Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 72 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15597 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 SARS 13 patient 9 COVID-19 8 PCR 7 covid-19 5 infection 4 study 4 strain 4 result 4 method 4 isolate 4 gram 4 MRSA 4 ESBL 3 resistance 3 objective 3 dna 3 RNA 3 PFGE 3 MIC 2 virus 2 test 2 disease 2 Wuhan 2 Staphylococcus 2 RSV 2 NCCLS 2 LRTI 2 ICU 2 GRN 2 Europe 2 ELISA 2 China 2 Candida 2 CFU 1 transmission 1 surveillance 1 sample 1 respiratory 1 public 1 pneumoniae 1 pneumonia 1 machine 1 invasive 1 influenza 1 hospital 1 homeless 1 group 1 gene 1 fever Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5804 % 3378 patient 2147 infection 2015 strain 1917 study 1719 result 1656 isolate 1589 method 1403 resistance 1094 gene 1025 sample 1017 case 987 group 955 hospital 949 virus 927 treatment 905 conclusion 853 day 801 test 795 analysis 794 disease 717 year 641 datum 635 time 630 objective 626 p 615 rate 604 pathogen 559 type 557 aureus 551 detection 546 antibiotic 537 activity 527 susceptibility 510 culture 504 use 486 therapy 472 n 469 control 465 assay 463 concentration 460 blood 448 level 443 risk 443 mic 425 pneumoniae 423 drug 407 laboratory 407 bacteria 405 age Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 984 S. 923 PCR 692 mg 567 C. 513 MRSA 484 E. 393 SARS 371 L 337 MIC 296 CoV-2 269 COVID-19 250 P. 239 Staphylococcus 206 B. 197 M. 196 RT 194 A. 184 PFGE 177 K. 177 ICU 174 RNA 173 L. 173 H. 171 ESBL 167 C 164 B 157 IV 151 NCCLS 148 A 144 imipenem 139 CI 137 S 134 GRN 131 Objectives 128 M 127 lg 127 MIC90 124 Europe 121 R. 120 CFU 119 CSF 115 II 112 linezolid 110 Enterobacteriaceae 107 Table 107 Candida 103 ELISA 102 N. 101 USA 100 RSV Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1092 we 566 it 265 they 194 them 105 i 49 he 35 she 24 us 15 one 9 you 9 itself 4 themselves 4 mg 4 her 3 fusb 1 yourself 1 thereof 1 ours 1 me 1 lmb415 1 kaz)objectives 1 himself 1 him 1 ermb 1 arda Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 17911 be 2376 have 1686 use 836 show 818 include 671 detect 647 find 615 isolate 597 determine 587 perform 577 identify 564 associate 561 compare 540 test 502 increase 447 do 400 report 389 follow 375 base 364 evaluate 361 cause 356 obtain 340 treat 330 collect 323 observe 300 accord 297 suggest 297 receive 295 confirm 283 acquire 270 study 260 relate 256 consider 254 develop 253 present 251 assess 245 describe 245 analyse 241 infect 238 produce 234 reduce 233 investigate 221 carry 219 remain 213 provide 210 take 204 occur 197 give 184 require 182 know Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1257 clinical 1100 not 1000 - 931 high 904 positive 859 respiratory 850 resistant 726 most 693 other 685 more 632 also 621 only 615 different 557 respectively 541 antibiotic 531 negative 521 low 508 bacterial 460 non 453 well 434 viral 408 antimicrobial 391 first 369 significant 365 common 359 new 351 human 348 however 346 specific 314 acute 313 severe 285 such 282 susceptible 274 molecular 271 as 266 diagnostic 257 significantly 254 important 246 similar 236 same 235 rapid 228 present 222 infectious 221 single 217 further 211 several 203 medical 201 old 201 available 200 overall Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 172 most 81 high 75 least 63 Most 50 low 41 good 16 common 14 late 14 large 12 great 5 young 5 strong 5 short 2 long 2 bad 2 -sdrE 2 -R 1 wide 1 wet 1 ureB+,cagAÀcagHÀ 1 tt 1 steep 1 small 1 simple 1 old 1 new 1 near 1 mPCR-1 1 ermC 1 easy 1 early 1 deadly 1 close 1 broad 1 big 1 TA,10 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 554 most 86 least 10 well 1 long 1 -ctz Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 doi.org 2 www.who.int 2 www.health.qld.gov.au 1 www.r-project.org 1 www.neli.org.uk 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.chrisbilder.com 1 rrna.uia.ac.be 1 pubmlst.org 1 neisseria.org 1 github.com 1 archives.esf.org 1 apps.who.int Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 1 http://www.who.int/home 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_ 1 http://www.r-project.org/ 1 http://www.neli.org.uk 1 http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/cdb/sru_data.asp 1 http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/cdb/ 1 http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-first-emergencyauthorization-sample-pooling-diagnostic 1 http://www.chrisbilder.com/shiny/ 1 http://rrna.uia.ac.be/ 1 http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/ 1 http://neisseria.org/nm/typing/ 1 http://github.com/matanseidel/pooling_optimization 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.012 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.012 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.019 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.037 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.004.Funding 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.11.018 1 http://archives.esf.org/trace 1 http://apps.who.int/iris/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 isolates were susceptible 21 isolates were resistant 16 strains were resistant 15 strains were susceptible 14 samples were positive 10 isolates were also 9 pcr was positive 7 % were resistant 7 strains were also 6 groups were similar 6 patients did not 6 rates were similar 5 % did not 5 data are available 5 group was significantly 5 hospital acquired infections 5 patients were not 5 patients were successfully 5 strain was resistant 5 strains did not 4 gene was not 4 genes were not 4 isolates were less 4 patients were more 4 patients were randomly 4 resistance was higher 4 samples were also 4 strains were negative 4 strains were not 4 viruses were more 3 % were positive 3 data were available 3 hospital acquired pneumonia 3 infections are more 3 isolates collected worldwide 3 isolates were cn 3 isolates were non 3 isolates were resistance 3 isolates were sensitive 3 isolates were susceptibility 3 patients had severe 3 patients were also 3 patients were clinically 3 patients were male 3 patients were older 3 resistance determining region 3 results were not 3 samples were cultured 3 strains were multiresistant 3 studies did not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 patients had no s. 2 patients showed no evidence 1 analysis