cord-000518-78395e3t	2011	
cord-000820-5b29wtim	2012	
cord-000870-qdfrjvu1	2013	
cord-001134-8ljgxnhf	2013	
cord-001591-4ic2in3i	2015	
cord-002087-o8kffjw0	2016	title: Nonstructural protein 11 (nsp11) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) promotes PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells RESULTS: Here, we firstly explored the effect of over-expression of nsp11 on PRRSV infection and found that over-expression of nsp11 enhanced the PRRSV titers while the small interfering RNA (siRNAs) specifically targeting nsp11 could reduce the PRRSV titers in MARC-145 cells. Abbreviations EAV, equine arteritis virus; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP-nsp11, pcDNA 3.1-GFP-nsp11; MHV, mouse hepatitis virus; MOI, multiplicity of infection; NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3; nsp11, nonstructural protein 11; ORF, open reading frame; PRRSV, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ; PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time RT-PCR; RNAi, RNA interference; siRNA, small interfering RNA; TCID50, 50 % tissue culture infected dose Identification of two auto-cleavage products of nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infected cells: nsp1 function as interferon antagonist
cord-003208-lwirkob3	2018	RESULTS: We have developed two indirect microarray methods to detect antibodies against IBV: a chemiluminescent immunoassay test (CIT) and a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Compared with these methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been widely used for testing IBV early infection and continuous infection, and this technique can be used for both antigenic and antibody detection. The data showed that 130 serum samples were positive for antibodies against IBV, and 14 samples were negative, similar to the results of the IDEXX IBV Ab Test kit with the nsp5 concentration of 0.2 mg/mL (Table 4 ). The specific experiments of the RDT showed that no cross-reaction Fig. 4 a Distribution of the SNRs of the IDEXX-positive (n = 142) and IDEXX-negative (n = 42) serum samples of the clinical sera obtained from the IBV protein microarray.
cord-003587-zminzrov	2019	title: Visual detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus using a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction method The aim of this study was to establish a novel reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR) assay for the rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). This new method for PEDV detection was 10 times more sensitive than the conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. To decrease the time required for PEDV detection, PCR-related methods focused on the amplification of viral nucleic acids have been developed, which have been shown to be more efficient, highly sensitive and specific, even at different stages of the disease, when compared to immunological diagnostic methods. The polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) [14] is a novel nucleic acid isothermal amplification method that has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, accuracy, and low cost when compared to conventional PCR.
cord-010648-txh19t3u	2020	
cord-253308-wgseqk4t	2020	
cord-259710-qrht9tq3	2020	
cord-260348-83ftjqev	2020	The results of qPCR and Western blot showed that, compared with the PCV2 infected group, the expression of Cap in Paeonol (0.4 mg/mL and 0.2 mg/mL), Cepharanthine (0.003 mg/mL, 0.0015 mg/mL and 0.00075 mg/mL) and Curcumin (0.02 mg/mL, 0.001 mg/mL and 0.005 mg/mL) treated groups were significantly lowered in a dose-dependent manner. The results of Annexin V-FITC/PI, JC-1, Western blot and ROS analysis showed that the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax were up-regulated Bcl-2 was down-regulated in Cepharanthine or Curcumin treated groups, while ROS and MMP value were decreased at different degrees and the apoptosis rate was reduced. The results showed that Compared to the PCV2-infected group, the cell apoptosis rates were significantly decreased in the group treated with Cepharanthine, Curcumin or Ribavirin, demonstrating a dose-dependent response except the group of 0.005 mg/mL Paeonol (P < 0.05) ( Fig. 3a and b).
cord-261446-ro1wm0kf	2015	
cord-268210-gvhjwqe7	2013	
cord-271040-wzgjwa2z	2017	
cord-271392-u6vme2c8	2017	RESULTS: Based on Gaertner and Dovidio''s Common Ingroup Identity Model, a number of questionnaires were designed and tested; with PROGRESS, the relation between collaboration and common goal was assessed, mediated by decategorization, recategorization, mutual differentiation and knowledge sharing. However, in terms of making room for the bigger collective goal alongside their responsibilities related to the day-to-day care of their own patients, human and veterinary healthcare professionals often see insufficient added value [14] , even though a greater awareness of the added value associated with collaboration would ultimately result in improved care [5, 15, 16] . The current study will not only indicate whether the Common Ingroup Identity Model is useful for the respective groups of healthcare professionals, but it will also quantitatively assess the relationships between the common goal and collaboration in combination with associated mediating factors. One Health as a common goal has a positive effect on collaboration between human and veterinary healthcare professionals.
cord-275512-7yik78yc	2015	
cord-279551-py2awuav	2015	title: Clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from Hungary to Switzerland In the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from Hungary to Switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens in domestic dogs and causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in unvaccinated dogs or dogs with incomplete vaccination [1] . The study provides data on vaccination, medical history, clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging of the dogs and CDV testing, testing for canine parvovirus (CPV) and vector-borne infections. The vaccine-specific real-time reverse transcription (RT)quantitative (q)PCR was negative for all ten dogs that were tested, which supports the finding of infection with a wild-type CDV strain.
