cord-011855-0vetk6jd	2020	
cord-011992-jgw3nat2	2020	The EV4GH programme deliberately selects a cohort of 30-40 early career researchers in health systems, living or working in lowincome and middle-income countries and with an interest to engage critically on global health issues that have local relevance within their country/local health systems. The collective engagement every 2 years during the biennial global health systems symposia enables community-building and several EV4GH alumni have taken on leadership roles within our network and within the broader HPSR community and beyond. Some have become elected members of the HSG board, and others have taken the lead in managing other thematic working groups within HSG, and many others participate actively in other regional and global events while coordinating with fellow EV4GH alumni in such fora, leveraging the membership in the network to seek wider change in the health systems and global health community.
cord-012040-24112w2j	2020	
cord-252843-vd81pftu	2020	Governments in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) followed the approaches adopted by the Global North and advocated by international bodies such as the WHO, and instituted varying degrees of nationwide stay at home orders (lockdowns) from strict restrictions (such as in South Africa, India and Zimbabwe) to weakly enforced lockdown as in Brazil. ► Investing in community cadres and organisations has the potential to build social solidarity, mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and strengthen intersectoral collaboration and safety nets for future crises. While LMIC governments have focussed almost exclusively on reducing COVID-19 case numbers, many communities organised themselves with ''ground-up'' mitigation measures to address the worsening unintended effects. The intense lockdown periods and burden of COVID-19-related illness have revealed the inadequacies of strained, under-resourced public health facilities, and in some instances inept LMIC governments'' responses to crises; and the critical role of resilient, mobilised community structures.
cord-257765-ljt9rn8z	2020	
cord-258570-3n7jp0l0	2016	We argue that CHWs have played critical roles in improving health service delivery and outcomes, including guinea worm eradication, expanded immunisation coverage, maternal and child health, and HIV/AIDS treatment and management. Despite the general consensus about the importance of CHWs among the global health community, health policy interventions to recognise and support optimal delivery of healthcare by CHWs are lacking, especially in LMICs. In Ghana, although a number of studies and reports have highlighted CHWs'' activities, 16 19 20 there is inadequate health policy support for them. Ambiguity further abounds in the mainstream literature on the characterisation of CHWs. 21 However, during the recent United States Agency for International Development (USAID) CHW Evidence Summit, there was some consensus that a CHW is "A health worker who receives standardized training outside the formal nursing or medical curricula to deliver a range of basic health, promotional, educational, and mobilization services and has a defined role within the community system and larger health system".
cord-260985-ria9v2p6	2019	Given the important implications health services resilience has for the protection and improvement of human life, this scoping review was undertaken to determine how the publicly available body of existing global SimEx materials considers health systems, together with health security functions in the event of disruptive emergencies. Given the important implications health services resilience has for the protection and improvement of human life, this scoping review was undertaken to determine how the publicly available body of existing global SimEx materials considers health systems, together with health security functions in the event of disruptive emergencies. SimEx are also an ideal opportunity to test preparedness of the various functions of the health system, particularly health service delivery, in response to PHEs. This would contribute to the development of strong linkages between health systems and health security sectors supporting an integrated approach towards building resilient health systems.
cord-266780-dwmfayaz	2020	1 2 In the Northwest of the country, in the Idlib and Northern Aleppo governorates, four million people, of which two-thirds are displaced from other parts of Syria, are currently in the midst of a humanitarian crisis due to a military campaign by Syrian and Russian government forces. The Al Hol camp, close to the Syria-Iraq border, was initially set up by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees during the 1991 Gulf war for approximately 15 000 people and it expanded further during the US invasion of Iraq in the early 2000s. 9 10 Generally, newcomers first stay at a reception area and remain there until allocated a shelter and being Summary box ► Al Hol camp is the largest refugee/internally displaced people camp in Northeast Syria. In the harsh conditions of the Al Hol camp, international NGOs, United Nations agencies and local authorities worked towards improving people''s living conditions and supporting their basic needs.
