id sid tid token lemma pos cord-326257-rcv8sh22 1 1 key key JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 1 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 2 cord-326257-rcv8sh22 cord-326257-rcv8sh22 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 3 authors author NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 4 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 5 Simmonds Simmonds NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 6 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 7 P. P. NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 8 title title NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 2 9 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 1 Rampant rampant JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 2 C->U C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 3 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 4 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 6 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 9 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 10 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 12 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 13 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 14 – – : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 15 causes cause NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 16 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 17 consequences consequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 18 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 20 short short JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 21 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 22 long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 23 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 24 trajectories trajectory NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 25 date date NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 26 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 27 2020 2020 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 28 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 29 05 05 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 30 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 31 01 01 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 32 journal journal NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 3 33 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 4 1 bioRxiv biorxiv IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 4 2 DOI DOI NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 4 3 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 5 1 10.1101/2020.05.01.072330 10.1101/2020.05.01.072330 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 5 2 sha sha NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 5 3 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 1 aa4b611459fea6a90924158afbf35ce258a5533a aa4b611459fea6a90924158afbf35ce258a5533a NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 2 doc_id doc_id NNPS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 3 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 4 326257 326257 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 6 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 6 7 rcv8sh22 rcv8sh22 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 2 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 6 2 2 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 9 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 10 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 12 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 13 motivated motivate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 14 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 15 intensive intensive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 16 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 17 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 19 molecular molecular JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 20 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 21 following follow VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 23 worldwide worldwide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 24 spread spread NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 7 25 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 1 To to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 2 understand understand VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 3 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 4 early early JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 6 events event NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 7 following follow VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 8 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 9 emergence emergence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 10 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 11 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 12 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 13 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 14 985 985 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 15 complete complete JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 17 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 18 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 19 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 20 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 21 assembled assemble VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 8 22 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 1 Variants variant NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 2 showed show VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 3 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 4 mean mean JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 5 5.5 5.5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 6 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 7 9.5 9.5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 8 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 9 differences difference NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 10 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 11 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 12 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 13 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 14 commensurate commensurate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 15 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 16 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 17 mid mid JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 18 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 19 range range JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 20 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 21 substitution substitution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 22 rate rate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 24 3×10−4 3×10−4 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 25 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 26 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 27 site site NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 28 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 29 year year NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 9 30 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 1 Almost almost RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 2 half half NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 4 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 5 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 6 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 7 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 8 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 9 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 10 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 11 8-fold 8-fold CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 12 base base NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 13 frequency frequency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 14 normalised normalise VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 15 directional directional JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 16 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 17 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 18 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 19 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 20 U->C U->C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 21 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 10 22 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 1 Elevated elevated JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 2 ratios ratio NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 3 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 4 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 5 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 6 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 7 recently recently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 8 emerged emerge VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 9 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 12 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 14 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 15 MERS MERS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 16 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 19 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 20 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 21 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 22 decreasing decrease VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 23 degree degree NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 24 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 25 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 26 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 27 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 29 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 30 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 31 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 32 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 33 -OC43 -oc43 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 34 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 35 -229E -229E , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 36 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 37 -HKU1 -HKU1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 39 proportionate proportionate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 40 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 41 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 42 increasing increase VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 43 divergence divergence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 11 44 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 1 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 2 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 3 underpinned underpin VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 4 almost almost RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 5 half half NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 6 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 8 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 9 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 10 differences difference NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 11 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 13 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 14 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 15 variants variant NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 16 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 17 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 18 occurred occur VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 19 preferentially preferentially RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 20 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 21 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 22 5’U 5’u CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 23 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 24 A a NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 25 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 26 3’U 3’u CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 27 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 28 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 29 flanking flanking JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 30 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 31 contexts context NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 32 comparable comparable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 33 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 34 favoured favour VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 35 motifs motif NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 36 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 37 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 38 APOBEC3 apobec3 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 39 proteins protein NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 12 40 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 1 Marked mark VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 2 base base NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 3 asymmetries asymmetry NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 4 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 5 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 6 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 7 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 8 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 9 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 10 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 12 U>>A u>>a NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 13 > > XX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 14 G>>C G>>C NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 16 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 17 low low JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 18 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 19 contents content NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 20 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 21 represent represent VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 22 long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 23 term term NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 24 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 25 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 26 prolonged prolonged JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 27 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 28 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 29 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 30 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 31 hosts host NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 13 32 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 14 1 Importance importance NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 2 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 3 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 4 much much JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 6 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 7 change change NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 8 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 10 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 11 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 12 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 13 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 14 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 15 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 16 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 17 driven drive VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 18 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 19 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 20 host host NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 21 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 22 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 23 like like JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 24 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 25 process process NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 26 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 27 profound profound JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 28 implications implication NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 29 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 30 understanding understand VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 32 short short JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 33 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 34 long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 35 term term NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 36 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 15 37 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 1 Repeated repeat VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 2 cycles cycle NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 4 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 5 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 6 reversion reversion NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 7 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 8 favoured favour VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 9 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 10 hotspots hotspot NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 13 widespread widespread JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 14 occurrence occurrence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 15 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 16 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 17 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 18 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 19 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 20 no no DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 21 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 22 value value NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 23 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 24 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 25 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 26 represents represent VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 27 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 28 quite quite RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 29 different different JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 30 paradigm paradigm NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 31 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 32 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 33 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 34 change change NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 35 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 36 neutral neutral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 37 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 38 Darwinian darwinian JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 39 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 40 frameworks framework NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 41 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 42 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 43 typically typically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 44 used use VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 45 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 46 molecular molecular JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 47 epidemiology epidemiology NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 48 investigations investigation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 16 49 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 17 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 17 2 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 17 3 coronavirus-2 coronavirus-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 3 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 4 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 6 emerged emerge VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 7 late late JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 8 2019 2019 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 9 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 10 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 11 Hubei Hubei NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 12 province province NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 13 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 14 China China NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 15 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 16 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 17 cause cause NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 18 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 19 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 20 disease disease NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 21 occasionally occasionally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 22 leading lead VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 23 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 24 acute acute JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 25 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 26 distress distress NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 27 syndrome syndrome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 28 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 29 death death NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 31 COVID- covid- NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 32 19 19 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 35 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 36 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 37 4 4 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 18 39 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 1 Since since IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 3 first first JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 4 reports report NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 5 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 6 December December NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 7 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 8 2019 2019 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 10 infections infection NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 11 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 13 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 14 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 15 have have VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 16 been be VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 17 reported report VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 18 45 45 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 19 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 20 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 21 rapidly rapidly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 22 increasing increase VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 23 number number NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 24 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 25 countries country NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 26 worldwide worldwide RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 27 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 28 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 29 led lead VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 30 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 31 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 32 declaration declaration NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 33 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 34 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 35 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 36 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 37 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 38 World World NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 39 Health Health NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 40 Organisation Organisation NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 41 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 42 March March NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 43 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 44 2020 2020 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 19 45 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 1 In in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 2 order order NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 3 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 4 understand understand VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 6 origins origin NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 7 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 8 transmission transmission NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 9 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 10 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 12 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 13 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 14 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 15 sequencing sequencing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 16 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 18 - - : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 19 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 20 directly directly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 21 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 22 samples sample NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 24 infected infected JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 25 individuals individual NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 26 worldwide worldwide RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 27 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 28 been be VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 29 performed perform VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 30 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 31 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 32 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 33 scale scale NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 20 34 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 1 These these DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 2 efforts effort NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 3 have have VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 4 generated generate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 5 many many JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 6 thousands thousand NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 8 high high JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 9 quality quality NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 10 consensus consensus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 11 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 12 spanning span VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 13 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 14 length length NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 15 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 16 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 17 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 18 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 19 have have VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 20 defined define VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 21 50 50 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 22 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 23 series series NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 24 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 25 geographically geographically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 26 defined define VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 27 clusters cluster NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 28 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 29 recapitulate recapitulate VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 30 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 31 early early JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 32 routes route NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 33 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 34 international international JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 35 spread spread NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 21 36 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 1 However however RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 3 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 4 commented comment VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 5 elsewhere elsewhere RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 7 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03 ADD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 22 8 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 1 16.20034470 16.20034470 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 3 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 4 there there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 5 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 6 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 7 little little JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 8 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 9 diversity diversity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 10 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 11 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 12 early early JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 13 stage stage NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 15 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 16 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 17 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 18 analyses analysis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 19 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 21 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 22 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 23 remain remain VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 24 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 25 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 26 early early JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 27 stage stage NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 23 28 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 2 relative relative JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 3 infrequency infrequency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 5 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 6 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 8 consequence consequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 9 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 10 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 11 much much RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 12 lower low JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 13 error error NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 14 rate rate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 15 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 16 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 17 copying copying NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 18 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 19 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 20 viral viral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 22 polymerase polymerase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 24 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 25 larger large JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 26 nidovirales nidovirale NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 27 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 28 including include VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 29 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 24 30 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 1 This this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 2 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 3 achieved achieve VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 4 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 6 development development NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 8 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 9 proofreading proofreading NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 10 capability capability NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 11 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 12 mismatch mismatch NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 13 detection detection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 14 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 15 excision excision NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 16 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 17 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 18 viral viral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 19 encoded encode VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 20 exonuclease exonuclease NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 21 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 22 Nsp14-ExoN Nsp14-ExoN NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 24 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 25 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 26 7 7 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 25 28 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 3 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 4 show show VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 5 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 6 low low JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 7 substitution substitution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 8 rate rate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 9 over over IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 10 time time NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 11 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 12 typically typically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 13 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 14 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 15 range range NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 16 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 17 1.5 1.5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 18 -10 -10 NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 19 x x SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 20 10 10 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 21 -4 -4 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 22 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 23 per per IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 24 site site NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 25 per per IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 26 year year NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 28 SSY SSY NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 26 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 27 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 27 2 8- 8- NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 27 3 13 13 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 27 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 27 5 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 28 1 60 60 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 1 Applying apply VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 2 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 3 mid mid JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 4 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 5 range range JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 6 estimate estimate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 7 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 8 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 9 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 10 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 11 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 12 month month NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 13 timescale timescale NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 15 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 17 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 18 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 19 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 20 indicates indicate VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 21 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 22 epidemiologically epidemiologically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 23 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 24 strains strain NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 25 might may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 26 show show VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 27 around around RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 28 6 6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 29 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 30 10 10 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 31 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 32 differences difference NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 33 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 34 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 35 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 36 over over IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 37 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 38 30,000 30,000 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 39 base base NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 40 length length NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 41 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 42 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 43 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 29 44 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 1 In in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 3 current current JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 4 study study NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 5 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 7 have have VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 8 analysed analyse VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 9 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 10 nature nature NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 11 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 13 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 14 diversity diversity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 15 generated generate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 16 within within IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 17 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 18 65 65 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 19 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 20 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 21 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 22 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 23 populations population NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 24 revealed reveal VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 25 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 26 current current JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 27 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 28 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 29 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 30 sequencing sequencing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 31 studies study NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 30 32 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 2 obtained obtain VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 3 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 4 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 5 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 6 preponderance preponderance NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 8 driven drive VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 9 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 10 events event NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 11 within within IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 13 short short JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 14 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 15 period period NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 16 following follow VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 17 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 18 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 19 transmission transmission NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 22 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 23 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 24 into into IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 25 humans human NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 31 26 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 1 Sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 2 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 3 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 4 characterised characterise VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 5 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 6 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 7 preponderance preponderance NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 8 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 9 cytidine cytidine NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 10 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 11 uridine uridine NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 13 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 15 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 32 16 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 2 possibility possibility NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 3 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 5 initial initial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 6 diversity diversity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 7 within within IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 8 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 9 viral viral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 10 population population NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 11 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 12 largely largely RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 13 host host NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 14 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 15 induced induce VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 16 would would MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 17 have have VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 18 major major JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 19 implications implication NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 20 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 21 70 70 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 22 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 23 reconstruction reconstruction NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 24 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 25 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 26 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 27 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 28 variants variant NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 29 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 30 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 31 current current JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 32 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 33 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 34 as as RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 35 well well RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 36 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 37 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 38 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 39 understanding understanding NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 40 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 41 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 42 host host NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 43 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 44 pathways pathway NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 45 against against IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 33 46 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 1 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 3 longer long JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 4 term term NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 5 shaping shape VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 6 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 7 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 9 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 10 composition composition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 34 11 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 1 Sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 2 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 3 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 5 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 6 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 35 7 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 1 Four four CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 2 separate separate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 3 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 5 full full JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 6 length length NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 7 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 9 near- near- NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 11 complete complete JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 12 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 13 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 16 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 17 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 18 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 19 collected collect VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 20 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 21 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 22 start start NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 24 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 25 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 26 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 27 those those DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 28 most most RBS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 29 recently recently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 30 deposited deposit VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 31 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 32 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 33 24 24 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 34 th th CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 35 April April NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 36 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 37 2020 2020 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 38 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 39 aligned align VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 40 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 41 analysed analyse VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 36 42 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 1 Each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 2 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 3 showed show VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 4 minimal minimal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 5 levels level NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 6 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 7 80 80 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 8 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 9 divergence divergence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 10 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 11 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 12 mean mean JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 13 pairwise pairwise JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 14 distances distance NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 15 ranging range VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 16 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 17 5.5 5.5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 18 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 19 9.5 9.5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 20 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 21 differences difference NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 22 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 23 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 24 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 37 25 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 1 However however RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 3 several several JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 4 aspects aspect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 6 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 7 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 8 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 9 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 10 contexts contexts NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 11 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 13 observed observed JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 14 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 15 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 16 unexpected unexpected JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 38 17 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 1 Firstly firstly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 3 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 4 ratio ratio NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 6 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 7 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 8 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 10 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 11 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 12 changing change VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 14 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 15 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 16 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 17 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 18 high high JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 39 19 -in -in . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 1 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 2 range range NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 4 0.57 0.57 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 5 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 6 0.73 0.73 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 7 amongst amongst IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 8 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 9 different different JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 11 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 12 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 13 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 40 14 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 1 This this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 2 contrasts contrast VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 3 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 4 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 5 much much RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 6 lower low JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 7 ratio ratio NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 9 consistently consistently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 10 below below IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 11 < < XX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 12 0.22 0.22 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 14 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 15 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 16 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 17 85 85 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 18 assembled assemble VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 19 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 20 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 21 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 22 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 23 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 25 Table table NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 26 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 41 28 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 1 Including include VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 2 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 3 range range NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 5 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 6 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 8 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 10 there there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 11 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 12 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 13 consistent consistent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 14 association association NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 15 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 16 dN dN NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 17 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 18 dS dS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 19 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 20 degree degree NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 21 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 22 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 23 divergence divergence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 25 Fig fig NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 26 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 27 _SP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 28 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 42 30 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 2 next next RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 3 estimated estimate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 4 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 6 individual individual JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 7 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 8 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 9 transversions transversion NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 10 occurring occur VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 11 during during IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 13 short-90 short-90 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 14 terms term NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 15 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 16 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 18 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 19 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 43 20 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 1 Sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 2 differences difference NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 3 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 4 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 6 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 7 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 8 full full JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 