id sid tid token lemma pos cord-103674-pmbpx162 1 1 key key JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 1 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 2 cord-103674-pmbpx162 cord-103674-pmbpx162 NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 3 authors author NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 4 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 5 Kalaycı Kalaycı NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 7 Salih Salih NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 8 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 9 Özden Özden NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 11 Cihan Cihan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 12 title title NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 2 13 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 2 Linkage Linkage NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 3 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 4 Sea Sea NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 5 Transportation Transportation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 7 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 8 Liberalization Liberalization NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 9 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 10 Industrial Industrial NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 11 Development Development NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 12 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 13 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 14 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 15 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 16 Carbon Carbon NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 17 Dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 18 Emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 19 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 20 An an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 21 Empirical Empirical NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 22 Investigation Investigation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 23 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 24 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 25 date date NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 26 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 27 2020 2020 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 28 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 29 07 07 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 30 - - SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 31 13 13 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 32 journal journal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 3 33 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 4 1 bioRxiv biorxiv IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 4 2 DOI DOI NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 4 3 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 5 1 10.1101/2020.07.13.200386 10.1101/2020.07.13.200386 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 5 2 sha sha NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 5 3 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 6 1 1c73a97715d3cf92ec27f49f5486eee9acc3acbc 1c73a97715d3cf92ec27f49f5486eee9acc3acbc LS cord-103674-pmbpx162 6 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 6 3 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 7 1 103674 103674 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 7 2 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 7 3 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 1 pmbpx162 pmbpx162 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 2 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 3 major major JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 4 goal goal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 6 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 7 paper paper NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 8 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 9 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 10 focus focus VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 11 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 13 existing exist VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 14 literature literature NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 15 regarding regard VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 17 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 18 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 19 maritime maritime NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 20 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 21 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 22 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 23 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 24 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 25 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 26 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 27 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 28 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 29 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 30 CO2 CO2 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 31 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 32 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 33 econometrical econometrical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 34 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 8 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 3 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 6 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 7 attempted attempt VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 8 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 9 reveal reveal VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 11 effects effect NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 12 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 13 independent independent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 14 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 15 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 16 CO2 CO2 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 18 dependent dependent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 19 variable variable NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 21 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 22 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 23 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 24 1980 1980 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 25 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 26 2013 2013 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 28 annual annual JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 29 data datum NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 31 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 32 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 33 Phillips Phillips NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 34 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 35 Perron Perron NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 37 PP PP NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 39 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 40 Zivot Zivot NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 41 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 42 Andrews Andrews NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 43 unit unit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 44 root root NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 45 tests test NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 46 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 47 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 48 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 49 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 50 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 51 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 52 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 53 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 54 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 55 GMM GMM NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 56 methods method NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 9 57 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 3 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 5 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 7 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 9 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 10 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 11 there there EX cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 12 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 13 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 14 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 15 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 16 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 17 stable stable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 18 relationship relationship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 19 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 20 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 21 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 23 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 24 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 25 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 26 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 27 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 28 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 29 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 30 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 31 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 32 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 33 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 34 proved prove VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 35 empirically empirically RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 10 36 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 1 Similarly similarly RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 3 Short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 4 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 5 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 6 estimation estimation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 7 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 8 reveal reveal VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 9 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 11 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 12 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 13 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 14 CO2 co2 NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 15 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 17 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 18 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 19 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 20 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 21 changed change VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 22 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 23 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 24 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 25 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 26 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 27 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 28 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 29 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 30 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 31 significance significance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 32 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 11 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 1 Table table NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 2 6 6 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 3 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 5 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 6 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 7 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 8 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 9 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 10 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 12 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 13 regarding regard VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 15 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 16 correction correction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 17 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 12 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 3 Table Table NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 4 6 6 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 6 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 7 correction correction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 8 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 9 works work VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 10 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 11 order order NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 12 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 13 reach reach VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 14 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 15 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 16 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 17 adjustment adjustment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 13 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 2 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 3 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 4 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 6 approximately approximately RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 7 78 78 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 8 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 9 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 10 shocks shock NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 12 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 13 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 14 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 15 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 16 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 18 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 19 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 20 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 21 compensated compensate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 22 within within IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 23 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 24 period period NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 25 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 26 time time NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 29 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 30 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 31 re re VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 32 - - VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 33 established establish VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 34 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 35 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 36 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 37 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 14 38 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 1 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 2 produced produce VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 3 half half NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 6 1.2 1.2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 7 million million CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 8 electric electric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 9 media medium NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 10 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 11 worldwide worldwide RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 12 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 13 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 14 government government NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 15 directs direct VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 17 attention attention NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 18 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 19 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 20 rehabilitation rehabilitation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 21 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 22 reuse reuse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 24 all all PDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 25 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 26 lithium lithium NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 27 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 28 ion ion NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 29 batteries battery NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 15 30 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 1 Large large JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 2 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 3 scale scale NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 4 production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 6 biofuels biofuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 7 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 8 still still RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 9 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 10 several several JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 11 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 12 away away RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 16 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 1 Crude crude JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 2 oil oil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 3 might may MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 4 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 5 very very RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 6 difficult difficult JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 7 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 8 promote promote VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 9 alternative alternative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 10 fuels fuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 11 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 12 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 13 national national JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 14 scale scale NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 15 unless unless IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 16 crude crude JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 17 oil oil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 18 prices price NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 19 surge surge VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 20 so so RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 21 high high RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 22 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 23 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 24 become become VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 25 unaffordable unaffordable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 17 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 1 Authorities authority NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 2 underline underline VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 3 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 4 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 5 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 6 become become VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 8 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 9 ’s ’s POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 10 number number NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 11 one one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 12 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 18 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 1 Now now RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 2 renewable renewable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 3 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 4 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 5 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 6 more more RBR cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 7 important important JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 8 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 9 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 10 should should MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 11 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 12 encouraged encourage VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 13 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 14 use use VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 15 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 16 government government NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 17 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 18 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 19 so so IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 20 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 21 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 22 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 24 CO2 CO2 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 25 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 19 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 1 However however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 3 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 4 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 5 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 6 leader leader NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 7 excess excess JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 8 oil oil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 9 use use NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 10 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 11 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 12 if if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 13 they -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 14 want want VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 15 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 16 dominate dominate VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 18 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 19 worldwide worldwide RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 20 20 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 1 One one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 2 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 4 most most RBS cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 5 frequently frequently RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 6 discussed discuss VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 7 global global JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 8 issues issue NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 9 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 10 recent recent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 11 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 12 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 13 been be VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 14 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 15 destruction destruction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 18 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 19 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 20 global global JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 21 warming warming NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 22 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 23 climate climate NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 24 change change NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 21 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 2 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 3 cause cause NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 5 global global JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 6 warming warming NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 7 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 9 very very RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 10 rapid rapid JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 11 increase increase NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 12 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 13 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 14 rate rate NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 15 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 16 gases gas NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 17 that that WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 18 cause cause VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 19 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 20 greenhouse greenhouse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 21 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 22 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 24 atmosphere atmosphere NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 22 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 2 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 3 gas gas NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 4 causing cause VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 6 greenhouse greenhouse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 7 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 8 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 9 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 10 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 12 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 15 gas gas NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 16 emitted emit VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 17 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 18 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 19 atmosphere atmosphere NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 21 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 22 use use NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 24 fossil fossil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 25 fuels fuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 26 such such JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 27 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 28 gasoline gasoline NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 29 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 30 coal coal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 31 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 32 natural natural JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 33 gas gas NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 23 34 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 1 Mass mass JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 2 production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 3 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 4 excessive excessive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 5 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 7 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 8 started start VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 9 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 11 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 12 revolution revolution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 14 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 15 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 16 needs need NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 18 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 19 requirement requirement NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 20 was be VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 21 met meet VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 22 largely largely RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 23 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 24 fossil fossil JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 25 fuels fuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 24 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 1 For for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 2 many many JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 3 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 5 fossil fossil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 6 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 7 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 8 demand demand NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 9 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 10 reached reach VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 11 exponential exponential JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 12 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 14 causing cause VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 15 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 16 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 18 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 25 19 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 1 Thus thus RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 4 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 5 that that WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 6 focused focus VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 7 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 9 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 10 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 11 target target NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 12 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 13 caused cause VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 15 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 16 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 17 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 18 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 19 global global JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 20 warming warming NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 26 21 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 2 emergence emergence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 4 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 5 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 6 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 7 industrialization industrialization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 8 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 9 begun begin VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 10 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 11 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 12 discussed discuss VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 13 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 14 academic academic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 15 literature literature NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 27 16 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 1 One one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 2 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 4 most most RBS cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 5 important important JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 6 sources source NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 8 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 9 trend trend NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 12 report report NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 13 " " `` cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 14 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 15 Limits limit NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 16 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 17 Growth Growth NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 18 " " '' cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 19 prepared prepare VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 21 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 22 Roman Roman NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 23 Club Club NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 24 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 25 1972 1972 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 28 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 4 report report NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 6 " " `` cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 7 If if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 9 current current JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 10 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 11 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 12 industrialization industrialization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 13 continues continue VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 14 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 15 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 16 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 17 food food NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 18 production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 19 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 20 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 21 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 22 natural natural JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 23 resources resource NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 24 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 25 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 26 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 27 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 28 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 29 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 30 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 31 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 32 damage damage VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 33 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 34 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 35 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 36 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 37 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 38 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 39 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 40 next next JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 41 100 100 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 42 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 29 43 " " '' cord-103674-pmbpx162 30 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 30 2 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 30 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 30 4 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 1 Many many JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 2 studies study NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 3 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 4 examined examine VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 6 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 7 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 8 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 9 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 11 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 12 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 14 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 15 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 16 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 17 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 18 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 19 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 20 taking take VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 21 into into IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 22 account account NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 24 inverted inverted JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 25 U u NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 26 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 27 shaped shape VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 28 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 29 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 30 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 31 base base NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 32 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 33 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 34 academic academic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 35 literature literature NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 31 36 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 1 However however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 4 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 5 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 6 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 7 