cord-268279-umlqh0q4	2020	These concern Cuba''s visibility and participation in the broader global health security architecture, the social controls exercised by the state in managing disease threats in Cuban territory, and the resource constraints facing the island—in particular, the effects of the US embargo. These concern Cuba''s visibility and participation in the broader global health security architecture, the social controls exercised by the state in managing disease threats in Cuban territory, and the resource constraints facing the island-in particular, the effects of the US embargo. We consider this to be the most apparent embodiment of Cuban health security activities internationally, where the state appears to be supporting response efforts for emerging pathogens by providing human resources and technical expertise within outbreak response, and health systems capacity-building elsewhere in the world, such as the training of international medical professionals.
cord-272195-c4xypzdx	2020	Local authorities and employers must act quickly to stop the spread, ensure easy access to testing and treatment, provide adequate housing and clear communication, encourage wide social support, safeguard financial protection and mental well-being and continuously re-evaluate the situation as more data are collected. 1 In many countries, migrant workers are recognised as one of the most vulnerable subpopulations, as they: (1) often are excluded from protections provided by public policies; (2) frequently take precarious jobs with less pay and longer hours; (3) often work in unsafe working conditions with little occupational safety and health (OSH) training; and (4) grapple with major cultural and language barriers. 5 6 This work investigates the multiple stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic on migrant workers by applying a holistic CRA framework, using Kuwait as an example. Migrant workers who are in non-essential businesses that remain closed could Figure 1 A cumulative risk assessment framework for occupational health and safety with four overlapping domains described by Fox et al.
cord-272965-l0d7rgt0	2020	► King and Koski''s definition of global health may exacerbate inequities by reserving the right to call oneself a global health researcher to those who are privileged and have access to funding that enables them to travel to other settings. Moreover, King and Koski''s 1 definition is not adequate because some global health initiatives are aimed at finding solutions to domestic problems, whether it be in a high, middle or low-income country. 6 7 There are examples of global health research and interventions where countries and communities have worked collaboratively and shared expertise, cultural knowledge and other resources to develop appropriate and effective solutions. 6 11 12 Recognising global health as a field in its own right is crucial to ensure there are dedicated resources for training and forums where the global health community can exchange and share knowledge, so that best practices can be further promoted, especially among students and emerging researchers and practitioners.
cord-272991-opvs2ejd	2020	
cord-274895-rw5keyos	2020	However, much of the early research focused solely on the first 3-year reform after 2009 in China, summary box ► Continued political support is the most important enabling condition for achieving universal health coverage (UHC). 42 43 Under the goal of achieving UHC, China concentrated on establishing the four systems (ie, public health service system, medical service system, health insurance system, and drug supply and security system), based on the eight functional mechanisms that could provide essential supports. There were five reform priorities: (1) accelerating the establishment of a basic health insurance system; (2) establishing a preliminary national essential drug system; (3) improving the primary care delivery system to provide basic healthcare; (4) making basic public health services (BPHS) available and equal for all; and (5) piloting public hospital reforms.
cord-281543-ivhr2no3	2020	17 In the case of Ebola outbreak in West Africa, epidemiologists attributed amplified transmission to local populations'' beliefs in misinformation or their ''strange'' funerary practices-in essence, diverting the public''s gaze from legacies of the transatlantic slave trade (or Maafa), 18 colonialism, 19 indirect rule, 20 structural adjustment 21 and extractive foreign companies as determinants. 40 As they start to sift back through the determinative web of human rights abuses-that is, the pathologies of power 41that set the stage for these health inequalities, they may begin to see that they contribute a great deal to the production and reproduction of structural injustice because of the social position they occupy and the violence that has been committed in their names. Mathematical modeling of the West Africa Ebola epidemic
cord-283485-xit6najq	2020	Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 4 It was soon discovered that the virus is easily transmitted, can cause Summary box ► Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 88 Box 2 On the use of mathematical models during epidemics A dominant way of studying the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease such as COVID-19, and predicting the amplitude and peak of the epidemic in a population (city, province, country) and analysing the effect of control measures is using mathematical models.