9 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 10 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 12 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 13 majority majority NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 14 rule rule NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 15 consensus consensus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 16 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 17 generated generate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 18 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 19 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 21 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 22 four four CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 23 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 24 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 25 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 26 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 27 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 28 calculated calculate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 44 29 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 2 directionality directionality NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 4 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 5 change change NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 6 underlying underlie VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 8 observed observed JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 9 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 10 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 11 inferred infer VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 12 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 13 restricting restrict VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 14 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 15 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 16 polymorphic polymorphic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 17 sites site NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 18 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 19 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 20 minimal minimal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 21 number number NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 22 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 23 variable variable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 24 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 26 typically typically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 27 singletons singleton NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 45 29 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 1 In in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 2 practice practice NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 3 because because IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 6 scarcity scarcity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 8 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 10 variability variability NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 11 thresholds threshold NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 13 10 10 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 14 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 15 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 16 95 95 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 17 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 18 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 19 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 20 2 2 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 21 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 22 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 23 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 24 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 25 yielded yield VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 26 similar similar JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 27 numbers number NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 28 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 29 relative relative JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 30 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 31 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 32 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 33 transition transition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 34 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 35 transversion transversion NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 46 36 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 1 Equivalent equivalent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 2 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 3 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 4 directionality directionality NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 5 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 6 obtained obtain VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 7 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 8 comparison comparison NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 9 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 10 each each DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 11 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 12 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 13 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 14 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 15 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 16 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 17 first first JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 18 outbreak outbreak NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 19 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 21 MN908947 MN908947 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 22 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 23 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 24 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 25 Hu-1 Hu-1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 27 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 28 approximately approximately RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 29 ancestral ancestral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 30 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 31 current current JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 32 circulating circulate VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 33 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 34 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 35 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 36 strains strain NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 38 data datum NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 39 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 40 shown show VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 47 42 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 1 For for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 3 purposes purpose NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 6 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 7 presented present VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 8 here here RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 10 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 11 consensus consensus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 12 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 13 based base VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 14 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 15 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 16 threshold threshold NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 17 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 18 used use VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 48 19 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 49 1 100 100 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 1 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 2 listing listing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 5 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 6 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 7 revealed reveal VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 8 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 9 striking strike VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 11 approximately approximately RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 12 four four CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 13 - - RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 14 fold fold JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 16 excess excess NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 17 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 18 sites site NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 19 where where WRB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 20 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 21 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 22 occurred occur VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 23 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 25 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 26 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 27 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 28 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 29 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 30 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 31 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 32 three three CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 33 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 35 Fig fig NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 36 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 37 _SP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 38 2A 2a CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 50 40 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 1 This this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 2 excess excess NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 3 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 5 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 6 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 51 7 given give VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 1 there there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 2 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 3 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 4 almost almost RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 5 two two CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 6 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 7 fold fold VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 8 greater great JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 9 number number NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 10 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 11 U U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 12 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 13 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 14 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 16 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 17 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 18 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 19 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 20 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 21 C C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 22 's 's POS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 24 32.1 32.1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 25 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 26 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 27 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 28 18.4 18.4 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 29 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 52 31 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 1 To to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 2 formally formally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 3 analyse analyse VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 4 105 105 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 6 excess excess NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 8 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 9 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 11 calculated calculate VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 12 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 13 index index NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 53 15 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 2 frequency[C->U frequency[C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 4 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 5 f[U->C f[U->C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 54 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 55 1 x x LS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 56 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 56 2 fU fU NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 56 3 / / , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 56 4 fC fc NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 56 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 1 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 2 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 3 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 4 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 5 degrees degree NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 6 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 7 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 8 divergence divergence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 9 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 10 dN dN NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 11 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 12 dS dS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 13 ratio ratio NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 14 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 16 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 17 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 18 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 19 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 20 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 21 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 23 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 25 2B 2B NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 26 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 27 2C 2C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 57 29 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 1 This this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 2 comparison comparison NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 3 showed show VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 4 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 6 excess excess NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 8 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 9 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 10 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 11 most most RBS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 12 marked mark VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 13 among among IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 14 very very RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 15 recently recently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 16 diverged diverge VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 17 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 18 associated associate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 19 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 20 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 22 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 23 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 24 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 25 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 26 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 28 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 29 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 30 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 31 reduced reduce VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 32 significantly significantly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 33 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 34 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 35 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 36 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 37 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 38 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 39 divergent divergent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 40 human human NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 41 110 110 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 42 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 44 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 45 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 46 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 47 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 48 229E 229e CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 49 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 50 OC43 OC43 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 52 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 53 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 54 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 55 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 56 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 58 57 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 1 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 2 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 3 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 4 scattered scatter VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 5 throughout throughout IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 6 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 8 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 9 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 10 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 12 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 13 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 14 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 59 16 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 1 Long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 2 bars bar NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 3 representing represent VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 4 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 5 polymorphic polymorphic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 6 sites site NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 7 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 8 frequently frequently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 9 shared share VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 10 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 11 replicate replicate VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 12 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 13 but but CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 14 unique unique JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 15 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 17 occurring occur VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 18 once once RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 19 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 20 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 21 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 22 -short -short NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 23 bars bar NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 25 showed show VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 26 largely largely RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 27 separate separate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 28 distributions distribution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 60 29 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 1 Substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 2 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 3 115 115 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 4 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 5 focussed focusse VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 6 towards towards IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 7 any any DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 8 particular particular JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 9 gene gene NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 10 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 11 intergenic intergenic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 12 region region NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 13 although although IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 14 all all DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 15 three three CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 16 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 17 showed show VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 18 marginally marginally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 19 higher high JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 20 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 21 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 22 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 23 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 24 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 25 N n CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 26 gene gene NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 61 27 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 2 grouping grouping NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 4 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 5 selection selection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 6 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 7 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 8 showing show VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 9 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 10 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 11 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 12 different different JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 13 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 14 regions region NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 15 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 16 plotted plot VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 17 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 18 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 19 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 20 tree tree NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 21 containing contain VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 22 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 23 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 24 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 25 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 26 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 27 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 28 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 30 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 31 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 32 4 4 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 62 34 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 1 Within within IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 3 resolution resolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 4 possible possible JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 5 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 6 tree tree NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 7 generated generate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 8 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 9 such such PDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 10 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 11 minimally minimally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 12 divergent divergent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 13 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 14 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 15 many many JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 16 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 17 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 18 shared share VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 19 C C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 20 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 21 U U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 22 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 23 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 24 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 25 monophyletic monophyletic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 63 26 120 120 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 64 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 64 2 eg eg IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 64 3 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 1 those those DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 2 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 3 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 4 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 5 positions position NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 6 5784 5784 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 7 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 8 10319 10319 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 10 21575 21575 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 11 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 12 28657 28657 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 13 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 14 28887 28887 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 65 16 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 1 This this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 2 lack lack NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 4 grouping grouping NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 5 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 6 consistent consistent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 7 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 8 multiple multiple JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 9 de de FW cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 10 novo novo JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 11 occurrences occurrence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 13 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 14 same same JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 15 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 16 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 17 different different JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 19 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 20 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 21 lineages lineage NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 66 22 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 2 abnormally abnormally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 3 high high JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 4 dN dN NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 5 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 6 dS dS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 7 ratios ratio NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 8 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 9 0.6 0.6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 10 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 11 0.7 0.7 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 12 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 14 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 15 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 16 