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  The Institutional Review Board of Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health Hanoi Medical University


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  the Institutional Review Board of Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health Hanoi Medical University


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  chronic fatigue depression anxiety infertility Irritable Bowel Syndrome migraines Parkinson s disease pain


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  the Crisis Academic Self Esteem Academic Self Efficacy and Academic Achievement A Path Analysis American College Health Association


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  Attentional Problems Depression Challenging Behaviors Emotional Regulation Hyperactivity and Willingness


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  ELO 2414 15 157 2 High performance players players holding the third or fourth highest level of FIDE FIDE


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  the Ministry of Education of the People s Republic of China 19YJC630027 Shanghai Foundation of Philosophy and Social Science


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  A Study on the Relationship Between Attachment Coping Style and Social Anxiety in Adolescents Doctoral


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  the Ethics Committee of the Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Written


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  Being a Psychotherapist in Times of the Novel Coronavirus Disease Stress Level Job Anxiety and Fear of Coronavirus Disease Infection


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  Cronbach s alpha 0 77 Scores range between 12 and 60 with higher scores indicating higher introversion and lower scores indicating lower introversion i e


id: cord-301745-cuatqy1u
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  the Association Between Introversion and the Psychological Impact of COVID19 Related Circumstantial Changes date


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type: GGP
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  SSN i e Sistema Sanitario Nazionale and the expected need for treatment required by forecasts on the


id: cord-295622-znmpheia
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  A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing Vienna R Foundation for Statistical Computing COVID 19


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  The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Quality of Life During the Confinement Induced by COVID 19 Outbreak A Pilot Study in Tunisia


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  UPOB Mediating Role of Externally Motivated Organizational Citizenship Behavior Between Organizational Identification


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  Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms Profiles Inequality in the Impact of the coronavirus shock evidence from real


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  The Short Term Economic Consequences of Covid 19 Exposure to Disease Remote Work and Government Response Metacognitive


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  B 805 43 t 23427 21 34 p 0 001 95 CI 731 464 879 394 Table 2 t 23427 13 83 p 0 001 95 CI 326 453 434 184 However porn


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  Global Inequalities at Work Work s Impact on the Health of Individuals Families and Societies New York Formulating


id: cord-261105-hydccq8m
type: ORG
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  Notice of Arrangement For Suspension Of School Does Not Stop Learning During The Postponement For The Opening Of Primary


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type: WORK_OF_ART
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  Doing What Works in Brief Therapy A Strategic Solution Focused Approach Essays on Indian Philosophy Theology


id: cord-276044-z7rupgfo
type: ORG
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  the Board of the Department of Human Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Sapienza University of Rome


id: cord-276044-z7rupgfo
type: ORG
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  the Board of the Department of Human Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry Sapienza University


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  Do You Trust The Consequences of Partisanship and Trust in Government for Public Responsiveness to COVID 19 Trust and Trustworthiness Ideology


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type: LAW
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  the COVID 19 Pandemic Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors Kaci Hickox Public Health


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  The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster ApaTables Create American Psychological Association APA Style Tables Conditional


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  Hong Kong China COVID 19 Educational Disruption and Response Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID 19


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  Organizational Prevention and Management Strategies for Workplace Aggression Among Child Protection Workers A Project Protocol


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  the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics REC


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type: ORG
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  the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control


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  Battling the Modern Behavioral Epidemic of Loneliness Suggestions for Research and Interventions Advancing


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  parapsychologists e g Schmeidler 2001 Critical consideration of the effectiveness of these refinements


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  A Glossary of Terms Used in Parapsychology See Ghosts There May Be a Medical Reason Electromagnetic Field Theory


# bib

id: cord-030800-fgvc3qw8
author: Tao, Yun
date: 2020-07-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7411466/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01477
title:
  The Impact of Parent–Child Attachment on Self-Injury Behavior: Negative Emotion and Emotional Coping Style as Serial Mediators

abstract:
  In order to explore the relationship between parent–child attachment, negative emotion, emotional coping style, and self-injury behavior, 662 junior high school students in four junior middle schools in China’s Yunnan Province were investigated using a parent–child attachment questionnaire, adolescent negative emotion questionnaire, emotional coping style scale, and adolescent self-injury behavior scale. As a result, two mediate models were created to explain how parent–child attachment affects self-injury behavior. Negative emotion and emotional coping style play serial mediating roles in mother–child and father–child attachment models, respectively. The results show that negative emotion mediates between self-injury behavior and both father–child and mother–child attachment, while emotional coping style only functions between father–child attachment and self-injury behavior. By means of bootstrap analysis, negative emotion and emotional coping style have serial mediating roles concerning the impact of parent–child attachment on self-injury behavior. By comparison, the father–child and mother–child attachment have different mediating models: the former relies on emotional coping style, while the latter is associated with emotional experiences. This implies that parent–child attachment has different mechanisms in triggering self-injury behavior, which is in line with the hypothesis of attachment specificity.


id: cord-030805-3imi63xz
title: Book Review: Stress Less, Accomplish More: Meditation for Extraordinary Performance
author: Lodha, Surabhi
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-030805-3imi63xz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030805-3imi63xz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7427461/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01830
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Book Review: Stress Less, Accomplish More: Meditation for Extraordinary Performance While browsing through the Internet, the authors tried to find a brief meditation technique to practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. This technique is specially designed for high-performing, outcome-driven individuals, teaching them to be less stressed while increasing productivity and achieving success. The explanation of the harmful effects of stress and how meditation eradicates them is followed by the description of Ziva or the Z-technique in chapter eight. In conclusion, the book addresses how meditation could remarkably improve productivity and efficiency in an overly stressed modern world. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.


id: cord-034080-4xav0u2u
author: Manzi, Federico
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-034080-4xav0u2u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034080-4xav0u2u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7554578/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02011
summary:
  In the present study we aimed to compare the attribution of mental states to two humanoid robots, NAO and Robovie, which differed in the degree of anthropomorphism. Children aged 5, 7, and 9 years were required to attribute mental states to the NAO robot, which presents more human-like characteristics compared to the Robovie robot, whose physical features look more mechanical. The present study aimed to investigate the attribution of mental states (AMS) in children aged 5-9 years to two humanoid robots, NAO and Robovie, varying in their anthropomorphic physical features (DiSalvo et al., 2002; Duffy, 2003) . Interestingly, this result supports findings from a previous study (Di Dio et al., 2018) that compared 6-year-old children''s mental state attribution to different entities (human, dog, robot, and God) . Overall, our results suggest that the assessment of HSRs in terms of mental states attribution may represent a useful measure for studying the effect of different robots'' design for children.

title:
  A Robot Is Not Worth Another: Exploring Children’s Mental State Attribution to Different Humanoid Robots

abstract:
  Recent technological developments in robotics has driven the design and production of different humanoid robots. Several studies have highlighted that the presence of human-like physical features could lead both adults and children to anthropomorphize the robots. In the present study we aimed to compare the attribution of mental states to two humanoid robots, NAO and Robovie, which differed in the degree of anthropomorphism. Children aged 5, 7, and 9 years were required to attribute mental states to the NAO robot, which presents more human-like characteristics compared to the Robovie robot, whose physical features look more mechanical. The results on mental state attribution as a function of children’s age and robot type showed that 5-year-olds have a greater tendency to anthropomorphize robots than older children, regardless of the type of robot. Moreover, the findings revealed that, although children aged 7 and 9 years attributed a certain degree of human-like mental features to both robots, they attributed greater mental states to NAO than Robovie compared to younger children. These results generally show that children tend to anthropomorphize humanoid robots that also present some mechanical characteristics, such as Robovie. Nevertheless, age-related differences showed that they should be endowed with physical characteristics closely resembling human ones to increase older children’s perception of human likeness. These findings have important implications for the design of robots, which also needs to consider the user’s target age, as well as for the generalizability issue of research findings that are commonly associated with the use of specific types of robots.


id: cord-034347-ujwztpd4
title: The Dark Side of Organizational Identification: A Multi-Study Investigation of Negative Outcomes
author: Irshad, Muhammad
date: 2020-09-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7550469/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.572478
abstract:
  After more than two decades of research on the positive side of organizational identification, researchers have begun to realize that it also has a dark side that needs immediate consideration. With support from social identity theory, the current study sheds light on the understudied role of the dark side of organizational identification by investigating its indirect effects on (a) psychological entitlement, (b) unethical pro-organizational behavior, and (c) pro-social rule-breaking through externally motivated organizational citizenship behavior, taking leader–member exchange as a boundary condition. Two surveys were conducted to test the proposed moderated mediation model. Data for the study 1 was collected from employees (N = 356) working in the service sector (i.e., Universities, Banks and Telecommunication Organizations), whereas responses for study 2 were taken from employees (N = 259) working in the hospitality industry. A time-lagged research design was selected for both surveys to avoid common method bias. The results demonstrate that organizational identification leads to adverse outcomes in the form of psychological entitlement, pro-social rule-breaking and unethical pro-organizational behavior through externally motivated organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, a high-quality leader–member exchange relationship enhances these indirect effects of organizational identification. Several theoretical and practical implications, along with limitations and future research directions, are also discussed.


id: cord-253054-qipyqtsi
author: Kokkoris, Michail D.
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-253054-qipyqtsi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253054-qipyqtsi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578618
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578618
summary:
  Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. Specifically, we examined whether prosocial responsibility predicts on the one hand compliance with self-isolation and self-distancing measures, as prior literature suggests, and on the other hand acceptance of digital surveillance and restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as we propose. Inspection of correlation coefficients indicates that prosocial responsibility was positively correlated with compliance with measures to fight COVID-19, r = 0.50, p < 0.001; willingness to sacrifice privacy, r = 0.46, p < 0.001; past surveillance acceptance, r = 0.11, p = 0.059; willingness to accept surveillance, r = 0.41, p < 0.001; and prioritizing public health over individual freedoms when a trade-off between the two is inevitable, r = 0.57, p < 0.001.

title:
  Would You Sacrifice Your Privacy to Protect Public Health? Prosocial Responsibility in a Pandemic Paves the Way for Digital Surveillance

abstract:
  Digital surveillance methods, such as location tracking apps on smartphones, have been implemented in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, but not much is known about predictors of their acceptance. Could it be that prosocial responsibility, to which authorities appealed in order to enhance compliance with quarantine measures, also increases acceptance of digital surveillance and restrictions of privacy? In their fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world communicated that self-isolation and social distancing measures are every citizen’s duty in order to protect the health not only of oneself but also of vulnerable others. We suggest that prosocial responsibility besides motivating people to comply with anti-pandemic measures also undermines people’s valuation of privacy. In an online research conducted with US participants, we examined correlates of people’s willingness to sacrifice individual rights and succumb to surveillance with a particular focus on prosocial responsibility. First, replicating prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility was a powerful predictor of compliance with self-isolation and social distancing measures. Second, going beyond prior research, we found that perceived prosocial responsibility also predicted willingness to accept restrictions of individual rights and privacy, as well as to accept digital surveillance for the sake of public health. While we identify a range of additional predictors, the effects of prosocial responsibility hold after controlling for alternative processes, such as perceived self-risk, impact of the pandemic on oneself, or personal value of freedom. These findings suggest that prosocial responsibility may act as a Trojan horse for privacy compromises.


id: cord-260673-gf028lf6
title: Does the Coronavirus Epidemic Take Advantage of Human Optimism Bias?
author: Bottemanne, Hugo
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-260673-gf028lf6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260673-gf028lf6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02001
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02001
abstract: nan
summary:
  Building on evidence from past epidemics and three decades of research in psychology suggesting that various cognitive biases influence beliefs about life hazards, we propose that such cognitive biases have contributed to the discrepancy between early warnings about the danger of SARS-CoV-2 and slow growth of consideration for these warnings. Importantly, data collected in Western countries during the peak of the COVID 19 pandemic provides direct evidence favoring the hypothesis that unrealistic optimism has played a role in the apparent discrepancy between official warnings and individual beliefs about the consequences of the pandemic for oneself: When getting infected and infecting others became frequent events as the number of cases and deaths sharply increased, citizens in the US, Europe and the United Kingdom estimated their probability of getting infected with the virus and of subsequently infecting others as lower for themselves than for someone else (Dolinski et al., 2020; Kuper-Smith et al., 2020) .