showed no clinically 1 analysis showed no difference 1 cases is not widely 1 data show no evidence 1 data were not normally 1 days did not substantially 1 disease is not well 1 gene is not transferable 1 genes are not subject 1 groups was not significant 1 hospital has not yet 1 hospitals did not routinely 1 infection are not yet 1 infection is not only 1 infection were not consistently 1 infections are not uncommon 1 isolates were not statistical 1 methods were not significantly 1 patient had no classical 1 patient had no history 1 patients are not yet 1 patients did not significantly 1 patients is not enough 1 patients is not frequent 1 patients was not significantly 1 patients were not fundamentally 1 patients were not specifically 1 pcr was not positive 1 rates are not obvious 1 rates did not statistically 1 rates were not different 1 results are not always 1 results were not significantly 1 samples are not independent 1 samples were not traceable 1 strains do not necessarily 1 strains had no toxic 1 strains have no phosphatase 1 strains is not common 1 strains showed no genes 1 strains showed no mutations 1 strains were not susceptible 1 studies were not clear 1 study are not representative 1 study showed no significant 1 study was not sufficient 1 tests have no such 1 tests identified no hepatic A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-278807-p1crrb8n author = Antón, A. title = Virological surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses during six consecutive seasons from 2006 to 2012 in Catalonia, Spain date = 2016-03-02 keywords = influenza summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.007 id = cord-275068-yr076sl6 author = Ayoub, Fares title = Football and COVID-19 risk: correlation is not causation date = 2020-09-03 keywords = covid-19 summary = A recent 8 genome wide association analysis (GWAS) has implicated that blood group A patients had a higher risk 9 of severe COVID-19 compared to other blood types,[3] while other studies have found associations 10 between vitamin D levels/latitude, and Bacille de Calmette et Guérin (BCG) vaccine and mortality to 11 COVID-19. [4] Based on the results of these studies, shall we tell our blood group A patients to stay home 12 or tell everyone to take vitamin D or get vaccinated with BCG? [5] Low vitamin D levels have often been associated with a 16 higher risk of infections, but vitamin D supplementation has not been shown to prevent respiratory 17 1 impact journals during the pandemic, but it is important to remember that correlation does not equal 2 causation. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.034 id = cord-009295-4c0zwhdh author = Bal, A. title = Molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in the first COVID-19 cluster in France reveals an amino acid deletion in nsp2 (Asp268del) date = 2020-03-28 keywords = SARS; sample summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.020 id = cord-257696-ybu772zw author = Bartoletti, Michele title = Efficacy of corticosteroid treatment for hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19: a multicenter study date = 2020-09-22 keywords = patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.014 id = cord-326703-akn92p1r author = Bartoletti, Michele title = Development and validation of a prediction model for severe respiratory failure in hospitalized patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection: a multicenter cohort study (PREDI-CO study) date = 2020-08-08 keywords = SRF; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.003 id = cord-325529-pid58g2r author = Ben-Ami, Roni title = Large-scale implementation of pooled RNA extraction and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection date = 2020-06-23 keywords = PCR; RNA; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.009 id = cord-283411-40ojqv1y author = Ben-Shmuel, Amir title = Detection and infectivity potential of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination in isolation units and quarantine facilities date = 2020-09-10 keywords = RNA; SARS summary = title: Detection and infectivity potential of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination in isolation units and quarantine facilities This study assessed the infectivity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination on surfaces and objects in hospital isolation units and a quarantine hotel. Surfaces and air sampling was conducted at two COVID-19 isolation units and in a quarantine hotel. Viral RNA detected in 29/55 (52.7%) and 16/42 (38%) surface samples from the surrounding of symptomatic COVID-19 patients in isolation units of two hospitals and in a quarantine hotel for asymptomatic and very mild COVID-19 patients. Surface Environmental, and 263 Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 264 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient Detection of Severe Acute 268 Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA on Surfaces in Quarantine Rooms. Severe acute respiratory 294 syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces and virus viability in a health care 295 emergency unit. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.004 id = cord-334835-j6u8t8j2 author = Berenguer, Juan title = Characteristics and predictors of death among 4,035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain date = 2020-08-04 keywords = death; patient summary = title: Characteristics and predictors of death among 4,035 consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyse the characteristics and predictors of death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Spain. Seventeen factors were independently associated with an increased hazard of death, the strongest among them included advanced age, liver cirrhosis, low age-adjusted oxygen saturation, higher concentrations of C-reactive protein, and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate. In the 209 final adjusted analysis, we found 17 factors independently associated with an increased hazard of 210 death: male sex, older age, arterial hypertension, obesity, liver cirrhosis, chronic neurological 211 disorder, active cancer, dementia, dyspnoea, confusion, low age-adjusted SaO2 on room air, higher 212 white cell blood count (WBC), higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, lower platelet count, 213 prolonged INR, lower eGFR, and higher concentrations of CRP (Figure 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.024 id = cord-264261-98h1bmb2 author = Caruana, Giorgia title = Diagnostic strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and interpretation of microbiological results date = 2020-06-25 keywords = PCR; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.019 id = cord-286544-ipmcqz8n author = Cheng, Biao title = Predictors of progression from moderate to severe COVID-19: a retrospective cohort date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; CRP summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.033 id = cord-306083-juysx6yo author = Choe, Young June title = Co-seasonality and co-detection of respiratory viruses and bacteraemia in children: a retrospective analysis date = 2020-09-10 keywords = RSV; virus summary = OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the co-seasonality and co-detection of respiratory viral infections and bacteraemia in children since the introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Analysis of linked viral-bacterial infections in individual children indicated that the rate ratio (RR) of bacteraemia associated with hMPV (RR=2.73, 95% CI 1.12-6.85, P=0.019) and influenza (RR=2.61, 95% CI 1.21-6.11, P=0.013) were more than double that of RSV. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between hMPV and influenza viruses, and bacteraemia of all causes in hospitalised children at a single paediatric centre in the United States. A study conducted in children before the 9 implementation of PCV13, demonstrated significant associations between invasive 10 pneumococcal disease (IPD) and influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), as well 11 as human metapneumovirus (hMPV), which was a novel observation [5] . doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.006 id = cord-031493-w8agvg9g author = Davido, Benjamin title = Possible therapies of Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms() date = 2020-09-06 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-031493-w8agvg9g authors: Davido, Benjamin; Seang, Sophie; Barizien, Nicolas; Tubiana, Roland; de Truchis, Pierre title: Possible therapies of Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms() date: 2020-09-06 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.001 sha: doc_id: 31493 cord_uid: w8agvg9g nan responsible for dysautonomia in patients with persistent symptoms following acute SARS-23 COV2 infection. Physicians must keep in mind that COVID-19 is not only a disease 24 responsible for lung injury and its sequel but may affect other organs as olfactory and 25 gustatory dysfunction and as such, should inform the general audience, especially young 26 individuals that are the most concerned [2] . Actually, we did not state that these symptoms of autonomic impairment do not require 28 specific treatment, but we believe it must be a case by case management depending on the breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in adults Efficacy of 68 Therapies for Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-69 analysis doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.001 id = cord-295479-mcfqs7vf author = Davido, Benjamin title = Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a post-infectious entity?() date = 2020-07-23 keywords = covid-19 summary = key: cord-295479-mcfqs7vf authors: Davido, Benjamin; Seang, Sophie; Tubiana, Roland; de Truchis, Pierre title: Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a post-infectious entity?() date: 2020-07-23 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.028 sha: doc_id: 295479 cord_uid: mcfqs7vf nan COVID-19 : point épidémiologique du 21 mai Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris'' response to the COVID-19 88 pandemic Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings 90 in COVID-19 Patients Patients Recovered from COVID-19 Active Epstein-Barr virus infection in 95 post-viral fatigue syndrome serological IgG antibody response on the Abbott Architect for established SARS-CoV-99 2 infection Neurologic manifestations in hospitalized patients 102 with COVID-19: The ALBACOVID registry Cerebrovascular disease in patients with COVID-19: 106 neuroimaging, histological and clinical description Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the covid-19 Chikungunya-Induced Arthritis in Reunion Island: A 113 Long-Term Observational Follow-Up Study Showing Frequently Persistent Joint 114 Some Cases of Persistent Chikungunya Immunoglobulin M Positivity, and 115 No Anticyclic Citrullinated Peptide Seroconversi doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.028 id = cord-279125-w6sh7xpn author = Egli, Adrian title = Digital microbiology date = 2020-06-27 keywords = datum; machine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.023 id = cord-344027-qghktrm1 author = Fiolet, Thibault title = ''Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of COVID-19 patients'' – Author’s reply date = 2020-10-17 keywords = COVID-19 summary = title: ''Effect of hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin on the mortality of COVID-19 patients'' – Author''s reply As with all studies at risk of critical bias included in our systematic review, it was excluded 50 from the main analysis. Treatment 154 with hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and combination in patients hospitalized with Clinical 158 Efficacy of Chloroquine derivatives in COVID-19 Infection: Comparative meta-analysis 159 between the Big data and the real world Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Preliminary results from a 166 multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial COVID-19 177 prevention and treatment: A critical analysis of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine 178 clinical pharmacology Interventions 188 for treatment of COVID-19: A living systematic review with meta-analyses and trial 189 sequential analyses (The LIVING Project) Mortality outcomes with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in COVID-19: an 193 international collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials Hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 in healthcare workers: 203 a randomized trial doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.002 id = cord-343090-dsjq98ks author = Fragkou, Paraskevi C. title = Review of trials currently testing treatment and prevention of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-23 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Table summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.019 id = cord-265363-xw56intn author = Gautret, P. title = Incidence of Hajj-associated febrile cough episodes among French pilgrims: a prospective cohort study on the influence of statin use and risk factors date = 2014-12-12 keywords = Hajj; Saudi; cough summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02816.x id = cord-256429-ntx0eay0 author = Hao, W. title = First atypical case of 2019 novel coronavirus in Yan'an, China date = 2020-02-20 keywords = China summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.011 id = cord-030061-55ntc4wj author = Helleberg, Marie title = Invasive aspergillosis in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-08-05 keywords = invasive summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.047 id = cord-270947-6e5cw2q9 author = Huang, H.-S. title = Multiplex PCR system for the rapid diagnosis of respiratory virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2017-12-05 keywords = Prodesse; respiratory summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.11.018 id = cord-279111-jaa45kyc author = Ieven, M. title = Aetiology of lower respiratory tract infection in adults in primary care: a prospective study in 11 European countries date = 2018-02-12 keywords = LRTI; cap; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.02.004 id = cord-307213-i8yijbiu author = Ip, Jonathan Daniel title = Intrahost non-synonymous diversity at a neutralising antibody epitope of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N-terminal domain date = 2020-11-02 keywords = Illumina; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.030 id = cord-293542-o0zspgrk author = Ippolito, G. title = Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach date = 2014-12-12 keywords = Europe; European; disease summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02876.x id = cord-256853-2s31fn04 author = Jin, Cheng Cheng title = Correlation between viral RNA shedding and serum antibodies in COVID-19 patients date = 2020-05-23 keywords = Cheng summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.022 id = cord-304710-gjb6zo81 author = Khan, S. title = Novel coronavirus: how things are in Wuhan date = 2020-02-11 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = There is a great risk of medical and clinical staff (and workers) becoming infected with 2019n-CoV because of their direct interaction with infected and suspected individuals. Working for long hours, disturbed daily routines including eating and sleeping schedules and fear of being infected are key factors that increase the risks of stress and anxiety for doctors and nurses, and may lead to their working less efficiently in terms of providing better treatment and care to patients. However, the increasing number of patients every day and the expected peak in the coming days [6] may cause a further shortage of medical staff and health and logistic issues for the frontline healthcare provider. China coronavirus: Wuhan medical staff being infected at much faster pace than reported as national death toll hits 26 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.005 id = cord-254278-awdqguoo author = Khan, Suliman title = Association of COVID-19 infection with pregnancy outcomes in healthcare workers and general women date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.03.034 id = cord-297625-eby014gm author = L''Huillier, A.G. title = Survival of rhinoviruses on human fingers date = 2014-12-11 keywords = transmission summary = Our study confirms that rhinovirus infectiousness is related to the viral concentration in droplets and suggests that children represent the main transmission source, which occurs only rarely via adults. We conducted a series of experiments to assess the duration of human rhinovirus infectiousness duration on fingers, as well as the impact of viral concentration on survival rates. One hour after the deposit of disrupted droplets on the fingers of the six volunteers, infectious viruses could be detected by culture in all subjects contaminated with HC droplets (6/6), in four of the six volunteers with AC droplets, and none of the six volunteers with LC droplets, which confirmed the influence of concentration on survival (Fig. 1) . Our study showed that virus survival, and therefore infectiousness, was related to the viral concentration in droplets. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections: studies with human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14 doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.002 id = cord-322585-5gio6ruj author = Lanari, Marcello title = Children and SARS-CoV-2 infection: innocent bystanders…until proven otherwise date = 2020-06-25 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.017 id = cord-286525-0354438s author = Lee, Todd C. title = Tocilizumab versus the covid19 tempest: all’s well that ends well or much ado about nothing? date = 2020-09-29 keywords = covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.033 id = cord-314288-6vh7dvad author = Leibovici, L. title = Submissions and publications in Corona times date = 2020-05-15 keywords = study summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.008 id = cord-326341-egtnqlov author = Liotti, Flora Marzia title = Performance of a novel diagnostic assay for rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection in nasopharynx samples date = 2020-09-23 keywords = SARS summary = title: Performance of a novel diagnostic assay for rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection in nasopharynx samples Conversely, rapid antigen detection assays-intrinsically less laborious and requiring few minutes 29 to results-have the potential to satisfy the pressing demand for an early SARS-CoV-2 infection 30 Suwon, South Korea) assay, a fluorescent immunoassay detecting SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein 33 antigen, on nasopharynx swab samples. The LOD was 5 × 10 2 41 TCID 50 /mL (2 × 10 6 RNA copies/mL) at 