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 18 Table table NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 19 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 20 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 21 Fig fig NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 22 . . NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 23 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 25 indicated indicate VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 26 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 27 125 125 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 28 around around IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 29 50 50 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 30 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 31 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 32 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 33 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 34 would would MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 35 produce produce VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 36 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 37 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 38 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 40 if if IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 41 approximately approximately RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 42 75 75 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 43 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 44 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 45 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 46 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 47 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 48 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 49 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 50 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 67 52 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 1 On on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 2 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 4 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 5 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 6 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 7 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 8 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 9 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 10 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 11 50 50 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 12 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 13 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 14 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 15 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 16 synonymous synonymous JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 17 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 18 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 19 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 20 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 21 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 22 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 23 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 24 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 25 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 26 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 27 consequence consequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 28 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 29 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 30 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 32 Fig fig NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 33 . . NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 34 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 68 36 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 2 underlying underlying JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 4 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 5 leads lead VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 6 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 7 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 8 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 9 therefore therefore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 10 also also RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 11 drives drive VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 12 much much JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 13 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 14 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 15 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 16 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 17 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 18 diversity diversity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 19 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 20 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 22 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 23 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 69 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 70 1 130 130 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 2 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 4 cytidines cytidine NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 5 within within IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 6 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 7 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 8 strongly strongly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 9 influenced influence VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 10 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 11 likelihood likelihood NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 14 mutating mutate VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 15 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 16 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 17 U u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 19 Fig fig NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 20 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 21 _SP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 22 6 6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 71 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 2 greatest great JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 3 numbers number NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 5 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 6 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 7 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 8 if if IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 9 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 10 upstream upstream NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 12 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 13 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 15 base base NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 16 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 17 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 18 A a NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 72 19 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 1 U. U. NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 2 There there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 3 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 4 also also RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 5 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 6 similar similar JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 7 approximately approximately RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 8 4-fold 4-fold CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 9 increase increase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 10 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 11 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 12 if if IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 13 these these DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 14 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 15 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 16 located locate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 17 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 18 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 19 downstream downstream NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 21 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 22 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 24 side side NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 73 25 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 2 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 5 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 6 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 7 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 8 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 9 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 10 contexts context NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 11 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 12 additive additive NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 13 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 14 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 15 residues residue NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 16 surrounded surround VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 17 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 18 135 135 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 19 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 20 A a NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 21 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 22 U u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 23 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 24 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 25 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 26 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 74 27 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 1 3 3 LS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 2 ' ' POS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 3 sides side NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 4 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 5 10-fold 10-fold JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 6 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 7 likely likely JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 8 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 9 mutate mutate VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 10 than than IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 11 those those DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 12 flanked flank VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 13 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 14 C C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 15 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 16 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 17 residues residue NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 19 mean mean VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 20 31.9 31.9 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 21 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 22 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 23 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 24 3.6 3.6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 75 26 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 1 Splitting split VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 3 data datum NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 4 down down RP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 5 into into IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 6 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 7 16 16 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 8 combinations combination NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 9 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 10 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 11 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 12 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 13 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 14 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 15 contexts context NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 16 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 17 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 18 5'U 5'u CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 19 far far RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 20 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 21 potently potently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 22 restricted restricted JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 23 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 24 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 25 C->U c->u JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 26 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 27 than than IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 28 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 29 5'A 5'a CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 31 Fig fig NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 32 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 33 S1 s1 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 34 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 35 Suppl Suppl NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 76 36 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 1 Data datum NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 3 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 4 while while IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 5 5'G 5'g CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 6 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 7 5'C 5'c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 8 almost almost RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 9 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 10 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 11 irrespective irrespective RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 13 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 14 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 15 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 16 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 77 17 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 1 No no DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 2 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 3 created create VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 4 any any DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 5 substantial substantial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 6 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 7 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 8 G->A G->A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 9 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 10 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 11 A->G A->G NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 12 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 78 13 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 2 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 3 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 5 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 6 varied vary VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 7 substantially substantially RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 8 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 9 species specie NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 10 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 11 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 12 highest high JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 13 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 14 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 15 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 16 recently recently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 17 emerged emerge VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 18 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 19 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 21 MERS MERS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 22 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 24 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 25 41 41 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 26 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 27 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 29 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 30 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 31 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 32 41 41 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 33 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 34 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 35 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 36 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 37 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 38 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 39 38 38 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 40 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 42 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 43 lowest low JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 44 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 45 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 47 32 32 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 48 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 79 50 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 1 Collectively collectively RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 3 there there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 4 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 5 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 6 significant significant JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 7 relationship relationship NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 8 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 9 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 10 depletion depletion NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 12 U u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 13 enrichment enrichment NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 14 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 15 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 80 16 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 81 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 81 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 81 3 . . NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 81 4 7 7 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 81 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 81 6 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 2 difference difference NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 3 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 4 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 5 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 6 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 7 indeed indeed RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 8 almost almost RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 9 entirely entirely RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 10 145 145 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 11 attributable attributable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 12 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 13 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 14 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 15 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 16 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 17 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 18 C C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 19 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 20 U U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 21 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 22 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 23 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 24 9 9 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 25 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 26 difference difference NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 27 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 28 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 29 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 30 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 31 MERS MERS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 32 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 33 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 34 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 35 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 36 arose arise VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 37 primarily primarily RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 38 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 39 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 40 20 20 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 41 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 42 - - : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 43 > > SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 44 13 13 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 45 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 46 reduction reduction NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 47 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 48 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 49 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 82 50 C. C. NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 1 There there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 2 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 3 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 4 comparable comparable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 5 8 8 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 6 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 7 increase increase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 8 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 9 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 10 frequency frequency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 11 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 12 U. U. NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 13 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 14 combined combine VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 15 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 16 left leave VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 17 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 18 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 19 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 20 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 21 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 22 relatively relatively RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 23 unchanged unchanged JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 83 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 2 appears appear VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 3 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 5 accumulated accumulate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 6 effect effect NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 8 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 9 C->U C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 10 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 11 U->C U->C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 12 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 13 led lead VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 14 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 15 marked mark VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 16 compositional compositional JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 17 abnormalities abnormality NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 18 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 19 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 84 20 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 85 1 150 150 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 2 wealth wealth NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 4 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 5 data datum NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 6 generated generate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 7 since since IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 8 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 9 outset outset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 10 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 11 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 13 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 14 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 15 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 16 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 17 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 18 accuracy accuracy NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 19 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 20 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 21 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 22 obtained obtain VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 23 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 24 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 25 range range NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 26 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 27 NGS NGS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 28 technologies technology NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 29 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 30 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 31 long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 32 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 33 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 34 very very RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 35 low low JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 36 substitution substitution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 37 rate rate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 38 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 39 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 40 provided provide VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 41 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 42 unique unique JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 43 opportunity opportunity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 44 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 45 investigate investigate VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 46 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 47 diversification diversification NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 48 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 49 very very RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 50 high high JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 51 resolution resolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 86 52 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 2 findings finding NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 3 additionally additionally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 4 provide provide VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 5 insights insight NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 6 into into IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 8 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 9 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 10 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 11 contexts context NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 12 where where WRB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 13 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 14 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 15 occur occur VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 87 16 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 1 Thirdly thirdly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 