# pos

id: cord-285228-famhbr16
pos: ADD
token:
  https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirusdisease-2019-(covid-19

lemma:
  https://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirusdisease-2019-(covid-19


# ent

id: cord-293154-vudycqos
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cough upper respiratory infection fever chills shortness of breath anosmia wheezing pneumonia asthma musculoskeletal pain


id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof
type: ORG
entity:
  Current Comprehensive Information on Pathogenesis Microbiology Epidemiology Diagnosis Treatment and Prophylaxis Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy Brucellosis


id: cord-330255-dvhuwm7c
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus 2019 nCoV early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions medRxiv Early epidemiological assessment of the transmission


id: cord-331558-6rqd3fmj
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Interim Guidelines for Collecting Handling and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons Under Investigation


id: cord-331558-6rqd3fmj
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Health Commission Trial Version 7 World Health Organization World Health Organization Summary of


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
type: GGP
entity:
  EEI6 p 0 05 shows that due to this shut down poor people will be severely affected the price of the basic products


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
type: GGP
entity:
  SEI2 4 0 336 0 493 and SEI10 0 418 The PC3 Third showed 7 196 of the variance and was moderate positively loaded for immediate emerging issues IEI1 5 0 546 0 665 The PC4 Four indicated 6 792 of the variance and was loaded with a significant level of strong positive loadings for immediate


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
type: ORG
entity:
  Mental Health Status Healthcare System Governance and Political Perspective Socio Economic Aspects and Emerging Issues


id: cord-312136-o5xsmg3z
type: DNA
entity:
  IHR the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network GOARN the Public Health Emergency Operations Centre Network EOC NET


id: cord-312136-o5xsmg3z
type: GGP
entity:
  HIV AIDS SARS H1N1 and Ebola Global health security the wider lessons from the West African Ebola virus disease


id: cord-339861-yq1qeo5d
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Change of Risk of New Crown Pneumonia in Sub Counties of Gansu Province National Health Commission of People s Republic of China Notice on Further Expediting the Novel Coronavirus Nucleic Acid Detection Capability in Medical Institutions Strategies


id: cord-339861-yq1qeo5d
type: ORG
entity:
  Peking University Ministry of Education of People s Republic of China Scientific and Precise Epidemic Prevention


id: cord-294427-6eiligyy
type: GGP
entity:
  magazines 3 13 1 35 social media 2 70 1 30 friends or relatives 2 31 1 04 and television 1 93 1 14 Similarly confidence in information released by public health authorities was 4 44 0 82 out of five significantly higher F value 2350 686 p 0 001 than printed or online newspaper and magazines 2 90 1 05 friends or relatives 2 15 0 87 television 2 13 0 99 and social media 1 71 0 82 No statistically significant differences were found between the American and Canadian participants with regards to their information sources or the confidence in each source Table 2 On average both groups of participants were significantly more concerned for the health of their loved ones 4 18 0 98 out of five over that of their own 2 97 1 22 95 CI 1 145 1 271 p 0 001 Participants rated the likelihood of contracting COVID 19 during this pandemic to be 3 24 1 01 out of five which was significantly less likely than catching a common cold 4 71 0 71 95 CI 0 313 0 449 p 0 001 but significantly more likely than getting a heart attack in their lifetime 2 86 0 90 95 CI 1 405 1


id: cord-294427-6eiligyy
type: ORG
entity:
  Risks Ottawa Public Health Agency of Canada Government of Canada World Health Organization Mental Health


id: cord-315609-naqo1m0r
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinical Implications of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Ototoxicity for COVID 19 Treatment A Mini Review date 2020


id: cord-309663-h06876ok
type: ORG
entity:
  The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH Emerging Infectious Diseases World Health Organization Report


id: cord-309663-h06876ok
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization World Organisation for Animal Health Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations World Health Organization World Organisation for Animal Health Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations


id: cord-309663-h06876ok
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization World Organisation for Animal Health Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations


id: cord-268822-o86zpu92
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization 2020 Duty to Plan Health Care Crisis Standards of Care and Novel Coronavirus SARS CoV


id: cord-347898-appzi43a
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Status of Psychological Issues Among Frontline Health Workers Confronting the Coronavirus Disease 2019


id: cord-343205-zjw4fbfd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  ValCrònic Quasi Experimental study Impact of telemonitoring home care patients with heart failure or chronic lung disease from primary care


id: cord-343205-zjw4fbfd
type: GGP
entity:
  Parkinson s disease PD also require ongoing multidisciplinary care 43 Established programs such as the Ontario Telemedicine Network the ParkinsonNet infrastructure in the Netherlands and that of Kaiser Permanente in the US all display the ability to integrate telehealth into PD patient care 44 Areas for growth include the reimbursement of nursing homes


id: cord-343205-zjw4fbfd
type: ORG
entity:
  the Transregional Network for Stroke Intervention with Telemedicine TRANSIT Stroke Impact of Statewide Telestroke Network


id: cord-325965-kqbeinez
type: EVENT
entity:
  an Influenza Outbreak A Training Package for Community Health Workers Infection Control Measures for Healthcare of Patients With Acute Respiratory Diseases in Community Settings Community Health Workers


id: cord-325965-kqbeinez
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Strengthening Primary Healthcare Strengthening Primary Healthcare through Community Health Workers Through Community Health Workers Investment Case and Financing Recommendations


id: cord-340563-hsj53inh
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Pediococcus pentosaceus 5 33 3 Leuconostoc mesenteroides 32 77 1 L paracasei ssp paracasei 19 L plantarum 2 362


id: cord-346138-ip42zcld
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Human coronavirus host pathogen interaction Measures


id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NIH NIAID grant R01AI108993 01A1 Gregory Gray PI Current Infectious Disease Challenges Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Types of Influenza Viruses Influenza A H3N2 virus in swine at agricultural fairs


id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rhinorrhea nasal congestion cough sneezing pharyngitis keratoconjunctivitis pneumonia meningitis gastroenteritis cystitis


id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H5N1 virus Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Serologic evidence of exposure to influenza D virus


id: cord-285228-famhbr16
type: GGP
entity:
  coronaviruses i e COVID 19 SARS and MERS and cough in influenza The most likely order of the four easily discernible symptoms


id: cord-285228-famhbr16
type: ORG
entity:
  Drawing Hasse Diagram Team RC R A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing Endothelial


id: cord-331375-tbuijeje
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pandemic Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome


id: cord-313489-i969aqn9
type: ORG
entity:
  Transmission Based Precautions Review of Scientific Data Regarding Transmission of Infectious Agents


id: cord-354678-tlba8flz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Use of Implementation Science Tools to Design Implement and Monitor a Community Based mHealth Intervention for Child Health


id: cord-291855-wtwz94sy
type: ORG
entity:
  the Chair of the United Nations Committee on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities on Behalf of the Committee on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities


id: cord-302384-gljfslhs
type: DNA
entity:
  Almonawra Albaha Aljouf Quriat Aseer Bisha Eastern Region Haiel Jazan Najran Northern Borders Qaseem Riyadh


id: cord-260420-4s7akmdp
type: ORG
entity:
  the Canadian Institutes of Health Research the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada


id: cord-260420-4s7akmdp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza s seasonality Physico chemical characteristics of evaporating respiratory fluid droplets Isoelectric points of viruses Nanoscale aerovirology an efficient yet simple method to analyze the viral distribution of single bioaerosols The Pollution Particulate Concentrator PoPCon


id: cord-355537-pckjq1n2
type: ORG
entity:
  Surveillance Dashboard South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control SC Testing Data


# url

id: cord-285228-famhbr16
domain: www.who.int
url:
  http://www.who.int/publicationsdetail/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirusdisease-2019-(covid-19


# bib

id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof
title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept
author: Cantas, Leon
date: 2014-10-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196475/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144
abstract:
  An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, sometimes by a vector, is called zoonosis. The focus of this review article is on the most common emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases. The role of “One Health” approach, public health education, and some measures that can be taken to prevent zoonotic bacterial infections are discussed. Key points: A zoonotic bacterial disease is a disease that can be very commonly transmitted between animals and humans. Global climate changes, overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, more intensified farm settings, and closer interactions with animals facilitate emergence or re-emergence of bacterial zoonotic infections. The global “One Health” approach, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment, will support public health in general. New strategies for continuous dissemination of multidisciplinary research findings related to zoonotic bacterial diseases are hence needed.


id: cord-253211-klewqw7u
title: Factors Influencing Mental Health of Medical Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak
author: Zhang, Yan
date: 2020-09-22
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072685/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00491
abstract:
  Background: Since the outbreak of COVID-19, physical and psychological harm has been spreading across the global population alongside the spread of the virus. Currently, the novel coronavirus has spread to most countries in the world, and its impact on the public is also increasing. As a high-risk group in direct contact with the virus, medical workers should be monitored, and their mental health deserves extensive attention. The aim of this study was to explore the mental health of medical workers facing the novel coronavirus and the main factors affecting it. Methods: The present cross-sectional study including 2,100 eligible individuals from 1,050 hospitals in China was conducted through the network platform powered by www.wjx.cn, a platform providing functions equivalent to Amazon Mechanical Turk. We used a self-designed questionnaire to collect demographic information and data on mental states, including gender, age (years), educational level, job rank, body and mind reaction, cognition of risk, and the judgment of the epidemic situation. Independent samples t-tests and one-way (ANOVA) analysis were carried out to compare the differences in the mental reactions according to the demographic and psychological states of the participants. Results: There were 502 males (23.9%) and 1,598 females (76.1%). The participants reported feeling calm (39.1%), tense (63.0%), scared (31.4%), angry (18.8%), sad (49.0%), afraid (34.7%), optimistic (5.1%), impressed (65.0%), and confident (31.1%) during the epidemic. At the same time, the psychological stress responses of medical staff were significantly different according to the levels of exposure in their environments, duration and personal experience. Conclusions: Prolonged exposure to the virus and intense work are detrimental to the mental health of medical care personnel. It is necessary to adjust work conditions and intensity according to workers' mental state flexibly and systematically.


id: cord-253367-n6c07x9q
title: Hazard Prevention, Death and Dignity During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
author: Ussai, Silvia
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-253367-n6c07x9q.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253367-n6c07x9q.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00509
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00509
summary:
  This, in contrast with Ebola or Marburg diseases, where dead bodies are known to be associated with contagion; (2) the option for decedents with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 to be buried or cremated; (3) respect of customs, with family''s chance to view the body after it has been prepared for burials, using standard precautions at all times including hand hygiene; (4) body wrapping in cloth and deceased transfer as soon as possible to the mortuary area. 648 (2) , establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. 648 (2) , establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. During the emergency phase, Italy banned burial procedures based (i) on the recent acknowledgment about the virus environmental stability (4) as well as (ii) its national civil contingency plan.