95% detection probability ( Supplementary Fig. S1 Our study shows that the STANDARD F COVID-19 Ag FIA assay had a good specificity for 65 SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharynx swab samples but had a good sensitivity only for samples 66 Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic assay for detection of SARS-CoV-102 2 antigen in nasopharyngeal swabs Evaluation of rapid 104 antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.030 id = cord-298441-77w86l8q author = Lombardi, Andrea title = Characteristics of 1,573 healthcare workers who underwent nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-CoV-2 in Milano, Lombardy, Italy date = 2020-06-20 keywords = SARS; test summary = To answer this question, we reviewed all the 59 nasopharyngeal swab performed in HCWs exposed to confirmed cases of COVID-19 at the 60 Foundation IRCCS Ca'' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico located in Milan, the capital 61 of Lombardy, by large the Italian region mostly affected by We assessed 62 frequency of positive tests among symptomatic and asymptomatic HCWs and evaluated the 63 association between occupation, symptoms (type and number), and presence of the infection. Therefore, in middle-and high-resource settings a mass screening for all 163 HCWs exposed to confirmed COVID-19 cases appears the best approach to limit the spread When stratified according to occupation, test-positive frequencies were clearly higher among 177 subsets with direct contact with patients (physicians including residents, nurses and 178 midwives, healthcare assistants and health technicians) than those without (clerical works and 179 technicians). doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.013 id = cord-324148-bllyruh8 author = Loubet, Paul title = Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in adults hospitalized for community-acquired influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2018: a retrospective observational study date = 2020-04-10 keywords = infection; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.005 id = cord-009675-utz0iazs author = Madeley, C. R. title = Are point‐of‐care (POC) virological tests what is needed? date = 2007-06-05 keywords = POC summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01738.x id = cord-287256-hgqz1bcs author = Magurano, Fabio title = SARS-CoV-2 infection: the environmental endurance of the virus can be influenced by the increase of temperature date = 2020-11-05 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.034 id = cord-328499-d6cvaxm9 author = Matzkies, Lucie-Marie title = Lack of sensitivity of an IVD/CE-labeled kit targeting the S gene for detection of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-08 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.036 id = cord-269345-5tlyy8jp author = Minuz, Pietro title = High rate of pulmonary thromboembolism in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia date = 2020-06-18 keywords = patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.011 id = cord-257248-aii0tj9x author = O'Grady, K.F. title = Prevalence, codetection and seasonal distribution of upper airway viruses and bacteria in children with acute respiratory illnesses with cough as a symptom date = 2016-02-22 keywords = ARI; RSV summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.004 id = cord-344581-h7ikjgic author = Ong, David S.Y. title = Comparison of diagnostic accuracies of rapid serological tests and ELISA to molecular diagnostics in patients with suspected COVID-19 presenting to the hospital date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; ELISA summary = OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic performance of rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (LFAs) compared to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and nucleic acid amplification tests (NATs) in suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. In the total cohort, Orient Gene Biotech COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test LFA had a sensitivity of 43/99 (43%; 95% CI 34-53) and specificity of 126/129 (98%; 95% CI 95-100). CONCLUSIONS: There is large variability in diagnostic test performance between rapid LFAs, but overall limited sensitivity and high specificity in acutely admitted patients. First, in a pilot phase 20 NAT-positive and 5 NAT-negative patients were retrospectively selected for which six LFAs were performed on heparin plasma samples obtained upon hospital presentation ( Figure S1 ), which corresponded to the dates of molecular testing. This study shows that the sensitivity of LFA was low in patients suspected for COVID-19 presenting to the hospital, but it improved in patients with at least seven days of symptoms and in those with CRP levels >100 mg/L upon presentation. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.028 id = cord-329350-qrxl5o1e author = Pan, Angelo title = Suggestions from Cremona, Italy - two months into the pandemic at the frontline of COVID-19 in Europe date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; HCW summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.038 id = cord-297470-lx3xwg92 author = Pan, Yunbao title = Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in Wuhan, China: part of the city-wide massive testing campaign date = 2020-10-07 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.044 id = cord-314808-ssiggi2z author = Pappas, G. title = Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases date = 2014-12-12 keywords = disease; fear; public summary = On the other hand, numerous new major threats have emerged during the last three decades; the pandemic of AIDS, the SARS outbreak, the ominous scenarios of an avian influenza pandemic, and the threat of biological weapons are just some examples explaining the concern among health authorities, the media, and the public. The psychological response of both patients and the public to the threat of infection has been evaluated with respect to numerous circumstances in recent years, not only acute outbreaks such as SARS, but also gradually evolving pandemics such as AIDS, threats with marginal risk for humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), and even threats that are only theoretical such as avian influenza. Mass media is another