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 8 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 9 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 10 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 11 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 12 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 13 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 14 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 16 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 17 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 18 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 19 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 20 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 21 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 22 new new JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 23 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 32 24 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 1 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 2 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 3 witnessed witness VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 4 tremendous tremendous JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 5 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 6 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 8 as as RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 9 well well RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 10 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 11 rapid rapid JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 12 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 13 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 14 both both CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 16 financial financial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 18 labor labor NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 19 sectors sector NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 20 since since IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 21 last last JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 22 20 20 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 23 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 33 24 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 1 Nowadays nowadays RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 3 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 4 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 6 second second RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 7 largest large JJS cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 8 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 9 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 11 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 34 12 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 1 Besides besides IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 3 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 4 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 5 was be VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 6 accompanied accompany VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 7 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 8 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 9 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 10 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 11 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 13 thus thus RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 14 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 15 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 16 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 35 17 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 3 study study NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 5 empirical empirical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 6 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 7 proved prove VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 9 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 10 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 11 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 12 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 14 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 15 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 16 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 17 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 18 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 19 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 20 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 21 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 22 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 23 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 24 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 25 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 26 1980 1980 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 27 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 28 2013 2013 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 36 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 2 order order NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 3 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 4 examine examine VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 5 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 6 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 7 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 8 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 10 researchers researcher NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 11 applied apply VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 12 many many JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 13 kinds kind NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 15 econometrical econometrical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 16 methods method NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 17 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 18 such such JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 19 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 20 Multivariate Multivariate NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 21 Regressions Regressions NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 24 Johansen Johansen NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 25 co co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 26 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 27 integration integration JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 28 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 29 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 30 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 31 ADF ADF NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 33 Augmented Augmented NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 34 Dickey Dickey NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 35 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 36 Fuller Fuller NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 38 unit unit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 39 root root NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 40 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 41 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 42 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 43 VAR var NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 45 Vector Vector NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 46 Autoregressive Autoregressive NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 48 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 49 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 50 impulse impulse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 51 response response NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 52 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 53 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 54 variance variance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 55 decomposition decomposition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 56 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 57 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 58 Granger Granger NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 59 causality causality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 60 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 61 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 62 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 63 panel panel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 64 data data NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 65 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 66 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 67 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 68 methodology methodology NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 69 section section NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 70 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 71 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 72 articles article NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 37 73 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 2 researchers researcher NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 3 achieved achieve VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 4 different different JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 5 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 6 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 8 validity validity NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 9 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 10 EKC EKC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 12 Environmental Environmental NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 13 Kuznets Kuznets NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 14 Curve Curve NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 16 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 17 based base VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 18 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 19 different different JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 20 samples sample NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 22 methodologies methodology NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 24 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 25 periods period NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 38 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 2 major major JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 3 goal goal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 5 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 6 paper paper NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 7 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 8 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 9 concentrate concentrate VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 10 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 12 existing exist VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 13 literature literature NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 14 regarding regard VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 16 relationship relationship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 17 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 18 maritime maritime NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 19 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 20 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 21 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 22 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 23 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 24 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 25 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 26 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 27 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 28 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 29 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 30 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 31 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 32 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 33 econometrical econometrical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 34 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 39 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 3 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 6 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 7 attempted attempt VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 8 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 9 reveal reveal VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 11 effects effect NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 12 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 13 independent independent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 14 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 15 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 16 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 17 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 19 dependent dependent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 20 variable variable NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 22 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 23 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 24 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 25 1980 1980 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 26 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 27 2013 2013 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 40 28 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 2 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 3 purpose purpose NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 5 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 6 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 7 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 8 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 9 address address VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 11 problem problem NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 12 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 13 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 15 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 16 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 17 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 18 giving give VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 19 some some DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 20 suggestions suggestion NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 41 21 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 2 study study NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 3 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 4 structured structure VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 5 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 6 follows follow VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 42 7 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 1 Following follow VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 3 introduction introduction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 5 section section NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 6 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 7 presents present VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 9 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 10 background background NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 11 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 12 relevant relevant JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 13 works work NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 15 theorical theorical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 16 framework framework NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 17 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 18 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 19 article article NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 20 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 21 section section NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 22 3 3 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 23 deals deal NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 24 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 25 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 26 analyzing analyzing NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 28 result result NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 29 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 30 research research NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 31 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 32 consequently consequently RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 33 section section NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 34 4 4 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 35 concludes conclude VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 36 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 37 article article NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 38 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 39 giving give VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 40 some some DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 41 recommendation recommendation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 42 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 43 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 44 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 45 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 46 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 43 47 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 1 Production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 2 forms form NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 3 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 4 gradually gradually RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 5 divided divide VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 6 into into IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 7 nations nation NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 8 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 9 today today NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 10 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 11 globalizing globalize VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 12 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 44 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 3 sense sense NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 5 local local JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 6 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 7 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 8 any any DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 9 country country NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 11 incrementally incrementally RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 12 performed perform VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 13 throughout throughout IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 15 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 16 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 17 supply supply NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 18 chain chain NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 45 19 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 2 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 3 sector sector NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 4 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 5 developed develop VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 6 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 7 industrialization industrialization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 8 process process NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 9 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 10 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 11 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 12 result result NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 13 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 14 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 15 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 16 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 17 day day NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 18 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 19 day day NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 20 especially especially RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 21 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 22 certain certain JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 23 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 46 24 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 3 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 4 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 5 case case NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 8 imposed impose VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 9 some some DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 10 restrictions restriction NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 12 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 13 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 14 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 16 supply supply NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 17 chain chain NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 47 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 1 Trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 2 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 3 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 4 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 6 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 7 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 9 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 10 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 11 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 12 widely widely RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 13 discussed discuss VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 14 regarding regard VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 16 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 17 consequences consequence NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 18 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 19 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 20 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 21 academic academic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 22 literature literature NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 48 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 1 Hassan Hassan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 3 Nosheen Nosheen NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 5 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 7 investigate investigate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 9 effects effect NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 10 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 11 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 12 openness openness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 13 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 14 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 16 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 17 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 18 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 19 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 20 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 21 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 22 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 23 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 24 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 25 EKC EKC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 26 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 27 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 28 Pakistan Pakistan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 29 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 30 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 31 yearly yearly JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 32 data datum NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 33 beginning begin VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 34 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 35 1980 1980 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 36 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 37 2016 2016 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 49 38 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 2 order order NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 3 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 4 reach reach VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 6 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 7 they -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 8 implement implement VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 9 econometric econometric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 10 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 11 including include VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 12 ADF ADF NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 13 unit unit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 14 root root NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 15 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 17 Johnsen Johnsen NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 18 co co VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 19 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 20 integration integration JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 21 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 22 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 23 reveal reveal VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 24 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 25 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 26 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 27 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 28 relationship relationship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 29 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 30 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 31 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 32 vector vector NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 33 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 34 correction correction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 50 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 4 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 6 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 7 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 8 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 9 positively positively RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 10 connected connect VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 11 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 12 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 13 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 14 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 51 15 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 1 Population population NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 2 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 3 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 4 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 5 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 6 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 7 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 8 considerably considerably RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 9 negative negative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 10 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 11 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 12 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 14 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 15 during during IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 17 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 18 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 19 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 20 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 21 whereas whereas RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 23 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 24 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 25 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 26 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 27 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 28 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 29 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 30 course course NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 31 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 32 opposite opposite JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 52 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 2 addition addition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 3 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 4 Granger Granger NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 5 causality causality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 6 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 7 indicates indicate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 8 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 9 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 10 bi bi JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 11 - - JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 12 directional directional JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 13 causality causality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 14 acts act VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 15 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 16 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 17 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 18 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 19 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 20 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 21 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 22 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 23 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 24 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 53 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 1 One one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 2 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 3 way way NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 4 causalities causality NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 5 running run VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 6 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 7 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 8 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 9 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 10 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 11 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 12 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 13 as as RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 14 well well RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 54 15 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 1 Jebli Jebli NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 3 Belloumi Belloumi NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 5 3 3 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 7 state state NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 8 that that DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 9 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 10 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 12 waste waste NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 13 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 15 combustible combustible JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 16 renewables renewable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 17 significantly significantly RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 18 affect affect VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 19 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 20 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 21 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 22 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 24 while while IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 25 any any DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 26 rise rise NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 27 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 28 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 29 transportion transportion NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 30 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 31 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 32 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 33 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 34 combustible combustible JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 35 renewables renewable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 36 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 37 waste waste NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 38 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 55 39 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 1 Besides besides RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 3 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 4 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 5 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 6 significantly significantly RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 7 correlated correlate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 8 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 9 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 10 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 11 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 13 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 14 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 16 Tunisian tunisian JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 17 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 18 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 19 so so RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 20 contaminated contaminate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 21 due due IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 22 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 24 excessive excessive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 25 non non JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 26 - - JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 27 renewable renewable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 28 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 29 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 56 30 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 3 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 4 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 5 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 7 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 8 contributor contributor NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 9 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 10 air air NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 11 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 13 lead lead VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 14 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 16 increment increment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 17 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 18 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 19 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 20 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 21 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 22 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 23 Tunisia Tunisia NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 57 24 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 1 Nakayama Nakayama NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 3 Zhu Zhu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 5 Hirokawa Hirokawa NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 7 Irino Irino NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 9 Yoshikawa Yoshikawa NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 10 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 11 Inoue Inoue NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 13 4 4 LS cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 15 assert assert VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 16 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 17 Rishiri Rishiri NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 18 Island Island NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 19 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 21 northernmost northernmost JJS cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 22 site site NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 24 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 25 Japan Japan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 26 where where WRB cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 27 weather weather NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 28 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 29 measured measure VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 30 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 31 although although IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 32 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 33 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 34 not not RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 35 yet yet RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 36 being be VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 37 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 38 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 39 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 40 WMO WMO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 58 41 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 1 Past past NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 2 works work NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 3 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 4 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 5 when when WRB cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 7 continental continental NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 8 sea sea NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 9 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 11 performed perform VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 12 especially especially RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 13 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 14 90 90 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 15 - - SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 16 150 150 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 17 ° ° JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 18 E,40 E,40 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 19 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 20 60 60 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 21 ° ° NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 22 N N NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 25 causes cause VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 26 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 27 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 28 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 59 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 1 Zhu Zhu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 3 Yuen Yuen NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 5 Ge Ge NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 6 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 7 Li Li NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 8 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 9 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 10 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 60 11 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 1 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 2 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 3 indicate indicate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 4 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 5 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 6 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 7 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 8 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 9 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 10 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 11 trading trading NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 12 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 13 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 14 motivate motivate VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 15 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 16 actors actor NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 17 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 18 benefit benefit VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 19 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 20 new new JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 21 technologies technology NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 23 provide provide VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 24 more more JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 25 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 26 efficient efficient JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 27 vessels vessel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 28 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 29 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 30 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 31 green green JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 32 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 61 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 1 Besides besides RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 4 efficacy efficacy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 6 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 7 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 8 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 9 trading trading NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 10 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 11 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 12 more more RBR cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 13 obvious obvious JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 14 when when WRB cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 15 bunker bunker NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 16 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 17 prices price NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 18 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 19 excessive excessive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 62 20 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 3 sense sense NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 6 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 7 ascertain ascertain VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 8 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 9 bunker bunker NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 10 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 11 prices price NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 12 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 13 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 14 larger large JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 15 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 16 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 17 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 18 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 19 reduction reduction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 20 than than IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 21 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 22 stricter strict JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 23 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 24 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 25 allowance allowance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 26 allocation allocation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 27 as as RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 28 well well RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 63 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 2 work work NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 3 involves involve VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 5 formulation formulation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 7 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 8 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 9 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 10 trading trading NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 11 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 12 policies policy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 14 ensures ensure VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 15 suggestions suggestion NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 17 order order NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 18 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 19 decrease decrease VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 21 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 22 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 23 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 24 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 25 fulfill fulfill VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 26 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 27 shipping shipping NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 28 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 29 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 30 impetus impetus NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 31 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 32 providing provide VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 33 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 34 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 35 performance performance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 64 36 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 1 Katircioğlu Katircioğlu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 3 6 6 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 5 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 6 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 7 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 8 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 9 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 10 positive positive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 11 while while IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 12 incoming incoming JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 13 tourists tourist NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 15 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 16 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 17 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 18 negative negative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 19 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 20 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 21 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 22 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 23 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 24 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 25 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 26 long long RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 27 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 28 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 65 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 2 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 3 further further RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 4 clarified clarify VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 5 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 6 Singapore Singapore NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 7 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 8 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 9 inverted inverted JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 10 U u NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 11 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 12 shaped shape VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 13 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 14 Kuznets Kuznets NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 15 curve curve NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 16 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 17 regardless regardless RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 18 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 19 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 20 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 21 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 22 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 24 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 25 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 26 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 27 follow follow VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 28 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 29 declining decline VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 30 trend trend NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 31 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 32 Singapore Singapore NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 66 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 1 Besides besides RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 4 relationship relationship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 5 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 6 sustainability sustainability NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 9 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 11 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 12 efficiency efficiency NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 14 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 15 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 16 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 17 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 18 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 19 clarified clarify VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 21 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 22 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 23 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 24 induced induce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 25 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 26 Kuznets Kuznets NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 27 curve curve NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 28 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 67 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 3 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 5 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 7 beginning beginning NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 8 period period NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 9 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 11 trend trend NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 13 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 14 sector sector NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 15 lead lead NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 16 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 17 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 18 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 19 until until IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 21 frontier frontier NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 22 point point NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 24 country country NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 25 income income NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 26 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 27 reached reach VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 68 28 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 2 addition addition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 3 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 4 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 5 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 6 point point NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 8 income income NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 9 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 10 reached reach VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 11 however however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 14 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 15 expected expect VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 16 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 17 follow follow VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 18 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 19 downward downward JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 20 point point NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 21 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 22 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 23 decline decline NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 24 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 69 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 1 Katircioglu Katircioglu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 3 Katircioglu Katircioglu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 5 Kilinc Kilinc NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 7 7 7 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 9 express express VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 10 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 11 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 12 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 14 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 15 households household NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 18 therefore therefore RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 19 urban urban JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 20 areas area NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 21 result result VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 22 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 23 additional additional JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 24 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 25 demand demand NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 26 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 27 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 28 causes cause VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 29 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 30 expansion expansion NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 31 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 32 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 33 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 34 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 70 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 2 empirically empirically RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 3 proved prove VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 5 urbanization urbanization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 6 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 