4 informs inform VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 5 us -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 6 about about IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 8 longer long JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 9 term term NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 10 160 160 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 11 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 13 viruses virus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 14 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 15 potential potential JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 16 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 17 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 18 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 19 cell cell NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 20 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 21 moulding moulding NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 22 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 23 composition composition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 88 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 2 mechanism mechanism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 5 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 6 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 7 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 89 8 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 2 most most RBS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 3 striking striking JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 4 finding finding NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 5 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 6 emerged emerge VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 7 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 8 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 9 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 10 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 11 more more JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 12 than than IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 13 1000 1000 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 15 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 16 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 17 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 18 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 19 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 20 preponderance preponderance NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 21 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 22 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 23 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 24 compared compare VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 25 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 26 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 27 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 28 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 29 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 30 initial initial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 31 4 4 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 32 - - SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 33 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 34 months month NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 35 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 36 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 37 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 90 38 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 1 These these DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 2 accounted account VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 3 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 4 38%-165 38%-165 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 5 42 42 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 6 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 8 all all DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 9 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 10 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 11 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 12 four four CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 14 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 15 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 16 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 91 17 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 1 In in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 2 seeking seek VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 3 alternative alternative NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 4 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 5 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 6 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 7 biological biological JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 8 explanations explanation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 9 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 10 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 11 observation observation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 12 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 14 can can MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 15 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 16 have have VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 17 arisen arise VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 18 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 19 misincorporation misincorporation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 20 errors error NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 21 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 22 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 23 next next JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 24 generation generation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 25 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 26 methods method NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 27 used use VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 28 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 29 produce produce VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 30 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 31 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 32 because because IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 33 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 34 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 35 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 36 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 37 current current NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 38 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 39 restricted restrict VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 40 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 41 consensus consensus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 42 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 92 43 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 1 These these DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 2 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 3 generally generally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 4 assembled assemble VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 5 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 6 libraries library NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 7 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 8 typically typically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 9 possess possess VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 10 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 11 coverage coverage NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 12 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 13 read read VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 14 depth depth NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 15 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 16 error error NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 17 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 18 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 19 < < NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 20 10 10 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 21 -4 -4 NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 22 per per IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 23 site site NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 25 14 14 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 27 would would MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 28 therefore therefore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 29 improbably improbably RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 30 create create VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 31 170 170 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 32 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 33 consensus consensus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 34 change change NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 35 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 36 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 37 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 38 library library NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 93 39 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 1 There there EX cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 2 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 3 furthermore furthermore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 4 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 5 no no DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 6 comparable comparable JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 7 increase increase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 8 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 9 G->A G->A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 10 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 12 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 13 . . NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 14 2 2 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 16 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 17 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 18 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 19 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 20 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 21 which which WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 22 sequencing sequencing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 23 errors error NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 24 occur occur VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 26 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 27 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 28 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 29 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 30 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 31 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 32 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 33 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 34 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 35 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 37 14 14 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 40 did do VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 41 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 42 match match VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 43 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 44 favoured favour VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 45 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 46 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 47 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 48 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 49 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 50 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 51 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 53 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 54 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 55 6 6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 94 57 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 1 coronavirus coronavirus NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 3 dependent dependent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 5 polymerase polymerase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 6 during during IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 7 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 8 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 95 9 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 1 By by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 2 definition definition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 3 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 4 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 7 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 8 descends descend VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 9 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 10 any any DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 11 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 12 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 13 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 14 equal equal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 15 number number NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 16 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 17 copyings copying NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 18 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 19 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 20 positive positive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 21 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 22 negative negative JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 23 strands strand NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 24 -any -any , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 25 tendency tendency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 26 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 27 misincorporate misincorporate VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 28 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 29 U u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 30 instead instead RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 31 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 32 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 33 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 34 would would MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 35 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 36 reflected reflect VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 37 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 38 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 39 parallel parallel JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 40 number number NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 41 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 42 G->A G->A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 43 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 44 where where WRB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 45 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 46 error error NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 47 occurred occur VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 48 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 49 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 50 minus minus JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 51 strand strand NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 53 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 54 vice vice NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 55 versa versa RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 96 57 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 1 As as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 2 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 3 however however RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 4 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 5 G->A G->A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 6 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 7 occurred occur VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 8 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 9 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 10 much much RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 11 lower low JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 12 frequency frequency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 13 than than IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 14 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 15 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 16 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 17 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 18 similar similar JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 19 180 180 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 20 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 21 those those DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 22 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 23 A->G A->G NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 25 Figs fig NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 97 26 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 98 1 2A 2A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 98 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 98 3 6 6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 98 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 98 5 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 98 6 _SP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 1 While while IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 2 deamination deamination NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 4 cytidines cytidine NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 5 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 6 single single RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 7 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 8 stranded strand VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 9 DNA dna NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 10 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 11 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 12 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 13 hallmark hallmark NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 15 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 16 function function NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 17 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 18 APOBECs apobec NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 19 show show VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 20 binding bind VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 21 affinities affinity NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 22 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 23 single single JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 24 stranded strand VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 26 templates template NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 27 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 28 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 29 mediate mediate VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 30 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 31 functions function NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 99 32 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 1 A3B A3B NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 2 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 3 A3F a3f NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 4 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 5 been be VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 6 shown show VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 7 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 8 block block VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 9 retrotransposition retrotransposition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 10 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 11 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 12 LINE-1 LINE-1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 13 transposons transposon NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 14 mRNA mRNA VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 15 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 16 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 17 non non JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 18 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 19 deamination deamination JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 20 pathway pathway NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 22 23 23 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 24 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 25 potentially potentially RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 26 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 27 binding bind VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 28 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 29 single single RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 30 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 31 stranded strand VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 32 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 100 33 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 1 Direct direct JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 2 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 4 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 6 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 8 rat rat NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 9 A1 A1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 10 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 13 accumulation accumulation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 15 C->U C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 16 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 17 verified verify VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 18 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 19 210 210 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 21 could could MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 22 also also RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 23 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 24 used use VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 25 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 26 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 27 substrate substrate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 28 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 29 deamination deamination NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 31 24 24 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 101 33 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 1 This this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 2 suggested suggest VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 3 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 5 authors author NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 6 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 7 that that DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 8 time time NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 9 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 10 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 11 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 12 mediated mediate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 14 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 15 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 16 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 17 potential potential JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 18 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 19 activity activity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 20 mechanism mechanism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 21 against against IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 23 viruses virus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 24 as as RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 25 well well RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 26 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 27 retroviruses retrovirus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 102 28 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 1 Since since IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 2 then then RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 3 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 4 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 5 supporting support VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 6 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 7 conjecture conjecture NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 8 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 9 been be VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 10 difficult difficult JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 11 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 12 obtain obtain VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 13 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 14 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 15 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 16 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 17 effect effect NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 18 215 215 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 19 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 20 APOBECs apobec NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 21 against against IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 22 enterovirus enterovirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 23 A71 A71 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 24 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 25 measles measle NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 26 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 27 mumps mumps NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 28 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 29 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 30 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 31 viruses virus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 32 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 33 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 34 shown show VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 35 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 36 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 37 associated associate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 38 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 39 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 40 development development NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 41 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 42 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 43 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 45 25 25 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 46 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 47 26 26 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 103 49 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 3 A3C a3c CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 4 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 5 A3F a3f NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 6 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 7 A3H a3h NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 8 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 9 but but CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 10 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 11 A3A a3a CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 12 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 