id: cord-261105-hydccq8m
title: The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxiety in Chinese University Students
author: Wang, Chongying
date: 2020-05-22
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168
abstract:
  COVID-19 had become a pandemic raising concerns of widespread panic and increasing anxiety and stress in individuals all over the world (World Health Organization, 2020a). Lots of countries had closed their schools. As the first country to do so, Chinese colleges and universities were making use of different modes of learning, including online-learning based on different platforms to achieve the goal suggested by Ministry of Education in China, “suspending classes without suspending learning,” since middle February. This paper is the first one which aims to investigate the anxiety of Chinese university students after the outbreak of COVID-19 right before the start of new spring term. 3611 university students (female: male = 1.48:1) aged between 18 to 24 from all over China were enrolled to this study from a top university in China. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale – SAS (Zung, 1971) was used to assess anxiety 2 days before the start of new spring term in middle February. All four-year undergraduate students were included in the study. The mean SAS score was 40.53 (SD = 10.15), significantly higher than the national norm (Mean = 29.78, SD = 10.07, and p ≤ .001), and there were still 557 (15.43%, Mean = 58.75, and SD = 8.9) students met the cutoff of 50 and were screened positive. Comparisons among sexes, grades and majors were also conducted. Significant differences were found between all males and all female (p ≤ .001), and between all students majoring arts and sciences in the anxiety sample (n = 557, p = 0.05). The results also showed that the mean SAS scores were not correlated with the regions they came from/lived in. This study concluded that the Chinese university students showed higher anxiety for COVID-19.


id: cord-266377-3krv9ekb
author: Nakayachi, Kazuya
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-266377-3krv9ekb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266377-3krv9ekb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849127/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01918
summary:
  In our survey, we examined six possible psychological reasons for wearing masks: three involved individuals'' perception of the severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing the infection risks both for themselves and for others; the remaining three involved other psychological driving forces. By contrast, frequency of mask usage depended much less on the participants'' perceived severity of the disease and the efficacy of masks in reducing infection risk both for themselves and for others. Even though the expectation of risk reduction (personal or collective) explained only small portion of mask usage, motivations superficially irrelevant to disease mitigation strongly promoted mask-wearing behavior; conformity to the social norm was the most prominent driving force for wearing masks. Despite these limitations, this study has empirically revealed that the expectation of risk reduction does not greatly promote mask-wearing countermeasures against COVID-19, suggesting that the nudge approach (i.e., taking advantage of people''s conformity) may be more promising.

title:
  Why Do Japanese People Use Masks Against COVID-19, Even Though Masks Are Unlikely to Offer Protection From Infection?

abstract:
  Wearing masks against 2019 coronavirus (COVID-19) is beneficial in suppressing pandemic spread, not through preventing the wearer from being infected but by preventing the wearer from infecting others. Despite not providing much protection, the custom of wearing masks has prevailed in East Asia from the early stages of the pandemic, especially in Japan, to such an extent that it caused a shortfall in supply. Why do many Japanese people wear masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, even though masks are unlikely to prevent them from getting infected? We examined six possible psychological reasons for wearing masks: three involved expectations about the risk of infection and three involved other driving psychological forces. The results of our nationwide survey revealed that people conformed to societal norms in wearing masks and felt relief from anxiety when wearing masks. However, risk reduction expectations did not affect mask usage. The social psychological motivations successfully explained much about mask usage. Our findings suggest that policymakers responsible for public health should consider social motivations when implementing public strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-268321-zj0jt5cz
title: Taking Justice Into Their Own Hands: Predictors of Netilantism Among Cyber Citizens in Hong Kong
author: Chang, Lennon Y. C.
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-268321-zj0jt5cz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268321-zj0jt5cz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556903
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.556903
summary:
  Human Flesh Searching (HFS) is a form of collective online behavior where netizens contribute information to social media and/or networking platforms about a certain event or a target individual or group to achieve what they regard as justice. Using the results of a survey conducted in Hong Kong, the research found both gender and time spent online are not significant variables to predict netizens'' intention to contribute to HFS. According to Chang and Poon (2017) , netilantism included behaviors such as (1) online activities to identify/disclose crime (such as identifying corrupt officials in China); (2) to investigate crime or deviant behavior (such as netizens trying to disclose the identity of police involved in violent behavior during the 2019 Anti-extradition protests in Hong Kong or 2014 Sunflower Movement in Taiwan); and (3) to punish criminals or deviants through public shaming and naming (such as public shaming of alleged child predators).

abstract:
  This research examined the characteristics and predicting indicators of netizens which contribute to “Human Flesh Searching” and internet vigilantism. Human Flesh Searching (HFS) is a form of collective online behavior where netizens contribute information to social media and/or networking platforms about a certain event or a target individual or group to achieve what they regard as justice. It has been used to identify and investigate crime. Some netizens go further and take justice into their own hands by punishing alleged criminals and deviants through online shaming. Using the results of a survey conducted in Hong Kong, the research found both gender and time spent online are not significant variables to predict netizens’ intention to contribute to HFS. A positive attitude toward HFS was the strongest predictor of HFS intention. Vigilantism was also a strong predictor of HFS intention. Vigilantism not only affects HFS intention directly, but also indirectly through a positive attitude on HFS. Fairness might negatively influence people’s HFS intention and attitude toward HFS; however, this influence was found to be weak in the present study. Social Justice might not affect HFS intention directly, yet it might exert its effect via a positive attitude toward HFS. That is, netizens who intend to contribute to HFS are those who have less confidence in the criminal justice system and believe highly that people should take justice into their own hands.


id: cord-271551-bj2db91j
author: Tomczyk, Samuel
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-271551-bj2db91j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271551-bj2db91j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849073/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01821
summary:
  Latent class analysis examined patterns of compliance, and subsequent multinomial logistic regression models tested sociodemographic (age, gender, country of origin, level of education, region, and number of persons per household) and psychosocial (knowledge about preventive behaviors, risk perception, stigmatizing attitudes) predictors. However, to our knowledge, only one study applied latent class analysis to population behaviors following a novel virus outbreak [i.e., influenza A (H7N9)] in Hong Kong (Liao et al., 2015) , despite the method''s statistical advantages in modeling behavioral patterns (e.g., flexibility, integration of measurement error). Via an online survey, a community sample of 157 German adults [80% female; M (SD) age = 27.82 (11.01)] provided information about their knowledge of preventive measures, risk perception, intentions to comply with official behavioral recommendations and guidelines as well as their stigmatizing attitudes toward people suffering from COVID-19.

title:
  Social Distancing and Stigma: Association Between Compliance With Behavioral Recommendations, Risk Perception, and Stigmatizing Attitudes During the COVID-19 Outbreak

abstract:
  Introduction: Following behavioral recommendations is key to successful containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to identify causes and patterns of non-compliance in the population to further optimize risk and health communication. Methods: A total of 157 participants [80% female; mean age = 27.82 years (SD = 11.01)] were surveyed regarding their intention to comply with behavioral recommendations issued by the German government. Latent class analysis examined patterns of compliance, and subsequent multinomial logistic regression models tested sociodemographic (age, gender, country of origin, level of education, region, and number of persons per household) and psychosocial (knowledge about preventive behaviors, risk perception, stigmatizing attitudes) predictors. Results: Three latent classes were identified: high compliance (25%) with all recommendations; public compliance (51%), with high compliance regarding public but not personal behaviors; and low compliance (24%) with most recommendations. Compared to high compliance, low compliance was associated with male gender [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 0.08 (0.01; 0.85)], younger age [RRR = 0.72 (0.57; 0.93)], and lower public stigma [RRR = 0.21 (0.05; 0.88)]. Low compliers were also younger than public compliers [RRR = 0.76 (0.59; 0.98)]. Discussion: With 25% of the sample reporting full compliance, and 51% differing in terms of public and personal compliance, these findings challenge the sustainability of strict regulatory measures. Moreover, young males were most likely to express low compliance, stressing the need for selective health promotion efforts. Finally, the positive association between public stigma and compliance points to potential othering effects of stigma during a pandemic, but further longitudinal research is required to examine its impact on health and social processes throughout the pandemic.


id: cord-273432-pqdmo4ln
title: Things That Go Bump in the Literature: An Environmental Appraisal of “Haunted Houses”
author: Dagnall, Neil
date: 2020-06-12
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32595577/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01328
abstract:
  This paper contains a narrative overview of the past 20-years of environmental research on anomalous experiences attributed to “haunted house.” This exercise served as a much-needed update to an anthology of noteworthy overviews on ghosts, haunts, and poltergeists (Houran and Lange, 2001b). We also considered whether new studies had incorporated certain recommendations made in this anthology. Our search revealed a relative paucity of studies (n = 66) on environmental factors that ostensibly stimulate haunt-type experiences. This literature was diverse and often lacked methodological consistency and adherence to the prior suggestions. However, critical consideration of the content revealed a recurring focus on six ambient variables: embedded (static) cues, lighting levels, air quality, temperature, infrasound, and electromagnetic fields. Their relation to the onset or structure of witness reports showed mostly null, though sometimes inconsistent or weak outcomes. However, such research as related to haunts is arguably in its infancy and new designs are needed to account better for environmental and architectural phenomenology. Future studies should therefore address four areas: (i) more consistent and precise measurements of discrete ambient variables; (ii) the potential role of “Gestalt influences” that involve holistic environment-person interactions; (iii) individual differences in attentional or perceptual sensitivities of percipients to environmental variables; and (iv) the role of attitudinal and normative influences in the interpretation of environmental stimuli. Focused scrutiny on these issues should clarify the explanatory power of evolutionary-environmental models for these and related anomalous experiences.


id: cord-276014-inv3hsbr
author: Wijngaards, Indy
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-276014-inv3hsbr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276014-inv3hsbr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132977/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568907
summary:
  Drawing from pre-pandemic research, psychologists are proposing that extraversion-a personality trait characterized by sociability, assertiveness and high energy levels (John et al., 1991; Soto and John, 2017) -is one individual characteristic that could moderate the negative relationship between measure stringency and mental illness (e.g., Brogaard, 2020; Brooks and Moser, 2020; Smillie and Haslam, 2020; Steele, 2020) . In this study, drawing on publicly available survey data from over 90,000 respondents across 47 countries (Fetzer et al., 2020) , we therefore empirically test the hypothesis that extraversion moderates the relationship between measure stringency and depressive symptoms. Second, even though our analytical strategy allowed us to take out individual-specific heterogeneity, and extraversion is a relatively stable personality trait (Damian et al., 2019) , the crosssectional nature of the survey data, collected in the early days of the pandemic, did not allow us to examine whether introverts'' and extraverts'' responses to the protective measures changed as the situation evolved.

title:
  Extraversion Moderates the Relationship Between the Stringency of COVID-19 Protective Measures and Depressive Symptoms

abstract:
  From the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychologists are theorizing that, as compared to introverts, extraverts experience more profound negative social consequences from protective measures (e.g., travel restrictions and bans on public gatherings). As the empirical evidence for this claim is lacking, this study tested the hypothesis that extraversion moderates the relationship between the stringency of COVID-19 protective measures and depressive symptoms. Our results were based on survey data from 93,125 respondents collected in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 20–April 6, 2020) across 47 countries and publicly available data on measure stringency. Findings demonstrate that extraversion moderates the relationship between measure stringency in the early days of the pandemic and depressive symptoms. For introverts, measure stringency has a negative effect on depressive symptoms, while for extraverts, it has a positive, but non-significant effect on depressive symptoms. This study suggests that, although stringent measures generally help people to worry less and feel safer, the lifestyle associated with such measures feels more natural to introverts than to extraverts.


id: cord-276044-z7rupgfo
author: Di Crosta, Adolfo
date: 2020-09-08
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567367
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567367
title:
  Individual Differences, Economic Stability, and Fear of Contagion as Risk Factors for PTSD Symptoms in the COVID-19 Emergency

abstract:
  On January 30th 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Italy has been one of the most affected countries in the world. To contain further spread of the virus, the Italian government has imposed an unprecedented long-period lockdown for the entire country. This dramatic scenario may have caused a strong psychological distress, with potential negative long-term mental health consequences. The aim of the present study is to report the prevalence of high psychological distress due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population, especially considering that this aspect is consistently associated with PTSD symptoms. Furthermore, the present study aims to identify the risk factors for high PTSD symptoms, including individual differences and subjective perception of both economic and psychological aspects. We administered an online survey to 1253 participants during the peak period of the contagion in Italy. A logistic regression on the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) scores was used to test the risk factors that predict the possibility to develop PTSD symptoms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender (female), lower perceived economic stability, higher neuroticism, and fear and consequences of contagion were predictors of high PTSD symptomatology. The results, highlighted in the present study, extend our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the population’s mental health, by identifying individuals at high-risk of developing PTSD. This may help with the implementation of specific protocols to prevent the possibility of developing symptoms of PTSD in target populations.


id: cord-278195-1sle0d1j
title: The Importance of Human Emotions for Wildlife Conservation
author: Castillo-Huitrón, Nathalia M.
date: 2020-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278195-1sle0d1j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32670150/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01277
summary:
  The very diverse and continuous human-wildlife interactions can be seen from three main perspectives: (1) Utilitarian, in which wild species provide goods for human well-being, such as food, clothing, transport, tools, raw materials, and companionship, among others; (2) Affective, where human beings feel sympathy, admiration, and respect for animals because of religious, mystical, or philosophical reasons (Kellert et al., 1996) , which has greatly contributed to cultural development worldwide (Herzog and Galvin, 1992; Alves, 2012) ; and (3) Conflictive, because of the real or potential damage that wild species may inflict on people and their interests (e.g., attacks on humans, livestock predation, damage on crops, and infrastructure, among others; Lescureux and Linnell, 2010) . Emotions such as fear and anger may be induced by predators that are bigger and heavier than persons, as in the case of large carnivores (e.g., bears, wolves, and big cats) (Røskaft et al., 2003) or by those species unattractive for most people, like worms, small carnivores, bats, and reptiles, which are often perceived as harmful (Knight, 2008; Prokop and Tunnicliffe, 2008; Prokop et al., 2009) .

abstract:
  Animals have always been important for human life due to the ecological, cultural, and economic functions that they represent. This has allowed building several kinds of relationships that have promoted different emotions in human societies. The objective of this review was to identify the main emotions that humans show toward wildlife species and the impact of such emotions on animal population management. We reviewed academic databases to identify previous studies on this topic worldwide. An analysis of the emotions on wildlife and factors causing them is described in this study. We identified a controversy about these emotions. Large predators such as wolves, coyotes, bears, big felids, and reptiles, such as snakes and geckos, promote mainly anger, fear, and disgust. This is likely due to the perceptions, beliefs, and experiences that societies have historically built around them. However, in some social groups these animals have promoted emotions such as happiness due to their values for people. Likewise, sadness is an emotion expressed for the threatening situations that animals are currently facing. Furthermore, we associated the conservation status of wildlife species identified in the study with human emotions to discuss their relevance for emerging conservation strategies, particularly focused on endangered species promoting ambiguous emotions in different social groups.


id: cord-279188-jeu6fye8
author: Slimani, Maamer
date: 2020-08-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849104/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01882
title:
  The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Quality of Life During the Confinement Induced by COVID-19 Outbreak: A Pilot Study in Tunisia

abstract:
  The present study aimed to determine the relationship between physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QoL) during the confinement caused by the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 216 participants (men: n = 112, women: n = 114) were included in the present study. They were divided into three groups [i.e., inactive group (IG): less than 600 metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs), n = 131; minimally active group (MAG): from 600 to 2,999 METs, n = 49; and health-enhancing PA group (HEPAG): 3,000 + METs, n = 36] based on their habitual PA level in the period of confinement. WHO Quality of Life Instrument-Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-BREF (IPAQ-BREF) questionnaires were used to assess QoL and PA intensities. The main findings of the present study showed that MAG and HEPAG have better total PA, physical, psychological, social, and environmental QoL domains scores than IG (all, p < 0.01). Small to large correlations (r ranging from 0.14 to 0.72) were also observed between total PA, total walking activity, total moderate-intensity PA, total vigorous-intensity PA, and QoL domains (all, p < 0.01). PA with light-, moderate-, and vigorous-intensities can be well recommended to decrease the negative psychosocial effect of confinement. However, longitudinal studies are needed to draw causal inferences and underpin more robust and evidence-based and informed recommendations.


id: cord-281700-8r7t3o2w
author: Mañas-Viniegra, Luis
date: 2020-10-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33117206/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02108
title:
  The Corporate Purpose of Spanish Listed Companies: Neurocommunication Research Applied to Organizational Intangibles

abstract:
  Purpose driven companies have developed their corporate culture with a commitment to stakeholders, Sustainable Development Goals, and social responsibility, prioritizing the management of organizational intangibles over capital. The overall objective of this research is to gain knowledge regarding the attention and emotional intensity registered by young Spanish university students when visualizing corporate purpose versus corporate visual identity, as well as the image of the Chairman of the main Spanish companies quoted on the IBEX 35. The techniques of eye tracking and galvanic skin response have been used with 31 Spanish university students. The results suggest that brands with the highest brand equity in the Interbrand (2019) ranking are also the ones that receive the highest levels of attention and emotional arousal, and that a well-formulated corporate purpose is not enough to satisfy the public if company credibility is low due to previous perceptions of an organization.


id: cord-284529-0ri4kw4k
title: Impact of COVID-19 on Online Gambling – A General Population Survey During the Pandemic
author: Håkansson, Anders
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-284529-0ri4kw4k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284529-0ri4kw4k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101137/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568543
summary:
  The aim of the present study was to describe past-30-day use of different gambling types during the COVID-19 pandemic in individuals defined as online gamblers, in order to enable a comparison with past-30-day data reported from a previous survey in online gamblers carried out in 2018. For those reporting past-30-day gambling, compared to those denying that but reporting past-year gambling for the same gambling type, being a moderate-risk or problem gamblers was significantly more likely among the recent gamblers for landbased casino gambling, land-based electronic machine gambling, and for any sports betting, but less likely for online horse betting. In the present study, for most gambling types, the past-30-day gamblers either did not differ from past-year gamblers, or had a higher degree of gambling problems, such as for sports betting (as discussed above), landbased electronic gambling machines, or land-based casino.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic may have severe impact on mental health, and concerns have been raised about potentially increased online behavior and possibly increased gambling problems, such as in sports bettors at risk of transfer to even riskier forms of gambling during sports lock-down. Given the need for objective data about gambling behavior during the pandemic, the present analysis, from a project assessing online gambling in Sweden, aimed to study past-30-day gambling patterns in online gamblers in Sweden. The study, carried out in May, 2020, during the pandemic and its restrictions on society, included past-year online gamblers (N = 997). Past-30-day gambling for several gambling types was lower compared to a previous study in online gamblers in the same setting, while online non-sports gambling remained at high levels. Those reporting sports betting even during a period with decreased sports betting occasions proved to have markedly higher gambling problems. COVID-19 may alter gambling behaviors, and online gamblers who maintain or initiate gambling types theoretically reduced by the crisis may represent a group at particular risk.


id: cord-286064-gzfs2m3u
title: Police Perfection: Examining the Effect of Trait Maximization on Police Decision-Making
author: Shortland, Neil
date: 2020-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-286064-gzfs2m3u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286064-gzfs2m3u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01817
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01817
summary:
  Here, using a sample of senior police officers recruited from decision-making training events across the United Kingdom (n = 96), we used the Least-worst Uncertain Choice Inventory For Emergency Responses (LUCIFER) to measure the effect of maximization on both domain-specific (police) and domain-general (military) decisions. Prior research has also shown that police officers managed uncertainty in dynamic, high-risk situations by seeking out additional information and updating their assessments of a given situation based on their previous experience, as a way to reduce the levels of uncertainty experienced during three phases of the decision-making process: situation assessment, plan formulation, and plan execution. Two recent studies have elucidated the important role that individual differences in personality traits associated with decision-making may play in police decisionmaking. In line with this previous research, this study hypothesized that individual differences in trait maximization would influence police officers when making high-uncertainty decisions.

abstract:
  Police officers around the world must often select between equally unappealing, uncertain courses of action in an attempt to achieve the best outcome. Despite the immense importance of such decisions, there remains a lack of understanding in the study of individual differences in police decision-making. Here, using a sample of senior police officers recruited from decision-making training events across the United Kingdom (n = 96), we used the Least-worst Uncertain Choice Inventory For Emergency Responses (LUCIFER) to measure the effect of maximization on both domain-specific (police) and domain-general (military) decisions. In line with a wealth of research on traditional “consumer” decisions, we found that police officers who were “maximizers” found decisions more difficult. Gender and previous military experience also influenced the process of decision-making. Specifically, police officers with military experience took more time to assess the situation but were faster to choose a course of action and commit to it. Female police officers also were slower to assess the situation. As recent events show, the outcomes of police decisions have significant consequences for the public, the officers involved, the police force as a whole, and the wider population, yet psychological research has yet to fully explore the role of individual differences in how such decisions are made. While this study does not seek to identify factors associated with “good” or “better” decision-makers, it provides strong support for the need to factor in perspectives of the individual when creating theory, or applied tools, in support of police decision-making.


id: cord-287440-xy8o1mhs
author: Caci, Barbara
date: 2020-10-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33154730/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574393
title:
  Neuroticism and Fear of COVID-19. The Interplay Between Boredom, Fantasy Engagement, and Perceived Control Over Time

abstract:
  The Italian government adopted measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection from March 9, 2020, to May 4, 2020 and imposed a phase of social distancing and self-isolation to all adult citizens. Although justified and necessary, psychologists question the impact of this process of COVID-19 isolation on the mental health of the population. Hence, this paper investigated the relationship between neuroticism, boredom, fantasy engagement, perceived control over time, and the fear of COVID-19. Specifically, we performed a cross-sectional study aimed at testing an integrative moderated mediation model. Our model assigned the boredom to the mediation role and both the fantasy engagement and perceived control of time to the role of moderators in the relationship between neuroticism and the fear of COVID-19. A sample of 301 subjects, mainly women (68.8%), aged between 18 and 57 years (M(age) = 22.12 years; SD = 6.29), participated in a survey conducted in the 1st-week lockdown phase 2 in Italy from May 7 to 18, 2020. Results suggested that neuroticism is crucial in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic, in line with literature showing high neurotic people having greater emotional reactivity and scarce resources to manage stress. We also found that people with high neuroticism tend to feel bored, and the relationship between neuroticism and boredom seems enhanced if one is involved in negative fantasies. Therefore, this result could also explain the positive effect between boredom and fear of COVID-19 we found in the current study. However, our data show that perceived control over time moderates the association between boredom and fear toward COVID-19. Having a high perceived control over time allows people to reduce boredom’s effect on fear of COVID-19. In conclusion, we retain that psychological treatment programs could improve the individuals’ perceived control over time to modulate anxiety toward the fear of COVID-19 and promote psychological well-being.


id: cord-289047-uf58nb7w
author: Cuesta, Ubaldo
date: 2020-08-31
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02132
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02132
title:
  The Neurosciences of Health Communication: An fNIRS Analysis of Prefrontal Cortex and Porn Consumption in Young Women for the Development of Prevention Health Programs

abstract:
  This work explores the use of fNIRS neuroimaging technique using young female college students with different levels of consumption of pornography, and the activation of the prefrontal cortex (cue reactivity) when viewing a pornographic clip (cue exposure) versus a control clip. The results indicate that the viewing of the pornographic clip (vs. control clip) causes an activation of Brodmann’s area 45 of the right hemisphere (BA 45, pars triangularis) (p < 0.01). An effect also appears between the level of self-reported consumption and the activation of right BA 45: the higher the level of self-reported consumption, the greater the activation (p < 0.01). On the other hand, those participants who have never consumed pornographic material do not show activity of the right BA 45 compared to the control clip (p < 0.01) indicating a qualitative difference between non-consumers and consumers. These results are consistent with other research made in the field of addictions. It is hypothesized that the mirror neuron system may be involved, through the mechanism of empathy, which could provoke vicarious eroticism. Finally, we suggest the applications that these results may have for primary and secondary prevention programs in the field of problematic consumption of pornography.


id: cord-289919-iqa5pxda
author: Deng, Shichang
date: 2020-09-16
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567784
title:
  Perceived Severity of COVID-19 and Post-pandemic Consumption Willingness: The Roles of Boredom and Sensation-Seeking

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic restricts people’s activities and makes consumer businesses suffered. This study explored the relationship between the perceived severity of COVID-19 and the post-pandemic consumption willingness. Study 1 surveyed 1464 Chinese people in March 2020, found the perceived severity of COVID-19 during the pandemic significantly increased the willingness to consume post-pandemic, and boredom stemming from limited activities and sensation-seeking expressions mediated this effect. Study 2 conducted an experiment with 174 participants in August 2020, found a high level of perceived severity of COVID-19 and the experience of life tedium during the pandemic significantly increased individuals’ impulsive buying tendencies after the pandemic. The results suggested the level of perceived severity of COVID-19 may influence people’s post-pandemic consumption patterns.


id: cord-290419-angcz55b
author: Tran, Bach Xuan
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-290419-angcz55b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290419-angcz55b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153
summary:
  A cross-sectional study using a web-based approach was conducted in the second week of April 2020 to examine the influence of the national social distancing on the quality of life and economic well-being of Vietnamese citizens under COVID-19 pandemic. This study targets to provide empirical evidence about the influence of this national social distancing on quality of life and household income of Vietnamese citizens avid COVID-19, with the ultimate goal to inform the policymakers to take appropriate and timely actions for controlling the disease while ensuring both health and socioeconomic wellbeing of the general population. Our study featured a high rate of household income loss as well as impairment on some quality of life domains among the general population in Vietnam due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, this study depicted a high rate of household income loss as well as impairment on some quality of life domains among the general population in Vietnam due to the impact of COVID-19.

title:
  Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Well-Being and Quality of Life of the Vietnamese During the National Social Distancing

abstract:
  Starting from April 1st, 2020, the nationwide partial lockdown in Vietnam has shown the effectiveness in stopping the community transmission of COVID-19, however, it also produced adverse impacts on the economy and inhabitants’ life. A cross-sectional study using a web-based approach was conducted in the second week of April 2020 to examine the influence of the national social distancing on the quality of life and economic well-being of Vietnamese citizens under COVID-19 pandemic. The data included socio-economic characteristics, impact of COVID-19 on household income, health status, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Ordered logistic regression and multivariable Tobit regression model were employed to examine factors correlated to income change and HRQOL. Results showed that among 341 participants, 66.9% reported household income loss due to the impact of COVID-19. People holding undergraduate degrees, working in other sectors rather than healthcare, and having definite-term contract had a higher likelihood of income reduction. The mean score of EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS was 0.95 (± 0.07) and 88.2 (± 11.0), respectively. The domain of Anxiety/Depression had the highest proportion of reporting any problems among 5 dimensions of EQ-5D-5L (38.7%). Being female, having chronic conditions and living in the family with 3–5 members were associated with lower HRQOL scores. A comprehensive assessment of the influence of COVID-19 along with public health interventions, especially mental health programs, should be implemented to mitigate the negative effects of this pandemic on the economic status and quality of life of citizens.


id: cord-291187-8mbvmw0u
author: Fuentes-García, Juan Pedro
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-291187-8mbvmw0u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291187-8mbvmw0u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33013500/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01812
summary:
  This study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement on behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess played. Finally, chess players with the highest academic level showed higher levels of personal concern and anxiety due to COVID-19 as well as lower psychological inflexibility compared to those with a lower academic level. In conclusion, chess players, especially those with a higher academic level, might have adapted their psychological profile to fit confinement situations and the worrying levels of physical inactivity. Then, this study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement in behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess game. This research aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement in behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players, based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess game.

title:
  The Effect of COVID-19 Confinement in Behavioral, Psychological, and Training Patterns of Chess Players

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 has triggered a pandemic, jeopardizing global health. The sports world is also suffering enormous consequences, such as the suspension of the Olympic Games in Tokyo or, in chess, the cancelation of the World Candidates Tournament 2020. Chess is a sport characterized by high psychophysiological demands derived from long training durations, tournaments, and games, leading to mental, emotional, and physical stress. These characteristics could provide chess players a certain advantage in facing quarantine situations. This study aimed to analyze the effect of COVID-19 confinement on behavioral, psychological, and training patterns of chess players based on their gender, level of education, and level of chess played. We analyzed chess players (N: 450; age = 38.12 ± 14.01 years) in countries where confinement was mandatory: Professional players (N: 55; age = 43.35 ± 13), high-performance players (N: 53; age = 38.57 ± 13.46), competitive players (N: 284; age = 36.82 ± 13.91), and amateur players (N: 58; age = 39.10 ± 14.99). Results showed that chess players significantly decreased physical activity per day while increased chess practise during the confinement period. However, anxiety levels remained moderate despite the anti-stress effects of physical activity. Amateur players showed a significantly higher level of social alarm than professional and high-performance players. Moreover, professional players showed higher values of extraversion than high-performance players and amateur players. In neuroticism, professional players showed higher values than high-performance players. In addition, the professional players showed higher scores in psychological inflexibility than competitive players. Finally, chess players with the highest academic level showed higher levels of personal concern and anxiety due to COVID-19 as well as lower psychological inflexibility compared to those with a lower academic level. In conclusion, chess players, especially those with a higher academic level, might have adapted their psychological profile to fit confinement situations and the worrying levels of physical inactivity.


id: cord-293041-7ndp05ru
title: The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance
author: Xu, Pengbo
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793080/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01806
summary:
  If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance.

abstract:
  Response inhibition is an important component of executive function and plays an indispensable role in decision-making and other advanced cognitive processes. At the same time, we need an effective way to improve decision-making in the face of complex and limited information. This study mainly explored the influence of response inhibition training on college students’ risky decision-making. The recruited students were randomly divided into the training group (n = 28) and the control group (n = 28). The training group engaged in Go/NoGo and stop-signal tasks for 2 weeks, while the control group was given the task of reading and summarizing popular science articles related to self-control. The Stroop task and Balloon Analog Risk Task were used to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance in inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks, respectively, for all subjects. The results showed that response inhibition training can be effectively transferred to interference control task performance. The results showed that both the reward acquired and adjusted Balloon Analog Risk Task score (adj BART) significantly improved compared to the pretest in the training group, while the control group showed no significant differences in the reward acquired and the adj BART between the pretest and the posttest. Although response inhibition training increased risky behaviors in the Balloon Analog Risk Task, it substantially reduced overly conservative behaviors and participants gained more money.


id: cord-295622-znmpheia
author: Simione, Luca
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-295622-znmpheia.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295622-znmpheia.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02166
summary:
  We found that health workers reported higher risk perception, level of worry, and knowledge as related to COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. According to the evidences reported above, our objectives were (i) to probe the opinions and the worries relative to COVID-19 spread in both the general population and healthcare workers; (ii) to study which demographic, geographic, and psychological variables were related to a higher perception of the health risks; and lastly (iii) to assess any difference in risk perception relatively to COVID-19 between the general population and healthcare workers. This analysis thus revealed that the MED group participants from North Italy reported higher levels of anxiety and stress than the general population and the medical and paramedical staff from other living areas. In line with these results, participants of our study reported higher levels of perceived stress and of anxiety proportional to their risk of infection, i.e., health workers from North were more stressed and anxious than both their colleagues in Center and South Italy and the general population.

title:
  Differences Between Health Workers and General Population in Risk Perception, Behaviors, and Psychological Distress Related to COVID-19 Spread in Italy

abstract:
  In this study, we investigated the perception of risk and the worries about COVID-19 infection in both healthcare workers and the general population in Italy. We studied the difference in risk perception in these two groups and how this related to demographic variables and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and death anxiety. To this aim, we administered an online questionnaire about COVID-19 together with other questionnaires assessing the psychological condition of participants. First, we found that the exposition to infection risk, due to living area or job, increased the perceived stress and anxiety (i.e., medical staff in North Italy was more stressed and anxious with respect to both medical- and non-medical participants from Center and South Italy). Then, we conducted hierarchical logistic regression models on our data to assess the response odds ratio relatively to each regressor on each dependent variable. We found that health workers reported higher risk perception, level of worry, and knowledge as related to COVID-19 infection compared to the general population. Psychological state, sex, and living area were less related to these factors. Instead, judgments about behaviors and containment rules were more linked to demographics, such as sex. We discussed these results in the light of risk factors for psychological distress and possible interventions to meet the psychological needs of healthcare workers.


id: cord-296752-jvhgrsbm
author: Phan, Huy P.
date: 2020-10-08
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580186
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580186
title:
  Introducing the Study of Life and Death Education to Support the Importance of Positive Psychology: An Integrated Model of Philosophical Beliefs, Religious Faith, and Spirituality

abstract:
  Life education, also known as life and death education, is an important subject in Taiwan with institutions (e.g., high school) offering degree programs and courses that focus on quality learning and implementation of life education. What is interesting from the perspective of Taiwanese education is that the teaching of life education also incorporates a number of Eastern-derived and conceptualized tenets, for example, Buddhist teaching and the importance of spiritual wisdom. This premise contends then that life education in Taiwan, in general, is concerned with the promotion, fulfillment, and cherishing of quality life experiences (e.g., personal contentment, happiness). One example of life education, which resonates with other spiritual beliefs and religious faiths (e.g., Hinduism), is related to spiritual cultivation and the enlightenment of life wisdom. Our own teaching of the subject, likewise, places emphasis on the goal of teaching students to seek meaningful understanding of and appreciation for three major, interrelated components of life education: life wisdom, life practice, and life care. It has been acknowledged, to a certain degree, that life education has made meaningful contributions, such as the creation and facilitation of a civil, vibrant society, and that many Taiwanese individuals show dignity, respect for elders, and reverence for spiritual and religious faiths. For example, aside from high-quality hospice care, many Taiwanese engage in different types of benevolent acts (e.g., providing spiritual advice to someone who is dying), where possible. Life education is a beneficial subject for teaching and learning as its theoretical understanding may help individuals cope with pathologies and negative conditions and life experiences. One negative life experience, in this case, is the ultimate fate of humankind: death. Approaching death and/or the onset of grief is something that we all have to experience. How does one approach death? It is not easy feat, and of course, grief for a loved one is personal, and some of us struggle with this. We contend that spiritual cultivation and enlightenment, arising from life education, may assist us with the topic of death (e.g., the possibility of transcendence beyond the realm of life). More importantly however, from our own teaching experiences and research development, we strongly believe and rationalize that the subject of life education could, indeed, coincide with and support the paradigm of positive psychology (Seligman, 1999, 2010; Seligman and Csíkszentmihályi, 2000). Forming the premise of the present conceptual analysis article, we propose that a person’s “spiritual and enlightened self,” reflecting the convergence of three major aspects of life education (i.e., philosophical reflection, enrichment of personal well-being, and spiritual cultivation), would result in the initiation and creation of a number of virtues and positive characteristics, for example, having a positive outlook in life, having a perceived sense of spirituality, showing compassion, forgiveness, etc. These virtues and quality characteristics, from our philosophical reasoning, are equivalent to those qualities that the paradigm of positive psychology advocates for. In summary, we conceptualize that the subject of life education, from the perspective of Taiwanese education, may intertwine with the paradigm of positive psychology. A person’s spiritual and enlightened self, or his/her “holistic self,” from our rationalization, is the ultimate optimal life experience that he/she may have, enabling him/her to address the gamut of life conditions and experiences. The distinctive nature of life education in this case, as a point of summary, is that it incorporates spiritual beliefs and religious faiths (e.g., Buddhist faith), encouraging a person to seek nature and divine–human relationships, as well as to contemplate and to explore the complex nature of his/her inner self. The notion of Buddhist samsâra, for example, as “evidence” of spirituality, entailing the endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, may provide a person with hope into the afterlife. Such esoteric discourse, we contend, is positive and optimistic, allowing individuals to discard the dividing line between life and death.


id: cord-299048-92j3p8e5
author: Suomi, Aino
date: 2020-10-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178089/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.594837
title:
  Unemployment, Employability and COVID19: How the Global Socioeconomic Shock Challenged Negative Perceptions Toward the Less Fortunate in the Australian Context

abstract:
  Unemployed benefit recipients are stigmatized and generally perceived negatively in terms of their personality characteristics and employability. The COVID19 economic shock led to rapid public policy responses across the globe to lessen the impact of mass unemployment, potentially shifting community perceptions of individuals who are out of work and rely on government income support. We used a repeated cross-sections design to study change in stigma tied to unemployment and benefit receipt in a pre-existing pre-COVID19 sample (n = 260) and a sample collected during COVID19 pandemic (n = 670) by using a vignette-based experiment. Participants rated attributes of characters who were described as being employed, working poor, unemployed or receiving unemployment benefits. The results show that compared to employed characters, unemployed characters were rated substantially less favorably at both time points on their employability and personality traits. The difference in perceptions of the employed and unemployed was, however, attenuated during COVID19 with benefit recipients perceived as more employable and more Conscientious than pre-pandemic. These results add to knowledge about the determinants of welfare stigma highlighting the impact of the global economic and health crisis on perception of others.


id: cord-299833-f2q6di3t
title: Psychological Consequences of Social Isolation During COVID-19 Outbreak
author: Pietrabissa, Giada
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-299833-f2q6di3t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299833-f2q6di3t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02201
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02201
summary:
  Loneliness has been an emerging issue in society in recent years, and has been linked to depression, irritability, and preoccupation with negative self-related thoughts, alongside a 26% increase in risk of premature death. Like social isolation, loneliness has been linked to depression (Cacioppo et al., 2006; Han and Richardson, 2010) , increased cortisol levels (Edwards et al., 2010; Miller, 2011) , lowered immunity (Cole et al., 2011) , and clinical disease, with attendant increases in length and frequency of hospital stays (Thurston and Kubzansky, 2009; Hawker and Romero-Ortuno, 2016) . Unlike the common and ineliminable moments of crisis that characterize the existence of each of us -which, although destabilizing, represent a unique and fundamental opportunity to review personal strategies for problem management -in this period, people are experiencing impotence, vulnerability, and a feeling of loss of control over one''s life as a response to something indeterminate in time and space. An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness

abstract:
  Perceived social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly has had an extraordinary global impact, with significant psychological consequences. Changes in our daily lives, feeling of loneliness, job losses, financial difficulty, and grief over the death of loved ones have the potential to affect the mental health of many. In an atmosphere of uncertainty, it is essential that clear and precise information is offered about the problem and how to manage it. In this contribution, a rationale is provided for an urgent call for a rapid response to the mental health impacts of COVID-19. Moreover, suggestions for individuals to regulate their emotions effectively and appropriately are provided.


id: cord-301745-cuatqy1u
author: Wei, Maryann
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-301745-cuatqy1u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301745-cuatqy1u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33041925/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561609
summary:
  The current study investigated whether the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes was moderated by introversion, based on outcome measures across psychosocial, cognitive, and affective domains. One hundred and fourteen individuals (64 USA residents) completed measures of introversion, and reported on the extent to which they experienced loneliness, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairments as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes. Additionally, the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes (and mental health in general) has psychosocial, cognitive, and affective aspects, which in turn represent functional domains which may be differentially moderated by personality traits (Segel-Karpas and Lachman, 2018) . After controlling for age, gender, living condition and recent unemployment, higher introversion (higher Introversion Scale scores) uniquely predicted higher depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7) experienced as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes, β = 0.196, t = 2.12, p = 0.036 and β = 0.188, t = 2.02, p = 0.046, respectively.

title:
  Social Distancing and Lockdown – An Introvert’s Paradise? An Empirical Investigation on the Association Between Introversion and the Psychological Impact of COVID19-Related Circumstantial Changes

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has effected the implementation of social distancing and lockdown measures across the globe, and the psychological impact of associated life changes is experienced more severely by some individuals than others. Anecdotal evidence points to a common belief among the general public that introverts are faring better than their extraverted counterparts to this end. However, the claim lacks empirical research, and seems counterintuitive when the broader literature on the association between introversion and mental health is considered. The current study investigated whether the psychological impact of COVID19-related circumstantial changes was moderated by introversion, based on outcome measures across psychosocial, cognitive, and affective domains. The role of several demographic factors in determining COVID19-related mental health symptoms was also examined. One hundred and fourteen individuals (64 USA residents) completed measures of introversion, and reported on the extent to which they experienced loneliness, anxiety, depression and cognitive impairments as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes. Results showed that introversion predicted more severe loneliness, anxiety, and depression experienced as a function of COVID19-related circumstantial changes, but not cognitive impairments. Among the range of demographic factors examined (age, gender, living condition, recent unemployment), living with others (vs. living alone) predicted more severe COVID19-related mental health symptoms. However, these effects were only observed on outcome measures pertaining to anxiety and cognitive impairments, but not loneliness and depression. Current findings have implications for both consumers and disseminators of information on popular internet hubs. Current findings also highlight the possibility that living with others (close human affiliation) may have protective and detrimental effects on different domains of mental health during the COVID19 pandemic.


id: cord-302946-3qajibci
title: Understanding Phishing Email Processing and Perceived Trustworthiness Through Eye Tracking
author: McAlaney, John
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-302946-3qajibci.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302946-3qajibci.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849040/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01756
summary:
  In this exploratory study a sample of 22 participants viewed a series of emails with or without indicators associated with phishing emails, whilst their eye movements were recorded using a SMI RED 500 eye-tracker. This study also demonstrates that eye tracking technology is a feasible method with which to identify and record how phishing emails are processed visually by individuals, which may contribute toward the design of future mitigation approaches. Examples of this within the social engineering technique of phishing emails can include the use of language that contains emotive elements such as threat, urgency, or financial information (Hadnagy, 2018) . It provides evidence that eye tracking technology can be used to determine whether people look at the common indicators of phishing emails, and also inform us on the order in which these are attended to.

abstract:
  Social engineering attacks in the form of phishing emails represent one of the biggest risks to cybersecurity. There is a lack of research on how the common elements of phishing emails, such as the presence of misspellings and the use of urgency and threatening language, influences how the email is processed and judged by individuals. Eye tracking technology may provide insight into this. In this exploratory study a sample of 22 participants viewed a series of emails with or without indicators associated with phishing emails, whilst their eye movements were recorded using a SMI RED 500 eye-tracker. Participants were also asked to give a numerical rating of how trustworthy they deemed each email to be. Overall, it was found that participants looked more frequently at the indicators associated with phishing than would be expected by chance but spent less overall time viewing these elements than would be expected by chance. The emails that included indicators associated with phishing were rated as less trustworthy on average, with the presence of misspellings or threatening language being associated with the lowest trustworthiness ratings. In addition, it was noted that phishing indicators relating to threatening language or urgency were viewed before misspellings. However, there was no significant interaction between the trustworthiness ratings of the emails and the amount of scanning time for phishing indicators within the emails. These results suggest that there is a complex relationship between the presence of indicators associated with phishing within an email and how trustworthy that email is judged to be. This study also demonstrates that eye tracking technology is a feasible method with which to identify and record how phishing emails are processed visually by individuals, which may contribute toward the design of future mitigation approaches.


id: cord-303553-u6vnbhvn
title: Psychological Well-Being and Youth Autonomy: Comparative Analysis of Spain and Colombia
author: Charry, Claudia
date: 2020-09-25
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101134/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564232
abstract:
  The construct of autonomy appears in literature associated with individual psychological wellbeing. In Ryff’s model, autonomy is presented as one of the dimensions of wellbeing, along with self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. The present study compared the levels of autonomy and psychological wellbeing between Spanish and Colombian young people. Ryff’s Scale of Psychological Wellbeing and the Transition to Adulthood Autonomy (EDATVA) scales were used on a sample of 1,146 young people aged between 16 and 21; 506 Spaniards and 640 Colombians. Results showed differences in autonomy and in two of the four dimensions proposed by the EDATVA: self-organization and critical thinking. Similarly, important differences were observed in the subscales of positive relations and purpose in life. The importance of contextual factors in the development of psychological well-being and autonomy in young people in transition to adulthood is discussed.


id: cord-304208-jwlc8fxj
author: Vagni, Monia
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-304208-jwlc8fxj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304208-jwlc8fxj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566912
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566912
summary:
  Hence, this study explores the relationship between coping strategies used by healthcare and emergency workers in Italy to manage the stress factors related to the COVID-19 emergency, which may result in the risk of developing secondary trauma. As regards the stress that they experience, the literature clearly explains that healthcare and emergency workers who intervene in emergency situations are exposed to the risk of developing dysfunctional reactions that can be identified at different levelsphysical and/or physiological (e.g., psychosomatic disorders, sleep/wake cycle alterations, and sense of tiredness); emotional (e.g., irritability, nervousness, agitation, anger, low self-esteem, and guilt); cognitive (e.g., distractibility, sense of ineffectiveness, and negative anticipation of events); and relational (e.g., increase in conflicts within emergency teams and/or with their organization/institution, and social withdrawal)-and may also develop reactions from secondary trauma (Del Missier et al., 2008; Sbattella, 2009; Argentero and Setti, 2011; Fraccaroli and Balducci, 2011; Bellelli and Di Schiena, 2012; Walton et al., 2020) .

title:
  Coping With COVID-19: Emergency Stress, Secondary Trauma and Self-Efficacy in Healthcare and Emergency Workers in Italy

abstract:
  Coping with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a significant risk factor for the psychological distress of health workers. Hence, this study explores the relationship between coping strategies used by healthcare and emergency workers in Italy to manage the stress factors related to the COVID-19 emergency, which may result in the risk of developing secondary trauma. We study differences between healthcare (n = 121) and emergency workers (n = 89) in terms of their coping strategies, emergency stress, and secondary trauma, as well as the relationships of these differences to demographic variables and other stress factors (Instructions and Equipment). For this purpose, we collected data from participants through the following questionnaires online: Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale – Italian Version, The Coping Self-Efficacy Scale – Short Form, an original questionnaire on stressors, and the Emergency Stress Questionnaire (to assess organizational–relational, physical, decisional inefficacy, emotional, cognitive, and COVID-19 stress). We performed a t-test, correlational analysis, and hierarchical regression. The analyses reveal that compared with the emergency worker group, the health worker group has greater levels of emergency stress and arousal and is more willing to use problem-focused coping. Healthcare workers involved in the treatment of COVID-19 are exposed to a large degree of stress and could experience secondary trauma; hence, it is essential to plan prevention strategies for future pandemic situations. Moreover, individual efficacy in stopping negative emotions and thoughts could be a protective strategy against stress and secondary trauma.


id: cord-306729-oa9i4ss9
author: Luo, Li-Sha
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-306729-oa9i4ss9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306729-oa9i4ss9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01501
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01501
summary:
  The current study thus aimed to explore the potential infection routes and psychological changes among hospital staff in ALDs and to provide scientific suggestions on preventing adverse effects among this population''s during large-scale infectious diseases outbreaks. During previous infectious diseases outbreaks, studies on the healthcare staff ''s infection have focused on the front-line doctors and nurses, while the staffs in FIGURE 1 | Psychological status before and after diagnosis of the COVID-19 staffs in administrative and logistics departments (A: awareness of the epidemic before diagnosis; B: mental attitude before diagnosis; C: psychological stress or emotional changes after diagnosis; D: the possible causes of emotional change after diagnosis; E: the methods used to control stress or mood changes after diagnosis; and F: the sources of comfort and care after diagnosis). In our study, we found no significant difference in psychological impact between infected doctors and nurses and staff in ALDs-neither in the awareness and mental attitude to the epidemic before diagnosis or the psychological changes after diagnosis.

title:
  COVID-19: Presumed Infection Routes and Psychological Impact on Staff in Administrative and Logistics Departments in a Designated Hospital in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  Objective: Our aim was to explore the presumed infection routes and psychological impact of COVID-19 on staff in administrative and logistics departments (ALDs). Methods: We gathered data from all 18 staff members with COVID-19 in ALDs in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, China. The baseline, job before diagnosis, presumed infection environment, use of protective equipment, and psychological status before and after diagnosis were collected and analyzed. A total of 18 uninfected staff members working alongside them in the same environment and 18 random matched infected doctors and nurses formed two control groups; the psychological impact of these three groups was then compared. Results: Of the 18 members of staff, 88.89% were infected due to the working environment (hospital), and nine had face-to-face conversations with doctors and nurses in their daily work. Many staff members did not take any protective measures in their routine work. Before they were diagnosed, 12 staff members were aware of the seriousness of the epidemic, and most of the staff maintained a neutral attitude to the COVID-19 outbreak. A total of 77.78% of the staff experienced psychological stress or emotional changes after diagnosis, which were mainly caused by family health and disease related issues. Most of them managed their emotions by self-control and video calls with their families. There was no significant difference in psychological impact among the three groups, but uninfected staff members were fully aware of the seriousness of the epidemic. Conclusions: Effective protective measures should be taken for staff members in ALDs. Psychological interventions are very important to help infected staff members in ALDs cope with psychological distress.


id: cord-309095-ka9abe0c
title: Exploring Children’s Social and Emotional Representations of the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Idoiaga, Nahia
date: 2020-08-12
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01952
abstract:
  COVID-19, a new emerging infectious disease (EID), has spread throughout the world, including Europe. Spain, in particular, has witnessed a significant outbreak of the pandemic. All classes have been canceled, and the government has declared a state of emergency, ordering the lockdown and confinement of the entire population. All children in the country have been confined to their homes since March 13 and are not allowed to leave at any time. This population is thus facing the harshest restrictions. Given the vulnerable situation of children, the aim of this research is to understand how they represent and emotionally cope with the COVID-19 crisis. A free association exercise elicited by the word “coronavirus” was completed by 228 children (age range: 3–12 years) from the North of Spain. To analyze the content, we employed the Reinert method with Iramuteq software for lexical analysis. The results revealed that children represent the COVID-19 as an enemy that is being fought by the doctors. Children are afraid and worried about catching the virus, but mainly because they think they can infect their grandparents, and this makes them feel guilty. Moreover, the lockdown situation has produced conflicting emotions in the children. On the one hand, they are scared, nervous, lonely, sad, bored, and angry, but they also feel safe, calm, and happy with their families. These results indicate the need for governments to also consider children in their management of the current situation by placing greater emphasis on social and inclusive policies to help alleviate the possible effects that they may suffer as a consequence of the pandemic and the lockdown. In short, there is a need to address the psychological, educational, social, health, and well-being needs of children.


id: cord-311393-e82jy629
author: Giménez-Dasí, Marta
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311393-e82jy629.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132994/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590463
summary:
  Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the changes that the confinement situation experienced between the 11th of March and the 25th of April could have caused on a sample of children residing in the Community of Madrid. The objective of the present study was to verify whether the situation of 6 weeks of strict confinement experienced in Madrid as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis had caused a change in the psychological well-being of children. In general, the results obtained are congruent with those found in previous studies on the effects of social isolation on children and also with the few studies that have been carried out on the particular situation of confinement during SARS-CoV-2 health crisis (Jiao et al., 2020; Pisano et al., 2020) .

title:
  Six Weeks of Confinement: Psychological Effects on a Sample of Children in Early Childhood and Primary Education

abstract:
  Spain has been one of the countries most affected by the health crisis derived from COVID-19. Within this country, the city of Madrid has registered the highest number of infections and deaths. This circumstance led to the adoption of strict confinement measures for a period of 6 weeks. The objective of the present study was to investigate the psychological effects that this confinement has had on the psychological well-being of a sample of children from Madrid. A total of 167 families with children aged between 3 and 11 years participated in this study. The parents evaluated the children through the System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents (SENA) scale in the month of February and refilled part of the same scale after the children had spent between 4 and 6 weeks confined. The comparison between the two measures showed no change among the 3-year-old children. However, change was observed among the 6–10-year-old. Children in Primary Education obtained lower scores in dimensions related to self-regulation (emotional, attentional, and behavioral) and in willingness to study. The results are discussed in light of the situation experienced between the months of March and May 2020.


id: cord-315827-biur1xn4
title: Correlates of Health-Protective Behavior During the Initial Days of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Norway
author: Zickfeld, Janis H.
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-315827-biur1xn4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315827-biur1xn4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123045/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564083
summary:
  In the current study, we explore what demographic and psychological variables predicted the adoption and engagement in health-protective behavior and how attitudes and self-reported behaviors changed over the course of a period of 15 days during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway. Sampling 770 US adolescents from the 20th to the 22nd of March, health-protective behavior including physical distancing and hand washing was positively predicted by perceived severity of the outbreak and social responsibility, as well as negatively predicted by self-interest (Oosterhoff, 2020) . In order to classify important variables predicting engagement in health-protective behavior we employed two different strategies: a highly confirmatory theory-driven strategy based on reviews and previous studies on the COVID-19 outbreak, and a highly exploratory data-driven approach using a supervised machine learning procedure combined with split-half validation.

abstract:
  The coronavirus outbreak manifested in Norway in March 2020. It was met with a combination of mandatory changes (closing of public institutions) and recommended changes (hygiene behavior, physical distancing). It has been emphasized that health-protective behavior such as increased hygiene or physical distancing are able to slow the spread of infections and flatten the curve. Drawing on previous health-psychological studies during the outbreak of various pandemics, we investigated psychological and demographic factors predicting the adoption and engagement in health-protective behavior and changes in such behavior, attitudes, and emotions over time. We recruited a non-representative sample of Norwegians (n = 8676) during a 15-day period (March 12–26 2020) at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway. Employing both traditional methods and exploratory machine learning, we replicated earlier findings that engagement in health-protective behavior is associated with specific demographic characteristics. Further, we observed that increased media exposure, perceiving measures as effective, and perceiving the outbreak as serious was positively related to engagement in health-protective behavior. We also found indications that hygiene and physical distancing behaviors were related to somewhat different psychological and demographic factors. Over the sampling period, reported engagement in physical distancing increased, while experienced concern or fear declined. Contrary to previous studies, we found no or only small positive predictions by confidence in authorities, knowledge about the outbreak, and perceived individual risk, while all of those variables were rather high. These findings provide guidance for health communications or interventions targeting the adoption of health-protective behaviors in order to diminish the spread of COVID-19.


id: cord-322348-8opy5z9h
author: Morelli, Mara
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322348-8opy5z9h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584645
summary:
  Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation, and children''s lability/negativity, was investigated. (2020) in Italy showed that it was the parenting stress related to the health emergency, the pandemic, and the lockdown that increased children''s psychological, emotional, and behavioral problems. For this reason, this study focused on identifying which parental psychological variables can mediate the relationship between parents'' psychological distress during the pandemic and the lockdown and their children''s emotional regulation, in order to understand which possible intervention should be implemented to ameliorate families'' well-being. A SEM was employed to test the hypothesized mediation model in which parenting self-efficacy and parents'' regulatory emotional self-efficacy (related to the COVID-19 lockdown) mediated the relationship between parents'' psychological distress and both children''s emotional regulation and children''s lability/negativity.

title:
  Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Lockdown: The Influence of Parenting Distress and Parenting Self-Efficacy on Children’s Emotional Well-Being

abstract:
  On March 10, 2020, Italy went into lockdown due to the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The World Health Organization highlighted how the lockdown had negative consequences on psychological well-being, especially for children. The present study aimed to investigate parental correlates of children’s emotion regulation during the COVID-19 lockdown. Within the Social Cognitive Theory framework, a path model in which parenting self-efficacy and parental regulatory emotional self-efficacy mediated the relationship between parents’ psychological distress and both children’s emotional regulation, and children’s lability/negativity, was investigated. A total of 277 parents of children aged from 6 to 13 years completed an online survey that assessed their psychological distress, regulatory emotional self-efficacy, and parenting self-efficacy. Parents reported also children’s emotional regulation and lability/negativity. A structural equation model (SEM) using MPLUS 8.3 was tested. Results showed that the hypothesized model exhibited excellent fit, chi-square (83) = 140.40, p < 0.01, RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.04. The influences of parents’ psychological distress and parents’ regulatory emotional self-efficacy on children’s emotional regulation and lability/negativity were mediated by parenting self-efficacy. The mediation model was invariant across children’s biological sex and age, and geographical residence area (high risk vs. low risk for COVID-19). Results suggested how parents’ beliefs to be competent in managing parental tasks might be a protective factor for their children’s emotional well-being. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.


id: cord-322577-5bboc1z0
title: Mental Health Through the COVID-19 Quarantine: A Growth Curve Analysis on Italian Young Adults
author: Parola, Anna
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-322577-5bboc1z0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322577-5bboc1z0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567484
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567484
summary:
  Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults'' mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults'' mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. CONCLUSIONS: The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults'' mental health in the long term. This study assessed and monitored Italian young adults'' mental health status during the firsts 4 weeks of lockdown imposed by the government during the COVID-19 outbreak, from March 16 to April 16.

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Health emergencies, such as epidemics, have detrimental and long-lasting consequences on people’s mental health, which are higher during the implementation of strict lockdown measures. Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults’ mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults’ mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design. METHODS: Participants (n = 97) provided self-reports in four time intervals (1-week intervals) in 1 month. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. To determine the time-varying effects of prolonged quarantine, a growth curve modeling will be performed. RESULTS: The results showed an increase in anxiety/depression, withdrawal, somatic complaints, aggressive behavior, rule-breaking behavior, and internalizing and externalizing problems and a decrease in intrusive behavior and personal strengths from T1 to T4. CONCLUSIONS: The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults’ mental health in the long term.


id: cord-322679-jrsg8pdk
author: Hu, Na
date: 2020-10-09
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576515
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576515
title:
  Impact of the Family Environment on the Emotional State of Medical Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak: The Mediating Effect of Self-Efficacy

abstract:
  During the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the medical staff was facing severe work pressure, which led to a negative emotional state. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the family environment and the emotional state of the medical staff members during the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the importance of self-efficacy in regulating mental health, the mediating role of self-efficacy in the association between family environment and emotional state was also explored. A cross-sectional survey was performed, using an online questionnaire, on 645 medical staff who participated in the epidemic prevention and control tasks during the COVID-19 outbreak in Beijing. Family environment, self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Correlation analysis and mediating effect analysis were used to explore the relationships between them. First, a higher prevalence of anxiety (39%) and depressive (33%) symptoms were confirmed among the medical staff. Second, the symptoms of anxiety and depression were negatively correlated with the dimensions of cohesion and expressiveness and positively correlated with the dimensions of conflict in the FES-CV scale. Third, self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between the family environment and anxiety symptoms (P < 0.001) as well as the family environment and depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). These findings show that a negative family environment was the main predictor of symptoms of anxiety and depression in the medical staff during the COVID-19 outbreak. Furthermore, we found that self-efficacy played a critical mediating role between the family environment and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Our study also indicates that improvements in the family environment benefit the mental health care of the medical staff, and high self-efficacy enhances this effect.


id: cord-325077-j77wbcr3
author: Prado-Gascó, Vicente
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101136/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900
summary:
  Psychosocial risks arise from poor work design, organization, and management, as well as a poor social context of work, and they may result in negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes such as work-related stress, burnout, or depression (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d). Considering that teachers are vulnerable to burnout and job stress (Zapf et al., 1999; Jennings and Greenberg, 2009; Kaur and Singh, 2014; Yerdelen et al., 2016; Travers, 2017; Makhdoom et al., 2019; Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2019b; Schonfeld et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2020) , and therefore the negative consequences these can have on their health and professional performance (Bergh et al., 2018; Fornell et al., 2018; Junne et al., 2018; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d) , it is essential to study how psychosocial risks affect this group at a time of such vulnerability and general demand as the present.

title:
  Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic

abstract:
  CONTEXT: The emergency situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different facets of society. Although much of the attention is focused on the health sector, other sectors such as education have also experienced profound transformations and impacts. This sector is usually highly affected by psychosocial risks, and this could be aggravated during the current health emergency. Psychosocial risks may cause health problems, lack of motivation, and a decrease of effectiveness at work, which in turn affect the quality of teaching. Despite their importance, there are hardly any studies that analyze psychosocial risks of non-university teachers during a health emergency such as that caused by COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of COVID-19 and the psychosocial risks of non-university teachers comparing Spain and Mexico during the state of alarm caused by COVID-19. METHODS: Data were collected from 421 non-university teachers (80.2% women; 56.3% from Mexico, 43.7% from Spain) aged 24–60 (M = 39.32, SD = 10.21) via a self-completed questionnaire during the pandemic from March to April 2020. RESULTS: Data analysis suggests that inequity is the most important risk, followed by work overload. Teachers appear to be moderately satisfied with the information on COVID-19 and the measures taken, while their satisfaction with the available resources is lower. When comparing the two countries, significant differences can be observed in every risk considered except for social support, with lower levels in Mexican teachers compared to Spanish ones. In the case of the perception of COVID-19 and its impact, the perception in general of levels of information, measures, and resources is better among Mexican teachers than among Spanish ones, who present higher scores of the impact of the health emergency. CONCLUSION: The results underline the importance of the professional’s perception of resources during a health emergency, which could prevent to some extent burnout and possible alterations associated with it. The measures taken by the responsible entities and the provision of information do affect teachers not only directly but also indirectly by making them more vulnerable to psychosocial risks that could affect their health and professional performance, thus affecting students as well.


id: cord-326971-jekqhslx
author: Schnepper, Rebekka
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-326971-jekqhslx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326971-jekqhslx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33162922/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.595806
summary:
  In this study, N = 65 participants that wanted to lose weight or develop a healthier eating behavior were randomized to either a 14-day self-compassion intervention arm or a waitlist control arm. Before and after the intervention phase, questionnaires on self-compassion, eating, dieting, health behavior, stress, and emotion regulation were completed and body weight was determined. Future studies should replicate these findings outside of the COVID-19 crisis and test the effect of self-compassion in samples with eating disorders or weight problems. Although a review showed beneficial effects of SC on eating behavior, body image, and weight loss (Rahimi-Ardabili et al., 2018) , previous studies suffered from several limitations like failing to include a control group (Pinto-Gouveia et al., 2019) , combining SC with other helpful components like mindfulness, yoga, and psychoeducation, or only assessing short-term effects. In this study, participant who wanted to lose weight or change their eating behavior received a 2-week, smartphonebased self-compassion intervention.

title:
  Being My Own Companion in Times of Social Isolation – A 14-Day Mobile Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Stress Levels and Eating Behavior

abstract:
  The worldwide spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the resulting lockdown has affected the whole world and the maintenance of healthy eating behavior might be an additional challenge. Self-compassion (SC) interventions emphasize not only treating oneself in a caring way regarding personal weaknesses, e.g., diet lapses, but also the recognition of shared human suffering. Thus, self-compassion might be particularly valuable during the current worldwide crisis due to COVID-19. In this study, N = 65 participants that wanted to lose weight or develop a healthier eating behavior were randomized to either a 14-day self-compassion intervention arm or a waitlist control arm. The intervention consisted of daily journaling exercises and meditations via smartphone with a focus on improving eating behavior. Before and after the intervention phase, questionnaires on self-compassion, eating, dieting, health behavior, stress, and emotion regulation were completed and body weight was determined. Participants in the treatment arm (n = 28) showed an increase in self-compassion, a decrease in perceived stress, eating in response to feeling anxious, and, on trend level, body mass index (BMI). Changes in self-compassion fully mediated changes in stress. No such effects were found in the waitlist control group (n = 29). Thus, self-compassion might help to maintain well-being and healthy eating habits in times of increased stress and isolation. Future studies should replicate these findings outside of the COVID-19 crisis and test the effect of self-compassion in samples with eating disorders or weight problems.


id: cord-328442-mnlzj1ly
author: Barattucci, Massimiliano
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-328442-mnlzj1ly.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554561
summary:
  However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people''s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. To investigate the joint impact of cognitive risk dimensions, affect, and anxiety on online searching behavior and compliance toward government restrictions (GR), in the peculiar context of the Italian pandemic emergency, we drew from the HBM to formulate and test a novel explicative model.

title:
  Rethinking the Role of Affect in Risk Judgment: What We Have Learned From COVID-19 During the First Week of Quarantine in Italy

abstract:
  Due to COVID-19 spreading in Italy, on March 11 the Prime Minister of Italy declared a lockdown and imposed severe restrictive measures impacting citizens’ freedom at several levels. People were required to stay at home and go out only to satisfy basic needs. Several risk models have postulated a link among online searching behavior, affect, anxiety, and complaints by individuals toward government restrictions (GR), which emerged as also related to an increased perception of knowledge toward risk. However, to date, no study has addressed how these key risk-related aspects (i.e., affect, anxiety, perceived knowledge on risk, and risk dimensions) can act jointly to orient online health information-seeking behavior, and people’s complaints toward GR imposed during the lockdown. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying online health information-seeking behavior and people’s complaints toward the government’s restrictions during a COVID-19 emergency in the Italian population. Drawing from the health belief model (HBM), which postulates a link between sociodemographic variables, risk, and affect dimensions in emergency, we assumed risk factors as predictors of affect and anxiety, which, in turn, were posited as mediators between risk dimensions, online health information-seeking behavior, and complaints toward GR. Participants (1,031) were involved during the first week of the quarantine (March 11–18) and completed an online survey composed of (i) an adapted version of the Italian Risk Perception Questionnaire; (ii) the Italian Positive (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Schedule (PANAS-10); (iii) the State Anxiety Scale (STAI-Y1); (iv) ad hoc personal knowledge measure about novel coronavirus; (v) ad hoc item measuring information search behavior regarding the novel coronavirus; (vi) ad hoc measure of the complains regarding GR; and (vii) sociodemographic questions. General linear models and structural equation modeling (SEM) were carried out to test the model. Sociodemographic and cognitive factors predicted the participants’ affect and anxiety, which, in turn, motivated and fully mediated both information search behavior and complaint toward GR. This research can offer useful suggestions for policy-makers during the COVID-19 emergency, and it advanced the knowledge on the risk–emotion link in emergency situations.


id: cord-328987-ntu1wdzg
author: Teng, Yi-Man
date: 2020-09-15
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33041885/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02168
abstract: nan
title:
  Life or Livelihood? Mental Health Concerns for Quarantine Hotel Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic


id: cord-329312-bvnky9yr
author: Alemany-Arrebola, Inmaculada
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-329312-bvnky9yr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329312-bvnky9yr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33154727/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570017
summary:
  There is little research on the impact of the pandemic and its influence on levels of anxiety in university students, and even less related to expectations of academic self-efficacy. For this reason, the objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between perceived self-efficacy and trait anxiety (TA) and SA, during the first moments of COVID-19, since it was an exceptional situation to learn how university students responded to critical situations (related to SA). Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy. Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy.

title:
  Influence of COVID-19 on the Perception of Academic Self-Efficacy, State Anxiety, and Trait Anxiety in College Students

abstract:
  The worldwide pandemic situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to a state of confinement of the population, which has caused, following consulted research, an increase in stress. Faced with this situation, the Spanish university not only had to adapt to the changes derived from the causes of the pandemic but also had to face a new methodological model—e-learning teaching—for which not all teachers and students were prepared. This could cause an increase in stress due to the uncertainty caused by this time of change. This research analyzes the relationship between perceived self-efficacy in the confinement period and the level of trait anxiety (TA) and state anxiety (SA) during COVID-19. Four hundred twenty-seven students from the University of Granada (Spain) participated in this study. The adaptation of two scales that measure perceived academic self-efficacy and anxiety (TA and SA) has been applied. The results indicated that there was an inversely proportional relationship between anxiety and self-efficacy; men showed the highest perception of self-efficacy, while women had higher scores in TA and SA; the latter was accentuated in cases when a relative died. To conclude, students who show a higher level of anxiety (TA and SA) express more negative emotions and also perceive themselves with less academic self-efficacy. Therefore, a stressful situation (pandemic and confinement) together with a critical event (illness and death of a relative/friend due to COVID-19) increases anxiety levels and influences the perception of academic self-efficacy.


id: cord-331257-z2x1wax0
title: Psychological Status and Influencing Factors of Hospital Medical Staff During the COVID-19 Outbreak
author: Yao, Yang
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-331257-z2x1wax0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331257-z2x1wax0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849083/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01841
summary:
  BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological status of and its influencing factors in health care workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak so as to provide sufficient theory and scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies and measures in improving the psychological status of HCWs. METHOD: During February 1 to February 20, 2020, 1,002 members of the HCWs from Xi''an and Wuhan completed a 12-item questionnaire regarding pressure about the COVID-19 influenza pandemic, along with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Hospital medical staff show an absolutely important position in the outbreak of infectious diseases, but people often pay more attention to the cure rate, diagnosis, and treatment effect and prognosis of patients and ignore the psychological distress of HCWs. Studies that investigated the psychological status during SARS and A/H1N1 influenza pandemic indicated that a high level of distress is common (Caputo et al., 2006; Goulia et al., 2010) .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychological status of and its influencing factors in health care workers (HCWs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak so as to provide sufficient theory and scientific basis for the formulation and implementation of relevant policies and measures in improving the psychological status of HCWs. METHOD: During February 1 to February 20, 2020, 1,002 members of the HCWs from Xi’an and Wuhan completed a 12-item questionnaire regarding pressure about the COVID-19 influenza pandemic, along with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The GHQ-12 scale was divided by three points. The positive group was scored more than 3. All data were analyzed by SPSS. RESULTS: More than half of the participants (61.1%) reported psychological distress. The HCWs have sufficient information about the COVID-19 symptoms, prognosis, treatment, infection route, and preventive measures (medians ranged from 6/9 to 8/9). Female, engaged in clinic work less than 7 years, married person, and working in Wuhan were risk factors affecting the psychological status of HCWs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Psychological distress is common in HCWs during the COVID-19 outbreak. Hospitals and relevant departments should provide psychological support to HCWs, and strict infection control measures should be developed.


id: cord-331374-3gau0vmc
title: Expatriates’ Multiple Fears, from Terrorism to Working Conditions: Development of a Model
author: Giorgi, Gabriele
date: 2016-10-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27790173/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01571
abstract:
  Companies’ internationalization appears to be fundamental in the current globalized and competitive environment and seems important not only for organizational success, but also for societal development and sustainability. On one hand, global business increases the demand for managers for international assignment. On the other hand, emergent fears, such as terrorism, seem to be developing around the world, enhancing the risk of expatriates’ potential health problems. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between the emergent concept of fear of expatriation with further workplace fears (economic crisis and dangerous working conditions) and with mental health problems. The study uses a quantitative design. Self-reported data were collected from 265 Italian expatriate workers assigned to both Italian and worldwide projects. Structural equation model analyses showed that fear of expatriation mediates the relationship of mental health with fear of economic crisis and with perceived dangerous working conditions. As expected, in addition to fear, worries of expatriation are also related to further fears. Although, the study is based on self-reports and the cross-sectional study design limits the possibility of making causal inferences, the new constructs introduced add to previous research.


id: cord-332420-9vyik2e9
author: Probst, Thomas
date: 2020-09-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132965/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559100
title:
  Being a Psychotherapist in Times of the Novel Coronavirus Disease: Stress-Level, Job Anxiety, and Fear of Coronavirus Disease Infection in More Than 1,500 Psychotherapists in Austria

abstract:
  This study investigated stress-level, degree of job-related anxiety, and fear of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in psychotherapists in the early weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown in Austria. One thousand five hundred and forty-seven psychotherapists participated in an online survey, assessing stress [Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)], work-related worries and fears of existence [Job Anxiety Scale (JAS)], fear of COVID-19 infection during face-to-face psychotherapy, and adherence to five protective measures against COVID-19 infection during face-to-face psychotherapy. Stress-levels were higher than in a representative sample (p < 0.001). When psychotherapy was the sole income, stress-level (p = 0.020) and job anxiety (p < 0.001) were higher. Experiences with teletherapy, the psychotherapy format used during COVID-19, as well as reductions in number of patients treated during COVID-19, had no effect on stress-level or job anxiety. Psychotherapists still conducting face-to-face psychotherapy during COVID-19 reported less fear of infection compared to those conducting no face-to-face psychotherapy (p < 0.001), whereby the fear of infection was further reduced when they were more able to adhere to protective measures against COVID-19 (p < 0.01). Mental hygiene is important for psychotherapists to manage stress and job-related anxiety during COVID-19, especially in those whose income relies on psychotherapy.


id: cord-335251-w6k4fnpo
author: Nielsen, Morten Birkeland
date: 2020-06-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32695050/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01401
title:
  Organizational Prevention and Management Strategies for Workplace Aggression Among Child Protection Workers: A Project Protocol for the Oslo Workplace Aggression Survey (OWAS)

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Previous research has established exposure to workplace aggression as a significant risk factor for employee functioning, well-being, and health. However, less is known about effective prevention and management strategies. The main objectives of the current project were to determine the impact of physical and psychological aggression on the well-being, health, and work ability of employees in the child welfare service and to establish whether a strong psychosocial safety climate and an ethical infrastructure are effective with regard to protecting employees against aggression. This project may help identify the specific risks child welfare workers are exposed to, the impact of workplace aggression on their health and well-being, and the most effective strategies to manage the problem. Furthermore, the findings should be central for developing laws and regulations and to any political decision on measures to tackle aggression in the workplace. METHODS: The study will employ two prospective data collections. Firstly, a three-wave longitudinal survey with a 6-month time lag between measurement points will be conducted among all 1,500 employees in the child welfare services in Oslo Municipality, Norway. Data will have a multilevel structure and will be linked to registry data on sickness absence. Secondly, a quantitative daily diary study over a 14-day period will include 150 of the respondents from the main survey study. The survey questionnaires mainly comprise well-established and psychometrically validated indicators of workplace aggression, health and well-being, psychosocial safety climate, ethical infrastructure, and other relevant factors. The Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) in Norway (REC South East) have approved this project (project no. 28496). DISCUSSION: This project will identify the impact of workplace aggression on child protection workers as well as provide information on how organizations can actively manage exposure to workplace aggression. The findings may serve as a starting point for intervention studies as well as the development of policies and guidelines on how to handle workplace aggression.


id: cord-337632-2q6gm7n3
title: Mental Health Challenges of United States Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19
author: Pearman, Ann
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-337632-2q6gm7n3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337632-2q6gm7n3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02065
summary:
  HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). As expected, there were significant differences on education [χ 2 (8, N = 180) = 16.61, p = 0.03] such that HCPs had more education than non-HCPs. Results from the MANOVA ( Table 2 ) controlling for education show that HCPs reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms, current anxiety, concern about their health, tiredness, constraint, and past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, but lower levels of proactive coping compared to non-HCPs (Pillai''s Trace = 0.28, F(12,160) = 5.29, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.28).

abstract:
  As COVID-19 continues to impact global society, healthcare professionals (HCPs) are at risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes due to their role as care providers. The objective of this study was to better understand the current psychological impact of COVID-19 on HCPs in the United States This study used an online survey tool to collect demographic data and measures of well-being of adults age 18 and older living in the United States between March 20, 2020 and May 14, 2020. Measures included anxiety and stress related to COVID-19, depressive symptoms, current general anxiety, health questions, tiredness, control beliefs, proactive coping, and past and future appraisals of COVID-related stress. The sample included 90 HCPs and 90 age-matched controls (M(age) = 34.72 years, SD = 9.84, range = 23 – 67) from 35 states of the United States. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed, using education as a covariate, to identify group differences in the mental and physical health measures. HCPs reported higher levels of depressive symptoms, past and future appraisal of COVID-related stress, concern about their health, tiredness, current general anxiety, and constraint, in addition to lower levels of proactive coping compared to those who were not HCPs (p < 0.001, η(2) = 0.28). Within the context of this pandemic, HCPs were at increased risk for a number of negative well-being outcomes. Potential targets, such as adaptive coping training, for intervention are discussed.


id: cord-342386-t5b8wpe2
title: All We Need Is Trust: How the COVID-19 Outbreak Reconfigured Trust in Italian Public Institutions
author: Falcone, Rino
date: 2020-10-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132966/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561747
abstract:
  The central focus of this research is the fast and crucial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a crucial psychological, relational, and political construct: trust. We investigate how the consequences of the pandemic, in terms of healthcare, state intervention and impositions, and daily life and habits, have affected trust in public institutions in Italy, at the time when the contagion was rapidly spreading in the country (early March 2020). In this survey, addressed to 4260 Italian citizens, we analyzed and measured such impact, focusing on various aspects of trust. This attention to multiple dimensions of trust constitutes the key conceptual advantage of this research, since trust is a complex and layered construct, with its own internal dynamics. In particular, the analysis focuses on how citizens attribute trust to Public Authorities, in relation to the management of the health crisis: with regard to the measures and guidelines adopted, the purposes pursued, the motivations that determine them, their capacity for involvement, and their effectiveness for the containment of the virus itself. A pandemic creates a bilateral need for trust, both in Public Authorities (they have to rely on citizens’ compliance and must try to promote and maintain their trust in order to be effective) and in citizens, since they need to feel that somebody can do something, can (has the power to) protect them, to act at the needed collective level. We are interested to explore how this need for trust affects the attributional process, regarding both attitudes and the corresponding decisions and actions. The most striking result of this survey is the very high level of institutional trust expressed by respondents: 75% of them trust Italian public authorities to be able to deal with the COVID-19 emergency. This is in sharp contrast with the relatively low levels of institutional trust characteristic of Italy, both historically and in recent surveys. Moreover, the survey allowed the discrimination of several potential predictors for trust, thus emphasizing factors that, during this crisis, are exhibiting an anomalous impact on trust.


id: cord-342919-ls2q1g0v
title: Italians on the Age of COVID-19: The Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Through Web-Based Survey
author: Balsamo, Michela
date: 2020-10-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178074/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569276
abstract:
  The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the Italian community. The widespread use of quarantine had the desired impact of controlling the epidemic, although it caused many psychological consequences. To date, compliance of the Italian public with voluntary home quarantine has been very high, but little is known about the impact of psychological health on sociodemographic categories during the quarantine. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in specific sociodemographic categories during the COVID-19 quarantine lockdown and the potential factors that contribute to, or mitigate, these effects. In the very early stage of the nationwide lockdown, 3,672 quarantined Italian adult residents (65% females, ranging from 18 to 85 years) participated in a web-based cross-sectional survey, including measures of depressive symptoms, which were measured by the Teate depression inventory, and state anxiety levels. The overall prevalence was 27.8% for moderate and 9.3% for severe levels of depressive symptoms. A generalized logistic model was used to identify the factors associated with mental health problems. Among these factors, sociodemographic variables (e.g., sex, age, employment status) and adherence to quarantine guidelines were analyzed. Females, younger people, students, singles, residents in northern Italy, people who were reluctant to adhere to quarantine guidelines, and people less worried about being infected with COVID-19 were at high risk of developing depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic, also after controlling for state anxiety. These findings showed that public levels of depressive symptoms did not increase the greater likelihood of being infected. Our study suggested that the monitoring of psychological outcomes for outbreaks could identify groups at higher risk of psychological morbidities due to the current pandemic in order to target future psychological interventions for implementation.


id: cord-346338-kdjgu93q
author: Spinelli, Maria
date: 2020-07-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719646/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713
title:
  Parents' Stress and Children's Psychological Problems in Families Facing the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy

abstract:
  Objectives: The present study aimed to explore the effect of risk factors associated with the COVID-19 outbreak experience on parents' and children's well-being. Methods: Parents of children aged between 2- and 14-years-old completed an online survey reporting their home environment conditions, any relation they had to the pandemic consequences, their difficulties experienced due to the quarantine, their perception of individual and parent-child dyadic stress, and their children's emotional and behavioral problems. Results: Results showed that the perception of the difficulty of quarantine is a crucial factor that undermines both parents' and children's well-being. Quarantine's impact on children's behavioral and emotional problems is mediated by parent's individual and dyadic stress, with a stronger effect from the latter. Parents who reported more difficulties in dealing with quarantine show more stress. This, in turn, increases the children's problems. Living in a more at-risk area, the quality of the home environment, or the relation they have with the pandemic consequences, do not have an effect on families' well-being. Conclusions: Dealing with quarantine is a particularly stressful experience for parents who must balance personal life, work, and raising children, being left alone without other resources. This situation puts parents at a higher risk of experiencing distress, potentially impairing their ability to be supportive caregivers. The lack of support these children receive in such a difficult moment may be the reason for their more pronounced psychological symptoms. Policies should take into consideration the implications of the lockdown for families' mental health, and supportive interventions for the immediate and for the future should be promoted.


id: cord-348806-yi9vbgwj
title: The Psychological and Social Impact of Covid-19: New Perspectives of Well-Being
author: Saladino, Valeria
date: 2020-10-02
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
abstract:
  The recent Covid-19 pandemic has had significant psychological and social effects on the population. Research has highlighted the impact on psychological well-being of the most exposed groups, including children, college students, and health workers, who are more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and other symptoms of distress. The social distance and the security measures have affected the relationship among people and their perception of empathy toward others. From this perspective, telepsychology and technological devices assume important roles to decrease the negative effects of the pandemic. These tools present benefits that could improve psychological treatment of patients online, such as the possibility to meet from home or from the workplace, saving money and time and maintaining the relationship between therapists and patients. The aim of this paper is to show empirical data from recent studies on the effect of the pandemic and reflect on possible interventions based on technological tools.


id: cord-349415-q0g0uqj6
author: Commodari, Elena
date: 2020-09-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071884/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559951
title:
  Adolescents in Quarantine During COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: Perceived Health Risk, Beliefs, Psychological Experiences and Expectations for the Future

abstract:
  Since March 2020, many countries throughout the world have been in lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, the quarantine began on March 9, 2020, and containment measures were partially reduced only on May 4, 2020. The quarantine experience has a significant psychological impact at all ages but can have it above all on adolescents who cannot go to school, play sports, and meet friends. In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. Nine hundred and seventy eight adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. 31.1% of the participants lived in “red zones,” which are places where the government has imposed stricter measures of containment due to exponential and uncontrolled growth in contagion cases compared to other areas in Italy. According to our results, Italian adolescents had a low perception of risk of COVID-19. Perceived comparative susceptibility and perceived seriousness were also very low. However, they were aware of the restriction measures necessary to contain the spread of the virus, and they agreed with the limitations imposed by the government. Females and adolescents living in a “red zone” showed more significant psychological negative feelings about the quarantine experience. However, no significant differences were found about the regions where the teenagers of our sample live and the other variables related to the COVID-19 experience. This is very interesting data, leading us to hypothesize that the participants’ negative feelings may be more related to the adolescent period than to the pandemic itself.