abstract:
  On 9 March 2020, Italy passed the Prime Minister's Decree n. 648, establishing urgent measures to contain the transmission of COVID-19 and prevent biological hazards, including very restrictive interventions on public Holy Masses and funerals. Italy banned burial procedures based (i) on the recent acknowledgment about the virus environmental stability as well as (ii) its national civil contingency plan. Hence, only the cremation process is admitted for COVID-19 deaths. Viewing of the body is permitted only for mourners, which are allowed to perform the prayer at the closing of the coffin and the prayer at the tomb (cf. Rite of Succession, first part n. 3 and n. 5). The dead cannot be buried in their personal clothes; however, priests have been authorized to put the family clothes on top of the corpse, as if they were dressed. Burying personal items is also illegal. The dignity of the dead, their cultural and religious traditions, and their families should be always respected and protected. Among all the threats, COVID-19 epidemic in Italy revealed the fragility of human beings under enforced isolation and, for the first time, the painful deprivation of families to accompany their loved ones to the last farewell. Ethics poses new challenges in times of epidemics.


id: cord-254043-1slz1dvr
title: No Evidence for Temperature-Dependence of the COVID-19 Epidemic
author: Jamil, Tahira
date: 2020-08-26
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00436
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00436
abstract:
  The pandemic of the COVID-19 extended from China across the north-temperate zone, and more recently to the tropics and southern hemisphere. The hypothesis that COVID-19 spread is temperature-dependent was tested based on data derived from nations across the world and provinces in China. No evidence of a pattern between spread rates and ambient temperature was found, suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to behave as a seasonal respiratory virus.


id: cord-259178-2opfkm7l
author: Gao, Ya
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-259178-2opfkm7l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259178-2opfkm7l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32984256/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.554247
summary:
  title: Research Collaboration and Outcome Measures of Interventional Clinical Trial Protocols for COVID-19 in China This study aimed to analyze research collaboration and distribution of outcome measures in registered interventional clinical trials (ICTs) of COVID-19 conducted in China. This study was designed to evaluate the cooperation between institutions and the distribution of outcome measures in registered interventional clinical trials (ICTs) of COVID-19 conducted in China, to provide a reference for future researchers to register and carry out COVID-19 clinical trials. We included registered ICTs of COVID-19 that conducted in China without restricting the types of interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the registered ICTs of COVID-19 conducted in China using the bibliometric analysis method and presented collaborations of provinces and institutions, and the distribution of outcome measures by using visual network maps and density maps.

title:
  Research Collaboration and Outcome Measures of Interventional Clinical Trial Protocols for COVID-19 in China

abstract:
  Background: Research collaboration of registered clinical trials for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze research collaboration and distribution of outcome measures in registered interventional clinical trials (ICTs) of COVID-19 conducted in China. Methods: The International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, China Clinical Trials Registry, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched to obtain COVID-19-registered ICTs up to May 25, 2020. Excel 2016 was used to perform a descriptive statistical analysis of the extracted information. VOSviewer 1.6.14 software was used to generate network maps for provinces and institutions and create density maps for outcomes. Results: A total of 390 ICTs were included, and the number of daily registrations fluctuated greatly. From 29 provinces in China, 430 institutions contributed to the registration of ICTs. The top three productive provinces were Hubei (160/390, 41.03%), Shanghai (60/390, 15.38%), and Beijing (59/390, 15.13%). The top three productive institutions were Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (30/390, 7.69%), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (18/390, 4.62%), and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (18/390, 4.62%). Collaborations between provinces and institutions were not close enough. There were many interventions, but many trials did not provide specific drugs and their dosage and treatment duration. The most frequently used primary outcome was Chest/lung CT (53/390, 13.59%), and the most frequently used secondary outcome was hospital stay (33/390, 8.46%). There was a large difference in the number of outcomes, the expression of some outcomes was not standardized, the measurement time and tools for some outcomes were not clear, and there was a lack of special outcomes for trials of traditional Chinese medicine. Conclusions: Although there were some collaborations between provinces and institutions of the current COVID-19 ICT protocols in China, cooperation between regions should be further strengthened. The identified deficiencies in interventions and outcome measures should be given more attention by future researchers of COVID-19.


id: cord-259619-sco0d5cc
author: Ludvigsson, Johnny
date: 2020-09-30
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.562901
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.562901
abstract: nan
title:
  Corona Pandemic: Assisted Isolation and Care to Protect Vulnerable Populations May Allow Us to Shorten the Universal Lock-Down and Gradually Re-open Society


id: cord-260420-4s7akmdp
title: Bioaerosols and Transmission, a Diverse and Growing Community of Practice
author: Mubareka, Samira
date: 2019-02-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30847337/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00023
abstract:
  The transmission of infectious microbes via bioaerosols is of significant concern for both human and animal health. However, gaps in our understanding of respiratory pathogen transmission and methodological heterogeneity persist. New developments have enabled progress in this domain, and one of the major turning points has been the recognition that cross-disciplinary collaborations across spheres of human and animal health, microbiology, biophysics, engineering, aerobiology, infection control, public health, occupational health, and industrial hygiene are essential. Collaborative initiatives support advances in topics such as bioaerosol behavior, dispersion models, risk assessment, risk/exposure effects, and mitigation strategies in clinical, experimental, agricultural, and other field settings. There is a need to enhance the knowledge translation for researchers, stakeholders, and private partners to support a growing network of individuals and agencies to achieve common goals to mitigate inter- and intra-species pathogen transmission via bioaerosols.


id: cord-264697-b3wd6gww
title: Characteristic of 523 COVID-19 in Henan Province and a Death Prediction Model
author: Ma, Xiaoxu
date: 2020-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-264697-b3wd6gww.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264697-b3wd6gww.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00475
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00475
summary:
  This study was conducted to delineate the clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) of different degree and establish a death prediction model. In this multi-centered, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 523 COVID-19 cases discharged before February 20, 2020 in Henan Province, China, compared clinical data, screened for high-risk fatal factors, built a death prediction model and validated the model in 429 mild cases, six fatal cases discharged after February 16, 2020 from Henan and 14 cases from Wuhan. In this study, we collected data of 523 discharged cases of novel coronavirus infection in Henan Province, China and compared the demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory test, imaging between the mild, severe survivors and nonsurvivors. In considering age is among leading risk factors for poor prognosis in several studies (3, 6, 7, (9) (10) (11) , we firstly constructed models by using single age, which could achieve and AUC of 0.907 (95% CI 0.831-0.983) for death and alive severe COVID-19 patients.

abstract:
  Certain high-risk factors related to the death of COVID-19 have been reported, however, there were few studies on a death prediction model. This study was conducted to delineate the clinical characteristics of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) of different degree and establish a death prediction model. In this multi-centered, retrospective, observational study, we enrolled 523 COVID-19 cases discharged before February 20, 2020 in Henan Province, China, compared clinical data, screened for high-risk fatal factors, built a death prediction model and validated the model in 429 mild cases, six fatal cases discharged after February 16, 2020 from Henan and 14 cases from Wuhan. Out of the 523 cases, 429 were mild, 78 severe survivors, 16 non-survivors. The non-survivors with median age 71 were older and had more comorbidities than the mild and severe survivors. Non-survivors had a relatively delay in hospitalization, with higher white blood cell count, neutrophil percentage, D-dimer, LDH, BNP, and PCT levels and lower proportion of eosinophils, lymphocytes and albumin. Discriminative models were constructed by using random forest with 16 non-survivors and 78 severe survivors. Age was the leading risk factors for poor prognosis, with AUC of 0.907 (95% CI 0.831–0.983). Mixed model constructed with combination of age, demographics, symptoms, and laboratory findings at admission had better performance (p = 0.021) with a generalized AUC of 0.9852 (95% CI 0.961–1). We chose 0.441 as death prediction threshold (with 0.85 sensitivity and 0.987 specificity) and validated the model in 429 mild cases, six fatal cases discharged after February 16, 2020 from Henan and 14 cases from Wuhan successfully. Mixed model can accurately predict clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-268179-bmtfanax
title: Bibliometric Analysis on COVID-19: A Comparison of Research Between English and Chinese Studies
author: Fan, Jingchun
date: 2020-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-268179-bmtfanax.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268179-bmtfanax.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00477
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00477
summary:
  Conclusions: The publications in English have enabled medical practitioners and scientists to share/exchange information, while on the other hand, the publications in the Chinese language have provided complementary educational approaches for the local medical practitioners to understand the essential and key information to manage COVID-19 in the relatively remote regions of China, for the general population with a general level of education. We set either twice or four times as the minimum frequency of keywords occurrence in English or Chinese publications, respectively, reflecting the number of included studies (143 or 721, respectively) and the consequent analysis results. The publications in English have enabled doctors/scientists to share/exchange information at the international level; the publications in the Chinese language provides complementary educational approaches for the local doctors to understand the essential and key information to manage COVID-19 in the relatively remote regions of China for the general population.

abstract:
  Background: As an emerging infectious disease, COVID-19 has garnered great research interest. We aimed to explore the differences between English language and Chinese language Medical/Scientific journals publications, particularly aiming to explore the efficacy/contents of the literature published in English and Chinese in relation to the outcomes of management and characterization of COVID-19 during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Publications on COVID-19 research were retrieved from both English and Chinese databases. Bibliometric analyses were performed using VOSviewer 1.6.14, and CiteSpace V software. Network maps were generated to evaluate the collaborations between different authors, countries/provinces, and institutions. Results: A total of 143 English and 721 Chinese original research articles and reviews on COVID-19 were included in our study. Most of the authors and institutions of the papers were from China before March 1st, 2020, however, the distribution of authors and institutions were mainly in developed countries or more wealthy areas of China. The range of the keywords in English publications was more extensive than those in Chinese. Traditional Chinese Medicine was seen more frequently in Chinese papers than in English. Of the 143 articles published in English, 54 articles were published by Chinese authors only and 21 articles were published jointly by Chinese and other overseas authors. Conclusions: The publications in English have enabled medical practitioners and scientists to share/exchange information, while on the other hand, the publications in the Chinese language have provided complementary educational approaches for the local medical practitioners to understand the essential and key information to manage COVID-19 in the relatively remote regions of China, for the general population with a general level of education.


id: cord-268822-o86zpu92
author: Anser, Muhammad Khalid
date: 2020-08-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33014954/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00398
title:
  Communicable Diseases (Including COVID-19)—Induced Global Depression: Caused by Inadequate Healthcare Expenditures, Population Density, and Mass Panic

abstract:
  Coronavirus (COVID-19) is spreading at an enormous rate and has caused deaths beyond expectations due to a variety of reasons. These include: (i) inadequate healthcare spending causing, for instance, a shortage of protective equipment, testing swabs, masks, surgical gloves, gowns, etc.; (ii) a high population density that causes close physical contact among community members who reside in compact places, hence they are more likely to be exposed to communicable diseases, including coronavirus; and (iii) mass panic due to the fear of experiencing the loss of loved ones, lockdown, and shortage of food. In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. The results show that the impact of communicable diseases on economic growth is positive because the infected countries get a reap of economic benefits from other countries in the form of healthcare technologies, knowledge transfers, cash transfers, international loans, aid, etc., to get rid of the diseases. However, the case is different with COVID-19 as it has seized the whole world together in a much shorter period of time and no other countries are able to help others in terms of funding loans, healthcare facilities, or technology transfers. Thus, the impact of COVID-19 in the given study is negatively impacting countries' economic growth that converts into a global depression. The high incidence of poverty and social closeness increases more vulnerable conditions that spread coronavirus across countries. The momentous increase in healthcare expenditures put a burden on countries' national healthcare bills that stretch the depression phase-out of the boundary. The forecasting relationship suggested the negative impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the global economy would last the next 10 years. Unified global healthcare policies, physical distancing, smart lockdowns, and meeting food challenges are largely required to combat the coronavirus pandemic and escape from global depression.