major factor that shapes the physical and psychological response of the public to an infectious disease threat, as depicted in numerous attack scenarios in the literature [32] [33] [34] . doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x id = cord-291272-srt08jh8 author = Peters, E.J.G. title = Outcomes of persons with COVID-19 in hospitals with and without standard treatment with (Hydroxy)chloroquine date = 2020-10-14 keywords = H)CQ; hospital summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.004 id = cord-300023-2dg7njki author = Pillet, S. title = Contamination of healthcare workers'' mobile phones by epidemic viruses() date = 2015-12-20 keywords = RNA summary = We aimed to evaluate the presence of virus RNA from epidemic viruses including metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, rotavirus (RV) and norovirus on the MPs used by healthcare workers (HCWs) and to relate it to hygiene measures. The aims of this study were (a) to evaluate the contamination of MPs by epidemic viruses including RV, NV, influenza A and B viruses, syncytial respiratory virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus (hMPV) in clinical settings, (b) to evaluate the behaviour of HCWs using their MPs in our center by using a blindly recorded questionnaire and (c) to correlate viral contamination of MPs with the behaviour of HCWs. The study took place at the University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, France, from January to March 2013, i.e. the period of circulation of epidemic viruses (influenza viruses, RSV, gastroenteritis-associated viruses) in our setting [22] (personal data). doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.008 id = cord-275556-798oed8n author = Piubelli, Chiara title = Overall decrease of SARS-CoV-2 viral load and reduction of clinical burden: the experience of a Northern Italy hospital date = 2020-10-12 keywords = covid-19 summary = OBJECTIVES: In Italy the burden of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) gradually decreased from March to the end of May. In this work, we aimed at evaluating a possible association between the severity of clinical manifestations and viral load over time, during the epidemiological transition from high to low transmission setting. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a reduction over time of the proportion of patients with Covid-19 requiring intensive care, along with decreasing median values of viral load. The proportion of patients requiring intensive care significantly reduced from 6.7% ( We observed a reduction over time of the proportion of patients with Covid-19 requiring intensive 46 care, along with decreasing median values of viral load. As the epidemiological context changes 47 from high to low transmission setting, people are presumably exposed to a lower viral load, which 48 has been previously associated to less severe clinical manifestations. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.006 id = cord-294546-0otd1heg author = Prendki, V. title = Accuracy of comprehensive PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for CT-scan-confirmed pneumonia in elderly patients: a prospective cohort study date = 2019-01-12 keywords = NPS; PCR; pneumonia summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.037 id = cord-008258-5v55vv4s author = Raoult, D. title = Is it the end of the nervous breakdown on avian influenza? date = 2015-06-21 keywords = H5N1 summary = The nervous breakdown on avian influenza that has affected the WHO, the different governments and the largest journals in the world may perhaps end with two articles published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in May 2015 [1, 2] . This prospective survey in Egypt over 3 years on 1000 people showed that when H5N1 was endemic, 2% of the exposed population had antibodies compared with 0% of controls, and when the epidemic H9N2 appeared in poultry, seroprevalence increased from 0 to 5.6% and 7.5%, all asymptomatic infections. In total the zoonotic variant of H5N1 avian flu and H9N2 is very common in people in contact with poultry; it is banal and most of the time, asymptomatic. Avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) seroprevalence and risk factors for infection among Egyptians: a prospective, controlled seroepidemiological study doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.011 id = cord-317918-pl625ela author = Ripa, Marco title = Secondary Infections in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Incidence and Predictive Factors date = 2020-10-24 keywords = patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.021 id = cord-010162-hfo35gsq author = Saikku, Pekka title = Atypical respiratory pathogens date = 2014-12-29 keywords = Chlamydia; infection; pneumoniae summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00464.x id = cord-307273-pplky6g4 author = Schrooyen, Loïc title = Homeless people hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brussels date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; homeless summary = To the editor, Compared to the general population, homeless people have higher mortality, both related to communicable and non-communicable diseases, partly explained by higher exposure to risk factors including alcoholism, illicit drug abuse and smoking(1,2). Between 3 rd March and 26 th May 2020, 14 homeless people were identified among 238 patients hospitalized for a COVID-19 pneumonia resulting in a homelessness prevalence of 5.88%. Incidences of COVID-19 among homeless and non-homeless patients were calculated using homeless census report and our hospital catchment population. For the reporting period, incidences were 650 and 194/100.000 hospitalized homeless and non-homeless patients for COVID-19, respectively. We found a high but similar proportion of comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) in both populations hospitalized with COVID-19. The high prevalence of comorbidities and the increased exposure to risk factors in the homeless population could increase their risk of more severe disease and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.002 id = cord-292296-nocmabcg author = Shang, L. title = Fangcang shelter hospitals in COVID-19 pandemic: the practice and its significance