13 A3D A3D NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 14 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 15 A3 A3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 16 G G NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 17 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 18 shown show VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 19 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 20 inhibit inhibit VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 21 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 22 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 24 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 25 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 26 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 27 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 28 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 29 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 30 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 31 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 32 but but CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 33 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 34 expression expression NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 35 did do VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 36 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 37 lead lead VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 38 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 39 de de NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 40 novo novo NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 41 C->U C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 43 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 44 G->A G->A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 46 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 47 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 48 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 49 passaging passaging NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 51 27 27 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 104 53 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 1 On on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 3 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 4 hand hand NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 5 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 6 It -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 7 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 8 been be VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 9 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 10 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 11 A3A a3a CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 12 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 13 A3 A3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 14 G G NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 15 possess possess VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 16 potent potent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 18 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 19 capability capability NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 20 220 220 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 21 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 22 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 23 expressed express VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 24 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 25 hypoxic hypoxic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 26 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 28 28 28 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 30 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 31 natural natural JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 32 killer killer NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 33 cells cell NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 35 29 29 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 37 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 38 transfected transfecte VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 39 A3Goverexpressing a3goverexpresse VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 40 HEK HEK NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 41 293 293 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 42 T T NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 43 cells cell NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 45 30 30 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 105 47 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 1 These these DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 2 latter latter JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 3 findings finding NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 4 verify verify VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 5 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 6 APOBECs apobec NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 7 do do VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 8 possess possess VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 10 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 11 capabilities capability NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 12 but but CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 13 do do VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 14 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 15 provide provide VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 16 any any DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 17 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 18 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 19 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 20 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 21 potential potential JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 22 inhibition inhibition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 25 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 26 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 27 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 28 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 29 mechanism mechanism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 106 30 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 3 pronounced pronounced JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 4 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 5 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 6 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 7 transitions transition NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 8 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 10 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 11 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 12 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 13 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 14 preferential preferential JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 15 substitution substitution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 16 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 17 C C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 18 's 's POS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 19 flanked flank VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 20 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 21 U U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 22 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 23 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 24 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 25 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 26 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 27 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 28 ' ' '' cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 29 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 30 3 3 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 31 ' ' POS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 32 sides side NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 34 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 35 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 36 6 6 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 38 225 225 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 39 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 40 broadly broadly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 41 matches match VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 42 what what WP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 43 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 44 known know VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 45 about about IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 46 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 47 favoured favour VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 48 contexts context NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 49 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 50 A3A a3a CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 51 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 52 A3F a3f NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 53 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 54 A3H a3h NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 56 31 31 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 58 provides provide VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 59 strong strong JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 60 circumstantial circumstantial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 61 grounds ground NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 62 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 63 suspecting suspect VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 64 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 65 role role NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 66 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 67 one one CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 68 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 69 more more JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 70 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 71 proteins protein NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 72 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 73 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 74 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 107 75 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 2 exceptionally exceptionally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 3 long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 4 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 6 ≈30,000 ≈30,000 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 7 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 10 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 11 exposure exposure NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 13 genomic genomic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 15 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 16 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 17 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 18 before before IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 19 initiation initiation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 21 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 22 complex complex JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 23 formation formation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 24 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 25 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 26 potentially potentially RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 27 lethal lethal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 28 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 29 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 30 just just RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 31 one one CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 32 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 33 introduced introduce VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 34 into into IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 35 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 36 genomic genomic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 37 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 38 makes make VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 39 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 40 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 41 mediated mediate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 42 anti anti JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 43 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 44 coronaviral coronaviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 45 230 230 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 46 activity activity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 47 plausible plausible JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 48 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 49 virological virological JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 50 terms term NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 108 51 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 2 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 3 perhaps perhaps RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 4 because because IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 6 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 7 otherwise otherwise RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 8 low low JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 9 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 10 rate rate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 11 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 12 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 13 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 14 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 15 extensive extensive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 16 dataset dataset NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 17 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 18 accurate accurate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 19 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 20 minimally minimally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 21 divergent divergent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 22 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 23 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 24 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 25 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 26 assembled assemble VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 27 post post NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 28 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 29 pandemic pandemic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 30 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 31 has have VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 32 enabled enable VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 33 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 34 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 35 signature signature NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 36 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 37 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 38 so so RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 39 clearly clearly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 40 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 109 41 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 2 key key JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 3 finding finding NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 4 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 6 study study NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 7 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 8 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 9 combined combine VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 10 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 11 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 12 an an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 13 APOBEC-235 APOBEC-235 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 14 like like IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 15 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 16 process process NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 17 driving drive VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 18 initial initial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 19 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 20 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 21 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 22 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 23 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 24 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 25 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 26 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 27 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 28 observed observed JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 29 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 30 have have VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 31 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 32 arisen arise VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 33 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 34 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 35 typical typical JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 36 pattern pattern NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 37 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 38 random random JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 39 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 40 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 41 fixation fixation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 42 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 43 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 44 assumed assume VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 45 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 46 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 47 models model NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 110 48 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 1 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 2 specific specific JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 3 problem problem NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 4 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 5 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 6 reconstructions reconstruction NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 7 would would MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 8 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 9 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 10 existence existence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 11 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 12 highly highly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 13 uneven uneven JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 14 substitution substitution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 15 rates rate NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 16 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 17 different different JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 18 sites site NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 19 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 20 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 21 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 22 mediated mediate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 23 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 25 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 26 indeed indeed RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 27 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 28 pattern pattern NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 29 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 30 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 31 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 32 U U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 33 transition transition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 34 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 35 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 36 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 37 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 38 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 40 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 41 strongly strongly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 42 dependent dependent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 43 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 44 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 45 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 46 240 240 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 47 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 48 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 49 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 50 at at RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 51 least least RBS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 52 two two CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 53 APOBECs apobec NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 54 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 55 additionally additionally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 56 influenced influence VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 57 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 58 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 59 proximity proximity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 60 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 61 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 62 secondary secondary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 63 structure structure NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 64 elements element NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 65 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 66 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 67 target target NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 68 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 69 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 70 28 28 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 71 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 72 31 31 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 73 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 111 74 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 1 Sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 2 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 3 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 5 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 6 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 7 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 8 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 10 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 11 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 12 therefore therefore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 13 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 14 partially partially RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 15 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 16 largely largely RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 17 restricted restricted JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 18 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 19 number number NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 21 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 22 hotspots hotspot NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 23 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 24 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 25 promote promote VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 26 convergent convergent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 27 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 28 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 29 otherwise otherwise RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 30 genetically genetically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 31 unlinked unlinked JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 32 strains strain NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 112 33 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 113 1 As as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 113 2 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 113 3 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 113 4 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 113 5 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 113 6 _SP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 1 4 4 LS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 3 these these DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 4 can can MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 5 conflict conflict VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 6 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 7 relationships relationship NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 8 reconstructed reconstruct VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 9 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 10 phylogenetically phylogenetically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 11 informative informative JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 12 sites site NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 13 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 114 14 _SP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 2 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 3 important important JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 4 consequence consequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 6 C->U c->u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 7 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 8 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 9 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 10 most most JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 11 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 13 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 14 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 15 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 16 diversity diversity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 17 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 18 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 19 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 20 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 21 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 22 strains strain NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 23 originates originate VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 24 directly directly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 25 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 26 forced force VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 27 mutations mutation NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 28 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 29 therefore therefore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 30 can can MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 31 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 32 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 33 regarded regard VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 34 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 35 any any DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 36 way way NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 37 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 38 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 39 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 40 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 115 41 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 116 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 116 