7 induced induce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 8 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 9 Kuznets Kuznets NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 10 curve curve NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 11 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 13 thus thus RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 14 searched search VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 16 long long RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 17 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 18 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 19 equilibrium equilibrium NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 20 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 21 causality causality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 22 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 23 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 24 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 25 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 26 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 27 urban urban JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 28 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 29 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 30 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 31 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 32 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 33 real real JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 34 income income NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 35 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 36 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 37 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 38 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 71 39 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 1 Katircioglu Katircioglu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 3 Gokmenoglu Gokmenoglu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 5 Eren Eren NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 7 8 8 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 9 assert assert VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 10 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 11 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 12 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 13 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 14 relied rely VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 15 majorly majorly RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 16 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 17 infrastructure infrastructure NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 18 potentials potential NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 19 including include VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 20 highways highway NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 22 airports airport NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 24 harbours harbour NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 25 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 26 hotels hotel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 28 holiday holiday NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 29 village village NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 72 30 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 1 However however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 4 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 5 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 6 inevitable inevitable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 7 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 8 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 9 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 10 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 12 factors factor NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 13 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 14 considerably considerably RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 15 influence influence VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 17 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 18 quality quality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 73 19 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 1 Besides besides RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 3 abuse abuse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 6 natural natural JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 7 resources resource NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 8 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 9 one one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 10 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 12 required require VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 13 operations operation NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 14 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 15 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 16 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 17 attracting attract VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 18 more more JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 19 individuals individual NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 20 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 21 ensuring ensure VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 22 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 23 competitive competitive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 24 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 25 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 74 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 1 Deforestation deforestation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 3 abusing abuse VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 5 raw raw JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 6 materials material NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 7 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 8 overutilizing overutilize VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 10 natural natural JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 11 water water NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 12 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 13 some some DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 16 compromises compromise NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 17 made make VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 18 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 19 engender engender VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 20 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 21 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 22 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 23 constructing construct VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 24 hotels hotel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 25 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 26 other other JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 27 facilities facility NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 75 28 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 1 Thus thus RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 3 exploitation exploitation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 6 natural natural JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 7 resources resource NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 8 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 9 cause cause VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 10 undesirable undesirable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 11 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 12 effects effect NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 13 including include VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 14 excessive excessive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 15 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 16 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 17 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 18 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 19 air air NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 20 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 21 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 22 erosion erosion NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 76 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 1 Given give VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 2 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 3 potential potential JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 4 negative negative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 5 effects effect NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 7 connection connection NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 8 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 9 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 10 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 11 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 12 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 13 quality quality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 14 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 15 been be VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 16 examined examine VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 17 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 18 academic academic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 19 literature literature NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 77 20 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 3 sense sense NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 6 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 9 work work NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 10 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 11 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 12 U u NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 13 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 14 shaped shape VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 15 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 16 confirmed confirm VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 17 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 18 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 19 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 20 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 21 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 22 Kuznets Kuznets NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 23 curve curve NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 24 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 25 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 26 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 27 tourist tourist NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 28 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 78 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 3 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 4 tourist tourist NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 5 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 6 finely finely RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 7 operate operate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 9 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 10 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 11 urban urban JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 12 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 13 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 14 control control VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 15 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 16 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 79 17 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 1 Katircioglu Katircioglu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 3 9 9 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 5 indicates indicate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 6 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 7 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 8 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 9 causes cause VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 11 rise rise NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 12 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 13 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 14 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 15 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 16 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 18 Cyprus Cyprus NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 19 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 20 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 21 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 22 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 23 known know VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 24 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 25 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 26 extreme extreme JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 27 demand demand NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 28 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 29 tourism tourism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 30 activities activity NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 80 31 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 3 urbanism urbanism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 5 entire entire JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 6 population population NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 9 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 10 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 11 been be VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 12 involved involve VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 13 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 15 research research NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 16 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 17 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 18 comparison comparison NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 19 aims aim NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 20 as as RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 21 well well RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 81 22 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 1 Koksal Koksal NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 3 Işik Işik NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 5 Katircioğlu Katircioğlu NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 7 10 10 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 9 state state NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 10 that that WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 11 developed develop VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 12 economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 13 concentrate concentrate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 14 more more RBR cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 15 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 16 light light JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 17 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 18 industries industry NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 19 including include VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 20 apparel apparel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 22 leather leather NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 24 wood wood NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 25 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 26 metal metal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 27 products product NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 28 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 29 agribusiness agribusiness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 82 30 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 1 Relying rely VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 2 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 4 phase phase NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 6 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 9 differentiation differentiation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 10 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 11 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 12 two two CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 13 economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 14 allows allow VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 16 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 17 differ differ VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 19 financial financial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 20 structure structure NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 22 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 23 creates create VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 24 composition composition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 25 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 26 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 27 Pollution Pollution NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 28 Haven Haven NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 29 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 30 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 31 clarify clarify VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 32 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 33 fact fact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 83 34 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 3 sense sense NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 5 liberal liberal JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 6 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 7 theories theory NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 8 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 9 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 10 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 11 decide decide VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 12 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 13 manufacture manufacture VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 14 products product NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 15 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 17 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 18 