id: cord-270467-es6dnx36
author: Frisardi, Vincenza
date: 2020-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-270467-es6dnx36.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270467-es6dnx36.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00351
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00351
abstract: nan
summary:
  An article published on Frontiers Public Health supported the evidence of possible mechanisms linking IR and COVID-19 severity via the upregulation of ACE 2, the protein involved in virus entry (1) . We need to understand the molecular mechanisms related to the higher risk both of being infected by SARS-CoV-2 and of developing a more severe disease (COVID-19). The International Severe Acute Respiratory & Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) International report of 1,123 patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 found that obesity was the fifth most observed comorbidity in hospitalized patientsonly somewhat less common than "high-risk" pulmonary conditions 2 . As reported from the authors, in people with obesity and diabetes, it is clear that other mechanisms independent of ACE2 expression are likely to contribute to the more severe phenotype of COVID-19. Coronavirus and obesity: could insulin resistance mediate the severity of COVID-19 infection?

title:
  Commentary: Coronavirus and Obesity: Could Insulin Resistance Mediate the Severity of Covid-19 Infection?


id: cord-274163-yxl9a9u7
author: Yadav, Uday Narayan
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-274163-yxl9a9u7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274163-yxl9a9u7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00508
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00508
summary:
  These interactions can affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of PLWNCDs. In this paper, we discuss the effects of the COVID-19 syndemic on PLWNCDs, particularly how it has exposed them to NCD risk factors and disrupted essential public health services. We argue that, for people living with NCDs (PLWNCDs), COVID-19 is considered a syndemic-a synergistic pandemic that interacts with various pre-existing medical conditions and social, ecological, and political factors and exacerbates existing NCDs. Studies have reported higher proportions of frailty (13, 14) , malnutrition (15) , psychological problems (16) , and coinfections, including antimicrobial resistance pathogens, among PLWNCDs (17) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs).

title:
  A Syndemic Perspective on the Management of Non-communicable Diseases Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

abstract:
  The global coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly affected the lives of people living with non-communicable diseases (PLWNCDs). The health of PLWNCDs worsens when synergistic epidemics or “syndemics” occur due to the interaction between socioecological and biological factors, resulting in adverse outcomes. These interactions can affect the physical, emotional, and social well-being of PLWNCDs. In this paper, we discuss the effects of the COVID-19 syndemic on PLWNCDs, particularly how it has exposed them to NCD risk factors and disrupted essential public health services. We conclude by reflecting on strategies and policies that deal with the COVID-19 syndemic among PLWNCDs in low- and middle-income countries.


id: cord-284519-cufyqv7h
title: Impact of Social Determinants of Health on the Emerging COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States
author: Singu, Sravani
date: 2020-07-21
txt: ./txt/cord-284519-cufyqv7h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284519-cufyqv7h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793544/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00406
summary:
  Studying the social determinants of health (SDOH), and how they impact disadvantaged populations during times of crisis, will help governments to better manage health emergencies so that every individual has equal opportunity to staying healthy. The CDC confirmed that individuals with preexisting diagnoses of asthma, cardiovascular (CVD), hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or are elderly, immunocompromised, or obese have higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19 (4) . For example, education level of an individual can impact his or her occupation, which determines economic stability and income level, which can impact the type of healthcare the individual is eligible for and what neighborhood the individual lives in, which then impacts the social and community context the individual is surrounded by and those factors played important role in current COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, health literacy was played a major role in whether an individual understands a health emergency situation, such as COVID-19 pandemic, and whether he or she will follow recommendations, such as social distancing.

abstract:
  A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) caused a global pandemic in the months following the first four cases reported in Wuhan, China, on December 29, 2019. The elderly, immunocompromised, and those with preexisting conditions—such as asthma, cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or obesity—experience higher risk of becoming severely ill if infected with the virus. Systemic social inequality and discrepancies in socioeconomic status (SES) contribute to higher incidence of asthma, CVD, hypertension, CKD, and obesity in segments of the general population. Such preexisting conditions bring heightened risk of complications for individuals who contract the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) from the virus (2019-nCoV)—also known as “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2). In order to help vulnerable groups during times of a health emergency, focus must be placed at the root of the problem. Studying the social determinants of health (SDOH), and how they impact disadvantaged populations during times of crisis, will help governments to better manage health emergencies so that every individual has equal opportunity to staying healthy. This review summarizes the impact of social determinants of health (SDOH) during the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-285228-famhbr16
title: Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19
author: Larsen, Joseph R.
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-285228-famhbr16.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285228-famhbr16.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473
summary:
  To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. The seven-symptom implementation of the Stochastic Progression Model of COVID-19 shows that these additional symptoms did not perturb our initial ordering of fever, coughing, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea, but instead added another level of intricacy in the middle of the likely paths (Figure 4) . The most likely path of COVID-19 symptoms is fever, then cough, and next either sore throat, myalgia, or headache, followed by nausea/vomiting, and finally diarrhea, and this order is the same as the one indicated by the implementation developed from the confirmation dataset (COVID-19 with N = 1,099) (Figure 4) (16) .

abstract:
  COVID-19 is a pandemic viral disease with catastrophic global impact. This disease is more contagious than influenza such that cluster outbreaks occur frequently. If patients with symptoms quickly underwent testing and contact tracing, these outbreaks could be contained. Unfortunately, COVID-19 patients have symptoms similar to other common illnesses. Here, we hypothesize the order of symptom occurrence could help patients and medical professionals more quickly distinguish COVID-19 from other respiratory diseases, yet such essential information is largely unavailable. To this end, we apply a Markov Process to a graded partially ordered set based on clinical observations of COVID-19 cases to ascertain the most likely order of discernible symptoms (i.e., fever, cough, nausea/vomiting, and diarrhea) in COVID-19 patients. We then compared the progression of these symptoms in COVID-19 to other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, SARS, and MERS, to observe if the diseases present differently. Our model predicts that influenza initiates with cough, whereas COVID-19 like other coronavirus-related diseases initiates with fever. However, COVID-19 differs from SARS and MERS in the order of gastrointestinal symptoms. Our results support the notion that fever should be used to screen for entry into facilities as regions begin to reopen after the outbreak of Spring 2020. Additionally, our findings suggest that good clinical practice should involve recording the order of symptom occurrence in COVID-19 and other diseases. If such a systemic clinical practice had been standard since ancient diseases, perhaps the transition from local outbreak to pandemic could have been avoided.


id: cord-290314-ldv9hsv1
title: On Determining the Age Distribution of COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Cortis, Dominic
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-290314-ldv9hsv1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290314-ldv9hsv1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574295/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00202
summary:
  The higher rate of mortality of COVID-19 in elderly individuals has been discussed in many reports. National Office statistics tend to group age distribution in three cohorts: less than 15 years old (youths), 15 to 64 years old (working population), and above 65 years old (elderly). The distribution of expected cases based on standard population statistics is compared to the same distribution for observed COVID-19 cases together with the old age dependency ratio (OADR) being the ratio of elderly to working population for each study. The proportion of COVID-19 confirmed cases for youths is lower in China (1.55%, 0.89%) than South Korea (4.04%) as individuals with mild symptoms would have not been tested as in South Korea. Age distributions can also partially explain why some countries such as Turkey have a low COVID-19 mortality rate despite the high number of cases.

abstract:
  Pandemics tend to have higher occurrence (morbidity) in younger individuals but higher mortality for the elderly. The higher rate of mortality of COVID-19 in elderly individuals has been discussed in many reports. However, this pandemic is a double-edged sword as this comment shows higher morbidity rates in elderly as well. This is shown by comparing the age distribution of cases in China and South Korea to the relative populations. In every case, the relative number of elderly contracting the virus is far higher than the proportion of elderly in the population. This is unlike past pandemics and shows that aging populations are at an even higher risk than the perceived age dependent rates may imply.


id: cord-291279-8rfx9qde
author: Li, Zhuman
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-291279-8rfx9qde.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291279-8rfx9qde.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00385
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00385
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment With Traditional Chinese Medicine: Response Philosophy in Another Culture More than 40,000 medical staffs including traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) doctors from all over the country were called up to Wuhan, and other cities in Hubei provinces to treat patients 4 . According to a news release from the National Administration of TCM, the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medical treatment can achieve satisfactory results for resolution of symptoms of COVID-19 6 . Even COVID-19 is brand new emerging severe infectious disease caused by a brand new coronavirus and no specific drug is used to cure in modern medicine, TCM still has confidence to fight the epidemic. Traditional Chinese medicine contributes to the treatment of COVID-19 patients Analysis and thinking on traditional Chinese medicine in preventing and treating severe cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia Traditional Chinese medicine theory and clinical study on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (NCP) infection

title:
  Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment With Traditional Chinese Medicine: Response Philosophy in Another Culture


id: cord-291855-wtwz94sy
author: Tambone, Vittoradolfo
date: 2020-06-16
txt: ./txt/cord-291855-wtwz94sy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291855-wtwz94sy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32612972/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00284
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Ethical Criteria for the Admission and Management of Patients in the ICU Under Conditions of Limited Medical Resources: A Shared International Proposal in View of the COVID-19 Pandemic According to the above, we propose the following five ethical criteria for the triage of patients in conditions of limited resources, such as the COVID pandemic. It is rooted in the idea of human dignity, which gives birth to the humanitarian imperative conveyed in the first core principle of "disaster medicine"; the common good also means that, in a Global Health framework, patients are not just isolated individuals but persons with strong ties to their communities, and therefore both patient and community need to be taken into account (5); (b) no one must be abandoned or discriminated against for any reason (6); (c) before denying a necessary referral of a patient to an ICU, due to lack of resources, it is required to consider alternatives both for the immediate case and, based on the experience gained, for similar future cases.

title:
  Ethical Criteria for the Admission and Management of Patients in the ICU Under Conditions of Limited Medical Resources: A Shared International Proposal in View of the COVID-19 Pandemic


id: cord-292026-cj43pn0f
title: Approaches to Daily Monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Northern Italy
author: Moirano, Giovenale
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-292026-cj43pn0f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292026-cj43pn0f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574301/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00222
summary:
  We (i) estimated the time-varying reproduction number (R(t)), the average number of secondary cases that each infected individual would infect at time t, to monitor the positive impact of restriction measures; (ii) applied the generalized logistic and the modified Richards models to describe the epidemic pattern and obtain short-term forecasts. Both models were fitted to data in order to characterize the pattern of the epidemic in its early phases, produce 5 days forecast of the number of new infections, and estimate the peak time and the final size of the epidemic curve. Estimated time trends and 5-day forecasts for daily COVID-19 deaths should theoretically follow, by ∼1-15 days, the trends of new cases, and are thus less informative for decision making, but are possibly less affected by testing and reporting variations (Figure 4 , results from the GLM model only).