cord-285714-u9kv4113	2013	BACKGROUND: Although feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) have similar risk factors and control measures, infection rates have been speculated to vary in geographic distribution over North America. The proportional morbidity ratio of FIV to FeLV infection was estimated for each administrative region and its geographic distribution pattern was visualized by a choropleth map. The proportional morbidity ratio (PMR) of FIV to FeLV infection was estimated for each administrative region and a choropleth disease map was used to visualize the spatial pattern of PMR. Areas of relative FIV excess identified by the spatial scan statistic were visualized by highlighting the boundaries of the states included in the most likely cluster on a choropleth map of the PMR of FIV to FeLV infection. In this study we have identified geographical patterns in the distribution of the proportional morbidity ratio of FIV to FeLV infection among cats in the 49 administrative regions of the US over the period 2000 to 2011.
cord-285746-ndrja7os	2020	title: In vitro screening antiviral activity of Thai medicinal plants against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Therefore, we investigated the in vitro anti-PRRSV and antioxidant properties of seven Thai medicinal plants: Caesalpinia sappan Linn., Garcinia mangostana Linn., Houttuynia cordata, Perilla frutescens, Clinacanthus nutans, Phyllanthus emblica, and Tiliacora triandra. Thai medicinal plants such as Caesalpinia sappan Linn., Garcinia mangostana Linn., Houttuynia cordata, Perilla frutescens, Clinacanthus nutans, Phyllanthus emblica, and Tiliacora triandra are known to have antioxidant and antiviral activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antiviral activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts against PRRSV infection in vitro and to measure their phytochemical contents to develop an alternative anti-PRRSV therapy for use in veterinary medicine. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of seven Thai medicinal plant extracts against PRRSV by assessing the inhibition of PRRSV infection and replication in MARC-145 cells.
cord-287386-x8uq7499	2013	CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study supported the hypothesis that a new neonatal porcine diarrhoea was present in the investigated herds, since no known pathogen(s) or management factors could explain the diarrhoeal outbreaks. Based on the findings in the four herds the following case-definition of NNPDS was suggested: Non-haemorrhagic diarrhoea during the first week of life, without detection of known infectious pathogens, characterized by milk-filled stomachs and flaccid intestines at necropsy. The article describes the prevalence of well-known enteric pathogens in age-matched diarrhoeic-and nondiarrhoeic piglets from four herds affected by neonatal diarrhoea with no previously established laboratory conclusion. Herds were recommended by veterinary practitioners and included in accordance with the following criteria: 1) Presence of diarrhoea responding poorly to antibiotics during the first week of life (at least 30% affected litters for a period of minimum 6 months), 2) Routine vaccination of sows against ETEC and CPC, 3) Failure of preventive management interventions, 4) PRRS negative farrowing unit as demonstrated in blood samples tested by ELISA/IPT or PCR and 5) Negative results of routine diagnostic examinations for ETEC, CPC and RV in five diarrhoeic piglets aged one to four days.
cord-292033-zkwiag7a	2018	Detection of FPV and CPV variants in apparently healthy cats and their persistence in white blood cells (WBC) and other tissues when neutralising antibodies are simultaneously present, suggest that parvovirus may persist long-term in the tissues of cats post-infection without causing clinical signs. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of FPV and CPV DNA in the WBC of asymptomatic cats, despite the presence of specific antibodies against parvoviruses, and the high genetic heterogeneity detected in one sample, confirmed the relevant epidemiological role of cats in parvovirus infection. Furthermore, the ability of FPV and CPV to persist in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of cats irrespective of the presence of neutralising antibodies [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] and the presence of parvoviral DNA in the bone marrow of healthy cats [18] , suggests that parvovirus may persist long term in the tissues of cats post-infection without causing clinical signs.
cord-294559-u0r7oh9z	2019	title: A new immunochromatographic assay for on-site detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on monoclonal antibodies prepared by using cell surface fluorescence immunosorbent assay For rapid detection of PEDV, a new immunochromatographic assay (ICA) based on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was developed in this study. To compare its accuracy to other traditional detection methods, 27 swine stool samples from south of China were investigated with the new developed ICA, commercial strip and RT-PCR. Relying on signals emitted from gold nanoparticles labeled mAb (AuNPs-mAb), a new ICA was developed for sensitive, specific and on-site detection of PEDV in swine stool in China. They were capture and detection mAb, the size of gold nanoparticles, the type of sample pad, the type of conjugate pad, the type of Nitrocellulose membrane, the type of absorbent pad, the amount of tween-20 addition and the spray volume of AuNPs-mAb. The optimization methods are shown in the supplemental materials.