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 19 comparative comparative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 20 advantage advantage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 84 21 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 1 Mehrara Mehrara NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 3 Rezaei Rezaei NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 5 11 11 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 7 examine examine VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 9 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 10 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 11 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 12 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 14 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 15 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 16 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 18 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 19 openness openness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 20 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 21 econometric econometric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 22 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 24 unit unit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 25 root root NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 26 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 27 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 28 cointegration cointegration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 29 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 30 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 31 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 32 panel panel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 33 data data NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 34 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 35 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 36 1960 1960 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 37 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 38 1996 1996 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 39 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 40 BRICS BRICS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 41 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 85 42 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 3 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 5 data data NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 6 structure structure NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 7 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 8 tested test VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 9 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 10 reveal reveal VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 12 stationarity stationarity NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 13 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 14 series series NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 15 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 16 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 18 ADF ADF NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 19 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 20 PP PP NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 21 unit unit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 22 root root NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 23 tests test NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 24 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 25 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 26 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 27 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 28 series series NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 29 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 30 stationary stationary JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 31 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 32 I(1 I(1 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 86 34 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 2 reveal reveal VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 3 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 4 cointegration cointegration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 5 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 6 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 7 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 8 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 9 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 11 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 12 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 14 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 15 openness openness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 16 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 17 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 18 Kao Kao NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 19 panel panel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 20 cointegration cointegration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 21 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 87 22 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 2 proof proof NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 3 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 4 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 5 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 7 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 8 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 9 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 10 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 11 openness openness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 12 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 13 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 14 positive positive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 15 considerably considerably RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 16 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 17 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 18 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 19 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 20 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 21 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 22 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 24 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 25 openness openness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 26 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 27 emission emission NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 88 28 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 1 Kuik Kuik NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 3 Gerlagh Gerlagh NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 5 12 12 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 7 find find VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 8 out out RP cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 10 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 11 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 12 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 13 openness openness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 14 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 15 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 16 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 17 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 18 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 19 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 20 econometrical econometrical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 21 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 89 22 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 2 use use VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 3 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 4 estimates estimate NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 6 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 7 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 8 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 9 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 10 taking take VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 11 into into IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 12 account account NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 13 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 14 Kyoto Kyoto NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 15 Protocol Protocol NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 16 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 17 free free JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 18 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 19 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 20 lowering lower VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 21 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 22 import import NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 23 tariff tariff NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 24 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 25 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 26 determined determine VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 27 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 29 Uruguay Uruguay NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 30 Round Round NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 31 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 32 multilateral multilateral JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 33 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 34 aggreement aggreement NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 90 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 2 addition addition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 3 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 4 lowering lower VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 5 import import NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 6 tariff tariff NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 7 causes cause NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 8 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 9 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 10 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 11 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 13 costs cost NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 15 abating abate VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 17 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 18 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 19 induced induce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 20 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 21 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 22 emission emission NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 23 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 24 relative relative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 25 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 26 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 27 welfare welfare NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 28 gains gain NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 29 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 30 free free JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 31 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 91 32 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 3 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 5 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 8 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 9 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 10 induced induce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 11 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 12 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 13 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 14 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 15 distinct distinct JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 16 differences difference NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 17 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 18 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 19 caused cause VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 21 lowering lower VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 22 import import NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 23 tariff tariff NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 24 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 25 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 26 products product NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 28 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 29 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 30 non non JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 31 - - JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 32 energy energy JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 33 products product NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 92 34 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 2 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 3 distinct distinct JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 4 differences difference NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 5 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 6 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 7 responses response NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 8 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 9 developing develop VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 10 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 11 as as RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 12 well well RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 93 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 1 Managi Managi NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 3 Hibiki Hibiki NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 5 Tsurumi Tsurumi NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 7 13 13 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 9 point point VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 10 out out RP cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 11 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 13 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 15 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 16 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 17 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 18 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 19 pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 21 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 22 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 23 instrumental instrumental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 24 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 25 technique technique NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 94 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 2 show show VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 3 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 5 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 6 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 7 considerable considerable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 8 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 10 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 11 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 12 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 14 after after IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 16 dynamic dynamic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 17 adjustment adjustment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 18 process process NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 19 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 20 although although IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 22 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 23 small small JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 24 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 25 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 26 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 27 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 28 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 29 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 30 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 31 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 32 determined determine VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 33 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 34 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 35 advantageous advantageous JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 36 factor factor NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 37 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 38 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 39 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 40 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 41 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 42 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 43 OECD OECD NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 44 economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 95 45 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 2 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 3 prejudicial prejudicial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 4 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 6 however however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 8 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 9 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 10 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 11 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 13 sulfur sulfur NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 14 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 15 SO so RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 16 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 17 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 18 non non JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 19 - - JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 20 OECD oecd JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 21 economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 23 although although IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 25 does do VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 26 lower lower VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 27 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 28 oxygen oxygen NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 