abstract:
  Italy was the first European country affected by the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic, with the first autochthonous case identified on Feb 21st. Specific control measures restricting social contacts were introduced by the Italian government starting from the beginning of March. In the current study we analyzed public data from the four most affected Italian regions. We (i) estimated the time-varying reproduction number (R(t)), the average number of secondary cases that each infected individual would infect at time t, to monitor the positive impact of restriction measures; (ii) applied the generalized logistic and the modified Richards models to describe the epidemic pattern and obtain short-term forecasts. We observed a monotonic decrease of R(t) over time in all regions, and the peak of incident cases ~2 weeks after the implementation of the first strict containment measures. Our results show that phenomenological approaches may be useful to monitor the epidemic growth in its initial phases and suggest that costly and disruptive public health controls might have had a positive impact in limiting the Sars-Cov-2 spread in Northern Italy.


id: cord-292315-7vwybku8
author: Jung, Gyuwon
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-292315-7vwybku8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292315-7vwybku8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305
summary:
  Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. As shown in Table 2 , the released contact trace data included (1) the patient''s demographics (i.e., nationality, gender, age, and residence), (2) infection information (i.e., infection route and confirmation date), and (3) travel log in time series (e.g., transport modes and visited places). The codebook has an ordinal scale of privacy risk levels and the scale quantifies relative risks from five major categories: demographics (nationality, gender, age), significant places (residence, workplace), sensitive information (hobby, religion, accommodation), social relationships, and routine behavior. In particular, the data from Sejong revealed the most detailed information on significant places (the average privacy risk levels for residence and workplace in Sejong were over level 3), whereas Ulsan showed a relatively high percentage of data disclosure on social relationships (i.e., 72.4% of the confirmed patients in Ulsan).

title:
  Too Much Information: Assessing Privacy Risks of Contact Trace Data Disclosure on People With COVID-19 in South Korea

abstract:
  Introduction: With the COVID-19 outbreak, South Korea has been making contact trace data public to help people self-check if they have been in contact with a person infected with the coronavirus. Despite its benefits in suppressing the spread of the virus, publicizing contact trace data raises concerns about individuals' privacy. In view of this tug-of-war between one's privacy and public safety, this work aims to deepen the understanding of privacy risks of contact trace data disclosure practices in South Korea. Method: In this study, publicly available contact trace data of 970 confirmed patients were collected from seven metropolitan cities in South Korea (20th Jan–20th Apr 2020). Then, an ordinal scale of relative privacy risk levels was introduced for evaluation, and the assessment was performed on the personal information included in the contact trace data, such as demographics, significant places, sensitive information, social relationships, and routine behaviors. In addition, variance of privacy risk levels was examined across regions and over time to check for differences in policy implementation. Results: It was found that most of the contact trace data showed the gender and age of the patients. In addition, it disclosed significant places (home/work) ranging across different levels of privacy risks in over 70% of the cases. Inference on sensitive information (hobby, religion) was made possible, and 48.7% of the cases exposed the patient's social relationships. In terms of regional differences, a considerable discrepancy was found in the privacy risk for each category. Despite the recent release of government guidelines on data disclosure, its effects were still limited to a few factors (e.g., workplaces, routine behaviors). Discussion: Privacy risk assessment showed evidence of superfluous information disclosure in the current practice. This study discusses the role of “identifiability” in contact tracing to provide new directions for minimizing disclosure of privacy infringing information. Analysis of real-world data can offer potential stakeholders, such as researchers, service developers, and government officials with practical protocols/guidelines in publicizing information of patients and design implications for future systems (e.g., automatic privacy sensitivity checking) to strike a balance between one's privacy and the public benefits with data disclosure.


id: cord-293154-vudycqos
author: Sinha, Sanjai
date: 2020-09-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33042950/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00514
title:
  Implementation of Video Visits During COVID-19: Lessons Learned From a Primary Care Practice in New York City

abstract:
  Background: During the height of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, there was an unprecedented demand for “virtual visits,” or ambulatory visits conducted via video interface, in order to decrease the risk of transmission. Objective: To describe the implementation and evaluation of a video visit program at a large, academic primary care practice in New York, NY, the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and participants: We included consecutive adults (age > 18) scheduled for video visits from March 16, 2020 to April 17, 2020 for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 related complaints. Intervention: New processes were established to prepare the practice and patients for video visits. Video visits were conducted by attendings, residents, and nurse practitioners. Main measures: Guided by the RE-AIM Framework, we evaluated the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, and Implementation of video visits. Key results: In the 4 weeks prior to the study period, 12 video visits were completed. During the 5-weeks study period, we completed a total of 1,030 video visits for 817 unique patients. Of the video visits completed, 42% were for COVID-19 related symptoms, and the remainder were for other acute or chronic conditions. Video visits were completed more often among younger adults, women, and those with commercial insurance, compared to those who completed in-person visits pre-COVID (all p < 0.0001). Patients who completed video visits reported high satisfaction (mean 4.6 on a 5-point scale [SD: 0.97]); 13.3% reported technical challenges during video visits. Conclusions: Video visits are feasible for the delivery of primary care for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-294427-6eiligyy
title: The North American Layman''s Understanding of COVID-19: Are We Doing Enough?
author: Salimi, Ali
date: 2020-07-03
txt: ./txt/cord-294427-6eiligyy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294427-6eiligyy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719768/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00358
summary:
  Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, an online survey targeted to North Americans focused on the public''s knowledge of COVID-19, risk perception, and precautionary behaviors taken in response to this pandemic. The results of this study highlight that this relatively young and educated sample of North Americans had a high level of knowledge about COVID-19 and a large proportion of them were taking the precautionary measures against this pandemic. To that end, this study aimed to compare and contrast the level of knowledge, risk perception, and precautionary measures taken in response to COVID-19, between populations of the United States of America (US) and Canada. To date, the US has reported the highest rate of COVID-19 positive cases in the world and therefore, by understanding the public''s attitude and risk perception toward the current pandemic, we hope to provide valuable information to help develop adequate populationtailored communication protocols that are effective in disease prevention and containment.

abstract:
  Background: In the absence of an effective vaccine, public health policies are aimed at awareness, and education of the general public in order to contain the quickly spreading COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the recommended precautionary measures are dependent on human behaviors and therefore their effectiveness largely depends on peoples' perception and attitudes toward the disease. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, risk perception, and precautionary measures taken in response to COVID-19 in North America. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, an online survey targeted to North Americans focused on the public's knowledge of COVID-19, risk perception, and precautionary behaviors taken in response to this pandemic. Descriptive analyses were performed for the whole population and the subgroup analyses contrasted the differences between Americans and Canadians. Results: The cohort comprised 1,264 relatively young participants with an average age of 28.6 ± 9.8 years. The vast majority (>90%) were knowledgeable about COVID-19. Regarding risk perception, about a quarter assumed to be at less risk to contract the disease, and 42.8% considered themselves to be less contagious than others. While the vast majority avoided performing risky behaviors, only a small proportion (13.2%) wore a face mask—which is in line with the public health recommendations of the two countries at the time of data collection. Overall, a larger proportion of Canadian participants (55.8%) were satisfied with the performance of their national public health in response to the current pandemic, compared to their American counterparts (12.2%). Discussion: Data regarding the public's knowledge of COVID-19, risk perception, and behaviors in response to this pandemic is limited. The results of this study highlight that this relatively young and educated sample of North Americans had a high level of knowledge about COVID-19 and a large proportion of them were taking the precautionary measures against this pandemic. However, a significant number of individuals believe to be at less risk of contracting the disease compared to the general population. Educating the public that no one is safe from this disease, could play a role in further limiting risky behaviors and ultimately facilitating disease containment.


id: cord-294863-5qf5dqdg
author: Ricci, Fabrizio
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-294863-5qf5dqdg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294863-5qf5dqdg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574294/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00199
abstract: nan
summary:
  The lockdown set up in many countries to combat the COVID-19 epidemic entails unprecedented disruption of lives and work, determining specific risks related to mental and physical health in the general population, especially among those who stopped working during the current outbreak (1) . The implementation of confinement policies to contain COVID-19 could be a catalyst for concealed mental and physical health conditions, further enhancing the effects of psychosocial risk factors, including stress, social isolation, and negative emotions that may act as barriers against behavioral changes toward an active lifestyle and negatively impact on global health, well-being and quality of life, ultimately resulting in result in a range of chronic health conditions (2, 3). While recognizing the importance of confinement policies set up to contain COVID-19 pandemic, we firmly recommend the relevance of home-based programs for FIGURE 1 | Physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep recommendations, and tips for COVID-19 quarantine period.

title:
  Recommendations for Physical Inactivity and Sedentary Behavior During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic


id: cord-301052-qdhkwa4s
title: The Battle Against COVID-19 in Jordan: An Early Overview of the Jordanian Experience
author: Al-Tammemi, Ala'a B.
date: 2020-05-07
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00188
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00188
abstract:
  Since the initial spark of the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2019, which was later declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be a global pandemic, all affected countries are implementing various preventive and control measures to mitigate the spread of the disease. The newly emerging virus brings with it uncertainty—not only regarding its behavior and transmission dynamics but also regarding the current lack of approved antiviral therapy or vaccines—and this represents a major challenge for decision makers at various levels and sectors. This article aims to provide an early overview of the COVID-19 battle within the Jordanian context, including general reflections and conclusions on the value of collaborative efforts in crises management.


id: cord-302384-gljfslhs
author: Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K.
date: 2020-05-27
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217
title:
  Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

abstract:
  Background: Saudi Arabia has taken unprecedented and stringent preventive and precautionary measures against COVID-19 to control its spread, safeguard citizens and ensure their well-being. Public adherence to preventive measures is influenced by their knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, using data collected via an online self-reported questionnaire, from 3,388 participants. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Results: The majority of the study participants were knowledgeable about COVID-19. The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 17.96 (SD = 2.24, range: 3–22), indicating a high level of knowledge. The mean score for attitude was 28.23 (SD = 2.76, range: 6–30), indicating optimistic attitudes. The mean score for practices was 4.34 (SD = 0.87, range: 0–5), indicating good practices. However, the results showed that men have less knowledge, less optimistic attitudes, and less good practice toward COVID-19, than women. We also found that older adults are likely to have better knowledge and practices, than younger people. Conclusions: Our finding suggests that targeted health education interventions should be directed to this particular vulnerable population, who may be at increased risk of contracting COVID-19. For example, COVID-19 knowledge may increase significantly if health education programs are specifically targeted at men.