cord-297057-qhc8b5x1	2018	The objectives of this study were to describe the fecal microbiota of domestic rabbits from a variety of settings (commercial meat, companion, laboratory, and shelter) and to identify how factors such as age, season, and routine antimicrobial use affect the fecal microbiota composition. Significant differences in composition were noted between commercial, companion, laboratory, and shelter rabbit samples for proportions of Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.01), Proteobacteria (P < 0.01), and Lentisphaerae (P = 0.01) within the total microbiota. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) are present between sources for Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Lentisphaera (included in ''Other'' and composed < 1% of the total composition) difference between the fecal microbiota community structure of does and fryers was only noted using the Yue and Clayton tree with the parsimony test (P = 0.04); however, no more than five samples were noted to be clustered by age within commercial meat samples in the Yue and Clayton tree analysis (Fig. 3) .
cord-298052-mbg6e2j1	2015	Very few shipments of weaned cattle, sheep and goats require a rest period of 24 hours (Additional file 1), whereas many unweaned animals would require a 24 hour break in their journey from their point of origin to their Figure 1 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of cattle for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 2 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of pigs for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table. Breeding Fattening Slaughter Other Figure 4 The outdegree is shown against the indegree for the trade of goats for different purposes on the left column of the table and the geographical movement across Europe is shown on the right column of the table.
cord-299988-jaekryq5	2020	title: Re-emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in a piglet-producing farm in northwestern Germany in 2019 After initial confirmation of PEDV by real-time RT-PCR, fecal material and small intestine samples from affected pigs were subjected to metagenomic analyses employing next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses showed high identities among the PEDV sequences obtained from samples of different animals and a close relation to recent strains from Hungary and France. After reports from Asia, that a new PEDV variant caused considerable losses [12, 13] , that highly virulent PEDV variant emerged also in the United States (US) in 2013, with swine farms experiencing explosive epidemics affecting all age classes of animals, with up to 95% mortality in suckling pigs [2, 14] . Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences
cord-301175-6alsigxk	2015	title: Development of an indirect ELISA, blocking ELISA, fluorescent microsphere immunoassay and fluorescent focus neutralization assay for serologic evaluation of exposure to North American strains of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop and validate multiple improved serological assays for PEDV, including an indirect ELISA (iELISA); a highly specific monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA (bELISA); fluorescent microsphere immunoassays (FMIA) that can be multiplexed to monitor exposure to multiple antigens and pathogens simultaneously; and a fluorescent focus neutralization assay (FFN) to measure functional virus neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS: A recombinant North American nucleoprotein (NP) based iELISA was developed and validated along with a bELISA using newly developed PEDV-NP specific biotinylated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and an FMIA using magnetic beads coupled with expressed NA PEDV-NP. In this study, we report the adaptation of a recombinant, highly purified, NA PEDV-NP antigen to the development of iELISA, bELISA and FMIA platforms for the detection of PEDV antibodies in serum.
cord-302425-aaxvlktp	2019	In contrast, other RNA viruses including Kobuvirus, Astrovirus, Sapovirus, Sapelovirus, Teschovirus, and Torovirus, have been detected in pig faeces but its role as causative agents of neonatal diarrhoea has not so far been fully elucidated [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] . The results reported among the 47 diarrhoeic samples analysed include representatives of 12 virus species corresponding to 8 genera of RNA viruses (Additional file 1): Kobuvirus, Rotavirus (RVA, RVB and RVC), Sapovirus (SAV), Mamastrovirus (Porcine Astrovirus types 3 -AstV3 -, 4 -AstV4 -and 5 -AstV5 -), Alphacoronavirus (PEDV), Enterovirus (Enterovirus G, EntVG), Pasivirus (PasiV) and Posavirus (PosaV). Regarding KobuV, our results also agree with an increased prevalence of this agent observed in cases of diarrhoea in suckling piglets worldwide: Brazil [22] , Korea [29] and Vietnam [30] ; despite several (See figure on previous page.) Fig. 5 Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on the p-distance among the nucleotide sequences of the VP7 segment for Rotavirus B.
cord-303012-qbkkhfcb	2014	We studied enteropathogen co-infection in diarrhoeic UK cats using results of a real time PCR assay for 8 enteropathogenic species; feline coronavirus (Co), feline panleukopenia virus (Pa), Clostridium perfringens (Cl), Salmonella enterica (Sa), Giardia spp. The primary objective of this study was therefore to identify and describe feline enteropathogen co-infection in a large population of diarrhoeic UK cats using the results obtained from the same PCR assay used in [12] for a panel of 8 enteropathogens (feline coronavirus, feline panleukopenia virus, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enterica, Giardia spp., T. Target genes for enteropathogen detection using real-time PCR were as follows: feline coronavirus 7b gene (DQ010921.1), feline panleukopenia virus VP2 gene (EU252145), Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene (AM888388), Salmonella enterica invasion A gene (EU348366), Giardia smallsubunit rRNA gene (DQ836339), Tritrichomonas foetus 5.8S rRNA gene (AF339736), Cryptosporidium smallsubunit rRNA gene (A093489), and Toxoplasma gondii internal transcribed spacer-1 gene (L49390).
