapid diagnostic testing (e.g., Roche antibody test for suspected COVID cases) at health facilities and local hospitals; periodic testing of sewage systems for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in municipality sewage water; Android-based phone reporting of real-time test results; GIS risk mapping of patients'' addresses.
cord-318181-xxc7vdnt	2018	A total of 360 patients with confirmed pneumonia who were evaluated for MERS-CoV infection by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) between September 1, 2012 and June 1, 2016 at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh and King Fahad General Hospital in Jeddah, were included. Nineteen predictive variables were included: age, sex, fever (temperature !38 C), one composite respiratory symptom (the presence of cough, bloody cough, shortness of breath, or chest pain), one composite gastrointestinal symptoms (the presence of diarrhea, vomiting, or nausea), seven MERS-CoV potential risk factors (contact with sick patients or camels, severe illness (defined according to the patient''s clinical status, ''yes/no'', which is based on clinical judgment), diabetes, lung disease, liver disease, renal disease, and heart disease), and seven laboratory measurements (white blood cell (WBC) count (Â10 9 /l), platelets (Â10 9 /l), creatinine (mmol/l), bilirubin (mmol/l), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; U/l), aspartate aminotransferase (AST; U/l), and albumin (g/ l)).
cord-318315-r6wqywwe	2014	We aimed to screen Hajj pilgrims admitted to healthcare facilities in 2013 with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for MERS-CoV and to determine other etiologies. METHODS: Sputum samples were collected from all pilgrims admitted to 15 healthcare facilities in the cities of Makkah and Medina, Saudi Arabia, who were diagnosed with severe CAP on admission, presenting with bilateral pneumonia. 7, 10 In recent years, the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has also emerged as a cause of serious illness including severe pneumonia. Respiratory tract infections are common illnesses during the Hajj, 15 and pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission, including admission to the ICU, during the pilgrimage. 16 In the current study, as part of the Saudi MoH MERS-CoV surveillance, we investigated the etiology of severe CAP in pilgrims attending the 2013 Hajj requiring hospitalization. 7,10 Studies performed during previous Hajj seasons have reported the organism as a cause of respiratory tract infections including penumonia.
cord-318808-1cfwj5uq	2020	title: Comparison of Hospitalized Patients with pneumonia caused by COVID-19 and influenza A in children under 5 years Abstract Background Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, considerable attention has been paid on its epidemiology and clinical characteristics in children patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the different clinical Page 5 of 15 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5 presentations between patients with infected with COVID-19 pneumonia versus influenza A pneumonia, to provide some recommendations for their differential diagnosis. Our present study revealed that COVID-19 manifested as mild, severe pneumonia were less than influenza A patients. In conclusion, COVID-19 patients were mild not only in clinical symptoms but also in laboratory examinations which including lymphocyte, CRP, PCT, D-dimer in the children under 5 years.
cord-319814-tyqb473m	2014	METHODS: In this work, a total of 14 237 nasopharyngeal swabs (14 237 patients from 25 hospitals) were analyzed, and seven respiratory viruses (influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, human coronavirus, human bocavirus) were detected using PCR/RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs. Flu viruses were detected in 2632 specimens (18.50%), RSV in 1120 (7.86%), PIV in 494 (3.47%), ADV in 493 (3.47%), hMPV in 319 (2.24%), HCoV in 351 (2.47%), and HBoV in 180 (1.26%). A decline in the incidence of viral infections with age was observed for respiratory viruses, except for Flu. The detection rates of RSV, PIV, ADV, hMPV, HCoV, and HBoV among children ( 14 years) were higher than among adults (>14 years old). The total detection rates for the seven respiratory viruses in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 44.31%, 41.15%, 41.66%, and 30.52%, respectively.