id: cord-309663-h06876ok
author: Olea-Popelka, Francisco
date: 2018-06-12
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00167
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00167
title:
  Building a Multi-Institutional and Interdisciplinary Team to Develop a Zoonotic Tuberculosis Roadmap

abstract:
  Tuberculosis (TB), as the major infectious disease in the world, has devastating consequences for not only humans, but also cattle and several wildlife species. This disease presents additional challenges to human and veterinary health authorities given the zoonotic nature of the pathogens responsible for the disease across species. One of the main public health challenges regarding zoonotic TB (ZTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is that the true incidence of this type of TB in humans is not known and is likely to be underestimated. To effectively address challenges posed by ZTB, an integrated One Health approach is needed. In this manuscript, we describe the rationale, major steps, timeline, stakeholders, and important events that led to the assembling of a true integrated multi-institutional and interdisciplinary team that accomplished the ambitious goal of developing a ZTB roadmap, published in October, 2017. It outlines key activities to address the global challenges regarding the prevention, surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment of ZTB. We discuss and emphasize the importance of integrated approaches to be able to accomplish the short (year 2020) and medium term (year 2025) goals outlined in the ZTB roadmap.


id: cord-312136-o5xsmg3z
author: Kuznetsova, Lidia
date: 2020-09-08
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00470
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00470
title:
  COVID-19: The World Community Expects the World Health Organization to Play a Stronger Leadership and Coordination Role in Pandemics Control

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been accompanied by the return of the concept of national state and exhibited signs of crisis of globalism and liberalism. The pandemic affected most aspects of society and human activity, including socioeconomic impact. Economic problems, shortages of medical supplies and personnel, xenophobic sentiments, and misinformation led to the use of unethical practices and human rights violations. To navigate through this crisis, many countries resorted to traditional diplomacy in the absence of effective international instruments. Thus, the world faced the urgent need in functioning global governance. The pandemic also manifested the increasing importance of international organizations as sources of technical expertise, providing scientific basis for politicians to legitimize their decisions and actions. The article addresses the topic of implications of the pandemic for governance and forecasting a post-pandemic future. The research focus of this paper, therefore, is the assessment of the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in prevention and response to pandemics. The work is aimed at identifying the functions of the WHO and assessing its activities in prevention and control of pandemics and response to the COVID-19 pandemic in particular. Furthermore, the objective of this article is to identify gaps in the WHO pandemic control efforts and formulate recommendations on addressing them.


id: cord-313489-i969aqn9
title: Does COVID-19 Spread Through Droplets Alone?
author: Galbadage, Thushara
date: 2020-04-24
txt: ./txt/cord-313489-i969aqn9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313489-i969aqn9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00163
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00163
abstract: nan
summary:
  Social or physical distancing helps reduce the transmission of respiratory droplets containing SARS-CoV-2 and slows the incidence of the disease by reducing the opportunities for potential viral exposures. Precautions to prevent the spread by droplets as recommended by both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) are to (1) wash hands with soap, (2) avoid touching viral entry points, such as eyes, nose, and mouth, (3) cover the mouth when coughing or sneezing, (4) wear a facemask if sick and (5) practice social distancing by putting 6 feet of distance between individuals. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to remain viable longer on surfaces taken together with its higher virulence in establishing an infection makes it very likely that this coronavirus uses other modes of transmission in addition to respiratory droplets (Figure 1) .


id: cord-315609-naqo1m0r
author: Prayuenyong, Pattarawadee
date: 2020-05-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574312/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00252
title:
  Clinical Implications of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Ototoxicity for COVID-19 Treatment: A Mini-Review

abstract:
  At this time of the COVID-19 pandemic, potentially effective treatments are currently under urgent investigation. Benefits of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 infection have been proposed and clinical trials are underway. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, typically used for the treatment of malaria and autoimmune diseases, have been considered for off-label use in several countries. In the literature, there are reports of ototoxic effects of the drugs causing damage to the inner ear structures, which then result in hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or imbalance. This mini-review represents a summary of the findings from a systematic search regarding ototoxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the published literature. The characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss and/or tinnitus after chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine treatment can be temporary but reports of persistent auditory and vestibular dysfunction exist. These are not frequent, but the impact can be substantial. Additionally, abnormal cochleovestibular development in the newborn was also reported after chloroquine treatment in pregnant women. The suggested dose of chloroquine for COVID-19 infection is considerably higher than the usual dosage for malaria treatment; therefore, it is plausible that the ototoxic effects will be greater. There are potential implications from this review for survivors of COVID-19 treated with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine. Patient reports of hearing loss, tinnitus, or imbalance should be noted. Those with troublesome hearing loss, tinnitus and/or imbalance are encouraged to be referred for hearing evaluation and interventions once they are stable. Clinical trials of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine should also consider including audiological monitoring in the protocol.


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
author: Bodrud-Doza, Md.
date: 2020-06-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32676492/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00341
title:
  Psychosocial and Socio-Economic Crisis in Bangladesh Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perception-Based Assessment

abstract:
  Background: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the partial lockdown, the disease intensity, weak governance in the healthcare system, insufficient medical facilities, unawareness, and the sharing of misinformation in the mass media has led to people experiencing fear and anxiety. The present study intended to conduct a perception-based analysis to get an idea of people's psychosocial and socio-economic crisis, and the possible environmental crisis, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Methods: A perception-based questionnaire was put online for Bangladeshi citizens of 18 years and/or older. The sample size was 1,066 respondents. Datasets were analyzed through a set of statistical techniques including principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: There was a positive significant association between fear of the COVID-19 outbreak with the struggling healthcare system (p < 0.05) of the country. Also, there was a negative association between the fragile health system of Bangladesh and the government's ability to deal with the pandemic (p < 0.05), revealing the poor governance in the healthcare system. A positive association of shutdown and social distancing with the fear of losing one's own or a family members' life, influenced by a lack of healthcare treatment (p < 0.05), reveals that, due to the decision of shutting down normal activities, people may be experiencing mental and economic stress. However, a positive association of the socio-economic impact of the shutdown with poor people's suffering, the price hike of basic essentials, the hindering of formal education (p < 0.05), and the possibility of a severe socio-economic and health crisis will be aggravated. Moreover, there is a possibility of a climate change-induced disaster and infectious diseases like dengue during/after the COVID-19 situation, which will create severe food insecurity (p < 0.01) and a further healthcare crisis. Conclusions: The partial lockdown in Bangladesh due to the COVID-19 pandemic increased community transmission and worsened the healthcare crisis, economic burden, and loss of GDP despite the resuming of industrial operations. In society, it has created psychosocial and socio-economic insecurity among people due to the loss of lives and livelihoods. The government should take proper inclusive steps for risk assessment, communications, and financial stimulus toward the public to alleviate their fear and anxiety, and to take proper action to boost mental health and well-being.


id: cord-321835-qn33sx8x
author: Bailey, Emily S.
date: 2018-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321835-qn33sx8x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104
summary:
  In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. Influenza A virus H3N2 subtypes are frequently reported in swine, avian, and canine hosts that are responsible for highly infectious respiratory diseases in pigs and have been examined as a potential cause of influenza in humans. In a recent review of the risks of potential outbreaks associated with zoonotic Ad (48) , it was noted that intense human-animal interaction is likely to increase the probability of emergent cross-species Ad infection. This suggests that strategies for novel virus detection should incorporate global surveillance at the human-animal interface to detect potentially emerging zoonotic viruses. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome

title:
  A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses

abstract:
  During the last two decades, scientists have grown increasingly aware that viruses are emerging from the human–animal interface. In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. In addition to SARS, other respiratory pathogens have also emerged recently, contributing to the high burden of respiratory tract infection-related morbidity and mortality. Among the recently emerged respiratory pathogens are influenza viruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses. As the genesis of these emerging viruses is not well understood and their detection normally occurs after they have crossed over and adapted to man, ideally, strategies for such novel virus detection should include intensive surveillance at the human–animal interface, particularly if one believes the paradigm that many novel emerging zoonotic viruses first circulate in animal populations and occasionally infect man before they fully adapt to man; early detection at the human–animal interface will provide earlier warning. Here, we review recent emerging virus treats for these four groups of viruses.


id: cord-325965-kqbeinez
title: Community Health Workers and Pandemic Preparedness: Current and Prospective Roles
author: Boyce, Matthew R.
date: 2019-03-26
txt: ./txt/cord-325965-kqbeinez.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325965-kqbeinez.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00062
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00062
summary:
  CHWs promoted pandemic preparedness prior to the epidemics by increasing the access to health services and products within communities, communicating health concepts in a culturally appropriate fashion, and reducing the burdens felt by formal healthcare systems. During the epidemics, CHWs promoted pandemic preparedness by acting as community-level educators and mobilizers, contributing to surveillance systems, and filling health service gaps. Acknowledging the importance of CHWs in extending health services to vulnerable populations filling health system gaps, as well as their involvement in previous outbreaks, herein we discuss several roles CHWs currently play in promoting inherent and adaptive resilience and discuss future opportunities for CHWs to better sub-national pandemic preparedness and response. Through their routine work, CHWs contribute to inherent resilience and pandemic preparedness by increasing access to health products and services, distributing health information, and reducing the burden felt by the formal healthcare system-all of which act to buffer against emergencies.

abstract:
  Despite the importance of community health workers (CHWs) to health systems in resource-constrained environments, relatively little has been written about their contributions to pandemic preparedness. In this perspective piece, we draw from the response to the 2014 Ebola and 2015 Zika epidemics to review examples whereby CHWs contributed to health security and pandemic preparedness. CHWs promoted pandemic preparedness prior to the epidemics by increasing the access to health services and products within communities, communicating health concepts in a culturally appropriate fashion, and reducing the burdens felt by formal healthcare systems. During the epidemics, CHWs promoted pandemic preparedness by acting as community-level educators and mobilizers, contributing to surveillance systems, and filling health service gaps. Acknowledging the success CHWs have had in these roles and in previous interventions, we propose that the cadre may be better engaged in pandemic preparedness in the future. Some practical strategies for achieving this include training and using CHWs to communicate One Health information to at-risk communities prior to outbreaks, pooling them into a reserve health corps to be used during public health emergencies, and formalizing agreements and strategies to promote the early engagement of CHWs in response actions. Recognizing that CHWs already play a role in pandemic preparedness, we feel that expanding the roles and responsibilities of CHWs represents a practical means of improving pandemic and community-level resilience.