cord-305694-qzf425lw	2018	CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in this study suggest the implementation of antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance programs to assess the prevalence of metronidazole resistance in dogs; molecular studies to elucidate C. difficile in canine enteric disease is still unclear due to the presence of toxigenic strains or their toxins in asymptomatic animals and the failure to reproduce CDI in healthy dogs with and without antibiotic treatment [9, 10] . difficile, molecular characterisation of the strains obtained (i.e. tpi housekeeping and toxin genes detection by PCR, identification of non-toxigenic strains, and PCR-ribotyping) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as described elsewhere [21] . Since the ribotypes found in dogs are also commonly found in humans, it is possible Fig. 2 Metronidazole susceptibility test of Clostridium difficile D24 strain after 48 h of incubation. Antibiotic resistance patterns and PCR-ribotyping of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from swine and dogs in Italy
cord-306502-jkqg1qal	2014	
cord-308170-uqezwbzn	2014	title: An evaluation of a liquid antimicrobial (Sal CURB®) for reducing the risk of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection of naïve pigs during consumption of contaminated feed For the purpose of a positive control, a separate group of piglets was allowed to ingest non-treated (Sal CURB®-free) feed also spiked with stock PEDV (Ct = 25.22). Clinical signs of PEDV infection (vomiting and diarrhea) and viral shedding in feces were observed in the positive control group 2–3 days post-consumption of non-treated feed. Furthermore, the results from the positive control group provide additional proof of concept regarding the ability of contaminated feed to serve as a risk factor for PEDV infection of naïve piglets. The results of this study provide initial proof of concept that the application of a liquid antimicrobial product (Sal CURB®) reduced the risk of PEDV infection through contaminated feed.
cord-313445-4v7pjqt2	2020	title: Porcine interferon lambda 3 (IFN-λ3) shows potent anti-PRRSV activity in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) In addition, IFN-λ3 in our study was able to induce the expression of interferon-stimulated genes 15 (ISG15), 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthase 1 (OAS1), IFN-inducible transmembrane 3 (IFITM3), and myxoma resistance protein 1(Mx1) in primary PAMs. CONCLUSIONS: IFN-λ3 had antiviral activity against PRRSV and can stimulate the expression of pivotal interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), i.e., ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, and IFITM3. The virus titre was significantly reduced with the increase of IFN-λ3 treatment dose (10, Fig. 1 The CPE of primary PAMs treated with Porcine IFN-λ3 and infected with PRRSV. The expression of mRNA for ISG15, Mx1, OAS1, and IFIT M3 was up-regulated by 70, 70, 160, and 15 times respectively at the concentration of 1000 ng/ml in primary PAMs. As shown in Fig. 3e and f (The full-length blots are presented in Supplementary file 2), a dosedependent induction of the antiviral proteins ISG15, Mx1 and OAS1 has been observed in primary PAMs treated with IFN-λ3.
cord-316746-toen5nvr	2020	The possibility of stratifying and classifying septic dogs was assessed using a proposed animal adapted PIRO (Predisposition, Infection, Response and Organ dysfunction) scoring system. RESULTS: The 72 dogs enrolled in this study were scored for each of the PIRO elements, except for Infection, as all were considered to have the same infection score, and subjected to two sets of SIRS criteria, in order to measure their correlation with the outcome. The main objective of the current study was to assess the prognostic value of the presenting vital signs as well as to evaluate the possibility of stratifying and classifying septic animals according to a proposed PIRO classification system, using parvovirus infection as a natural model for sepsis study [10] . Table 1 gathers all leucocyte counts, a selection of clinical examination parameters (Temperature, Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate), all individual variables of PIRO (P=Predisposition, I=Infection, R = Response, O=Organ Dysfunction), the total PIRO score and both SIRS criteria for survivors and non-survivors dogs.
cord-321739-dnuu6jok	2015	The Ohio swine operation (Figure 1 ), consisting of 3 multi-site, farrow-to-finish production flows (referred to as flows A-C, each having two breed-wean sites) and a multiplier herd (referred to as D, with a single breedwean site) had no prior cases of PEDV and was determined to have effective biosecurity measures in place evidenced by the absence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) during more than the prior seven years. Beyond the sow unit, a wean-to-finish barn in flow A that received pigs on January 10 th from both flow A breed-wean units (A1 and A2) reported loose stools on January 12 th and had confirmation of PEDV with RT-PCR positive fecal samples collected the same day. On that same day, an oral fluid sample from one of the nurseries in flow B that received pigs from both flow B breed-wean units (B1 and B2) on January 15 th , 17 th , and 20 th , 2014 tested PEDV PCR positive ( Figure 1B ).
