key: cord-313445-4v7pjqt2
authors: Zhao, Jun; Zhu, Ling; Xu, Lei; Huang, Jianbo; Sun, Xiangang; Xu, Zhiwen
title: Porcine interferon lambda 3 (IFN-λ3) shows potent anti-PRRSV activity in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs)
date: 2020-10-28
journal: BMC Vet Res
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02627-6
sha: 
doc_id: 313445
cord_uid: 4v7pjqt2

BACKGROUND: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a serious viral disease of swine. At present, there are vaccines for the control of PRRSV infection, but the effect is not satisfactory. The recombination of attenuated vaccines causes significant difficulties with the prevention and control of PRRSV. Type III interferons (IFNs), also called IFN-λs, were newly identified and showed potent antiviral activity within the mucosal surface and immune organs. RESULTS: Therefore, primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were used for this investigation. To this end, we found that the replication of PRRSV in PAMs was significantly reduced after pre-treatment with IFN-λ3, and such inhibition was dose- and time-dependent. The plaque formation of PRRSV abrogated entirely, and virus yields were reduced by four orders of magnitude when the primary PAMs were treated with IFN-λ3 at 1000 ng/ml. In addition, IFN-λ3 in our study was able to induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes 15 (ISG15), 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase 1 (OAS1), IFN-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3), and myxoma resistance protein 1(Mx1) in primary PAMs. CONCLUSIONS: IFN-λ3 had antiviral activity against PRRSV and can stimulate the expression of pivotal interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), i.e., ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, and IFITM3. So, IFN-λ3 may serve as a useful antiviral agent. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02627-6.

Type I Interferons (IFN-α/β) and type III IFNs (IFN-λs), as the first line of defence in innate immunity, play a crucial role in the body's resistance to exogenous pathogens [1] . Type III IFNs, also called IFN-λs, were first described in 2003 [2, 3] , consist of IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, IFN-λ3 and IFN-λ4 in humans [4, 5] , IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3 in mice [6, 7] , IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 in swine [8] [9] [10] . Both IFN-α/β and IFN-λs bind to unique receptors and induce the previous signalling pathway and expression of the IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to mediate antiviral activity. Type I IFN interacts with a receptor formed by Interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 (IFNAR2). Type III IFNs bind to the specific receptor chain IFN-λR1 and IL-10R2 [11] . Type I IFN receptor is ubiquitously expressed in various types of cells and organs; However, IFN-λR1 is widely expressed on epithelial cells, dendritic cells, human peripheral blood monocytes or macrophages [2] , which means that IFN-λs may provide a focused antiviral response against mucosal and immune organ infections.

Interferon bind to its receptors on the cell surface and induce the production of a large number of ISGs, including ISG15, myxoma resistance protein (Mx) family, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) family and the IFNinducible transmembrane (IFITM) family, through JAK-STAT signal transcription [12] . ISG15 is one of the most highly induced ISGs, ISG15 can inhibit viral translation, replication, or egress [13] . Mx1 is a broadly inhibitor and inhibits a wide range of viruses by blocking the endocytic traffic of incoming virus particles and the uncoating of ribonucleocapsids [14] . OAS1 can recognise the dsRNA produced by the virus in the infected cells and play an antiviral role by activating the ribonuclease L (RNase L) to degrade the diseased mRNA [15] . The IFN-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) family has a role in blocking virus entry [16] . IFITM3 has high potency against influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus [17] .

PRRSV is a member of the family Arteriviridae in the order Nidovirales, which causes severe reproductive failure in sows and respiratory distress in piglets and growing pigs [18] . Also, PRRSV is an immunosuppressive virus that can infect the lymphatic system of the whole body and produce viraemia after infection [19] . PRRSV mainly infects and destroys porcine alveolar macrophages and leads to severe immunosuppression, which promotes the infection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Streptococcus, A. pleuropneumoniae, and other pathogens [20, 21] . The primary PAMs derived from piglet alveoli is an appropriate model for studying the interaction of PRRSV immune responses and host-pathogen in vitro. An in vivo antiviral test of type III interferons from pigs has not been reported. In this study, the antiviral activity of porcine IFN-λ3 against PRRSV in primary PAMs was evaluated, and the expressions of ISGs genes induced by IFN-λ3 was also investigated in primary PAMs.