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 116 3 . . NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 116 4 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 116 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 116 6 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 1 An an DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 3 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 4 mechanism mechanism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 6 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 7 type type NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 8 discussed discuss VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 9 above above IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 10 evidently evidently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 11 places place VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 12 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 13 huge huge JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 14 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 15 load load NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 16 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 17 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 18 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 19 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 20 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 21 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 22 underpin underpin VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 23 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 24 abnormally abnormally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 25 high high JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 117 26 dN/ dn/ NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 1 dS dS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 2 ratios ratio NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 3 recorded record VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 4 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 6 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 7 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 8 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 10 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 12 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 13 datasets dataset NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 15 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 16 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 17 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 118 19 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 2 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 3 260 260 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 4 likely likely RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 5 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 6 many many JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 7 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 8 most most JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 9 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 10 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 11 changes change NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 12 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 13 mildly mildly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 14 deleterious deleterious JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 15 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 16 transient transient JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 17 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 18 repeated repeat VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 19 rounds round NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 21 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 22 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 23 favoured favour VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 24 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 25 sites site NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 26 followed follow VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 27 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 28 reversion reversion NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 29 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 30 therefore therefore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 31 contribute contribute VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 32 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 33 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 34 large large JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 35 numbers number NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 36 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 37 scattered scatter VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 38 substitutions substitution NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 39 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 40 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 41 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 42 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 43 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 44 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 45 conflict conflict NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 46 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 47 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 48 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 119 49 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 1 Finally finally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 4 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 5 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 6 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 7 speculate speculate VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 8 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 9 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 10 long long JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 11 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 12 term term NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 13 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 15 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 16 C->U C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 17 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 18 U->C U->C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 19 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 20 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 21 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 22 265 265 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 23 extent extent NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 24 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 25 which which WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 26 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 27 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 28 contribute contribute VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 29 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 30 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 31 previously previously RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 32 described describe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 33 compositional compositional JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 34 abnormalities abnormality NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 35 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 36 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 38 32 32 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 39 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 40 33 33 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 120 42 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 1 As as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 2 described describe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 3 above above RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 4 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 5 connection connection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 6 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 7 mutation mutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 8 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 9 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 10 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 11 compositional compositional JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 12 asymmetries asymmetry NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 13 can can MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 14 not not RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 15 directly directly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 16 arise arise VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 17 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 18 viral viral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 19 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 20 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 21 biases bias NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 22 because because IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 23 any any DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 24 resulting result VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 25 base base NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 26 frequency frequency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 27 differences difference NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 28 would would MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 29 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 30 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 32 ie ie FW cord-326257-rcv8sh22 121 33 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 122 1 G≈C G≈C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 122 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 122 3 A≈U A≈U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 122 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 122 5 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 1 Instead instead RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 3 appears appear VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 4 that that IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 6 observed observed JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 7 imbalances imbalance NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 8 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 9 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 10 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 11 complementary complementary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 12 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 13 reflect reflect VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 14 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 15 progressive progressive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 16 depletion depletion NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 17 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 18 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 19 270 270 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 20 residues residue NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 21 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 22 accumulation accumulation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 24 U U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 25 's 's POS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 26 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 27 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 28 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 29 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 30 like like JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 31 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 32 process process NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 33 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 34 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 35 genomic genomic NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 37 + + CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 39 strand strand NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 40 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 41 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 123 42 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 1 Culminating culminate VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 2 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 3 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 4 compositionally compositionally RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 5 highly highly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 6 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 7 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 8 sequences sequence NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 10 32 32 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 12 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 13 this this DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 14 appears appear VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 15 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 16 have have VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 17 driven drive VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 18 down down RP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 19 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 20 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 21 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 22 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 23 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 24 as as RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 25 low low JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 26 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 27 32 32 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 28 % % NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 29 while while IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 30 remarkably remarkably RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 31 leaving leave VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 32 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 33 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 34 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 35 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 36 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 37 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 38 less less RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 39 unaltered unaltered JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 41 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 42 . . NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 43 7 7 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 124 45 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 1 Intriguingly intriguingly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 2 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 3 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 4 bat bat NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 5 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 6 derived derive VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 7 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 8 along along IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 9 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 10 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 11 recently recently RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 12 zoonotically zoonotically RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 13 transferred transfer VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 14 viruses virus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 15 into into IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 16 humans human NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 17 show show VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 18 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 19 least least JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 20 degree degree NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 21 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 22 compositional compositional JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 23 275 275 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 24 asymmetry asymmetry NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 125 25 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 2 expansions expansion NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 3 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 4 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 5 gene gene NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 6 numbers number NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 7 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 8 extensive extensive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 9 positive positive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 10 selection selection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 12 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 13 consequent consequent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 14 variability variability NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 15 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 16 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 17 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 18 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 19 targeting target VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 21 20 20 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 23 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 24 indeed indeed RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 25 create create VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 26 distinct distinct JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 27 selection selection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 28 pressures pressure NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 29 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 30 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 31 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 32 different different JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 33 hosts host NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 126 34 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 2 immediate immediate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 3 appearance appearance NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 5 C->U C->U NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 6 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 7 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 9 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 10 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 13 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 15 280 280 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 16 genomes genome NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 17 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 18 humans human NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 19 may may MD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 20 therefore therefore RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 21 represent represent VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 22 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 23 initial initial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 24 effects effect NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 25 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 26 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 27 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 28 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 29 more more RBR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 30 hostile hostile JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 31 internal internal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 32 cellular cellular JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 33 environment environment NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 34 than than IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 35 to to TO cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 36 be be VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 37 found find VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 38 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 39 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 40 better well JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 41 co co JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 42 - - JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 43 oadapted oadapted JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 44 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 45 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 46 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 47 tolerised tolerise VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 48 immune immune JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 49 system system NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 50 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 51 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 52 bat bat NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 54 34 34 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 127 56 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 1 Zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 2 origins origin NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 3 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 4 suspected suspect VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 5 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 6 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 7 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 8 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 9 but but CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 10 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 11 more more JJR cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 12 remote remote JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 13 times time NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 15 35 35 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 17 ; ; : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 18 perhaps perhaps RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 20 have have VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 21 taken take VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 23 mutational mutational JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 24 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 25 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 26 journeys journey NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 27 already already RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 128 28 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 1 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 2 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 3 relatives relative NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 4 infecting infect VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 5 other other JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 6 species specie NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 8 blue blue JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 9 circles circle NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 11 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 12 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 13 collection collection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 14 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 15 bat bat NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 17 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 18 like like JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 19 viruses virus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 21 grey grey NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 22 circle circle NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 129 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 1 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 2 power power NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 3 law law NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 4 line line NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 6 best good JJS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 7 fit fit NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 8 showed show VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 9 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 10 significant significant JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 11 correlation correlation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 12 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 13 divergence divergence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 14 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 15 dN dN NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 16 / / SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 17 dS dS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 18 ratio ratio NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 20 p p NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 21 = = SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 22 0.000006 0.000006 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 130 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 1 Relationship relationship NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 2 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 3 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 4 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 5 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 6 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 7 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 8 individual individual JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 9 bases basis NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 10 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 11 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 131 12 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 2 associations association NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 3 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 4 C c NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 5 depletion depletion NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 6 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 7 U u NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 8 enrichment enrichment NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 9 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 10 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 11 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 12 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 13 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 14 significant significant JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 15 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 16 585 585 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 17 linear linear JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 18 regression regression NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 19 at at IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 20 p p NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 21 = = SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 22 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 23 x x SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 24 10 10 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 25 -7 -7 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 26 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 27 p p NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 28 = = SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 29 5 5 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 30 x x SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 31 10 10 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 32 -6 -6 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 33 respectively respectively RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 132 34 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 1 No no DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 