cord-325101-9qslo6qh	2014	Although many pathogens have been individually detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a comprehensive panel of agents that cause diarrhea in privately owned dogs has not yet been established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate pathogenic co-infections in populations of diarrheic and control owned dogs using a real-time PCR analysis of a panel of diarrhea-causing agents. The most prevalent agent involved in co-infections was canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), and 21/36 (58.3%) of the diarrheic samples positive for CPV-2 were associated with others agents, most commonly with Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin (CPA), Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp. The detection of individual pathogens in the panel with real-time PCR (Table 3) showed that CPA was the most prevalent pathogen in the fecal samples, infecting 40/104 (38.5%) diarrheic dogs and 6/43 (14.0%) control dogs, and the difference between the groups was highly statistically significant (P = 0.006).
cord-326770-yoefyowv	2012	METHODS: A total of 215 swine sera collected at two REBOV-affected farms in 2008, in Pangasinan and Bulacan, were tested for the presence of REBOV-specific antibodies using multiple serodiagnosis systems. In the IFA, none of the 49 swine sera collected in Japan showed a positive reaction (data not shown), and so they were considered to be REBOV-NP and -GP antibody negative. In the IFA specific to REBOV-NP, antibody positive swine sera showed characteristic granular staining patterns in the cytoplasm ( Figure 1A ), which were indistinguishable from those of REBOV-infected cynomolgus monkey sera [18] and REBOV-NP immunized rabbit sera (data not shown). In total, 158 (73.5%) and 169 (78.6%) of the 215 swine sera collected at the affected farms were REBOV-NP and -GP antibody positive in the IFA, respectively (Table 1) . In total, 177 (82.3%) and 165 (76.7%) of the 215 swine sera collected at the affected farms were REBOV-NP and -GP antibody positive in the IgG-ELISA, respectively (Table 1) .
cord-329148-zs18ez5q	2017	title: Development of real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus 2 With the advances in molecular detection techniques, a substantial number of gene amplification-based assays have been described for CPV-2 diagnosis such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, real-time PCR, reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and insulated isothermal PCR (iiPCR) [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . Based on our previous study, we developed here a real-time RPA assay for simple, rapid, convenient and POC detection of CPV-2, which utilizes an exo probe and a portable, userfriendly POC tube scanner. A probit regression analysis using the results of eight complete molecular standard runs calculated that the limit of detection (LOD) of the real-time RPA was 10 1 copies per reaction in 95% of cases (Fig. 2c) , which was the same as that of the real-time PCR applied in the study (data not shown).
cord-332572-9h26mj7w	2020	title: Development and validation of the isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification assays for rapid detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in sheep ovipneumoniae DNA was detected in 29 samples in the real-time RPA, 31 samples in the LFS RPA and 32 samples in the real-time PCR assay. In this study, a real-time RPA assay using the exo probe and a LFS RPA assay using the nfo probe combined with lateral flow strip were developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of M. ovipneumoniae DNA was detected in 29 (26.12%), 31 (27.93%) and 32 (28.83%) samples by the real-time RPA, LFS RPA and real-time PCR, respectively (Table 1 ). The real-time RPA and LFS RPA assays demonstrated the comparable performance in detecting the 111 sheep clinical samples. The developed real-time RPA and LFS RPA assays are highly specific and sensitive for detection of M.
cord-333477-slcvbzt9	2019	title: Oral faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in a dog: a case report BACKGROUND: Successful clinical outcomes of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection have been reported in humans and a marmoset. Four months prior to the current presentation, a faecal sample of the dog was subjected to real-time PCR analysis (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp., Clostridium perfringens α toxin, Clostridium difficile toxin A&B, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp., Canine parvovirus type 2, canine distemper virus and canine enteric coronavirus genes by a veterinary practitioner; a positive reaction for Campylobacter jejuni was detected in the analysis. difficile antigen and toxin A&B genes and proteins turned into negative, and stool consistency and frequency and faecal blood and mucus became normal after oral FMT in a dog with large bowel diarrhoea.
cord-336902-iptfle2b	2015	title: First case of Propionibacterium acnes urinary tract infection in a dog Urinary tract infections are common in dogs and are typically caused by various commensal bacteria. Here we present the first case report of a urinary tract infection caused by P. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a dog with urinary tract infection caused by P. Propionibacterium acnes is an aerotolerant, anaerobic, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium commonly isolated from humans. acnes has not been previously reported as a causative agent of UTI in dogs. [10] reported a case of a dog with osteomyelitis and arthritis due to Propionibacterium infection caused by a dog bite. This type has been isolated from human cases of acne and meningitis and reported in the MLST database [16] . To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a dog with UTI caused by P.