id: cord-327005-7zgolyqf
author: Zhang, Lan
date: 2020-06-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32612971/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00255
title:
  Clinical Features of 33 Cases in Children Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Anhui Province, China–A Multi-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

abstract:
  Background: As of 23rd February 2020, China had 77,048 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, and only 2. 1% of patients were under the age of 19 years. Morbidity among children was much lower, with milder or absent signs and symptoms; chest CT scans showed milder symptoms, if at all, compared to adults. Objective: Report the epidemiological, clinical features, laboratory, radiological characteristics, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Compare additional signs and symptoms, investigate familial clustering, compare laboratory results, and find out relevance between age and typical chest CT scans in patients. Methods: We studied 33 young patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Anhui Province of China by 16th February 2020. Their signs, symptoms, and familial clustering were analyzed. We compared the laboratory test results, age, and gender among three parts based on their chest CT scans. Results: Familial clustering was seen in 30 (30/33; 90.91%) patients; three families had seven confirmed members infected with the disease. Eight (8/33; 24.24%) patients had no symptoms, 12 (12/33; 36.36%) patients had only fever, nine (9/33; 27.27%) patients had fever and additional symptoms, and 12 (12/33; 36.36%) patients had no fever. Dry cough was the most common additional symptom. In 25 (25/33; 75.76%) patients, the percent of lymphocytes decreased; 26 (26/33; 78.79%) patients were older than 7 years. More male than female patients and patients older than 8 years showed typical abnormalities in the chest CT scans (P = 0.038). Only two 18 years old patients had hepatic injury. Conclusion: Children's infection is mild and familial clustering was the most common channel. The older patients had more typical ground glass opacity (GGO) or consolidation in chest CT scans. Cases without fever strongly suggested that non-symptomatic children should not be assumed to be free of infection when their family members have confirmed infection. Most children showed clinical features distinguishable from adults and with increased susceptibility within family members.


id: cord-330255-dvhuwm7c
title: COVID-19 UK Lockdown Forecasts and R(0)
author: Dropkin, Greg
date: 2020-05-29
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00256
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00256
abstract:
  Introduction: The first reported UK case of COVID-19 occurred on 30 January 2020. A lockdown from 24 March was partially relaxed on 10 May. One model to forecast disease spread depends on clinical parameters and transmission rates. Output includes the basic reproduction number R(0) and the log growth rate r in the exponential phase. Methods: Office for National Statistics data on deaths in England and Wales is used to estimate r. A likelihood for the transmission parameters is defined from a gaussian density for r using the mean and standard error of the estimate. Parameter samples from the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm lead to an estimate and credible interval for R(0) and forecasts for cases and deaths. Results: The UK initial log growth rate is r = 0.254 with s.e. 0.004. R(0) = 6.94 with 95% CI (6.52, 7.39). In a 12 week lockdown from 24 March with transmission parameters reduced throughout to 5% of their previous values, peaks of around 90,000 severely and 25,000 critically ill patients, and 44,000 cumulative deaths are expected by 16 June. With transmission rising from 5% in mid-April to reach 30%, 50,000 deaths and 475,000 active cases are expected in mid-June. Had such a lockdown begun on 17 March, around 30,000 (28,000, 32,000) fewer cumulative deaths would be expected by 9 June. Discussion: The R(0) estimate is compatible with some international estimates but over twice the value quoted by the UK government. An earlier lockdown could have saved many thousands of lives.


id: cord-331375-tbuijeje
author: Villalobos, Carlos
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-331375-tbuijeje.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331375-tbuijeje.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33102412/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00489
summary:
  This paper provides an estimation of the accumulated detection rates and the accumulated number of infected individuals by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This paper provides an estimation of the accumulated detection rates and the accumulated number of infected individuals by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By weighting the age-stratified IFRs by the country population agegroups shares in each country, it is possible to obtain countryspecific IFRs. The relevance of this study is 3-fold: Firstly, the estimation of the true number of infections includes not only confirmed cases but COVID-19 undetected cases, as well as SARS-CoV-2infected individuals without the disease, or in a pre-symptomatic stage. In order to provide reliable estimates of the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and of the cumulative detection rates, it is necessary that governments provide real-time information about the number of COVID-19 deaths.

title:
  SARS-CoV-2 Infections in the World: An Estimation of the Infected Population and a Measure of How Higher Detection Rates Save Lives

abstract:
  This paper provides an estimation of the accumulated detection rates and the accumulated number of infected individuals by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Worldwide, on July 20, it has been estimated above 160 million individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, it is found that only about 1 out of 11 infected individuals are detected. In an information context in which population-based seroepidemiological studies are not frequently available, this study shows a parsimonious alternative to provide estimates of the number of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. By comparing our estimates with those provided by the population-based seroepidemiological ENE-COVID study in Spain, we confirm the utility of our approach. Then, using a cross-country regression, we investigated if differences in detection rates are associated with differences in the cumulative number of deaths. The hypothesis investigated in this study is that higher levels of detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections can reduce the risk exposure of the susceptible population with a relatively higher risk of death. Our results show that, on average, detecting 5 instead of 35 percent of the infections is associated with multiplying the number of deaths by a factor of about 6. Using this result, we estimated that 120 days after the pandemic outbreak, if the US would have tested with the same intensity as South Korea, about 85,000 out of their 126,000 reported deaths could have been avoided.


id: cord-331558-6rqd3fmj
title: Role of the Eye in Transmitting Human Coronavirus: What We Know and What We Do Not Know
author: Sun, Chuan-bin
date: 2020-04-24
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00155
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00155
abstract:
  The outbreak of the current 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, now named SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a worldwide health threat. Currently, more information is needed so as to further understand the transmission and clinical characteristics of 2019-nCoV infection and the infection control procedures required. Recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-nCoV has been intensively discussed. Previous investigations of other highly infectious human CoVs, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), may provide useful information. In this review, we describe the genomics and morphology of human CoVs, the epidemiology, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, and mechanisms of human CoV infection, and recommendations for infection control procedures. The role of the eye in the transmission of 2019-nCoV is discussed in detail. Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of the ocular surface and upper respiratory tract are connected by the nasolacrimal duct and share the same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses, the eye is rarely involved in human CoV infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and the CoV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV infection is also extremely low. This suggests that the eye is neither a preferred organ of human CoV infection nor a preferred gateway of entry for human CoVs for infecting the respiratory tract. However, pathogens that the ocular surface is exposed to might be transported to nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa by constant tear rinsing through the lacrimal duct system and then cause respiratory tract infection. Considering that close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice and is apt to transmit human CoVs by droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice.


id: cord-332108-6riu44fw
author: Alanezi, Fahad
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-332108-6riu44fw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332108-6riu44fw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00494
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00494
summary:
  Objective: Focusing on these aspects, this manuscript reviews public awareness about COVID-19, myths surrounding it, its symptoms, treatment, transmission, importance of information sources, types of information to be considered in awareness campaigns, promotional channels, and their implications in Saudi Arabia. Results: Awareness levels of the participants related to COVID-19, its means of transmission, preventive measures, symptoms, and treatment were identified to be moderate to high (60–80%). It included various sections, including questions related to general awareness of COVID-19 (four items), its symptoms (six items), transmission (three items), preventive care (10 items), treatment options (two items), myths (eight items), types of information (15 items), communication/promotional channels (nine items), and sources of information (five items). Firstly, this study contributes to the literature by providing the relationship between awareness and self-care practices adopted by the public considering the COVID-19 outbreak, reflecting the people''s attitudes toward the pandemic and preventive measures.

title:
  Implications of Public Understanding of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia for Fostering Effective Communication Through Awareness Framework

abstract:
  Background: Participation of the public is an important and most effective approach for controlling the spread of novel coronavirus. However, considering its novel nature, it is important to create awareness among the public to be able to take timely preventive measures. On the contrary, misinformation and myths from online communities result in severe damages in mitigation of this novel disease. Objective: Focusing on these aspects, this manuscript reviews public awareness about COVID-19, myths surrounding it, its symptoms, treatment, transmission, importance of information sources, types of information to be considered in awareness campaigns, promotional channels, and their implications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: An online questionnaire-based survey was used for collecting data related to five major aspects related to COVID-19 and awareness creation process. The survey was accessed by 1,881 people, out of whom 741 people participated in the survey. However, 150 dropouts left the survey in between, as a result of which a final sample of 591 was achieved, indicating the response rate of 39.3% and a completion rate of 79.76%. Results: Awareness levels of the participants related to COVID-19, its means of transmission, preventive measures, symptoms, and treatment were identified to be moderate to high (60–80%). However, reliance on a few myths and violation of certain preventive measures were identified with majority of the participants (more than 60%). The Ministry of Health was identified to be the most reliable source of information followed by family and friends. Moreover, 15 types of information were identified to be highly relevant and important, which need to be effectively disseminated among the public through effective communication channels. Conclusions: Lack of awareness can result in serious outcomes in relation to COVID-19. Effective awareness campaigns including relevant information from reliable sources can improve the knowledge of people, and they must be effective in developing positive attitudes among the public toward adopting preventive measures.


id: cord-333460-4ui8i9u5
author: Li, Qing
date: 2020-09-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33042955/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.562885
title:
  The Psychological Health Status of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study in Guangdong, China

abstract:
  Background: The sudden outbreak of COVID-19 has caused mental stress on healthcare workers (HCW). This study aimed to assess their psychological health status at the peak of COVID-19 and to identify some coping strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted during the outbreak of COVID-19. The survey was completed by 908/924 HCW (response rate 98.27%) in government-designated hospitals in Guangdong, China. A quality of life (QoL) scale, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate their psychological status. Logistic regression models were used to identify the occupational factors related to anxiety or depression. Results: A total of 221 (24.34%) respondents had varying levels of anxiety, and 299 (32.93%) of them had depression. The mean SAS (42.9) and SDS (47.8) scores of HCW indicated that they were in the normal range for both anxiety and depression. Contact with COVID-19 cases or suspected cases, worry about suffering from COVID-19, worry about their family, and dismission during the COVID-19 period were significant work-related contributing factors to the psychological health problems of HCW (all p<0.01). Conclusions: The overall psychological health status of HCW in Guangdong, China, during the outbreak of COVID-19 was not overly poor. Updating and strengthening training in disease information, the provision of adequate medical supplies, and care about the life and health of medical staff and their family members may reduce their mental stress.


id: cord-335578-u8b66oos
title: Coronavirus Disease Pandemic Is a Real Challenge for Brazil
author: Simões e Silva, Ana Cristina
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-335578-u8b66oos.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335578-u8b66oos.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00268
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00268
abstract: nan
summary:
  Approximately 56 days after the first case reported in China, on February 26, Brazil officially registered its first patient with COVID-19: a 61-year-old man living in São Paulo who had recently returned from a trip to Italy. Twenty days after the first reported case (March 17, 2020), Brazil registered the first death by COVID-19 in a 62-year-old man with diabetes and heart disease (8). In this regard, another critical aspect is the difference in population adherence to social isolation measures in the different cities and states of the country (14) . The Brazilian scientific community and healthcare workers are working hard to provide support for political health measures to address COVID-19 (15, 16) . COVID-19 in Brazil: advantages of a socialized unified health system and preparation to contain cases Datadriven study of the COVID-19 pandemic via age-structured modelling and prediction of the health system failure in Brazil amid diverse intervention-strategies.