2 significant significant JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 3 associations association NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 4 were be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 5 observed observe VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 6 between between IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 7 G+C G+C NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 8 content content NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 9 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 10 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 12 p p NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 13 = = SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 14 0.05 0.05 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 16 or or CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 17 A a NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 19 p p NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 20 = = SYM cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 21 0.62 0.62 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 23 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 133 24 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 1 Arrows arrow NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 2 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 3 colour colour NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 4 coded code VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 5 as as IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 6 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 7 Fig Fig NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 134 8 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 135 1 1 1 LS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 135 2 . . . cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 1 Early early JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 2 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 3 Dynamics Dynamics NNPS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 4 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 5 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 6 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 7 China China NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 8 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 9 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 10 Novel Novel NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 11 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 12 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 13 Infected infect VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 14 Pneumonia Pneumonia NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 15 A A NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 16 Novel Novel NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 17 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 18 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 19 Patients patient NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 20 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 21 Pneumonia Pneumonia NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 22 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 136 23 China China NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 1 A a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 2 new new JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 3 325 325 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 5 associated associate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 6 with with IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 7 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 8 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 9 disease disease NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 10 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 11 China China NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 12 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 13 lacking lack VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 14 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 15 activity activity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 16 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 17 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 18 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 19 lethal lethal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 20 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 137 21 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 1 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 2 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 3 proofreading proofread VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 4 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 5 potential potential JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 6 therapeutics therapeutic NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 7 Infidelity Infidelity NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 8 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 10 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 12 Nsp14-exonuclease Nsp14-exonuclease NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 13 mutant mutant JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 14 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 15 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 16 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 17 revealed reveal VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 18 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 19 complete complete JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 20 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 21 sequencing sequencing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 22 High high JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 23 fidelity fidelity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 24 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 25 murine murine JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 26 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 27 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 28 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 29 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 30 decreased decrease VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 31 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 32 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 33 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 34 mutants mutant NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 35 Severe severe JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 36 acute acute JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 37 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 38 syndrome syndrome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 39 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 40 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 41 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 42 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 43 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 44 rate rate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 45 estimate estimate NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 46 from from IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 47 maximum maximum JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 48 likelihood likelihood NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 138 49 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 1 Genetic genetic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 2 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 3 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 4 tropism tropism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 5 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 6 transmissible transmissible JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 7 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 8 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 9 Characterization characterization NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 10 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 11 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 13 porcine porcine JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 14 deltacoronavirus deltacoronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 15 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 16 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 17 United United NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 18 States States NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 19 Spread Spread NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 20 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 21 circulation circulation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 22 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 23 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 24 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 25 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 26 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 27 Middle Middle NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 28 East East NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 29 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 30 syndrome syndrome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 32 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 33 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 34 error error NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 35 profiles profile NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 36 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 37 deep deep JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 38 next next JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 39 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 40 generation generation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 41 sequencing sequencing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 139 42 data datum NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 1 Adenosine adenosine NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 2 deaminases deaminase NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 3 acting act VBG cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 4 on on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 7 ADARs adar NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 9 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 10 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 11 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 12 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 140 13 proviral proviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 2 cytidine cytidine NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 3 deaminase deaminase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 4 CEM15 CEM15 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 5 induces induce VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 6 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 7 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 8 newly newly RB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 9 synthesized synthesize VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 10 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 11 DNA DNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 12 Broad Broad NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 13 antiretroviral antiretroviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 14 defence defence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 15 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 16 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 17 APOBEC3 APOBEC3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 18 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 19 through through IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 20 lethal lethal JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 21 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 22 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 23 nascent nascent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 24 reverse reverse NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 25 transcripts transcript NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 26 DNA dna NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 27 deamination deamination NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 28 mediates mediate VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 29 innate innate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 30 immunity immunity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 31 to to IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 32 retroviral retroviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 141 33 infection infection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 1 G-->A g-->a JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 2 hypermutation hypermutation NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 3 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 4 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 5 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 6 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 7 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 8 type type NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 9 1 1 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 10 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 11 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 12 evidence evidence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 13 for for IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 14 dCTP dctp JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 15 pool pool NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 16 imbalance imbalance NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 17 during during IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 18 reverse reverse JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 19 transcription transcription NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 20 APOBECs apobec NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 21 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 22 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 23 restriction restriction NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 24 Evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 25 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 26 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 27 primate primate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 28 APOBEC3A apobec3a JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 29 cytidine cytidine NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 30 deaminase deaminase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 31 gene gene NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 32 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 33 identification identification NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 34 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 35 related related JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 36 coding coding NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 142 37 regions region NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 1 Ancient ancient JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 2 adaptive adaptive JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 3 evolution evolution NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 4 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 5 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 6 primate primate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 7 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 8 375 375 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 9 DNA dna NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 10 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 11 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 143 12 enzyme enzyme NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 1 APOBEC3 APOBEC3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 2 G G NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 3 APOBEC3B APOBEC3B NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 4 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 5 APOBEC3F APOBEC3F NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 6 inhibit inhibit VB cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 7 L1 L1 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 8 retrotransposition retrotransposition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 9 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 10 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 11 DNA dna NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 12 deamination deamination NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 13 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 14 independent independent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 15 mechanism mechanism NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 16 APOBEC APOBEC NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 17 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 18 mediated mediate VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 19 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 21 viral viral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 144 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 2 innate innate JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 3 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 4 factor factor NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 5 APOBEC3 apobec3 NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 6 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 7 targets target NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 8 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 9 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 10 measles measle NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 11 , , , cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 12 mumps mumps NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 13 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 14 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 15 syncytial syncytial JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 145 16 viruses virus NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 1 APOBEC3 APOBEC3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 2 G G NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 3 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 4 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 5 385 385 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 6 restriction restriction NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 7 factor factor NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 8 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 9 EV71 EV71 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 10 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 11 mediator mediator NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 12 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 13 IMB IMB NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 14 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 15 Z Z NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 16 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 17 activity activity NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 18 APOBEC3-mediated apobec3-mediated CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 19 restriction restriction NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 20 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 22 virus virus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 23 replication replication NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 24 APOBEC3A apobec3a NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 25 cytidine cytidine NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 26 deaminase deaminase NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 27 induces induce VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 29 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 30 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 31 monocytes monocyte NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 32 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 33 macrophages macrophage NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 146 34 Mitochondrial mitochondrial NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 1 hypoxic hypoxic JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 2 stress stress NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 3 induces induce VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 4 widespread widespread JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 6 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 7 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 8 APOBEC3 APOBEC3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 9 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 10 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 11 natural natural JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 12 killer killer NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 147 13 cells cell NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 2 double double JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 3 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 4 domain domain NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 5 cytidine cytidine NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 6 deaminase deaminase NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 7 395 395 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 8 APOBEC3 APOBEC3 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 9 G g NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 10 is be VBZ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 11 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 12 cellular cellular JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 13 site site NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 14 - - HYPH cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 15 specific specific JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 17 editing editing NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 18 enzyme enzyme NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 19 Deamination Deamination NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 20 hotspots hotspot NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 21 among among IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 22 APOBEC3 apobec3 DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 23 family family NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 24 members member NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 25 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 26 defined define VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 27 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 28 both both DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 29 target target NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 30 site site NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 31 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 32 context context NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 33 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 34 ssDNA ssdna JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 35 secondary secondary JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 36 structure structure NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 37 Cytosine Cytosine NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 38 deamination deamination NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 39 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 40 selection selection NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 41 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 42 CpG CpG NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 43 suppressed suppress VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 44 clones clone NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 45 are be VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 46 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 47 two two CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 48 major major JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 49 independent independent JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 50 biological biological JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 51 forces force NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 52 that that WDT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 53 shape shape VBP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 54 codon codon NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 55 usage usage NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 56 bias bias NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 57 in in IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 148 58 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 1 On on IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 2 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 3 biased biased JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 4 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 5 composition composition NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 6 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 7 the the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 8 human human JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 11 genome genome NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 12 Antiviral antiviral JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 13 immune immune JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 14 responses response NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 15 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 16 bats bat NNS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 17 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 18 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 19 review review NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 20 Hosts Hosts NNPS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 21 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 22 Sources Sources NNPS cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 23 of of IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 24 Endemic Endemic NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 25 Human Human NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 26 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 27 SSE SSE NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 28 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 29 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 30 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 31 and and CC cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 32 amino amino NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 33 acid acid NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 34 sequence sequence NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 35 analysis analysis NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 36 platform platform NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 37 MEGA6 MEGA6 NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 149 38 : : : cord-326257-rcv8sh22 150 1 Molecular Molecular NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 150 2 Evolutionary Evolutionary NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 150 3 Genetics Genetics NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 150 4 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 150 5 version version NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 150 6 6.0 6.0 CD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 1 The the DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 2 work work NN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 3 was be VBD cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 4 supported support VBN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 5 by by IN cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 6 a a DT cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 7 Wellcome Wellcome NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 8 Investigator Investigator NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 9 Award Award NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 10 Grant Grant NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 11 WT103767MA WT103767MA NNP cord-326257-rcv8sh22 151 12 . . .