cord-337354-ky8mq4y0	2019	The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran (SRB) in milk on health, immunity, and performance of pre-weaned organic dairy calves. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the dietary addition of SRB in milk did not have an effect in health, immunity or performance of pre-weaned dairy calves. We hypothesized that the addition of SRB in milk of pre-weaned calves would reduce the presentation and severity of neonatal diarrhea, improving the immune response and consequently the overall calf performance. The addition of prebiotics via SRB into milk starting at 6-7 days of age was assessed for effects on health and performance of pre-weaned organic dairy calves over a 28 days period. The major finding from this study was that the addition of SRB in the milk of newborn calves for 28 days did not enhance performance, health, or immunity during the first month of life, a period characterized for the presentation of digestive diseases.
cord-337868-d2uvdnii	2014	Although a higher mortality rate is observed in animals with multiple infections with other pathogens such as CPV-2, canine adenovirus type 1 and CDV, CCoV represents per si a major infectious agent responsible for several epidemics [13, 14] . In order to detect the presence of canine viruses on Maio island, samples collected from stray dogs from Vila do Maio were tested for canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), to estimate the viral prevalence in this population and investigate the role of these animals in the maintenance and potential spread of common viral pathogens. This study describes for the first time, the shedding of three common enteric canine viruses, CPV, CDV and CCoV, in 178 stray dogs from Vila do Maio, Cape Verde and reports data on CPV and CDV seroprevalence. In addition, the high mortality rates caused by CDV contribute to the low virus spread in canine populations since the animals that succumbed to infection stop shedding.
cord-340152-b4vg33ap	2018	The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the oral administration of chestnut tannins (Castanea sativa Mill.) in order to reduce the duration of calf neonatal diarrhea. Administration of tannins in calves with diarrhea seemed to shorten the DDE in T by almost 4 days compared to C, suggesting an effective astringent action of chestnut tannins in the calf, as already reported in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of oral administration of chestnut tannins (Castanea sativa) in the treatment of calf neonatal diarrhea. Data concerning the weight at birth and at the third week of life, the age of diarrhea onset and the T0 fecal scores (T0-FS) recorded for both groups were assessed for normal distribution by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and then a Mann-Whitney test was applied in order to verify differences between the two groups at the inclusion time [28] .
cord-341141-bgrgzfoo	2017	In this study, we described the development of a lateral flow dipstrip (LFD) of isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) method for rapid detection of IBRV. The assay performance on acute-phase high fever clinical samples collected from cattle with no vaccine against IBRV, which were suspected to be infected with IBRV, was validated by detecting 24 fecal, 36 blood, 38 nasal swab and 8 tissue specimens, and compared with SYBR Green I based real-time PCR. The initial agarose gel result showed that Primer set 4-2F/4-2R/ 4-2LF yielded specific amplification efficiency for the RPA assay, and produced the expected size of the product was 250 base-pairs (Fig. 1a) , while the primers/probe targeting glycoprotein gB of the IBRV genome in this study could not be used to amplify effectively in the initial screen (data not show).
cord-343165-la5sy0vq	2017	This study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of NO generated from S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), during PCV2 infection of PK-15 cells and BALB/c mice. NO strongly inhibited PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells, and the antiviral effect was reversed by Hb. An in vivo assay indicated that GSNO treatment reduced the progression of PCV2 infection in mice, evident as reductions in the percentages of PCV2-positive sera and tissue samples and in the viral DNA copies in serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that the NO-generating compound GSNO suppresses PCV2 infection in PK-15 cells and BALB/c mice, indicating that NO and its donor, GSNO, have potential value as antiviral drugs against PCV2 infection. The antiviral activity of GSNO was determined from the appearance of PCV2-infected cells, viral titers, and PCV2 DNA copy numbers. In this study, we verified the antiviral activity of the NOgenerating compound GSNO during PCV2 infection in PK-15 cells and BALB/c mice.
cord-343324-qriqtv0y	2019	Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that whole genomes of Thai CaKoVs were closely related to Chinese CaKoVs with highest 99.5% amino acid identity suggesting possible origin of CaKoVs in Thailand. Thai CaKoVs were genetically closely related and grouped with Chinese CaKoVs. Our result raises the concerns to vet practitioners that diarrhea in dogs due to canine Kobuvirus infection should not be ignored. The result of this study provided the first detection and genetic characterization of CaKoV isolated from domestic dogs in Thailand. We compared the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of Thai CaKoVs against those of reference viruses from the US, UK, Italy, China, and Korea (Tables 2 and 3 most variable region of VP1 is position 201-243, especially proline rich region.