cord-320785-42p8292o	2020	Abstract Objetive to analyze the trends of COVID-19 in Brazil in 2020 by Federal Units (FU). Joinpoint regression models were applied to identify points of inflection in COVID-19 trends, considering the days since the 50th confirmed case as time unit. Conclusions In summary, our results show that all FUs in Brazil present upward trends of COVID-19. Discussion: Although all FUs presented upward trends in the number of cumulative cases of COVID-19, 18 out of 27 FUs showed a reduction in the pace of the trend in the last segment. Even though the FUs from the Southeast region presented most of the confirmed cases, the highest ADPC values were found in the Northeast and North regions. (36.9;58.8) 3-11 13.8*(12.7;14.9) 11-20 8.1*(7.2;9.0 • All of Federative Units in Brazil shows a upward in accumulated cases of COVID-19. • Each Federative Unit in Brazil is at a different stage of the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-320829-uepneyug	2005	title: Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets DISCUSSION: Lymphopenia is a prominent part of SARS-CoV infection and lymphocyte counts may be useful in predicting the severity and clinical outcomes. Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection 327 Figure 3 Kinetics of lymphocyte subsets (expressed as mean number of cells  10 6 /L) measured over the first five weeks of illness in non-severe and severe laboratory-confirmed SARS patients, and in otherwise healthy controls. A study of 75 patients from the Amoy Gardens outbreak in Hong Kong did not find an association of total lymphocyte counts and progression to ventilatory support and intensive care, 10 although there are differences in the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), oxygen saturation and gastrointestinal symptoms in these two cohorts. Kinetics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-specific antibodies in 271 laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS
cord-320860-qt84oicg	2020	title: Meta-Analysis of coagulation parameters associated with disease severity and poor prognosis of COVID-19 However, a recent study suggested that the characteristics of COVID-19-associated J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f coagulopathy(CAC) are different from clotting disorders caused by bacterial infections and other diseases. In order to explore the relationship between coagulopathy and the severity and prognosis of the disease, we conducted this meta-analysis to compare the difference in blood coagulation parameters among COVID-19 patients. Our exclusion criteria included (1) asymptomatic patients; J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (2) studies without reporting coagulation parameters; (3) systematic reviews, metaanalyses, editorials and other forms not presenting original data. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis
cord-320902-1hfxju5f	2020	As of March 25 2020, in Lombardy, Italy, 1591 patients were admitted in ICUs, of them, 405 (26%) had died in ICU, 256 (16%) had been discharged from the ICU, while 920 patients (58%) were still in the ICU The IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) is a cornerstone treatment for hyperinflammatory conditions such as Still''s disease, and has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of cytokine storm syndromes, including macrophage activation syndrome and cytokine release syndrome (9). At day 10, considering the patient''s critical conditions (PaO2/FiO2 85, volume control ventilation PEEP 14 FiO2 50%) and the hyperferritinemic inflammatory status with ferritin levels more than 3000 ng/ml, use of off-label anakinra was considered and started with the following dosage schedule: 200mg intravenously followed by 100 mg every 6 hours subcutaneously. Indeed, IL-1 inhibitor anakinra has shown to be highly effective in the treatment of cytokine storm syndromes (15) and has already been proven safe in patients with sHLH associated to viral infections such as EBV, H1N1 and Ebola (10).
cord-321412-6g3obmzc	2020	
cord-323332-vu2cre8k	2010	
cord-323455-26xi2lqf	2018	This study was performed to evaluate the proportion of adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) cases attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae among Hajj pilgrims in 2016. METHODS: Adult subjects hospitalized with X-ray-confirmed CAP were enrolled prospectively from all general hospitals designated to treat Hajj pilgrims in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. RESULTS: From August 23 to September 23, 2016, a total of 266 patients with CAP were enrolled in the study, 70.6% of whom were admitted to hospitals in Mecca; 53% of the cases were admitted after the peak of Hajj. pneumoniae among adult Hajj pilgrims in 2016, using the urine antigen test as well as standard culture-based tests, in order to determine the clinical burden of disease associated with Hajj and inform vaccination policy-making. General pattern of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) case admissions to hospitals during the study period. It was aimed to systematically enroll all hospitalized X-ray-confirmed CAP cases among Hajj pilgrims during the study period.