cord-283555-pgel6i3y	2020	► There is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community, which should drive urgent public health policy while we await the results of further research. 1 There is limited clinical evidence that wearing a disposable face mask, enhancing hand hygiene practice or social distancing can reduce transmission of respiratory viral infections in the community, 2 3 although there is mechanistic basis for these measures to work. I aim to provide further clarification of the evidence and ethics on this issue (which can provide grounds alternative and/or supplementary to the precautionary principle applied by Greenhalgh et al) and make a plea to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and policy makers to reformulate current recommendations with a view to enhancing the practice of wearing a face mask in the community. While social distancing and hand washing form the main recommendations, there is no shortage of mechanistic evidence and observational studies that affirmed the benefits of wearing a face mask in the community.
cord-285027-40ciukd7	2018	We assessed symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population in Sierra Leone after over a year of outbreak response. ► To the best of our knowledge, the assessment was the first national survey that examined the impact of the devastating Ebola epidemic on populationlevel mental health using globally validated scales, and conducted after more than a year of ongoing transmission of Ebola in the country. 25 26 Known risk factors for anxiety, depression and PTSDincluding experience with ill individuals, perceptions of threat, high levels of mortality, food and resource insecurity, stigma and discrimination, and intolerance of uncertainty-may have been experienced by people in Sierra Leone during the Ebola epidemic. Table 4 presents multivariate analyses of the associations between Ebola experience and perceived Ebola threat and symptoms of anxiety and depression and PTSD, adjusting for gender, age, region and education levels.
cord-285083-nkrw2sad	2020	For we, those working on health and human rights in global spaces and beyond, need to reflect on our values, our standards, our institutions, our mechanisms, and ask if we are fit for purpose. 9 Failing to explicitly address human rights concerns not only continues to jeopardise the response to this pandemic, but the future of global health. 10 Many scholarly writings, reflecting on the determinants of the current pandemic, point to our failure to approach global health as ''commons'' as the beginning of our collective descent. In the words of Jonathan Mann, ''time is now for us to come together as "equal partners in the belief that the world can change".'' 15 Twitter Pascale Allotey @PascaleAllotey Contributors The manuscript is a result of discussions towards foundational work on the future of human rights in health.
cord-290067-fa0mxvc3	2020	Results for average tuition fees for Master''s degrees in global or international health are displayed in table 2. The data presented suggest that there may be a disconnect between where global health training is needed most versus where the degree programmes are currently offered. This would vary a lot, depending on the country and cost of living and what financial aid or fellowships To this extent, we hope global health degree programmes will be transparent about diversity in their student body and provide information on what proportion of their LMIC students receive tuition waivers or fellowships. We also need data on what proportion of the LMIC students in these degrees get full tuition fee waivers. Fee waivers may also represent a form of reparation, given the colonial and extractive origins of many HIC universities and global/ public health schools. It is disappointing that distance education global health degrees still cost about US$20 000 for international students.
cord-294784-r84td2i0	2020	
cord-295450-ca7ll1tt	2020	The outbreak of the COVID-19 has further advanced the demand for an intelligent disease reporting system, also known as the national intelligent syndromic surveillance system (NISSS), 1 which would be able to analyse these suspected cases on the basis of prior knowledge and real-time information before a disease is confirmed clinically and in the laboratory. ► Literature databases containing valuable research findings and knowledge and internet activity data reflecting cyber user awareness should be incorporated into the NISSS in a real-time way for warning or fighting the epidemic. ► The International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), a global health collaborative research network, has committed to working with multiple stakeholders to codevelop the NISSS in China. Such data-sharing mechanisms and infrastructures would also facilitate timely spatial epidemiological research on the basis of individual-level infected cases linked with respective location data from mobile service providers and/or smartphone-based apps without violating confidentiality requirements.