date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Fangcang; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.038 id = cord-333334-90q1xkld author = Shengchen, D. title = Evaluation of a molecular point-of-care testing for viral and atypical pathogens on intravenous antibiotic duration in hospitalized adults with lower respiratory tract infection: a randomized clinical trial date = 2019-06-20 keywords = LRTI; antibiotic; group summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.012 id = cord-325186-nq6ay4eo author = Sieswerda, Elske title = Recommendations for antibacterial therapy in adults with COVID-19 – An evidence based guideline date = 2020-10-01 keywords = covid-19 summary = SCOPE: The Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy constituted a multidisciplinary expert committee to provide evidence-based recommendation for the use of antibacterial therapy in hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and suspected or proven 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). QUESTIONS ADDRESSED BY THE GUIDELINE AND RECOMMENDATIONS: We assessed evidence on the risk of bacterial infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the associated bacterial pathogens, how to diagnose bacterial infections and how to treat bacterial infections. For patients with secondary bacterial respiratory infection we recommend to follow other guideline recommendations on antibacterial treatment for patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. An antibiotic treatment duration of five days in patients with COVID-19 and suspected bacterial respiratory infection is recommended upon improvement of signs, symptoms and inflammatory markers. As COVID-19 patients frequently 72 need prolonged hospitalization and respiratory support, unnecessary antibiotics upon 73 hospitalization may increase the individual risk of subsequent hospital-acquired pneumonia 74 (HAP) and other adverse events [12, 13] . doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.041 id = cord-253250-zet48zcl author = Thaden, J.T. title = When two for the price of one isn’t a bargain: Estimating prevalence and microbiology of bacterial co-infections in patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.002 id = cord-276399-omjfyog0 author = To, K.K.W. title = Respiratory virus infection among hospitalized adult patients with or without clinically apparent respiratory infection: a prospective cohort study date = 2019-04-18 keywords = fever summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.04.012 id = cord-331002-7uojryqz author = Valent, Francesca title = Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharynx according to clinical phenotype of affected patients date = 2020-09-06 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.041 id = cord-327253-gge6wzly author = Villa, Simone title = Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; chinese summary = 1 Beginning in late January 2020, when the COVID-19 epidemic was still largely limited to China, verbal and physical attacks against Chinese or people of Asian descent have been documented in many countries. 10 In contrary, uninfected COVID-19 people may be facing discrimination when applying for jobs in some countries that may implement COVID-19 passport strategies, despite recommendations of the World Health Organization against such a practice. This reactive behaviour facilitates spreading of infectious pathogens especially among those with mild symptoms who avoid seeking medical attention and act J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f as usual not to raise suspicion on their condition. The world cannot bear a parallel pandemic of stigma, which only serves to boost the spread of infectious diseases and worsen people''s health conditions and social behaviours. Noteworthy, individuals with COVID-19 may develop poor health-seeking behaviours (e.g. avoiding testing) because, by anticipating and fearing stigma, they may perceive the risk of losing their job and being marginalised in the society. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001 id = cord-255971-kamai25b author = Wee, Liang En title = Reduction in healthcare-associated respiratory viral infections during a COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-03 keywords = RVI summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.027 id = cord-276212-ys5njiw0 author = Wei, L. title = Burden, seasonal pattern and symptomatology of acute respiratory illnesses with different viral aetiologies in children presenting at outpatient clinics in Hong Kong date = 2015-05-30 keywords = IFVA; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.027 id = cord-318021-4qrf5m8s author = Wolfensberger, A. title = Development and validation of a semi-automated surveillance system—lowering the fruit for non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP) prevention() date = 2019-03-25 keywords = ECDC; patient; surveillance summary = title: Development and validation of a semi-automated surveillance system—lowering the fruit for non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP) prevention() OBJECTIVES: Conducting manual surveillance of non-ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (nvHAP) using ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) surveillance criteria is very resource intensive. Sensitivity, negative predictive value, and accuracy of semi-automated surveillance versus full manual surveillance were lowest in the validation sample consisting of patients with HAP according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) discharge diagnostic codes, with 97.5% (CI: 93.7–99.3%), 99.2% (CI: 97.9–99.8%), and 99.4% (CI: 98.4–99.8%), respectively. Three authors reported nvHAP incidence rates between 0.12 and 2.28 per 1000 patient days by applying the 2013 CDC surveillance definition to patients with International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9-CM) codes for pneumonia not present on admission [8e10] . doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.03.019 id = cord-283818-4m9p717r author = Yan, Chao title = Rapid and visual detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay date = 2020-04-08 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.001 id = cord-351028-p5cq2is5 author = Yang, Jia-Wei title = Corticosteroid administration for viral pneumonia: COVID-19 and beyond date = 2020-06-27 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.06.020 id = cord-252569-9rv1p3qh author = Zanella, M.