cord-343390-y903mxcj	2018	title: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in non-vaccinated dairy cattle herds in Brazil This study aimed to characterize the epidemiology of BRSV infection in dairy cattle herds of São Paulo State, Brazil, using serological and risk factors analyses. The analysis of risk factors indicated that the age group and the occurrence of coinfection with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) should be associated with a higher prevalence of BRSV, while natural suckling was considered a protective factor. Due to this, the current study aimed to determine antibody prevalence against BRSV and investigate some risk factors associated with BRSV seroprevalence in herds of an important milk producing region in São Paulo State, Brazil. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic dairy cattle herds Prevalence of and risk factors for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds in Ecuador
cord-344297-qqohijqi	2015	title: The early immune response to infection of chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in susceptible and resistant birds RESULTS: Genes and biological pathways involved in the early host response to IBV infection were determined andgene expression differences between susceptible and resistant birds were identified. [18] we used Affymetrix wholegenome chicken microarrays to examine the tracheal gene expression profiles of a line of birds known to be susceptible to IBV infection (line 15I) and a line known to show resistance (line N). Gene expression differences found in the susceptible 15I line between infected and control birds over days 2, 3 and 4 post infection were analysed, with a view to examining the innate host response to infection by IBV. Gene expression seen during the host response to IBV infection in the trachea of susceptible birds. Genes found to be differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant lines in response to IBV infection in the trachea.
cord-344309-6c2wttxg	2018	title: Development and application of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus based on a recombinant spike protein In this study, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the recombinant truncated spike (S) protein of PEDV was developed and validated. This indirect ELISA was compared to indirect immunoinfluscent assay (IFA), and the overall coincidence rate was 96.74% based on testing 368 clinical serum samples with different PEDV antibody levels. Finally, the S1 indirect ELISA was applied to detect serum antibodies of 3304 field samples collected from different pig farms in eastern China, and it presented an overall substantial agreement on the PEDV infection status. Therefore, this study selected a gene fragment within the S1 subunit as a coating antigen to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for the detection of PEDV antibodies. Detection of antibodies against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in serum and colostrum by indirect ELISA
cord-345516-fgn7rps3	2012	title: Analysis of the swine tracheobronchial lymph node transcriptomic response to infection with a Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus Emergence in 2006 of a novel highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) isolate in China necessitated a comparative investigation into the host transcriptome response in tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN) 13 days post-infection with HP-PRRSV rJXwn06, PRRSV strain VR-2332 or sham inocula. Gene IDs and log2 fold-change expression values for significant hits, that had FPKM values in both the control and the infected differential expression testing for transcripts (Cuffdiff output files), were then analyzed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software.
cord-346250-9kiekksx	2010	title: Vaccination with attenuated Salmonella enterica Dublin expressing E coli O157:H7 outer membrane protein Intimin induces transient reduction of fecal shedding of E coli O157:H7 in cattle The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that an adaptive mucosal immune response directed against intimin will reduce or prevent enteric colonization and fecal shedding of E. During the first 28 days, vaccinated calves shed both the vector strain and the intimin-expressing S. Calves challenged with intimin-deficient mutant bacteria do not develop diarrhea or attaching/ effacing lesions, nor are colonized to the same extent as animals infected with wild type or complemented mutant strains [20] . Fecal samples from all the calves were collected daily from day 0 to day 42 post-inoculation to determine the level of vaccine strain shedding. Immunization of cattle with a combination of purified intimin-531, EspA and Tir significantly reduces shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 following oral challenge
cord-346457-2mq2aije	2020	RESULTS: In the study, a differential one-step quantitative real-time fluorescent reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (real-time RT-RPA) method based on the PEDV universal real-time RT-RPA assay was established according to the ORF1 deletion sequences of three classical attenuated vaccine strains (PEDV attenuated vaccine KC189944, attenuated CV777 and DR13) and five Vero cell-adapted isolates (JS2008, SDM, SQ2014, SC1402, HLJBY), which could effectively differentiate PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains from wild-type strains (PEDV classical wild strains and variant strains). The detection limits of PEDV RNA in the both PEDV real-time RT-RPA assays were 300 copies within 20 min at 39 °C, and the detection limits of classical attenuated vaccine strain CV777, Vero-cell-adapted isolate JS2008, and PEDV wild-type strain DX were 10(0.5) TCID(50)/100 μL, 10(1.1) TCID(50)/100 μL, and 10(1.2) TCID(50)/100 μL, respectively. CONCLUSION: This RPA method we developed is simple, time-effective, and safe and provides a reliable technical tool for the differential diagnosis and clinical epidemic surveillance of PEDV classical attenuated vaccine strains and wild-type strains.
cord-346467-a0r4xh1c	2017	title: Mycoplasma detection by triplex real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from bovine respiratory disease complex cases BACKGROUND: In this study we evaluated the RespoCheck Mycoplasma triplex real-time PCR for the detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Mycoplasma (M.) dispar, M. RESULTS: The analytical sensitivity of the RespoCheck triplex real-time PCR was, as determined by spiking experiments of the Mycoplasma strains in Phosphate Buffered Saline, 300 colony forming units (cfu)/mL for M. To enable testing of testing for BRD associated pathogens in a routine setting, real-time PCRs for detection of viral, bacterial and mycoplasma pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of calves have been set up by the Central Veterinary Institute (Lelystad, The Netherlands) under the name RespoCheck. In this study we used the highly conserved 16S rRNA sequence to set up the RespoCheck Mycoplasma triplex real-time PCR assay for the specific detection of M.