cord-298073-0n0i2b7o	2020	
cord-306184-wfvc35l5	2020	
cord-314699-5b4toeik	2020	
cord-315744-nr0fu2qb	2020	
cord-316855-4ua7ohkq	2020	title: Effects of terrorist attacks on access to maternal healthcare services: a national longitudinal study in Burkina Faso Negative binomial regression models were fitted with fixed effects to isolate the immediate and long-term effects of terrorist attacks on three outcomes (antenatal care visits, of facility deliveries and of cesarean sections). A quasi-experimental study was therefore designed to (1) assess the immediate effects of terrorist attacks on access to maternal healthcare in Burkina Faso and (2) evaluate the longitudinal effects in communes affected by incremental levels of insecurity, defined here by the cumulative frequency of attacks. This is a longitudinal quasi-experimental study that used multiple (pooled) interrupted time-series analysis BMJ Global Health to evaluate the effects of terrorist attacks on access to maternal healthcare services at the level of the lowest administrative unit (ie, the commune).
cord-320127-55h4hhm3	2020	13 The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented strain on health services around the world, and paediatric surgical services are no exception. During the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 outbreak in Toronto, stringent restrictions on non-essential surgical services were thought to have aggravated precipitous declines in surgical volume, with only small increases in surge capacity for the outbreak. 42 Paediatric care in Africa is typically characterised by significant involvement by guardians and other family members who support the child during hospital admission, assist the overburdened healthcare workforce and act as care advocates. A recent global review of paediatric surgical workforce density showed that a minimum of four paediatric surgeons per million children under 15 years of age would be required to achieve a survival of >80% for a group of four bellwether paediatric surgical conditions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents: a systematic review
cord-321299-h6pcatvx	2020	2 The authors suggest that all childbirth care services should be moved to hospitals in all countries, combined with improvements in (1) the quality of care provided in these facilities; (2) transportation from home to hospital; and (3) continuity of care through hub-and-spoke arrangements. First, Roder-DeWan and colleagues propose that the present strategy of promoting childbirth care in primary health facilities may be the primary reason for improvements in maternal and newborn survival being less than anticipated. 19 However, midwifery-led birthing facilities equipped with functioning ambulance able to make transfers to a hospital with caesarean section services may be a less BMJ Global Health complex and more flexible approach; more responsive to the needs of women and their families. Maternal and perinatal outcomes by planned place of birth among women with low-risk pregnancies in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
cord-325396-ot7pvexv	2020	
cord-325474-iikfjqz5	2020	Perhaps most importantly, the increasing demand for resources to curb COVID-19 and the curtailment of economic activities driven by the pandemic could lead to substantial reductions in government revenues, 3 undermining their ability to finance essential social services, including life-saving malaria vector control interventions. The scaling-up of vector control, chiefly insecticide-treated nets (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), was the main driver for the significant reductions of malaria burden in SSA in the past two decades. ► In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the COVID-19 pandemic could cause major disruptions to the delivery of malaria vector control interventions. For instance, in Nigeria, the SSA country with the highest population at risk of malaria (>200 million people), only 11.1% of the 22.7 million nets in the Box 1 Strategies required for sustaining malaria vector control interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic ► Ensure that funding for malaria control activities remains in place considering increased demand of additional resources to carry out activities.
cord-328115-tjxt88vd	2020	► Tailored technical support can empower national stakeholders to put investment cases into operation by partnering local expertise with specialist guidance for specific policies and programmes, using implementation science to surmount implementation obstacles and building national NCD capacity. Thus, a country may use an investment case to review and reprioritise an existing strategy; some countries may have stronger NCD stakeholder capacity and may not need to address this; some may have sustainable funding mechanisms under development yet can beneficially align these to the newly identified priority interventions and revised strategy. 21 Thus, an investment case may identify a specific intervention as a cost-effective priority based on national data; implementation research can then indicate how this may impact population groups differently and suggest ways BMJ Global Health that the implementation process and supporting actions should be tailored.