id: cord-339861-yq1qeo5d
title: The Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Gansu and Jinlin Provinces, China
author: Fan, Jingchun
date: 2020-09-11
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.555550
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.555550
abstract:
  The COVID-19 outbreak has become a pandemic. The outbreak was able to be controlled in China by mid-April through the implementation of critical measures; however, significant reverse transmission has resulted in hot spots perturbing prevention and control. To date, there have only been a total of 92 indigenous COVID-19 cases confirmed in the Gansu Province, which is considered to be a consequence of the strict screening approach applied during the outbreak. The emergency response level to COVID-19 were able to be decreased from high to low, despite some relatively minor reverse transmission cases from other countries in March 2020. The stringent preparative measures undertaken by the Gansu authorities, involving high-level, streamlined cooperation between the transportation, quarantine, and medical resource departments, have underpinned this success. There has been an emergence of clusters of freshly infected COVID-19 patients in the Jilin Province in northeast China. The single largest cluster has been in Shulan of the Jilin Province, involving 43 confirmed infections. A strict lockdown was implemented immediately. The source of the current outbreak of COVID-19 is suggested to be travelers returning from Russia. The current strategy from the Chinese authorities is aimed at preventing reverse transmission via international importation to avert a rebound of COVID-19 in China. These data highlight the need for an exceptionally high level of vigilance and for a pre-emptive response that is informative for the development of policy to prevent a second and further waves of infections in general.


id: cord-340563-hsj53inh
title: Using Probiotics to Flatten the Curve of Coronavirus Disease COVID-2019 Pandemic
author: Baud, David
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-340563-hsj53inh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340563-hsj53inh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32574290/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00186
abstract: nan
summary:
  Clinical evidence shows that certain probiotic strains help to prevent bacterial and viral infections, including gastroenteritis, sepsis, and respiratory tract infections (RTIs). In one analysis of more than 8,000 preterm infants included in randomized control trials (RCTs), patients receiving enteral supplementation with probiotics showed a reduction in necrotizing enterocolitis, nosocomial sepsis, and all-cause mortality (14) . But low quality of evidence and conflicting results among different studies calls for additional well-conducted RCTs. It should be noted that not all probiotics, even those with gastrointestinal benefits, necessarily contribute in every way to reducing the risk of respiratory infection. Effects of consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 on common respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in shift workers in a randomized controlled trial Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 improved upper respiratory tract infections via enhancing immune and inflammatory parameters: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study


id: cord-342517-bzmhjvr5
author: Rassouli, Maryam
date: 2020-09-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072688/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00510
title:
  COVID-19 Management in Iran as One of the Most Affected Countries in the World: Advantages and Weaknesses

abstract:
  COVID-19 management is a hot topic due to its extensive spread across the world and the declaration of pandemic status. How a crisis is managed in each country is influenced by several factors, and various strategies are applied in accordance with these factors in order to manage the crisis. Due to the rapid spread and increasing trend of the crisis and the fact that almost more than half of the countries are engaged in this pandemic, it is impossible to apply trial-and-error based strategies. One of the best strategies is to use the experiences of other countries in dealing with COVID-19. This report explores the advantages and weaknesses of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the management of this crisis in regard with political economic and cultural issues, health service coverage, and the transparency of information that can be used as a model for other countries around the world.


id: cord-343205-zjw4fbfd
author: Bhaskar, Sonu
date: 2020-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00410
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00410
summary:
  Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American College of Cardiology urgently updated its guidance on "Telehealth: Rapid Implementation for Your Cardiology Clinic, " in which it encouraged remote monitoring and virtual visits of patients with cardiac problems (16) . A program developed in Germany known as TRANSIT-stroke, in which rural hospitals established a telemedicine network, saw an improvement in patient outcomes as neurological assessment was made faster, treatments were issued within the required timeframe, and 24 h neurologist access was enabled (27) . The rapid move by various bodies, associations, and providers to use telemedicine in maintaining patient continuity while limiting COVID-19 risks of exposure to patients and healthcare workers will have a long-term impact well-beyond the current pandemic. Key Strategies for clinical management and improvement of healthcare services for cardiovascular disease and diabetes patients in the coronavirus (COVID-19) settings: recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium

title:
  Telemedicine as the New Outpatient Clinic Gone Digital: Position Paper From the Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) International Consortium (Part 2)

abstract:
  Technology has acted as a great enabler of patient continuity through remote consultation, ongoing monitoring, and patient education using telephone and videoconferencing in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era. The devastating impact of COVID-19 is bound to prevail beyond its current reign. The vulnerable sections of our community, including the elderly, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, those with multiple comorbidities, and immunocompromised patients, endure a relatively higher burden of a pandemic such as COVID-19. The rapid adoption of different technologies across countries, driven by the need to provide continued medical care in the era of social distancing, has catalyzed the penetration of telemedicine. Limiting the exposure of patients, healthcare workers, and systems is critical in controlling the viral spread. Telemedicine offers an opportunity to improve health systems delivery, access, and efficiency. This article critically examines the current telemedicine landscape and challenges in its adoption, toward remote/tele-delivery of care, across various medical specialties. The current consortium provides a roadmap and/or framework, along with recommendations, for telemedicine uptake and implementation in clinical practice during and beyond COVID-19.


id: cord-343347-guciupc8
title: Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health
author: Hajj Hussein, Inaya
date: 2015-11-26
txt: ./txt/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269
summary:
  Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) .

abstract:
  Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the “Germ Theory of disease” of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih. In addition, Pasteur was able to generate the first live-attenuated viral vaccine against rabies. Typhoid vaccines were then developed, followed by the plague vaccine of Yersin. At the beginning of World War I, the tetanus toxoid was introduced, followed in 1915 by the pertussis vaccine. In 1974, The Expanded Program of Immunization was established within the WHO for bacille Calmette–Guerin, Polio, DTP, measles, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. The year 1996 witnessed the launching of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. In 1988, the WHO passed a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000 and in 2006; the first vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was developed. In 2010, “The Decade of vaccines” was launched, and on April 1st 2012, the United Nations launched the “shot@Life” campaign. In brief, the armamentarium of vaccines continues to grow with more emphasis on safety, availability, and accessibility. This mini review highlights the major historical events and pioneers in the course of development of vaccines, which have eradicated so many life-threatening diseases, despite the vaccination attitudes and waves appearing through history.


id: cord-343944-nm4dx5pq
title: Advances in Visualization Tools for Phylogenomic and Phylodynamic Studies of Viral Diseases
author: Theys, Kristof
date: 2019-08-02
txt: ./txt/cord-343944-nm4dx5pq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343944-nm4dx5pq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31428595/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00208
summary:
  As a first example, we illustrate the development of innovative visualization software packages on the output of a Bayesian phylodynamic analysis of a rabies virus (RABV) data set consisting of time-stamped genetic data along with two discrete trait characteristics per sequence, i.e., the sampling location-in this case the state within the United States from which the sample originated-and the bat host type. Coalescent-based phylodynamic models that connect population genetics theory to genomic data can infer the demographic history of viral populations (65) , and plots of FIGURE 4 | The PhyloGeoTool offers a visual approach to explore large phylogenetic trees and to depict characteristics of strains and clades-including for example the geographic context and distribution of sampling dates-in an interactive way (17) .

abstract:
  Genomic and epidemiological monitoring have become an integral part of our response to emerging and ongoing epidemics of viral infectious diseases. Advances in high-throughput sequencing, including portable genomic sequencing at reduced costs and turnaround time, are paralleled by continuing developments in methodology to infer evolutionary histories (dynamics/patterns) and to identify factors driving viral spread in space and time. The traditionally static nature of visualizing phylogenetic trees that represent these evolutionary relationships/processes has also evolved, albeit perhaps at a slower rate. Advanced visualization tools with increased resolution assist in drawing conclusions from phylogenetic estimates and may even have potential to better inform public health and treatment decisions, but the design (and choice of what analyses are shown) is hindered by the complexity of information embedded within current phylogenetic models and the integration of available meta-data. In this review, we discuss visualization challenges for the interpretation and exploration of reconstructed histories of viral epidemics that arose from increasing volumes of sequence data and the wealth of additional data layers that can be integrated. We focus on solutions that address joint temporal and spatial visualization but also consider what the future may bring in terms of visualization and how this may become of value for the coming era of real-time digital pathogen surveillance, where actionable results and adequate intervention strategies need to be obtained within days.


id: cord-346138-ip42zcld
title: An Overview of the Temporal Shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Clinical Specimens
author: Zhurakivska, Khrystyna
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-346138-ip42zcld.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32974267/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00487
summary:
  The results highlight how the pharyngeal swab is highly sensitive in the first phase of the disease, while in the advanced stages, other specimens should be considered, such as sputum, or even stool to detect SARS-CoV-2. Several authors therefore suppose an infection of the gastrointestinal tract by the virus (11, 24) , with its continuous elimination with the feces which has been reported to last from 1 to 12 days (24) and in some cases, viral RNA were detected in feces or anal swabs even after the respiratory tests became negative (11, 22, 24) . The reference method for testing positivity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is represented by the pharyngeal swab that is taken from the patient''s nasopharynx or oropharynx and, through an RT-PCR analyzed for the presence of viral RNA (8) .

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 quickly spread in China and has, since March 2020 become a pandemic, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. The causative agent was promptly isolated and named SARS-CoV-2. Scientific efforts are related to identifying the best clinical management of these patients, but also in understanding their infectivity in order to limit the spread of the virus. Aimed at identifying viral RNA in the various compartments of the organism of sick subjects, diagnostic tests are carried out. However, the accuracy of such tests varies depending on the type of specimen used and the time of illness at which they are performed. This review of the literature aims to summarize the preliminary findings reported in studies on Covid-19 testing. The results highlight how the pharyngeal swab is highly sensitive in the first phase of the disease, while in the advanced stages, other specimens should be considered, such as sputum, or even stool to detect SARS-CoV-2. It highlights that most patients already reach the peak of the viral load in the upper airways within the first days of displaying symptoms, which thereafter tend to decrease. This suggests that many patients may already be infectious before symptoms start to appear.


id: cord-346329-xwbtftju
author: Mallow, Peter J.
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-346329-xwbtftju.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00348
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00348
summary:
  The novel coronavirus'' high rate of asymptomatic transmission combined with a lack of testing kits call for a different approach to monitor its spread and severity. The prioritization of limited COVID-19 tests based on CDC guidance emphasized healthcare workers first and those suspectible to the disease second, potentially increasing the spread of the novel coronavirus among those most at risk (18) . The combination of widespread community transmission and lack of testing kits prevented us from having a clear understanding of the novel coronavirus spread, including those most at risk for requiring intensive care. In the absence of wide spread testing prior to or at the initial onset of the epidemic, hospitalizations and hospital utilization become the second-best indicator to monitor the severity and progression of the novel coronavirus. Our threshold of a declining 7-day moving average over a 14-day period, "7&14, " provided a conservative threshold for informing public policy decisions, such as access to healthcare services, regarding the novel coronavirus pandemic.

title:
  When Second Best Might Be the Best: Using Hospitalization Data to Monitor the Novel Coronavirus Pandemic

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus' high rate of asymptomatic transmission combined with a lack of testing kits call for a different approach to monitor its spread and severity. We proposed the use of hospitalizations and hospital utilization data to monitor the spread and severity. A proposed threshold of a declining 7-day moving average over a 14-day period, “7&14” was set to communicate when a wave of the novel coronavirus may have passed. The state of Ohio was chosen to illustrate this threshold. While not the ideal solution for monitoring the spread of the epidemic, the proposed approach is an easy to implement framework accounting for limitations of the data inherent in the current epidemic. Hospital administrators and policy makers may benefit from incorporating this approach into their decision making.