cord-323696-0lq8ql6n	2020	We reflect on the US and the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on cultural, economic and structural barriers that threaten both current and future responses to infectious diseases emergencies. We reflect on the US and the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on cultural, economic and structural barriers that threaten both current and future responses to infectious diseases emergencies. These include the US healthcare delivery model, the defunding of public health, a scarcity of infectious diseases physicians, the market failure of vaccines and anti-infectives and the concept of American exceptionalism. These include the US healthcare delivery model, the defunding of public health, a scarcity of infectious diseases physicians, the market failure of vaccines and anti-infectives and the concept of American exceptionalism. 1 We reflect on the US and its response to the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on cultural, economic and structural barriers that threaten both current and future responses to infectious diseases emergencies.
cord-324231-nik7xizn	2016	The following actions with a public health focus are agreed in the Sendai Framework with local, national, regional, and global partners as relevant: ''''Enhancing the resilience of national health systems through training and capacity development; strengthening the design and implementation of inclusive policies and social safety-net mechanisms, including access to basic health care services towards the eradication of poverty; finding durable solutions in the post-disaster phase to empower and assist people disproportionately affected by disasters, including those with life-threatening and chronic disease; enhancing cooperation between health authorities and other relevant stakeholders to strengthen country capacity for disaster risk management for health; the implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005) and the building of resilient health systems; improving the resilience of new and existing critical infrastructure, including hospitals, to ensure that they remain safe, effective and operational during and after disasters, to provide live-saving and essential services; establishing a mechanism of case registry and a database of mortality caused by disaster to improve the prevention of morbidity and mortality and enhancing recovery schemes to provide psychosocial support and mental health services for all people in need''''.
cord-324295-9c1zxjng	2020	Examples of such viruses include Marburg, Ebola, Nipah, Hendra, Influenza A, Dengue, Equine Encephalitis viruses, Lyssaviruses, Madariaga and Coronaviruses, involving the now pandemic Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since there is no effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19 to date, strong regulations---including isolation, quarantine and social distancing---have been established by many countries in an effort to reduce expansion of the disease given the high person-to-person transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, either directly by respiratory droplets with infective particles or indirectly by fluid-contaminated objects. Fruit bats (genus Pteropus) are the main natural reservoir for Nipah virus (NiV), while pigs serve as intermediate hosts ( Table 3 ). Influenza A viruses (IAV) are one of the leading causes of disease in humans, with important animal reservoirs including birds, pigs, and horses that can potentially produce new zoonotic variants (Table 2) .
cord-325325-xw7627x9	2007	While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. While the clock is still ticking towards what seems to be inevitable pandemic influenza, on April 17, 2007 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against the avian influenza virus H5N1 for humans at high risk. [8] [9] [10] [11] The 1957 pandemic was caused by the H2N2 subtype, a product of genetic reassortment in hosts infected with both an avian and human influenza virus. Although immunization with human influenza vaccine will not protect against avian influenza strains, it should be considered in poultry workers, and also be given to those traveling to affected areas, two weeks ahead of departure, to prevent co-infection and reassortment.
cord-326143-6ndqgxy8	2020	COVID-19 associated cytokine storm could induce ARDS rapidly and the patients would require the support of mechanic ventilation. We present a case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection who recovered from cytokine storm. The patients with confirmed COVID-19 progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) rapidly in an incident rate as high as 41.8% 1 , and many of them require mechanic ventilation. Cytokines could be eliminated effectively by extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) 4 , which thus could interrupt the initiation and progression of inflammation cascade in the scenario of COVID-19. IL-6 (198.66 pg/ml) was almost 10 folds of normal range (≤5.9 pg/ml) which indicated an initiation of cytokine storm on day 12 ( Figure 1 ). The patient was largely stable until the chest distress exacerbated and blood in phlegm developed on day 14. Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease
cord-326881-3j2e92dj	2020	Conclusions In a population of elderly patients recently infected with Covid-19, CD10 + B cell levels were inversely correlated with clinical severity. However, clinical expression of Covid-19 is extremely variable, with, in some cases, asymptomatic or mild forms [15] , while in other subjects severe forms culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have been described, requiring patients to be transferred to Intensive Care Units. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the immunological profile of patients at early stages of Covid-19 in order to identify potential risk factors for subsequent clinical deterioration. We conducted an observational, retrospective cohort study on patients admitted to the Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department in Cannes General Hospital, from March to May 2020, with confirmed Covid-19 infection. In a population of elderly patients at a very early stage of Covid-19, we found that levels of CD10+ B lymphocyte cells were predictive of the clinical severity.
cord-328459-nmd81sue	2020	However, no available papers discussed the risk of exposure of family members (FM) of HWs. Aims The present study collected the data of SARS-COV-2 positive FM of HWs using serological rapid IgM/IgG tests (SRT) compared with positive HWs at SRT and serological quantitative IgG test (SQT). The key element of our study was to assess the total number of family members (FM) of HWs positive to SARS-COV-2 infection and the number of positive HWs working in a COVID-19 hospital. The SRT studied both IgG and IgM with a declared sensitivity of 100% for IgG and 85% for IgM SQT used in the study was ELISA test researching IgG anti-S1/anti-S2 for SARS-CoV-2, available and validated for HWs screening in the region of the study (Lombardia, Italy). For both HWs and FMs, exposure to COVID-19 cases, onset of suspicious symptoms (also before the study period since the 1 st February 2020), photos of the serological tests after 10 minutes, serological tests'' platforms, past medical history, drugs and clinical course were registered.
cord-330136-o8df8szx	2020	40 non-survivors had test result of hs-TnI，they were divided into two groups based on cardiac injury，Further analysis revealed that non-survivors with elevated hs-TnI levels on admission had shorter duration from symptom onset to death, and TnI elevation was related to the dismal prognosis. The mortality of critically ill COVID-19 patients is high, but its mechanism is not clear at present, and it might be related to the virus-induced acute lung injury, inflammatory factor storm. Our study discovered that the level of hs-TnI increased in many patients on admission, indicating that cardiac injury occurred in the early stage of the disease.The incidence rate of cardiac injury among patients at admission was 16.44%, with the non-survivors having an incidence rate of as high as 25.53%. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China
cord-330692-rqwkkfp0	2020	
cord-330819-vfagxsdz	2018	Using enhanced hospital based surveillance of childhood ARI we identify seasonal patterns in hospitalizations as a proxy for transmission and explore the relationship of hospitalizations associated with virus detection with rainfall, temperature, and dew point, to try and identify contributing factors to observed seasonality. To examine the relationship between monthly average rain, temperature, and dew point and incidence hospitalized childhood ARI infections, we estimated the cross-wavelet transform between the z-standardized time series (we subtracted the mean of the time series and divided by the standard deviation) of weather and viral detections (Cazelles et al., 2008) . We evaluated seasonal patterns and associations with weather of hospitalizations for several respiratory viruses using three lines of evidence: 1) Poisson regression examining the relative incidence across months of virus detections adjusted for weather covariates, 2) cross-wavelet transforms of hospitalizations with viral detections, and 3) a sensitivity analysis with a logistic regression model finding odds ratio of hospitalizations with viral detections and weather variables.
cord-332348-yi85sfks	2020	Recently, some researchers have reported that patients with COVID-19 would suffer from neurosensory dysfunction, including loss of smell (hyposmia) and taste (hypogeusia), with a prevalence of 5.1%-98% [2] [3] [4] [5] for hyposmia, and 5.6%-90.3% [2, 4, 5] for J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f hypogeusia. To clarify the onset time and duration of these symptoms will offer help for early diagnosis and accurate management of In this study, we report the characteristic neurosensory dysfunction in 44 of 86 patients with COVID-19. In this study, we detailly provided the exact time of onset and duration of neurosensory dysfunction, including hyposmia, hypogeusia and tinnitus, of patients with COVID-19. In conclusion, the present study detailly provided the exact time of onset and duration of neurosensory dysfunction, and reported the viral load of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
cord-334603-yt2pmxi3	2020	title: Mortality in COVID-19 disease patients: Correlating Association of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants Abstract As the 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 spreads globally, differences in adverse clinical management outcomes have been associated with associated with age >65years, male gender, and co-morbidities such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular comorbidity and immunosuppression. HLA-DQB1*06:02 has been selected for increased resistance to Yersinia pestis in immigrants from Africa to Europe, engagement of CD4+ T-cells to HLA-DQB1*06:02 leads to increased, pro-inflammatory IL-17 production, independent of the MHC class II presented peptides (12) and confers increased risk to the development of anti-myelin directed autoimmune responses (13) . DRB3*02:02 is linked to Grave''s disease (44) , serum IgG antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae with essential hypertension (45) and acute necrotizing encephalopathy (46) In conclusion, there appears to be no selective pressure from MHC class I alleles for SARS-CoV-2 variants tested.