cord-329016-w95typ7k	2020	OBJECTIVES: We aimed to examine the relationship between access to medicine for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among people at high risk of CVD in high-income countries (HICs), upper and lower middle-income countries (UMICs, LMICs) and low-income countries (LICs) participating in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. 8 PURE recruited participants from different HICs, middle-income countries and LICs, making it possible to investigate the impact of availability and affordability of CVD medicines on adverse health outcomes across communities at varying economic levels. The medicines studied in this paper have been shown to be effective in primary and secondary prevention of CVD events and to reduce mortality, and are recommended in most clinical guidelines but were unavailable in a large proportion of communities in LICs and middle-income countries and even when available they were not always affordable. Availability and affordability of cardiovascular disease medicines and their effect on use in highincome, middle-income, and low-income countries: an analysis of the pure study data
cord-330343-p7a8chn4	2019	► Diagnostic research and development (R&D) needs to include point-of-care testing options, syndromic panels for differential diagnosis, a greater understanding of viral and antibody kinetics, improved access to clinical specimens, and establishment of international reference standards. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. Diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the WHO. In this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in MERS-CoV detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels), and summarised the performance of currently available tests, diagnostic needs, and associated challenges for diagnostic test development and implementation.
cord-335004-vw6up31u	2019	► Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) health workers had a much lower incidence rate of 4.3/1000, explained as the result of MSF''s ''duty of care'' toward staff safety. ► Adopting and consistently enforcing these broader, duty of care safety policies in deployed teams augments and fortifies standard infection prevention practices, creating a more protective, comprehensive safety programme. analySeS oF HealTH rISkS relaTed To THe job propoSed Months before the WHO declared the Ebola outbreak an international public health emergency in August 2014, MSF teams were already deployed to multiple sites in the affected West Africa region, providing patient care, contact tracing, community outreach and logistical support to the Ebola response. The briefings and training for prospective international Ebola staff emphasise specific sanitation and infection prevention and control (IPC) work practices, which limit exposure to infectious body fluids or objects. provIdIng FolloW-up For any IllneSS or Work-relaTed Injury Staff illness, including suspected Ebola cases, are managed by the team-based health focal point (Action 4).
cord-335373-17tcikxl	2020	► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an ''emergency'' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems
cord-339121-w16e8lw1	2020	4 6 The COVID-19 experience may offer contextual experience of the prepandemic lives of persons with disabilities and in doing so foster greater social responsibility and opportunities for change and a more inclusive society. Summary box ► COVID-19 has conferred new experiential knowledge on society and a rare opportunity to better understand the social model of disability and to improve the lives of persons with disabilities. ► The COVID-19 experience may offer contextual knowledge of the prepandemic lives of persons with disabilities and foster greater social awareness, responsibility and opportunities for change towards a more inclusive society. ► We have learnt from COVID-19 that inclusive healthcare and universal access should be the new normal, that its provision as a social good is both unifying and empowering for society as a whole. We have a rare opportunity to understand and better the lives of persons with disabilities for whom some aspects of the COVID-19 experience are enduring.
cord-343881-0i3rfpvd	2020	
cord-351083-3oy7zuy9	2020	► Responsive and timely research is needed to better understand the challenges faced by poor and vulnerable populations to inform immediate interventions and policies to address this unprecedented COVID-19 modern-day pandemic. ► In the context of COVID-19, the lockdown model is being imported from a different context (western or developed economies) with stronger economic bases and better social safety nets for those in need, but is there a better way forward for low resource contexts? While there is no easy solution or strategy, for Bangladesh and its high proportion of vulnerable populations, continuation of the shutdown has to be accompanied with strong political resolve to ensure that people do not go without food BMJ Global Health and have basic health information and support, given the grounded realities of their lives.
cord-355523-zol0k94p	2019	To clarify and advance the Planetary Health agenda within Australia, specifically in relation to emerging infectious diseases (EID) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), national experts and key stakeholders were invited to a facilitated workshop. To clarify and advance the Planetary Health agenda within Australia, specifically in relation to emerging infectious diseases (EID) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), national experts and key stakeholders were invited to a facilitated workshop. 7 However, a national summary box ► The emergence and spread of infectious diseases, including antimicrobial-resistant infections, pose a major health security threat. 34 The Australian National Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2015-2019, jointly developed by the Departments of Health and Agriculture and Water Resources, represents an example of how these silos can be linked, 35 but implementation remains challenging. Australian doctors prescribe more than twice the amount (in defined daily doses per 1000 population per day) of antibiotics compared with their counterparts in the BMJ Global Health Table 3 Responses to open-ended questions on antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
cord-355919-e8fhlo37	2020