-C. title = High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date = 2019-01-11 keywords = CNS; CSF; HTS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.022 id = cord-294392-a8s66g96 author = Zhang, Shuai title = Factors associated with asymptomatic infection in health-care workers with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: a multi-center retrospective cohort study date = 2020-09-07 keywords = SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.038 id = cord-291729-4l4v9jxd author = de Salazar, Adolfo title = Sample pooling for SARS-COV-2 RT-PCR screening date = 2020-09-10 keywords = PCR; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.008 id = cord-009664-kb9fnbgy author = nan title = Oral presentations date = 2014-12-24 keywords = CDI; CTX; Candida; ESBL; Europe; MRSA; PCR; PFGE; PVL; clinical; dna; gene; gram; infection; isolate; method; objective; patient; resistance; result; strain; study summary = Because of the conflicting reports and lack of published data from paediatric patients, we sought to assess possible MIC change over time and to compare results generated by using different methodologies including Etest, agar dilution, and broth microdilution (MicroScan) methods. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NO plays a key role in the eradication of the leishmania parasite Objective: To determine whether a NO donor patch (developed by electrospinning technique) is as effective as meglumine antimoniate in the treatment of CL while causing less adverse events Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted with 178 patients diagnosed with CL in Santander, Colombia, South-America. To follow the development and spread of the resistance among these strains is difficult, as antibiotic susceptibility testing of clinically relevant anaerobes in different routine laboratories in Europe is less and less frequently carried out due to the fact, that clinicians treat many presumed anaerobic infections empirically. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02857.x id = cord-019490-m1cuuehi author = nan title = Abstracts cont. date = 2015-12-28 keywords = AUC; CIP; ESBL; Enterobacteriaceae; GISA; GRN; MIC; MIC90; MRSA; NCCLS; PCR; PFGE; Staphylococcus; gram; infection; isolate; method; objective; patient; resistance; result; strain; study; test summary = Tigecycline Evaluation Surveillance Trial (TEST) -Global in vitro antibacterial activity against selected species of glucose non-fermenting organisms Objective: Despite the introduction of new antimicrobials to treat resistant gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a therapeutic challenge for the clinician. Two prospective studies from our centre identified common causes of CAP in India to be Mycoplasma pneumoniae [MP] and Legionella pneumophila [LP] by serology in 11% each, and SPN in 10% by culture of respiratory secretions/blood/ Conclusion: Although SPN is the most common isolate, the rising numbers of gram negative organisms (38%) and atypical pathogens associated with increasing mortality stress the need for review of initial antibiotic choice for adults with higher PORT classes. Conclusion: The spectrum of isolates among our patients were shifting towards gram positive bacteria with high resistance to different groups of antimicrobial agents limiting few choices for alternative therapies for infection control. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.clm_1134_02.x id = cord-022501-9wnmdvg5 author = nan title = P1460 – P1884 date = 2015-12-28 keywords = 16S; CDAD; CFU; ELISA; ESBL; Enterococcus; GRN; ICU; MIC; MRSA; PCR; Staphylococcus; TGC; dna; gram; infection; isolate; method; objective; patient; resistance; result; strain; study summary = Methods: Using published data on (1) the prevalence of MRSA and other bacterial pathogens causing cSSSI in the US, (2) the in-vitro susceptibility rates of commonly used regimens in cSSSI in the US in relation to the most pervasive pathogens identified above, and (3) estimated costs of failure of initial, empiric treatment from a recent study of a large US multi-hospital database, we developed a model to predict the expected clinical and economic impact of increasing prevalence of MRSA. Small outbreaks of VEB-1 ESBL producing Acinetobacter baumannii in Belgian nursing homes and hospitals through cross-border transfer of patients from northern France Methods: From 01/04 to 03/05, all Belgian acute hospitals were invited to report cases of nosocomial infections/colonisations due to MDR Ab isolates presenting a resistance profile similar to the French epidemic strain (resistance to all agents except carbapenems and colistin) and to send such isolates to the reference laboratory for phenotypic confirmation and for genotypic characterization (PCR of VEB-1 and class 1 Integron, PFGE typing). doi = 10.1111/j.1470-9465.2006.12_4_1431.x id = cord-023592-w96h4rir author = nan title = Abstracts cont. date = 2015-12-28 keywords = CFU; Candida; ESBL; ICU; MIC; MRSA; NCCLS; NVP; PCR; PFGE; Salmonella; dna; gram; isolate; method; patient; result; strain summary = Conclusions: Although the risk of developing more serious gastric lesions increased as the number of virulence factor genes are accumulated in a given Hp strain, we did not find any significant differences or relationship in the cagA, vacA or babA2 status between the Hp isolates from patients with gastritis or peptic ulcer in this study. pneumophila at the serogroup level, it was used in two different outbreaks to demonstrate rapidly the identity of the sequences between strains responsible for severe human infection and those isolated in the hot water reservoir, suggesting a common origin. To determine the antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Shigella strains isolated from stool specimens during a 2-year period, from patients admitted to our clinics with a diagnosis of diarrhoea. In our study the susceptibility of 65 bacterial strains isolated in hospital environment (colonising or infecting patients or carried by German cockroaches) to antibiotics and chemical disinfectants was determined. doi = 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.0902c.x