id: cord-347605-6db4gwhk
title: Violence Against Healthcare Workers: A Worldwide Phenomenon With Serious Consequences
author: Vento, Sandro
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-347605-6db4gwhk.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072706/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.570459
abstract: nan
summary:
  Verbal and physical violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) have reached considerable levels worldwide, and the World Medical Association has most recently defined violence against health personnel "an international emergency that undermines the very foundations of health systems and impacts critically on patient''s health" (1) . Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses published at the end of 2019 found a high prevalence of workplace violence by patients and visitors against nurses and physicians (2) , and show that occupational violence against HCWs in dental healthcare centers is not uncommon (3) . The recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses and the World Health Organization condemnation of the attacks against HCWs treating patients with COVID-19 have confirmed the seriousness of the situation regarding violence against doctors and nurses worldwide. Working in remote health care areas, understaffing, emotional or mental stress of patients or visitors, insufficient security, and lack of preventative measures have been identified as underlying factors of violence against physicians in a 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis (26) .


id: cord-347898-appzi43a
author: Hu, Zeming
date: 2020-06-05
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32582616/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00265
abstract: nan
title:
  The Status of Psychological Issues Among Frontline Health Workers Confronting the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic


id: cord-354678-tlba8flz
author: Westgard, Christopher
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-354678-tlba8flz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354678-tlba8flz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32974257/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00411
summary:
  Implementation science proposes various theories, models, and frameworks (called tools henceforth) that can be used to improve diffusion of evidence-based interventions, adapt innovations to local contexts, better understand the implementation setting, and evaluate the implementation process (2, (15) (16) (17) (18) . The current study utilizes an implementation science tool to systematically design, implement, monitor, adapt, and report on a community-based mHealth intervention for child health. Before going to the field to prepare the local actors, the implementation team was trained on the use of the CHEST App, how to coach the CHAs, how to conduct an effective home visit with the tool, and how to identify and report challenges experienced by the CHAs. The CHEST App was developed throughout the 6 months of the installation phase.

title:
  The Use of Implementation Science Tools to Design, Implement, and Monitor a Community-Based mHealth Intervention for Child Health in the Amazon

abstract:
  It is essential to analyze the local context and implementation components to effectively deliver evidence-based solutions to public health problems. Tools provided by the field of implementation science can guide practitioners through a comprehensive implementation process, making innovations more adaptable, efficient, and sustainable. It is equally important to report on the design and implementation process so others can analyze, replicate, and improve on the progress made from an intervention. The current study reports on the design and implementation of an mHealth intervention to improve child health in the Amazon of Peru. The study aims to provide insight into how an implementation science tool can be used to improve implementation and reporting of an evidence-based intervention in a global health setting. Methods: Implementation of a community-based mHealth intervention is analyzed and reported through the lens of the Active Implementation Frameworks (AIF). The AIF is used to analyze the design, implementation, adaptation, and monitoring of the intervention. The implementation process is categorized in the four stages of implementation. The results of the analysis and subsequent implementation activities are reported. Results: The exploration stage was used to learn about the local context in the Amazonian communities and identify an evidence-based solution to address poor child health. Several potential solutions were combined to create an innovative mHealth tool. During the installation stage, the stakeholders worked together to improve the intervention and plan for implementation through human-centered design. The providers in the field were trained and data was gathered to monitor implementation. During initial implementation stage, electronic tablets were distributed to community health agents and continuous quality improvement activities allowed for rapid improvements to be implemented. The intervention moved on to full implementation stage as acceptance and fidelity approached 100%. Conclusion: The AIF highlighted several potential barriers to implementation that may have been overlooked without the guidance of a science-based implementation tool. Reporting on the implementation process shows how implementation science tools can be used to foresee and address potential threats to successful implementation. The results of this study provide insight into the components of implementation in Amazonian communities, as well as the process of using implementation science tools in any global health setting.


id: cord-355425-0te4tqck
author: Steele, Lindsay
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-355425-0te4tqck.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355425-0te4tqck.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00452
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00452
summary:
  • The authors propose a generic five-step disease detection model that structures the process of disease detection in order to make it generically applicable and thus comparable; • They describe and apply a methodology to systematically collect and analyze data that provides qualitative insights into key conditions and influencing factors for earlier detection of infectious disease outbreaks using the generic disease detection model; and • This article provides qualitative insights into conditions and influencing factors for earlier detection in low-and midincome countries. Current efforts lay great emphasis on technologies for improving early detection, with inadequate attention to governance and the role of awareness-both in the community and among health professionals-of the potential risk posed by infectious diseases, especially in the endemic settings of low-to mid-income countries. In a low-income setting, the most important condition at the early stages of outbreak detection (stages 1-3: recognition, reporting, and assessment) was technical capacity followed and accompanied by governance and policy.

title:
  Earlier Outbreak Detection—A Generic Model and Novel Methodology to Guide Earlier Detection Supported by Data From Low- and Mid-Income Countries

abstract:
  Infectious disease outbreaks can have significant impact on individual health, national economies, and social well-being. Through early detection of an infectious disease, the outbreak can be contained at the local level, thereby reducing adverse effects on populations. Significant time and funding have been invested to improve disease detection timeliness. However, current evaluation methods do not provide evidence-based suggestions or measurements on how to detect outbreaks earlier. Key conditions for earlier detection and their influencing factors remain unclear and unmeasured. Without clarity about conditions and influencing factors, attempts to improve disease detection remain ad hoc and unsystematic. Methods: We developed a generic five-step disease detection model and a novel methodology to use for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Data was collected in two workshops in Southeast Europe (n = 33 participants) and Southern and East Africa (n = 19 participants), representing mid- and low-income countries. Through systematic, qualitative, and quantitative data analyses, we identified key conditions for earlier detection and prioritized factors that influence them. As participants joined a workshop format and not an experimental setting, no ethics approval was required. Findings: Our analyses suggest that governance is the most important condition for earlier detection in both regions. Facilitating factors for earlier detection are risk communication activities such as information sharing, communication, and collaboration activities. Impeding factors are lack of communication, coordination, and leadership. Interpretation: Governance and risk communication are key influencers for earlier detection in both regions. However, inadequate technical capacity, commonly assumed to be a leading factor impeding early outbreak detection, was not found a leading factor. This insight may be used to pinpoint further improvement strategies.


id: cord-355537-pckjq1n2
author: Hatef, Elham
date: 2020-09-22
txt: ./txt/cord-355537-pckjq1n2.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.571808
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.571808
summary:
  Results: After controlling for age, gender, and the square mileage of each community we identified Zip-codes with higher ADI (more disadvantaged neighborhoods) in Illinois and Maryland had higher COVID-19 prevalence comparing to zip-codes across the country and in the same state with lower ADI (less disadvantaged neighborhoods) using data on May 3rd. We used data on the number of cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases at the zip-code level and percentage of the population tested for COVID-19 in the seven states on two selected dates, May 3rd, 2020 (when COVID-19 prevalence had an upward trend across the country) and May 30th, 2020 (when COVID-19 prevalence presented a downward trend in selected areas) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) . Moreover, when data were available we assessed the correlation between the percentage of the population tested for COVID-19 in a zip-code and ADI national and state ranks.

title:
  Assessing the Impact of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics on COVID-19 Prevalence Across Seven States in the United States

abstract:
  Introduction: The spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) across the United States has highlighted the long-standing nationwide health inequalities with socioeconomically challenged communities experiencing a higher burden of the disease. We assessed the impact of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics on the COVID-19 prevalence across seven selected states (i.e., Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia). Methods: We obtained cumulative COVID-19 cases reported at the neighborhood aggregation level by Departments of Health in selected states on two dates (May 3rd, 2020, and May 30th, 2020) and assessed the correlation between the COVID-19 prevalence and neighborhood characteristics. We developed Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a composite measure to rank neighborhoods by their socioeconomic characteristics, using the 2018 US Census American Community Survey. The higher ADI rank represented more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Results: After controlling for age, gender, and the square mileage of each community we identified Zip-codes with higher ADI (more disadvantaged neighborhoods) in Illinois and Maryland had higher COVID-19 prevalence comparing to zip-codes across the country and in the same state with lower ADI (less disadvantaged neighborhoods) using data on May 3rd. We detected the same pattern across all states except for Florida and Virginia using data on May 30th, 2020. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence that not all Americans are at equal risk for COVID-19. Socioeconomic characteristics of communities appear to be associated with their COVID-19 susceptibility, at least among those study states with high rates of disease.


id: cord-356314-mhkhey2w
title: Epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: An Ecological Study
author: Alyami, Mohammad H.
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-356314-mhkhey2w.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00506
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00506
summary:
  The Saudi Ministry of Health provided detailed data on the incidence of COVID-19 in the Kingdom daily, with the following details: (a) the number of newly confirmed cases, (b) number of active cases, (c) number of critical cases, (d) percentage of cases stratified by age group [adults, children, and elderly] (available from 2 May until 25 May), and (e) percentage of cases stratified by gender (available from 2 May until 25 May). The key findings were: (1) the epidemiological status in KSA reached a steady level after 2 months from the beginning of the pandemic, due to the implementation of successful healthcare and treatment protocols, (2) the international travel restrictions and household quarantine were effective ways to control the epidemic of COVID-19 the KSA, (3) the rates of critical cases and mortality in KSA are at a low level, due to the younger population in Saudi Arabia compared to European and Asian countries, and the effective control measures taken by the government, and (4) in the KSA, COVID-19 was more common among adults and males compared to other demographic groups.

abstract:
  Objectives: Considering the transmissible nature of COVID-19 it is important to explore the trend of the epidemiology of the disease in each country and act accordingly. This study aimed to examine the trend of COVID-19 epidemiology in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in term of its incidence rate, recovery rate, and mortality rate. Material and Methods: We conducted an observational study using publicly available national data taken from the Saudi Ministry of Health for the period between 3 March and 7 June 2020. The number of newly confirmed cases, active cases, critical cases, percentage of cases stratified by age group [adults, children, and elderly] and gender were extracted from the reports of the Saudi Ministry of Health. Results: During the study period, the total number of confirmed cases with COVID-19 rose from one on 2 March 2020 to 101,914 on 7 June, representing an average of 1,039 new cases per day, [trend test, p < 0.000]. Despite the increase in the number of newly confirmed daily cases of COVID-19, the number of reported daily active cases started to stabilize after 2 months from the start of the pandemic in the country and the overall recovery rate was 71.4%. The mortality rate decreased by 6.4% during the study period. COVID-19 was more common among adults and males compared to other demographic groups. Conclusion: The epidemiological status of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showing promising improvement. Males and adults accounted for the majority of COVID-19 cases in the KSA. Further studies are recommended to be conducted at the patient level to identify other patient groups who are at higher risk of getting infected with COVID-19, and for whom the best pharmacological intervention could be provided.