cord-346685-kldpmws7	2012	Typical pneumonia and airsacculitis were observed both in broilers inoculated intraperitoneally with an ORT isolate alone and in those co-infected with ORT and H9N2 virus isolates. In the current report, we present the characterisation of ORT and H9N2 isolates obtained from co-infected broilers, with the objective of understanding the aetiology of severe avian pneumonia. Broilers inoculated intraperitoneally with ORT/chicken/Shandong/2011 alone displayed pneumonia and typical airsacculitis, and coinfection of the broilers with ORT and H9N2 virus isolates induced higher mortality than infection with ORT or H9N2 virus alone. The results of this study strongly suggest that co-infection with ORT and H9N2 virus is responsible for the current severe pneumonia with high mortality in broilers of China. However, the birds infected with the ORT isolated in this study had a 50% mortality rate, and a co-infection with the H9N2 virus resulted in 70% death. Co-infection of broilers with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and H9N2 avian influenza virus
cord-347664-8shnkrto	2017	RESULTS: In this study, 1650 drugs for veterinary use were collected per year from each city and province in Korea and analysed for the quantity of active ingredients according to the "national post-market surveillance (NPMS) system" over the past decade. In Korea, national product quality control measures for veterinary medicine consists of pre-market government testing system (PMGTS) and the National Post-Market Surveillance (NPMS) assessment on veterinary medicine before and after the distribution. The Korea Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (QIA) and each individual city/ province collects antibiotics, biologics and OCD currently in distribution from manufacturers, importers, and wholesalers of veterinary medicine, veterinary pharmacies, and veterinary hospitals in accordance with these testing plans. In particular, antibiotics have shown very dramatic decrease in noncompliance rates ( Table 2 ), illustrating that veterinary medicine manufacturing facilities and quality control standards have significantly improved over time [3, 4] .
cord-348522-r7ev9br6	2012	By immunohistochemistry, 32 of 44 samples were positive and a significant relationship was detected between macroscopically visible intestinal lesions and a high degree of infection. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of Chlamydia spp in the intestines of growing pigs and in conjunctival swabs from finisher pigs, and relate those findings to the occurrence of clinical signs. Coronavirus was not included in the study, since Sweden has previously been shown to be free from Table 1 The findings in intestinal specimens from growing pigs with diarrhoea (case), clinically healthy control pigs from the same poor performance herds (casecontrol), and from healthy pigs originating from good performance herds (control), examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), necropsy, and PCR. Intestinal lesions caused by a strain of Chlamydia suis in weanling pigs infected at 21 days of age
cord-350364-kcl401xb	2010	The objective of the present study is to better understand the flow of live poultry, as investigated in a poultry trade network of northern Vietnam, and explore its potential role in the risk for HPAI H5N1 introduction and spread and the resulting implications for disease control policies. The network is very fragmented with 30 components, but there is a highly connected core of communes, consisting of a giant weak component and a sparse periphery (containing numerous Table 1 Attributes of "sell only" and "buy and sell" live poultry traders operating in all (total of 12) authorised live bird markets serving the Northern provinces of Vietnam. In particular, our analyses indicate that new LPT''s (i.e. those trading for less than a year) and those operating in authorised retail LBM''s have increased odds of sourcing poultry from flocks located in communes with past history of H5N1 outbreaks during 2003 to 2006, when compared to older LPT''s (i.e. those trading for more than a year) and to those operating in wholesale markets.
cord-355465-qjtifwhd	2018	title: Molecular characterization of US-like and Asian non-S INDEL strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) that circulated in Japan during 2013–2016 and PEDVs collected from recurrent outbreaks RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis based on S gene sequences revealed that all the recent field PEDVs were genetically distinct from the classical Japanese strains, and were classified into three genotypes: North American (NA), S INDEL, and Asian non-S INDEL. Another subclade, designated as PED-J2, including 14 Japanese strains collected in Miyazaki were also clustered into a segregated branch as shown in Fig. 1 The sequence data revealed that S genes from the Japanese field PEDVs are of 4152-4161 nt long, and encode proteins with 1381-1386 aa residues. Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene
cord-355991-4zu69e0y	2018	The epidemiological and clinical presentations of outbreaks of neonatal mortality associated with enteritis and the detection of TGEV started in the gestation units. When TGEV enters in a naïve herds, an epizootic form characterized by a 100% mortality of pre-weaning piglets due to diarrhea and dehydration is normally observed [1, 14] . In this study, although all cases were selected using clinical features and epidemiological information, the histological evaluation consistently showed lesions compatible with viral infection. The application of IHC and ISH-RNA on archived paraffin blocks from cases of neonatal diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality allowed retrospective identification of TGEV infection. During the period when the sows showed gastro-enteric clinical signs, 2-to 4-day-old piglets presented vomiting (75-80%) and diarrhea (90%), and the mortality rate of suckling pigs reached 90%. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences