Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 42 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3554 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 COVID-19 7 MERS 6 covid-19 5 SARS 4 infection 4 East 3 virus 3 influenza 3 RSV 2 respiratory 2 patient 2 RNA 2 NLR 2 March 1 vaccination 1 transmission 1 symptom 1 risk 1 pandemic 1 mortality 1 mobile 1 illness 1 household 1 hospital 1 hedgehog 1 health 1 hand 1 fever 1 family 1 e.g. 1 disease 1 case 1 bedouin 1 alcohol 1 Zika 1 Wuhan 1 TIR 1 Shahroud 1 Nigeria 1 Middle 1 Kong 1 JEE 1 ISC 1 ILI 1 Hong 1 HRV 1 HRP 1 HEV 1 GHSI 1 EriCoV Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1127 % 1046 case 883 infection 831 patient 797 study 744 virus 489 disease 465 influenza 396 coronavirus 381 datum 378 time 377 risk 372 country 369 rate 354 transmission 333 analysis 323 symptom 316 group 295 camel 291 p 287 mortality 273 age 267 epidemic 263 health 261 outbreak 260 year 260 number 246 day 243 factor 242 population 238 model 228 sample 213 death 204 cluster 200 syndrome 200 result 199 pandemic 198 fever 193 illness 179 hospital 174 period 173 detection 169 household 164 vaccination 164 child 161 difference 158 - 155 variable 154 test 139 contact Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 509 MERS 501 COVID-19 335 CoV 288 SARS 199 China 188 RSV 179 East 175 CoV-2 171 Middle 145 Health 119 CI 117 March 113 RNA 108 Wuhan 89 Table 87 Saudi 86 Arabia 82 Fig 74 PCR 72 February 68 NLR 68 EriCoV 67 al 67 Nigeria 57 et 57 World 56 HCWs 56 GHSI 52 January 51 Coronavirus 51 April 48 Organization 47 Africa 44 JEE 44 Germany 44 Disease 44 A 43 USA 43 HEV 41 Epidemiol 41 CT 41 BCG 41 . 40 sha 38 Kong 37 TIR 37 Hospital 37 Hong 36 WHO 36 H1N1 Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 487 we 222 it 121 they 40 them 28 i 14 us 6 itself 6 he 5 she 3 you 3 themselves 3 ourselves 2 one 2 him Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 4702 be 816 have 470 use 310 report 272 include 244 show 234 compare 213 associate 170 base 169 confirm 151 identify 151 do 149 find 140 test 131 provide 130 increase 123 infect 122 perform 121 detect 113 consider 111 suggest 101 estimate 100 follow 96 collect 94 assess 92 shed 79 observe 78 predict 78 occur 75 analyse 74 relate 72 accord 71 result 71 present 69 reduce 69 develop 68 affect 66 vaccinate 66 require 66 remain 66 indicate 65 cause 64 lead 64 give 64 determine 61 spread 61 emerge 61 describe 61 conduct 60 make Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 683 respiratory 426 not 388 high 315 viral 305 other 269 - 264 clinical 251 severe 241 more 240 covid-19 228 also 219 low 198 significant 194 such 191 however 183 first 181 positive 174 most 149 human 140 early 130 non 125 different 120 likely 116 significantly 113 acute 112 well 110 public 109 asymptomatic 108 epidemiological 103 previous 96 only 96 infectious 93 respectively 92 novel 92 global 91 multiple 89 medical 89 large 88 further 88 current 86 critical 86 available 85 old 82 important 81 symptomatic 78 similar 77 common 76 specific 76 infected 74 several Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 most 34 high 23 low 20 least 18 Most 13 large 9 great 5 long 3 strong 3 short 3 late 2 good 2 early 1 rare 1 mild 1 few 1 common 1 close 1 bad 1 Least 1 -t Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 113 most 43 least 4 well 2 worst 1 highest 1 early Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 doi.org 4 www.who.int 2 www.nhc.gov.cn 2 dx.doi.org 1 www.who 1 www.sciencemag.org 1 www.kfsh.med.sa 1 www.darpa.mil 1 www.censtatd.gov.hk 1 www 1 orcid.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200207sitrep-18-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fa644293_2 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/en/index 1 http://www.who 1 http://www.sciencemag.org/news/ 1 http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s3577/202002/ 1 http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ 1 http://www.kfsh.med.sa/KFSH_WebSite/users 1 http://www.darpa.mil/news-events/2014-08-15 1 http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/home/ 1 http://www 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-7147 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816000339 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001393 1 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820002046 1 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001958 1 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820001533 1 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268819001754 1 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268817002345 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 study are available 7 infections were more 5 % were male 4 study has several 4 study shows limits 3 % tested positive 3 % were influenza 3 cases were asymptomatic 3 cases were significantly 3 cov is essential 3 data are available 3 study did not 3 symptoms were present 3 transmission occurred indirectly 2 % were critical 2 % were latino 2 age was also 2 cases were older 2 cases were still 2 data are median 2 data are not 2 disease was first 2 group was lower 2 infection does not 2 infections are more 2 infections were relatively 2 patients had mild 2 patients tested positive 2 patients were mainly 2 patients were male 2 patients were significantly 2 rate is much 2 symptoms predicting influenza 2 symptoms was not 2 transmission is still 2 virus shedding time 2 viruses include adenovirus 1 % are dromedary 1 % are muslims 1 % had unrecognized 1 % reported case 1 % reported never 1 % was highly 1 % were a(h1n1 1 % were a(h3n2 1 % were anti 1 % were female 1 % were h1n1pdm 1 % were h3n2 1 % were healthcare Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 data are not publicly 1 age was not homogeneous 1 countries are not readily 1 cov were not able 1 covid-19 is not identical 1 groups showed no significant 1 influenza is not causally 1 influenza were not major 1 rates was not spurious 1 symptoms was not available 1 symptoms were not significantly 1 virus did not necessarily A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-321260-oi37dfsp author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date = 2017-12-22 keywords = Arabia; MERS summary = title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study The author hypothesised that people of older age, with underlying medical conditions and from Saudi Arabia or other Middle East countries are at high risk of death related to MERS-CoV. The author obtained information on age, gender, date of notification, date of onset of MERS symptoms, date of outcome or death, whether a patient or healthcare worker, symptomatic, underlying medical conditions, source of infection and the reported country. For the MERS patients studied, the Republic of Korea or other countries (95.83% and 91.67%) had much higher 14-and 45-day survival rates than the Middle East (84.09% and 75.00%) and Saudi Arabia (82.51% and 62.92%), respectively. doi = 10.1017/s095026881700293x id = cord-277159-klhmed21 author = Bassal, R. title = Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in dromedary camels, Bedouins, Muslim Arabs and Jews in Israel, 2009–2017 date = 2019-02-22 keywords = HEV; bedouin summary = Human HEV infection, investigated using seroprevalence studies, was found to be more prevalent in older ages [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] , lower socio-economic status [21] , poorer residence areas [9, [14] [15] , among sheltered homeless adults [22] or uneducated people [14] , specific nationalities (for example, higher in mixed race donors and ethnic groups within China [12, 15] , or in immigrants from Afghanistan [14] ), drinking water from wells or rivers [15] , consumption of meat products [7, 15, 17, 23] especially pork [24, 25] and following blood transfusions [1] . This study aimed to assess HEV seroprevalence in camels (dromedary), in Bedouins living in the southern part of Israel in the vicinity of camels, in non-Bedouins Arabs (Muslims living in northern and central Israel) and in Israeli-born Jews and to assess the factors associated with anti-HEV seropositivity. doi = 10.1017/s0950268819000062 id = cord-325226-8zrtjuwf author = Biswas, Raaj Kishore title = Underreporting COVID-19: the curious case of the Indian subcontinent date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Bangladesh; COVID-19; ISC summary = In the meantime, academic studies started making inferences on the COVID-19 response effectiveness through comparing the disease prevalence and fatality rates between higher and lower income nations in order to investigate the curious case of low COVID-19 infection rates among the LMICs. Conducting research on LMICs with limited data could often lead to erroneous findings and biased interpretations, which is becoming a concern with the avalanche of studies published daily. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are among the worst 20 countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of total number of cases; however, they are ranked 138, 139 and 147, respectively, in tests per million population, as of 18 June 2020 [1] . This lack of testing capabilities during the early days accompanied by the limited protective gears for health personnel and low implementation capacity related to the response of such pandemics could have concealed the true rate of infection and disease spread in the LMICs of the ISC. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002095 id = cord-275002-axp2ggbf author = Brandl, M. title = Mass gathering events and undetected transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in vulnerable populations leading to an outbreak with high case fatality ratio in the district of Tirschenreuth, Germany date = 2020-10-13 keywords = March; TIR summary = title: Mass gathering events and undetected transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in vulnerable populations leading to an outbreak with high case fatality ratio in the district of Tirschenreuth, Germany To investigate the outbreak, we analysed surveillance and other data available at the district health department, including data on cases living in care facilities and public health measures applied. In order to investigate reasons for the rapid increase of cases and the magnitude of the outbreak, we used national and local surveillance data on laboratory-confirmed, reported COVID-19 cases in TIR from 17 February to 11 May 2020. We contacted local laboratories to estimate the number of SARS-CoV-2 tests performed in the period of 7 March 2020 (first laboratory confirmation in TIR) and 13 May 2020 and compared the data with those reported for Germany [6] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002460 id = cord-332258-o3u52mhl author = Brlek, A. title = Possible indirect transmission of COVID-19 at a squash court, Slovenia, March 2020: case report date = 2020-06-19 keywords = March summary = title: Possible indirect transmission of COVID-19 at a squash court, Slovenia, March 2020: case report We conducted an epidemiological investigation which revealed a cluster of five COVID-19 cases, linked to playing squash at a sports venue in Maribor, Slovenia. Epidemiological investigation revealed a cluster of five COVID-19 cases linked to playing squash at a sports venue in Maribor, Slovenia. Our epidemiological investigation raises possibility that secondary cases in the cluster got the infection through indirect transmission at the sports venue. We concluded that the mode of transmission between the index patient and the secondary cases in this cluster was either through contaminated common objects or virus aerosol, since all three pairs shared the same squash hall, which is a small and confined space with poor ventilation, where strenuous physical activity is performed, during which shedding and aerosolisation of the virus could be increased [4, [10] [11] [12] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001326 id = cord-261282-r1nprlne author = CHUGHTAI, A. A. title = The presence of fever in adults with influenza and other viral respiratory infections date = 2016-10-03 keywords = ILI; fever; influenza summary = [13] examined clinical trial data of 3744 adult ILI cases (defined as body temperature 537·8°C or patients subjective feeling of feverishness) and of those 2470 (66%) had laboratory-confirmed influenza. The aim of this study was to compare the rates of fever in adult subjects with confirmed influenza and other respiratory virus infections and examine predictors of fever. Rates of fever in influenza and other viral respiratory infections in this study were lower compared to other studies which report fever in around 50-70% adult cases [1, 5, 13, 15] . Clinical signs and symptoms are less studied for other viral respiratory infections, but available evidence suggests that other respiratory viruses are associated with a lower rate of fever compared to influenza [5, [30] [31] [32] [33] . Compared to children, this study shows that adults are less likely to have fever with a respiratory viral infection, even influenza. doi = 10.1017/s0950268816002181 id = cord-292502-m76rne1l author = Cheema, S. title = The COVID-19 pandemic: the public health reality date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; health; pandemic summary = Undeniably, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in loss of human life; it has wreaked havoc on healthcare systems worldwide, highlighting inequities in healthcare availability and access; it has resulted in drastic public health measures in most countries of the world. Here, we present data that pose questions on the magnitude of attention that the COVID-19 pandemic has garnered compared to other public health issues that are in dire need of prevention and response. The loss of income is likely to result in an increase of adverse health outcomes for many of the individuals affected, and the overall economic crisis will negatively impact the ability of entire countries to provide effective healthcare to their citizens. Hence, we believe that the mortality and disease burden during and after the COVID-19 pandemic due to the social and economic consequences of the preventive measures and other factors can be substantially high. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002216 id = cord-354272-99vw735a author = DARLING, N. D. title = Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data date = 2017-10-24 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data In an effort to better understand the patterns of transmission, a retrospective analysis of epidemiological clusters identified throughout the ongoing MERS-CoV epidemic was conducted using open-source data. Several key search terms were utilized to capture all cluster-related literature, including ''MERS-CoV'', ''nosocomial'', ''cluster'', ''transmission'', ''superspreader'', ''contact tracing'', and ''healthcare worker''. An exported cluster was defined as any cluster that resulted from verified travel of an index case (from an area of known MERS-CoV transmission) within one incubation period (14 days) of symptom onset. If a case was reported from the city during the estimated time in which there was ongoing nosocomial transmission, had no travel or camel exposure in the 14 days prior to illness onset, and had no known household contact with a confirmed MERS-CoV case, the case was included in the case count for that particular nosocomial cluster. doi = 10.1017/s0950268817002345 id = cord-327867-1wkbjtji author = Da''ar, Omar B. title = Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus date = 2018-06-11 keywords = East; MERS summary = title: Underlying trend, seasonality, prediction, forecasting and the contribution of risk factors: an analysis of globally reported cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus This study set out to identify and analyse trends and seasonal variations of monthly global reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). This study set out to identify trends and seasonal variations; made a prediction based on the globally reported cases of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), extrapolated into the future by forecasting the trend and assessed contributions of various risk factors for the MERS-CoV cases. Using linear time series models and their application to the modelling and prediction of the globally reported MERS-CoV data, the present study identified trends, analysed seasonality, predicted and forecast evolution of MERS-CoV cases and assessed the contribution of various risk factors. doi = 10.1017/s0950268818001541 id = cord-290591-yi6yjjne author = Desai, Angel N. title = Bending the epidemic curve: advancements and opportunities to reduce the threat of emerging pathogens date = 2019-04-03 keywords = disease summary = This invited editorial introduces a special issue of Epidemiology & Infection while also discussing advances in emerging infectious diseases. Although many of these diseases have the potential to cause public health emergencies, a lack of timely surveillance and effective interventions continue to hamper preparedness efforts [2] . review the recent Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, shedding light on transmission patterns of this emerging pathogen while also highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance [6] . Lessons learned from the WHO response to the recent 2017 pneumonic plague outbreak in Madagascar are presented by Heitzinger et al., who highlight specifically the challenges of implementing rapid infection prevention and control measures in epidemic settings [7] . It is also crucial to encourage research during outbreaks through rapid data sharing to facilitate rapid response efforts, as is promoted through organisations such as the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) [9] . doi = 10.1017/s095026881900058x id = cord-289907-wzctqkd7 author = Elimian, K. O. title = Descriptive epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in Nigeria, 27 February–6 June 2020 date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Nigeria; covid-19 summary = A descriptive analysis of the clinical characteristics, treatment modalities and outcomes of the first 32 COVID-19 patients admitted to Mainland Hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria, found that two-thirds of patients were male, and the mean age was 38.1 years [7] . Through NCDC''s surveillance and laboratory network as well as coordination of state PHEOCs, epidemiological information on COVID-19 cases are captured into a real-time networked platform called Surveillance Outbreak Response Management and Analysis System (SORMAS). During the study period, 36 states plus FCT had reported confirmed COVID-19 cases; all states were actively monitoring for cases through the Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response system (IDSR) system [9] . Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 was done by Residential setting c Residential setting of each person tested for COVID-19 was based on the population size and administrative/ legal criteria for the reporting Local Government Areas (LGA) as recorded by field staff, in line with common classification of urban and rural classification in Nigeria [12] . doi = 10.1017/s095026882000206x id = cord-323551-22v2hn3v author = Galanti, M. title = Rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection across age groups date = 2019-04-15 keywords = infection; respiratory; symptom summary = We enrolled 214 individuals at multiple New York City locations and tested weekly for respiratory viral pathogens, irrespective of symptom status, from fall 2016 to spring 2018. Here, we document rates of asymptomatic respiratory virus infection through a large-scale community study across multiple age groups. For the entire duration of the study, participants provided a daily report rating nine respiratory illness-related symptoms (fever, chills, muscle pain, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, cough, chest pain), which were recorded on a Likert scale (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe). Pairwise comparisons between single infections and coinfections across all eight definitions showed that testing positive for multiple viruses was not associated with more severe symptoms. Figure 3 shows that while children were most frequently infected with a respiratory virus (they presented with the highest number of viral shedding events per season), they recorded (as reported by their parents) the lowest symptom scores on average. doi = 10.1017/s0950268819000505 id = cord-011663-3ggah1y1 author = Haider, Najmul title = Response to ‘Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa’ (Epidemiology and Infection – HYG-LE-10513-May-20) date = 2020-06-10 keywords = covid-19 summary = title: Response to ''Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa'' (Epidemiology and Infection – HYG-LE-10513-May-20) Response to ''Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa'' (Epidemiology and Infection -HYG-LE-10513-May-20) Najmul [2] . In the letter, the authors state that they obtained 2417 COVID-19 cases reported by 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa within the 30 days of the first case confirmed in Nigeria on 27 February. The authors also point out that the model did not consider the risk of importing COVID-19 cases from other countries. At the time, virtually no instances of community transmission were being reported outside of China and thus there was no data available to reliably calculate the risk of case importation from other countries (please see WHO''s situation Report-18 on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200207sitrep-18-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fa644293_2). Evaluation of modelling study shows limits of COVID-19 importing risk simulations in sub-Saharan Africa doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001211 id = cord-325453-5eskj42c author = Haider, Najmul title = The Global Health Security index and Joint External Evaluation score for health preparedness are not correlated with countries'' COVID-19 detection response time and mortality outcome date = 2020-09-07 keywords = GHSI; JEE; covid-19 summary = Higher risk of importation of COVID-19 from China for a given country was negatively correlated with the time taken to detect the first case in that country (adjusted R(2) = 0.63–0.66), while the GHSI and JEE had minimal predictive value. Multiple linear regression analysis was utilised to assess the amount of variation in either the time to detection of the first case that can be explained by the GHSI and JEE score and the importation risk among countries reporting cases by 20th February 2020. Our study further confirms that the health preparedness indices used either in the GHSI or JEE had low predictive value in terms of (i) number of cases detected in the country until 20th February 2020 when most cases were imported from China and (ii) mortality outcome (deaths/million) until either 11th March or 1st July 2020. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002046 id = cord-288102-iom6lu7o author = Han, Jing title = Analysis of factors affecting the prognosis of COVID-19 patients and viral shedding duration date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; patient summary = The clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 were analysed to determine the factors influencing the prognosis and virus shedding time to facilitate early detection of disease progression. The clinical characteristics of 185 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed in Tianjin were analysed retrospectively to determine the factors affecting their prognoses and the duration of viral shedding with the aim of facilitating early treatment and improving patient prognosis. We found that a lower PaO 2 /FiO 2 at the time of admission is a risk factor for a poor prognosis in patients with severe COVID-19. In our study, univariate analysis results showed that age was a risk factor for prolonged viral shedding duration, but no significant difference was found in the multivariate Cox analysis. This study showed that diabetes mellitus, age, the time from symptom onset to treatment and PaO 2 /FiO 2 can predict the prognosis of patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001399 id = cord-349262-gnqbyc6t author = Hemida, Maged Gomaa title = The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) date = 2020-10-14 keywords = CoV; East; MERS summary = title: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) Dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We tested nasal swabs, breath samples from animals within this herd by the real-time PCR. However, the nasal swabs are still the sample of choice in the diagnosis of MERS-CoV among the infected dromedary camel population. Detection of the virus in the air of positive camel''s herd [5, 6] may suggest the virus is excreted in the breath of the infected animals in high concentration. The aim of our study was to test the possibility of MERS-CoV shedding in the breath of the infected dromedary camels. Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Dromedary camels and the transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002459 id = cord-285061-7vah0pjm author = Khosravi, A. title = The basic reproduction number and prediction of the epidemic size of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shahroud, Iran date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Shahroud summary = title: The basic reproduction number and prediction of the epidemic size of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in Shahroud, Iran The aim of this study was to estimate the basic reproduction number (R(0)) of COVID-19 in the early stage of the epidemic and predict the expected number of new cases in Shahroud in Northeastern Iran. The basic reproduction number (R 0 ) is the average expected number of new cases infected by a primary case and must be estimated early during an epidemic [4, 5] . Given the high incidence rate in the region, the aim of this report is to estimate the R 0 of the COVID-19 in the early stage of the epidemic (20 February to 04 March) and predict the trajectory of the epidemic and new cases in Shahroud. During the first 42 days of the epidemic (20 February to 01 April 2020), a total of 993 suspected samples were tested for COVID-19 in Shahroud, and 424 (42.7%) of them tested positive. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001247 id = cord-347916-9suvf3ln author = Kong, Man title = Higher level of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte is associated with severe COVID-19 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = COVID-19; NLR summary = This study aims to assess the association between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the incidence of severe COVID-19 infection. A study indicated that large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum were associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage in COVID-19, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV) infection [6] . The current study aimed to investigate the association between different laboratory data (including lymphocyte subsets and inflammatory biomarkers) and clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients with mild and severe COVID-19 infection to reveal a potentially useful prognostic factor associated with severe morbidity. Compared with the mild group, most patients in the severe group showed higher levels of infection-related indicators, such as procalcitonin (0.07 vs. In this study, the patients in the highest NLR tertile presented a 5.9-fold increased risk of incidence of severe COVID-19 after adjustments for potential confounders were applied. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001557 id = cord-276916-j53i5xfs author = Kraemer, M. U. G. title = Reconstruction and prediction of viral disease epidemics date = 2018-11-05 keywords = Ebola; Zika; transmission summary = Some pathogens that were previously not considered to pose a general threat to human health have emerged at regional and global scales, such as Zika and Ebola Virus Disease. During emerging infectious disease outbreaks, empirical information and mathematical modelling techniques are now commonly used to characterise and predict the spatio-temporal dynamics of the spread of pathogens. Common spatiotemporal analyses of pathogen genomes focus on mapping and predicting virus lineage exchange among locations, with the underlying aim of reconstructing the pathways of disease introduction and spread, albeit at a coarse spatial resolution, and often retrospectively [2, 8, 33, 35, 37, 38] . In the recent yellow fever outbreak in southern Brazil, linking epidemiological, spatial and genomic data and techniques could provide insights into the transmission potential and risk of urban transmission [102] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268818002881 id = cord-313415-5qrpucr4 author = Lai, Rongtao title = Sentinel surveillance strategies for early detection of coronavirus disease in fever clinics: experience from China date = 2020-08-25 keywords = SARS; covid-19 summary = During SARS period in 2003, fever clinics emerged in many cities in mainland China with the purpose to screen the suspected SARS patients and to transfer the confirmed cases to designated hospitals for professional management. During SARS period in 2003, fever clinics emerged in many cities in mainland China with the purpose to screen the suspected SARS patients and to transfer the confirmed cases to designated hospitals for professional management. It is employed for discerning patients with suspected symptoms and signs, for timely isolation, for effectively blocking disease transmission during the early outbreak period before the pathogen has been identified, and for determining effective therapeutic methods; this strategy was used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic in 2003 [2] . In the early outbreak period, the use of the sentinel surveillance strategy in fever clinics can provide benefits in terms of identifying patients with suspected symptoms, effectively blocking disease transmission, and protecting vulnerable populations. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001892 id = cord-291361-2vn1o7ag author = Li, Jing title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of three family clusters of COVID-19 transmitted by latent patients in China date = 2020-07-06 keywords = SARS; family summary = title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of three family clusters of COVID-19 transmitted by latent patients in China The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the family cluster patients were analysed and compared with those of 43 contemporaneous sporadic cases. In terms of epidemiological characters and clinical symptoms, no significant differences were observed between the family cluster and sporadic cases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of these three family clusters of COVID-19 cases by comparing them with sporadic cases, which would provide insights for epidemic control in the context of the current serious situation worldwide. This study revealed that sporadic cases had lower levels of albumin and lymphocyte counts than family cluster cases; otherwise, there were no significant differences in terms of other epidemiological characters and clinical features between the two groups. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001491 id = cord-330954-ft14aa2n author = Liu, B. M. title = Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients in convalescence period date = 2020-06-03 keywords = RNA summary = The discharged patients must meet the following criteria: (1) the body temperature returns to normal for more than 3 days; (2) respiratory symptoms improve significantly; (3) pulmonary imaging shows that the acute exudative lesions were significantly absorbed and improved; (4) the SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) detection results of two consecutive respiratory specimens are negative (sampling interval should be at least 24 h). We recorded the clinical manifestations, RNA detection results of oropharyngeal swab specimens, SARS-CoV-2 IgM−IgG antibodies detection results (data were collected on the 28th day after discharge), chest computed tomography (CT) images and medication of these patients. A case report of four mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients (all were medical staff) showed that all convalescent patients without clinical symptoms presented RP findings of RNA detection in throat swab specimens at 5−13 days after discharge [14] . Another study found that among 62 COVID-19 convalescent medical staff, two patients without clinical symptoms showed RP findings of RNA detection in throat swab specimens at 5−6 days after discharge [15] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001181 id = cord-309001-erm705tg author = Liu, Q. title = Laboratory findings and a combined multifactorial approach to predict death in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = To describe the laboratory findings of cases of death with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to establish a scoring system for predicting death, we conducted this single-centre, retrospective, observational study including 336 adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, who had definite outcomes (death or discharge) between 1 February 2020 and 13 March 2020. This single-centre, retrospective, observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan. Therefore, in this research study, we analysed the laboratory examination indicators of patients who died and hoped to find out the risk factors that could predict the outcome of death. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001442 id = cord-355171-oi3ezlsl author = MACINTYRE, C. R. title = Quantifying the risk of respiratory infection in healthcare workers performing high-risk procedures date = 2013-12-05 keywords = HRP; infection; risk summary = This study determined the risk of respiratory infection associated with high-risk procedures (HRPs) performed by healthcare workers (HCWs) in high-risk settings. In droplet transmission, pathogens or droplets which are larger than 5 μm, such as influenza virus and Bordetella pertussis are transmitted from an infected patient to HCWs through breathing, talking, coughing, sneezing, as well as through performing high-risk procedures (HRPs) [2, 7, 8] . Although various guidelines and policies for infection control measures are implemented in healthcare settings worldwide, the risk of transmission of infectious diseases while performing HRPs has not been well quantified. doi = 10.1017/s095026881300304x id = cord-349298-8s69wprh author = MUNYWOKI, P. K. title = Influence of age, severity of infection, and co-infection on the duration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) shedding date = 2014-06-05 keywords = RSV; infection summary = The shedding durations were longer than previous estimates (3·9–7·4 days) based on immunofluorescence antigen detection or viral culture, and were shown to be strongly associated with age, severity of infection, and revealed potential interaction with other respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major viral cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children worldwide [1] with the key risk group being young infants [2] . The rate of RSV recovery was lower (i.e. shedding duration increased) by 65% in episodes with co-infection compared to those without (aHR 0·35, 95% CI 0·23-0·51), with a similar result for each virus individually. A community study nested within a birth cohort in coastal Kenya targeting symptomatic RSV infections by Okiro and colleagues reported a mean duration of shedding of 4·5 days [12] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268814001393 id = cord-348039-kl1a0au3 author = Majowicz, S. E. title = What might the future bring? COVID-19 planning considerations for faculty and universities date = 2020-04-29 keywords = COVID-19; Canada; e.g. summary = This paper applies a scenario planning approach, to outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19 and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare, and to identify factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19. The PHAC report was underpinned by two planning methodologies: scenario planning [4] , which aims to describe the range of plausible futures so that decisions and plans can be robust in the face of uncertainty; and a modified Political, Economic, Social, Technological (PEST) analysis [5] , a framework for identifying macro-level factors in the wider environment that can impact organisations'' abilities to function. This paper applies a similar approach, in order to: (a) outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19, and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare; and (b) list factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820000898 id = cord-307834-shmpfnrj author = Massad, Eduardo title = Two complementary model-based methods for calculating the risk of international spreading of a novel virus from the outbreak epicentre. The case of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = case summary = The second model calculates the probability that an infected traveller will generate at least one secondary autochthonous case in the visited country. Next, we calculate the values of parameters π and σ from equations (9a) and (9b) to estimate the probability that the infected traveller who imported the virus to his/her home country would generate at least one secondary case, according to equation (11) . One model addresses the case of disease exportation from the epidemic outbreak and considers a certain number of travellers leaving the epidemic region during the incubation period, thereby importing the virus into another country. We simulated the model with the same case of the province of Hubei in China and the results show that one single infective traveller would be able to generate at least one secondary autochthonous case in the visited country, along his/her infectiousness period, with a probability of 23%. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001223 id = cord-346673-kyc1wks5 author = NICKBAKHSH, S. title = Extensive multiplex PCR diagnostics reveal new insights into the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections date = 2016-03-02 keywords = infection; respiratory; virus summary = In particular, our study shows that (i) human coronavirus infections are more common during influenza seasons and in co-infections than previously recognized, (ii) factors associated with co-infection differ from those associated with viral infection overall, (iii) virus prevalence has increased over time especially in infants aged <1 year, and (iv) viral infection risk is greater in the post-2009 pandemic era, likely reflecting a widespread change in the viral population that warrants further investigation. We analysed diagnostic data generated by NHSGGC using multiplex PCR from 2005 to 2013 with the following objectives: (i) to describe testing and virus prevalence trends, (ii) to examine temporal and patient subgroup distributions for each individual virus, and (iii) to compare factors associated with overall viral infection and co-infection using statistical modelling, in order to provide robust and timely estimates of who is most at risk of viral-associated respiratory illness, and when, within a major urban UK population. doi = 10.1017/s0950268816000339 id = cord-337692-b89ow1mf author = Petti, S. title = Ecologic association between influenza and COVID-19 mortality rates in European countries date = 2020-09-11 keywords = SARS; covid-19; mortality summary = Ecologic studies investigating COVID-19 mortality determinants, used to make predictions and design public health control measures, generally focused on population-based variable counterparts of individual-based risk factors. We considered the 3-year average influenza (2014–2016) and COVID-19 (31 May 2020) crude mortality rates in 34 countries using EUROSTAT and ECDC databases and performed correlation and regression analyses. An apparently perplexing characteristic of the reported association between the two mortality rates was that while influenza virus circulation during the seasons considered in the present analysis was uncontrolled, SARS-CoV-2 circulation was probably limited by the widespread exceptional public health measures implemented in Europe [32] . This study reported an inverse association between number of hospital beds and mortality rates (Table 2) , thus showing that high influenza and COVID-19 mortality was also due to inefficiencies of the healthcare systems, and corroborated by data from several European countries [45] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002125 id = cord-345020-ai5tib7h author = Price, O. H. title = Using routine testing data to understand circulation patterns of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viruses in Victoria, Australia date = 2019-06-17 keywords = RSV; influenza; virus summary = Studies investigating viral interference since the pandemic are sparser, though two studies reported that the timing and magnitude of respiratory virus epidemics were affected by the timing of the seasonal influenza A peak [15, 16] . We used routine diagnostic testing data of specimens from both the community and hospitals at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) between 2002 and 2017 to describe relationships between respiratory viruses, with a focus on influenza A and RSV. Seasonality of viruses was assessed visually by time series analysis and for further investigation each virus was compared with influenza A and RSV using cross-correlations that estimated the association between peaks in epidemic curves at a lag or lead of up to 15 weeks. Results of further investigation by logistic regression adjusted for covariates that are predictors of codetection (sex, age and season) were compatible with influenza A, RSV and picornavirus conferring