Previous study has confirmed that porcine IFN-λ3 possess the high specific activity against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), hepatitis E virus (HEV) and so on [12, 22, 23] . In this study, we verified the antiviral effect of IFN-λ3 against PRRSV in vitro on PAMs. As shown in Fig. 1 , treatment of primary PAMs with IFN-λ3 could reduce the multiplication of PRRSV. The degree of cytopathic effect (CPE) decreased with the increase in IFN-λ3 concentration ( Fig. 1 A-E) . The number and size of viral plaques also decreased with the increase in IFN-λ3 concentration ( Fig. 1 F-J) . The virus titre was significantly reduced with the increase of IFN-λ3 treatment dose (10, Fig. 1 The CPE of primary PAMs treated with Porcine IFN-λ3 and infected with PRRSV. The primary PAMs were untreated or pre-treated with IFN-λ3 (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml). b The primary PAMs not treated. b The primary PAMs treated with 10 ng/ml IFN-λ3. c The primary PAMs treated with 100 ng/ml IFN-λ3. d The primary PAMs treated with 1000 ng/ml IFN-λ3. e Control primary PAMs. k The primary PAMs were treated or untreated with 100 ng/ml of IFN-λ3 for 12 h and then were infected with PRRSV NJ strain at 0.1 MOI. Infected cells were cultured for 12, 24, 36 or 48 h after infection. f, g, h, i, j corresponds to a, b, c, d, e with the same treatment. Magnifications, × 200 100, 1000 ng/ml), and the maximum treatment dose could reduce the virus titre by four orders of magnitude compared with the control group ( Fig. 1 K, the raw data are shown in supplementary Table S1 ). These results indicate that the IFN-λ3 could significantly inhibit the replication of PRRSV in a dose-dependent manner in primary PAMs.

To investigate the time-dependent manner of the IFN-λ3 inhibits the replication of PRRSV, we used IFN-λ3 of 100 ng/ml concentration to treat PAMs cells and infected with the PRRSV. Cell cultures were collected at specific time and determine the virus titre. As shown in Fig. 2 (The raw data are shown in supplementary file 1, Table S2 ), the inhibition of IFN-λ3 on PRRSV decreased with time in primary PAMs, but the inhibition still existes. PRRSV proliferation slowed down within 36 h to 48 h in primary PAMs that were treated with IFN-λ3. The above results showed that IFN-λ3 could maintain a potent anti-PRRSV activity in the later stage and significantly inhibit the replication of PRRSV in a timedependent manner in primary PAMs.

ISG15, Mx1, OAS1 and IFITM3 have well-known antiviral properties and may affect PRRSV replication. Therefore, we accessed the quantification of ISGs induce by IFN-λ3. As seen in Fig. 3a to d, a dose-dependent induction of ISG15, Mx1, OAS1 and IFITM3 has been observed in primary PAMs treated with IFN-λ3. The expression of mRNA for ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, and IFIT M3 was up-regulated by 70, 70, 160, and 15 times respectively at the concentration of 1000 ng/ml in primary PAMs. As shown in Fig. 3e and f (The full-length blots are presented in Supplementary file 2), a dosedependent induction of the antiviral proteins ISG15, Mx1 and OAS1 has been observed in primary PAMs treated with IFN-λ3. The expression concentration of three antiviral proteins increased with the increasing IFN-λ3 concentration. Both ISG15 and Mx1 showed low expression in the untreated condition, and IFN-λ3 induced a large amount of expression. The expression of ISG15, Mx1 and OAS1 tended to be stable when the concentration of IFN-λ3 was higher than 100 ng/ml (Fig. 3f ).

The results in our research confirm that the porcine IFN-λ3 shows potent anti-PRRSV activity in primary PAMs. PAMs are the first line of defence against pathogenic microbe infections in the lung. PRRSV replicates in monocytic lineage cell types, particularly in PAMs, and causes immunosuppression in swine [24] . Therefore, we selected the primary PAMs to carry out the IFN-λ3 in vitro anti-PRRSV study.

Alveolar macrophages are resident phagocytes of the alveolar space [24] . The expression of the IFN-λ receptor in alveolar macrophages has been confirmed and reported [25] . Macrophages express IL-10Rβ and IL-28Rα at both the mRNA and protein levels [26] . IFN-λ3 has the strongest antiviral function in IFN-λs [26] . In our study, the PRRSV proliferation reduced when primary PAMs were treated with IFN-λ3 (1000 ng/ml) (Fig. 1i) . IFN-λ3 treatment could significantly reduce the virus titre of PRRSV proliferation on PAMs, and the virus titre of the 1000 ng/ml treatment group was four orders of magnitude lower than that of the control group (Fig. 2b) . Consistent with these results, treatment with 10, 100 or [27] . The study of two other kinds of viruses targeted porcine intestinal epithelial, PEDV and CSFV, confirming that IFN-λ3 inhibits their infection in vitro [22, 28] . All of these imply that porcine IFN-λ3 can inhibit the proliferation of porcine viruses such as CSFV, PEDV and PRRSV.