cord-336954-rh88lod0	2020	OBJECTIVES: Since the first case of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) identified on Jan 20, 2020 in South Korea, the number of cases rapidly increased, resulting in 6,284 cases including 42 deaths as of March 6, 2020. However, the number of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection started to increase rapidly on February 19, 2020 with a total of 6,284 confirmed COVID-19 cases including 42 deaths reported as of March 6, 2020 according to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) (KCDC, 2020) ( Table 1 ). Under the empirical reporting delay distribution from early Korean cases with available dates of onset, the intrinsic growth rate (r) was estimated at 0.6 (95% CI: 0.6, 0.7) and the scaling of growth parameter (p) was estimated at 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.8), indicating sub-exponential growth dynamics of COVID-19
cord-338225-8dlxnpcn	2020	Abstract Objectives Given the high need and the absence of specific antivirals for treatment of COVID-19 (the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-2 [SARS-CoV-2]), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors are being considered as therapeutic alternatives. Methods Prezcobix/Rezolsta is a fixed-dose combination of 800mg of the HIV protease inhibitor darunavir (DRV) and 150mg cobicistat, a CYP3A4 inhibitor, which is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV infection. The in vitro antiviral activity of darunavir against a clinical isolate from a patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. Results DRV showed no activity against SARS-CoV-2 at clinically relevant concentrations (EC50 >100μM). Conclusions Overall, the data do not support the use of DRV for treatment of COVID-19. Overall, the data do not support use of darunavir for treatment of COVID-19 CoV-2]), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors are being considered as 23 therapeutic alternatives.
cord-338576-gh1plurq	2020	Finally, we derive a simple-to-use formula and table that allows laboratories performing sample pooling to assess the optimum pool size at a presently experienced target prevalence rate. table that allows laboratories performing sample pooling to assess the optimum pool size at a presently experienced target prevalence rate. Here we provide a simple strategy to estimate the optimum pool size for a two-staged pooling based on a known target prevalence. The optimum pool size for a given frequency is defined by the local minima of the isolines in figure 1A and can be more precisely determined by the first derivative of equation 1 Results from our analysis clearly demonstrate the relation between target prevalence rates and optimum pool sizes in a two staged pooling strategy. The relation between the estimated analyses per specimen and a pool size are given for various target prevalence rates as defined by equation 1 (isolines; A). Local minima suggest optimum pool sizes at the respective target prevalence rate (isolines; A).
cord-339576-0d6sa9pe	2020	Our data support that a greater SARS-CoV-2 inoculi at the time of exposure might determine a higher risk of severe COVID-19. Herein we report three clusters of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Madrid, in which infected persons experienced divergent clinical outcomes, namely severe, mild or asymptomatic. In this cluster, low viral exposures along with social distancing would J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f account for more benign clinical forms of COVID-19, along with asymptomatic and uninfected cases. In this cluster, indoor continuous viral exposure could account for a wider presentation of clinical forms of COVID-19, being all residents infected. In this cluster, a large indoor viral exposure seemed to account for infection of all attenders and development of severe clinical forms in half of them. Timeframe of SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 disease severity in persons belonging to groups with different viral exposure
cord-340279-bq5owwot	2020	key: cord-340279-bq5owwot title: Patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations show undetectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid cord_uid: bq5owwot Abstract We report that patients with COVID-19 displaying distinct neurological disorders have undetectable or extremely low levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, indicating that viral clearance precede the neurological involvement. • SARS-CoV-2 RNA is mainly undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid. • SARS-CoV-2 clearance in the cerebrospinal fluid may precede the neurological involvement. • Common neuropathogens should be investigated in the CSF of COVID-19 patients. CSF analysis showed normal to mild elevated protein levels, and 86 pleocytosis was particularly observed in the cases of meningoencephalitis (Table 2) . Status of SARS-CoV-2 in 127 cerebrospinal fluid of patients with COVID-19 and stroke Guillain-Barré syndrome related 130 to COVID-19 infection Two patients with 132 acute meningo-encephalitis concomitant to SARS-CoV-2 infection Guillain-Barré syndrome as 137 a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection Neurologic Features in Severe 141 SARS-CoV-2 Infection
cord-340410-s9haq8y1	2020	
cord-340992-88t1c0zs	2020	Asymptomatic individuals carrying SARS-CoV-2 are hidden drivers of the pandemic, and infectivity studies confirm the existence of transmission by asymptomatic individuals. The first study cluster comprised of five family members from Anyang, China, who developed COVID-19 symptoms and tested positive by RT-PCR after acquiring the infection from the index case, an asymptomatic visitor from Wuhan who later tested positive 20 . Similar to the Diamond Princess, another study of an Argentinian expedition cruise ship found that 59% of the 217 passengers tested positive for COVID-19; 81% of those infected were asymptomatic virus carriers 24 . When assessing public health risks raised by asymptomatic COVID-19 cases it is important to determine whether the infectivity varies between asymptomatic, presymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. Since this also indicates a higher incidence of asymptomatic infections in younger people, it needs to be examined whether this group, especially children, could silently, yet efficiently, contribute to the spread of COVID-19. Asymptomatic cases in a family cluster with SARS-CoV-2 infection
cord-341775-mucatzaa	2016	Mass gathering sporting and religious events pose important public health challenges, including the transmission of infectious diseases, exacerbation of non-communicable diseases, and disorders related to climate change. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, which is the largest mass gathering in the world held on a recurrent annual basis. Mass gatherings at religious events can pose major public health challenges, particularly the transmission of infectious diseases. Lethal infectious disease outbreaks were common during Hajj in the 19th and 20th centuries although they have now been controlled to a great extent by the huge investments made by the KSA into public health prevention and surveillance programs. Lethal infectious disease outbreaks were common during Hajj in the 19th and 20th centuries although they have now been controlled to a great extent by the huge investments made by the KSA into public health prevention and surveillance programs.
cord-343789-6tq0kcfd	2014	
cord-344478-5gp7v1uh	2020	title: Clarifying the record on hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 The study from Arshad et al on the use of hydroxychloroquine, with and without azithromycin, for the treatment of inpatients with COVID-19 in one healthcare system (Henry Ford Health System) is a new entrant into the rapidly expanding literature on the treatment of this disease [1, 2] . Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine Cut Death Rate Significantly in COVID-19 Patients, Henry Ford Health System Study Shows
cord-345275-h0hvaxgx	2020	title: Potential effective treatment for COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis of the severe infectious disease with convalescent plasma therapy (iii) The intervention measure was convalescent blood products containing CP (iiii) reporting at least one outcome of interest (mortality, symptom duration, hospital length of stay, antibody levels, viral load, adverse events and other specific outcomes of CP therapy). A retrospective controlled study on SARS-CoV showed no deaths in 19 patients who received CP therapy, and there was a statistically significant difference in the case fatality ratio (CFR) compared with the control group (0% vs 23.8% 95% CI, 6 to 42 P=0.049) [10] . Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection Retrospective study on collecting convalescent donor plasma for the treatment of patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection
cord-346461-eqyte6ko	2020	
cord-347349-caz5fwl1	2020	
cord-347499-7q47jh14	2020	
cord-347907-0nrejsgr	2016	
cord-349418-98sgr5iv	2020	
cord-349645-6o8773c5	2020	
cord-351740-779g8tr1	2020	
cord-354780-yzyixucr	2020	
cord-355343-dtdsd8j2	2020	
cord-355480-mx9dbm73	2020	
cord-356074-kw8c2fgk	2020