temporary immunity against infection by another respiratory virus. doi = 10.1017/s0950268819001055 id = cord-293525-c7nwygl1 author = Saldanha, I. F. title = Extension of the known distribution of a novel clade C betacoronavirus in a wildlife host date = 2019-04-03 keywords = EriCoV; MERS; RNA; hedgehog summary = An EriCoV-specific BRYT-Green(®) real-time reverse transcription PCR assay was used to test 351 samples of faeces or distal large intestinal tract contents collected from casualty or dead hedgehogs from a wide area across GB. Characterisation of these Erinaceus coronavirus (EriCoV) nucleotide sequences revealed high nucleotide identity to MERS-CoV [3] , the cause of an acute respiratory syndrome in humans with high case fatality rates [5, 6] . Many animal species seem to have the capacity for coronavirus infection in the absence of apparent disease, including bats [15] , aquatic birds [16] and rabbits when inoculated with MERS-CoV [17] . Whole genome sequencing was performed on RNA extracted from one faecal sample collected in 2014 (R618/14) which was identified as EriCoV-positive by real-time RT-PCR. The highest proportion of EriCoV-positive hedgehog samples were submitted from the South of England (34/217, 16%); however, BLR showed no significant association (P = 0.678) between EriCoV infection status and wider region when other factors including age and year were included. doi = 10.1017/s0950268819000207 id = cord-327701-1qgaxcqq author = Scott, E. M. title = Risk factors and patterns of household clusters of respiratory viruses in rural Nepal date = 2019-10-14 keywords = HRV; RSV; household summary = In a prospective longitudinal study utilizing intensive weekly home-based active surveillance to evaluate the household transmission of nine respiratory viruses in rural South Asia, initial infection in young children was associated with the greatest risk of symptomatic respiratory virus household transmission with spread to infants occurring in 45% of transmission events. A higher proportion of initial infection among this group resulted in secondary cases compared to other age groups, including school-age children and mothers, a finding confirmed in our multivariable model of transmission incidence. While a model of Kenya transmission data supports immunizing school-age children to diminish transmission of the virus to infants, our study suggests that in rural South Asia, preschool-age children are more likely to transmit respiratory viruses to other household members [38] . Our study of non-influenza respiratory virus transmission within households in rural Nepal highlights the importance of targeting preschool-age children to prevent the spread of respiratory viral illness. doi = 10.1017/s0950268819001754 id = cord-341795-zbqfs77n author = Sikkema, R. S. title = Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review date = 2019-02-21 keywords = East; MERS; Middle summary = This systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on MERS-coronavirus (CoV) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. In the field surveys included in this review, MERS-CoV RNA has been described in rectal swab samples, although other field studies report negative results [3, [22] [23] [24] and when viral RNA can be detected, the positivity rate of rectal swabs is lower compared with nasal swab samples [19, [25] [26] [27] . Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study Longitudinal study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camel herds in Saudi Arabia Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels doi = 10.1017/s095026881800345x id = cord-263245-2qub96mz author = Singh, D. title = Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations date = 2020-09-29 keywords = SARS; alcohol; hand; virus summary = This review summarises the studies on alcohol-based hand sanitisers and their disinfectant activity against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. The literature shows that the type and concentration of alcohol, formulation and nature of product, presence of excipients, applied volume, contact time and viral contamination load are critical factors that determine the effectiveness of hand sanitisers. When soap and water are not available, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends sanitising of non-visibly soiled hands with an alcoholbased agent containing 80% v/v ethanol or 75% v/v isopropanol [4] . This review assesses available information on the composition, formulation and effectiveness of alcohol-based hand disinfection products with specific reference to their activity against SARS-CoV-2. Alcohol-based hand rubs in the form of foam, rinse and gel did not differ significantly in trials of antimicrobial activity but the application volume and drying time had a profound effect on their efficacy [54] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002319 id = cord-354474-hbl2ywix author = Temsah, M. H. title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare workers during the early COVID-19 pandemic in a main, academic tertiary care centre in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-08-28 keywords = MERS; covid-19 summary = As the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to occur in small outbreaks in Saudi Arabia, we aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of healthcare workers (HCWs) during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare worry levels with previous findings during the MERS-CoV outbreak in 2015. To further understand the knowledge, attitudes and intended practices of HCWs during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is particularly beneficial to obtain their input, especially in an area of the world where other respiratory viral illnesses are either endemic, such as MERS-CoV, or seasonal, such as influenza. The perceived adequacy of knowledge, hygienic practice changes and HCW attitudes toward infection control measures were assessed using a series of Likert-based questions (Supplementary Tables S2-S4 ). The level of knowledge of HCWs toward viral infection outbreaks during the current COVID-19 pandemic are much higher compared to the previous study conducted in the same institution during MERS-CoV a few years ago [15] . doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001958 id = cord-253208-wknht58z author = Wang, Xue title = Ratios of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte predict all-cause mortality in inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective cohort study in a single medical centre date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; NLR summary = title: Ratios of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte predict all-cause mortality in inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective cohort study in a single medical centre The current study aims to explore whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are associated with the development of death in patients with COVID-19. In view of the small number of deaths (n = 12) in the current study, NLR of 2.306 might have potential value for helping clinicians to identify patients with severe COVID-19, with a sensitivity of 100.0% and a specificity of 56.7% (AUC: 0.729, 95% CI 0.563–0.892; P = 0.063). In the current study, the investigators aimed to determine whether the PLR can serve as a valuable predictor of in-hospital mortality, and the value of NLR for predicting the all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. The current study suggests that the elevated NLR is associated with all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, while PLR was not associated with this. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002071 id = cord-305264-0uhabgsr author = Weng, C-H. title = Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study date = 2020-07-09 keywords = BCG summary = In this study, we reviewed 120 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) with COVID-19 at a major federally qualified health centre in Rhode Island, United States from 19 March to 29 April 2020. To determine if BCG vaccination provided protection from COVID-19, we reviewed a predominately Latino/Hispanic population receiving care at the major federally qualified health centre (FQHC) in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. COVID-19 patients with BCG vaccination were less likely to be hospitalised during the disease course (3.7% vs. A recent population-based study examining the cohort of Israeli adults aged 35−41 years found that the BCG vaccine may not reduce the likelihood of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 (difference, 1.3%; 95% CI −0.3% to 2.9%; P = 0.09) [10] . However, the lower hospitalisation rate among BCG-vaccinated patients from our prospective cohort study suggests the potential of BCG in preventing more severe COVID-19 among those who acquired SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001569 id = cord-340938-mk01k235 author = Xu, Kandi title = Application of ordinal logistic regression analysis to identify the determinants of illness severity of COVID-19 in China date = 2020-07-07 keywords = COVID-19; illness summary = A retrospective cohort of COVID-19 patients from four hospitals in three provinces in China was established, and 598 patients were included from 1 January to 8 March 2020, and divided into moderate, severe and critical illness group. To our knowledge, no previous studies have been conducted to investigate the risk factors of severity of COVID-19 based on ordinal response, namely moderate, severe and critical illness. Here, we conducted a retrospective study based on COVID-19 patients from four designated hospitals in Shanghai, Hubei and Anhui provinces to describe the clinical features of COVID-19, and aimed to identify the predictors of multi-level response of severity from moderate, severe to critical illness. In this study, we identified older age, presence of hypertension, elevated ALT, cTnI and myohaemoglobin, prolonged interval between illness onset and diagnosis and admission as the independent determinants to predict the risk of developing more severe illness among COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001533 id = cord-287233-srkny5v4 author = Yu, Hai-ping title = Application of ‘mobile hospital’ against 2019-nCoV in China date = 2020-04-24 keywords = hospital; mobile summary = In this anti-epidemic battle, our hospital adopted the mobile hospital to deal with patients in the early stage of the outbreak in Shanghai and as a supplement medical facility to assist the Wuhan KeTing Medical Shelter. As a temporary facility in the early stage of the outbreak On 23 January, we completed the layout of the mobile hospital fever clinic in just 4 h, which not only effectively deals with fever patients, but also saves precious time for our hospital to complete the formal reconstruction of its fever clinic. From 23 to 27 January, 367 fever patients were registered in the mobile hospital, including one confirmed patient, without any medical staff being infected. The following areas were set up: triage and waiting room, consultation room, laboratory, pharmacy, treatment room (equipped with six infusion chairs), two isolation wards (equipped with beds and mobile toilets) and rest and dressing rooms for medical staff (Figs 1 and 2 ). doi = 10.1017/s0950268820000862 id = cord-000724-lzhobnch author = ZHANG, J. title = Seasonal influenza vaccination knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and vaccination behaviours of nurses date = 2011-11-18 keywords = influenza; vaccination summary = The questionnaire collected the following data : (1) knowledge about seasonal influenza and vaccination (22 items requiring true, false or unsure responses) included five dimensions to assess general information, severity of influenza, influenza vaccination, high-risk groups and vaccination-recommended groups; (2) risk perception (12 items with a 4-point Likert scale) towards influenza and pandemic with three dimensions (i.e. personal vulnerability to illness, negative consequences of contracting influenza and severity of influenza) ; (3) health locus of control including internal, chance and powerful others dimensions assessed by the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales [28] (18 items) ; (4) vaccination behaviours (nine items) including vaccination status (whether respondents had been vaccinated in the previous season), vaccination intent (whether respondents intended to be vaccinated next season) and vaccination history (how many times respondents had been vaccinated in the last 5 years) ; (5) reasons for accepting or refusing vaccination using two open questions; and (6) demographic characteristics (10 items) including gender, age group, highest educational qualification, place of work, clinical speciality, year of qualification as a nurse and whether or not respondents had direct patient contact. doi = 10.1017/s0950268811002214 id = cord-297326-n0fpu8s3 author = ÁLVAREZ, E. title = New coronavirus outbreak. Lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic date = 2015-01-16 keywords = Hong; Kong; SARS summary = Here, we develop a model that explains the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) epidemic that occurred in Hong Kong in 2003. These equations involve three stocks (SUSCEPTIBLE, LATENT, INFECTED), three auxiliary variables (prevalence, contagion rate, recovery rate) and three parameters (incubation period, case fatality, disease duration). The simulation output for the variable ''sick per day'' fit the data reported by the Hong Kong authorities (Fig. 4a) , suggesting that the model was able to reproduce the epidemic curve. These results are consistent with a previous report showing the basic reproductive numbers for different SARS epidemic curves, which supports the notion that our model is able to largely replicate the disease outbreak in Hong Kong [31] . Under these conditions, the model output fits the epidemic curve observed in the Hong Kong SARS-CoV outbreak (Fig. 4) . doi = 10.1017/s095026881400377x