The antiviral activities of IFN-λ3 are due to ISG induction and IFN-λ3 can induce the expression of ISG. IFN-λ3 exerts its anti-HIV function by activating JAK-STAT pathway-mediated innate immunity in macrophages [29] . IFN-λ3 can bind to cell surface receptors and induce the high expression of interferon-stimulating genes of the MX, OAS and IFITM families [28, 30, 31] . The gene transcription profile induced by IFN-λ3, particularly the gene transcription profile induced by IFN-λ3 in primary PAMs has not been reported. In our study, we assessed whether the antiviral efficacy of IFN-λ3 was caused by the levels of ISG expression induced by IFN-λ3. Consistent with the expecting result, the expression of ISG15, OAS1, Mx1, and IFITM3 was provoked in primary PAM cells. The mRNA transcription and protein translation of the ISG15, OAS1 and Mx1 showed dose-dependence. However, the rangeability of mRNA and protein expression levels of ISG15, OAS1 and Mx1 were different. The expression levels of protein reached its peak when treated with 100 ng/ml IFN-λ3 while the expression of mRNA continuous increased (Fig. 3) .

In summary, our data demonstrated that IFN-λ3 could inhibit the replication of PRRSV in Primary PAMs, and such inhibition is dose-and time-dependent. Alveolar macrophages are one of the earliest immune defence cells in the lungs that contact pathogenic microorganisms. They are essential components of the innate and specific immunity of the host [32] . PAMs are an essential host cell for PRRSV natural infection. IFN-λ3 can stimulate the expression of pivotal ISGs, i.e. ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, and IFITM3. This study indicated that porcine IFN-λ3 might serve as a promising therapeutic agent against PRRSV and other viruses in swine in the future. Supplementary file 2 (a to d) . The grey value of protein bands was measured by image J (f). Data were presented as mean ± SEM (N = 3). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001 by Unpaired T-test

To determine the anti-PRRSV activity of IFN-λ3 in the primary PAMs, the E. coli-derived IFN-λ3 was prepared in our laboratory. To explore the dose-dependent of IFN-λ3 antiviral, primary PAMs were untreated or pretreated with IFN-λ3 (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) for 12 h. Then, the cells were infected with PRRSV NJ strain at 0.1 MOI for 1-2 h, washed and replenished with fresh medium containing the indicated IFN-λ3. Infected cells were cultured for 48 h after infection. To explore the time-dependent effect of IFN-λ3 antiviral, primary PAMs were pre-treated with 100 ng/ml IFN-λ3 for 12 h. Then, the cells were infected with PRRSV NJ strain at 0.1 MOI for 1-2 h, washed and replenished with fresh medium containing the indicated IFN-λ3. Infected cells were cultured for 12, 24, 36, 48 h after infection. All of the cells were submitted to two freeze-thaw cycles and titrated by 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 ) in Marc-145 cells. The cytopathic effect (CPE) units in culture plates were counted, and the viral titre analysis made use of the Reed-Muench Method. To examine the level of ISG expression in primary PAMs following IFN-λ3 stimulation, the cells were stimulated with the indicated concentrations (10, 100, 1000 ng/ml) of IFN-λ3 in 12-well plates for 12 h. Cells were then lysed, total RNA was extracted for subsequent qPCR analysis and total protein was extracted for western blot analysis. Every treatment group in this study had three duplicate samples (N = 3).

Total RNA was extracted from the cellular supernatant or cell lysates using the EZ-10 Spin Column Total RNA Isolation Kit (Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China) according to the manufacturer's instructions and the RNA concentration was measured using a nucleic acid concentration analyzer (SCANDROP 200, Analytik Jena, Germany). Reverse transcription was performed using the Prime Script™ II 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (TAKARA), and qPCR was performed in a Light Cycler 96 (Roche, Switzerland) with TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ II (Tli RNaseH Plus) (TAKARA). The thermal cycling conditions were 95°C for 30 s, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 s, and 60°C for 30 s. All acquired data were obtained using Light Cycler 96 real-time PCR machines (Roche) and analysed with Light Cycler 96 software 1.5 based on the cycle threshold (ΔΔCT) method. Primers were designed using Oligo 6.0 software and are shown in Table 1 .

Total protein was extracted from the cell lysates using the Western and IP Cell lysis Buffer (Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China) according to the manufacturer's instructions and protein concentration was determined using the BCA protein assay kit (Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China). After gel electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Bio-Rad, USA), and blocked in 5% skim milk at 4°C overnight. After washing with PBST (0.5% Tween-20 in PBS), the membrane was incubated with primary antibodies for 2 h at 37°C. After washing, the membrane was incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated IgG antibody (Abcam, No: ab170487) for 1 h at 37°C. the protein bands were detected using SuperSignal™ West Pico PLUS Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Scientific, USA) and chemiluminescence imaging system (BIO-RAD, ChemiDoc MP, California, USA). The primary antibodies of ISG15 (No: ab233071), OAS1(NO: ab86343), Mx1(No: ab95926) and β-actin (No: ab179467) was purchased from Abcam.

Statistical analysis was performed and histogram were drawn using GraphPad Prism™ 8.0 (GraphPad Software, USA), Paired student t-test, and one-way ANOVA was used to test differences between different groups. P values< 0.05 were considered significant. The gray intensity of protein bolts was analyzed by Image J (National Institutes of Health, USA). The layouts and cropping of the pictures were completed by Adobe Illustrator CS6 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, California, USA).

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi. org/10.1186/s12917-020-02627-6.

Additional file 1: Table S1 . The Viral titer at 48 h after the PAMs stimulated with different dose of IFN-λ3. Table S2 . The Viral titer at 12, 24, 36 or 48 h after the PAMs stimulated with IFN-λ3 (100 ng/ml). 

Abbreviations IFN-λ3: Interferon lambda 3; PAMs: Porcine alveolar macrophages

PRRSV: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; IFNs: Interferons

ISG15: Interferon-stimulated genes 15; OAS1: 2′-5′-Oligoadenylate synthase 1

IFITM3: IFN-inducible transmembrane 3; Mx1: Myxoma resistance protein 1

ISGs: Interferon-stimulated genes; IFN-α: Interferon alpha; IFN-β: Interferon beta; IFN-λs: Interferon lambdas; IFN-λ1: Interferon lambda 1; IFN-λ2: Interferon lambda 2; IFN-λ4: Interferon lambda 4; IFNAR1: Interferon alpha/beta receptor 1; IFNAR2: Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2; IFN-λR1: Interferon lambda receptor 1; IL-10R2: Interleukin 10 receptor 2; mRNA: Messenger RNA

PEDV: Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus; CSFV: Classical swine fever virus

HEV: Hepatitis E virus; CPE: Cytopathic effect; IL-10Rβ: Interleukin 10 receptor beta; IL-28Rα: Interleukin 28 receptor alpha; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus

African green monkey embryonic kidney epithelial cells

DMEM: Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium; FBS: Foetal bovine serum

PCV2: Porcine circovirus type 2; PRV: Pseudorabies virus; MOI: Multiplicity of infection; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infective dose; qPCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; PBST: 0.5% Tween-20 in PBS; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase

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Interferon-lambda: a new addition to an old family

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Antiviral activity of porcine IFN-λ3 against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro

Molecular characterisation and antiviral analyses of porcine type III interferons

Contribution of type III interferons to antiviral immunity: location, location, location

Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defences

Interferon-induced ISG15 pathway: an ongoing virus-host battle

Structural basis of oligomerisation in the stalk region of dynamin-like MxA

Viral encounters with 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase and RNase L during the interferon antiviral response

A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response

Distinct patterns of IFITM-mediated restriction of filoviruses, SARS coronavirus, and influenza a virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

Emergence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the mid-eastern region of China

Effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate tw91) on porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro

Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context

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IFN-lambda 3 mediates antiviral protection against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus by inducing a distinct antiviral transcript profile in porcine intestinal epithelia

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Lambda interferon inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of macrophages

Comparison of antiviral activity of lambda-interferons against HIV replication in macrophages

Lambda interferon inhibits hepatitis B and C virus replication

Short communication: antiviral activity of porcine IFN-k3 against porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in vitro

IFN-λ3 inhibits HIV infection of macrophages through the JAK-STAT pathway

Antiviral activity of type I and type III interferons against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

IFNlambda preferably inhibits PEDV infection of porcine intestinal epithelial cells compared with IFN-alpha

Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context

Quantitative nitric oxide production by rat, bovine and porcine macrophages

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations

We thank Prof. Zhu for her insightful comments on the design of the study.

All data generated during this study are included in supplementary file 1 (Table S1, S2). However, the raw data is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

The Sichuan provincial laboratory animal management committee (Licence No: SYXK (chuan) 2019-187) approval has been received. The "Guidelines for Experimental Animals" of the Ministry of Science and Technology (Beijing, China) were followed.

Not applicable.

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.Received: 12 November 2019 Accepted: 19 October 2020