29 demand demand NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 31 BOD bod NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 33 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 34 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 35 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 36 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 96 37 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 3 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 4 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 5 affects affect VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 6 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 7 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 8 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 9 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 10 way way NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 11 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 13 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 14 regulation regulation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 15 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 16 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 17 capital capital NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 18 influence influence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 97 19 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 1 Baek Baek NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 3 Kim Kim NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 5 14 14 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 7 reveal reveal VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 8 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 9 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 10 volume volume NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 11 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 12 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 14 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 16 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 17 causality causality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 18 holds hold VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 19 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 21 developed develop VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 22 economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 23 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 24 changes change NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 25 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 26 degree degree NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 27 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 28 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 29 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 30 lead lead NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 31 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 32 corresponding correspond VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 33 changes change NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 34 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 35 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 36 rates rate NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 37 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 38 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 39 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 40 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 41 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 42 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 43 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 98 44 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 3 sense sense NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 5 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 6 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 7 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 9 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 10 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 11 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 12 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 13 volume volume NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 14 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 15 found find VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 16 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 17 hold hold VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 18 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 19 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 20 developing develop VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 21 economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 22 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 23 any any DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 24 shocks shock NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 25 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 26 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 28 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 29 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 99 30 influence influence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 1 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 2 fluctuations fluctuation NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 3 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 4 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 6 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 7 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 100 8 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 1 Shahbaz Shahbaz NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 3 Tiwari Tiwari NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 5 Nasir Nasir NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 6 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 7 15 15 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 9 point point VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 10 out out RP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 12 impact impact NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 13 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 14 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 15 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 17 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 18 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 19 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 20 coal coal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 21 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 22 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 23 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 24 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 25 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 26 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 27 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 28 time time NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 29 series series NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 30 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 31 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 32 1965 1965 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 33 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 34 2008 2008 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 35 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 36 South South NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 37 Africa Africa NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 101 38 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 102 1 Autoregressive Autoregressive NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 102 2 distributed distribute VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 102 3 lag lag . cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 2 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 4 bounds bound NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 5 testing test VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 6 approach approach NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 7 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 8 cointegration cointegration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 9 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 10 been be VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 11 implemented implement VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 12 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 13 analyze analyze VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 15 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 16 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 17 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 18 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 19 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 21 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 22 while while IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 23 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 24 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 25 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 26 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 27 have have VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 28 been be VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 29 examined examine VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 30 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 31 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 32 ECM ECM NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 33 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 103 34 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 2 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 3 verified verify VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 5 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 6 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 7 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 8 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 9 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 11 relevant relevant JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 12 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 104 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 1 Findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 2 indicate indicate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 3 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 4 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 5 increase increase NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 6 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 7 GDP GDP NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 8 raises raise VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 9 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 10 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 11 leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 13 while while IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 14 financial financial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 15 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 16 decreases decrease VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 105 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 3 Coal coal NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 4 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 5 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 6 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 7 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 8 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 9 pollute pollute VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 11 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 12 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 13 South South NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 14 Africa Africa NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 106 15 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 1 Trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 2 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 3 factor factor NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 4 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 5 positive positive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 6 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 7 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 8 environmental environmental JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 9 quality quality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 10 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 11 decreasing decrease VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 13 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 15 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 16 pollutants pollutant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 107 17 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 1 Finally finally RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 4 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 5 confirm confirm VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 7 existence existence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 8 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 9 EKC EKC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 108 10 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 1 Shen Shen NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 3 16 16 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 5 demonstrate demonstrate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 6 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 7 factor factor NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 8 endowment endowment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 9 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 11 considered consider VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 12 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 13 several several JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 14 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 15 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 17 relevant relevant JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 18 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 19 as as RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 20 well well RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 21 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 22 evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 23 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 24 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 25 EKC EKC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 26 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 109 27 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 2 confirmed confirm VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 3 causal causal JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 4 linkage linkage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 5 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 7 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 9 propose propose VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 10 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 11 " " `` cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 12 polluter polluter NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 13 pays pay VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 14 " " '' cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 15 mechanism mechanism NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 16 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 17 maintain maintain VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 18 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 19 awareness awareness NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 20 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 21 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 22 clean clean JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 23 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 110 24 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 111 1 Ali Ali NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 111 2 et et NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 111 3 al al NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 111 4 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 2 20 20 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 4 show show VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 5 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 6 there there EX cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 7 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 8 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 9 statistically statistically RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 10 inconsequential inconsequential JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 11 correlation correlation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 12 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 13 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 14 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 15 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 17 GDP gdp NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 18 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 19 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 20 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 21 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 22 Pakistan Pakistan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 112 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 1 However however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 4 result result NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 6 Ali Ali NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 7 et et NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 8 al al NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 113 9 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 2 20 20 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 4 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 5 result result NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 6 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 7 not not RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 8 consistent consistent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 9 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 10 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 11 paper paper NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 114 12 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 115 1 Li Li NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 115 2 et et NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 115 3 al al NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 115 4 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 2 21 21 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 4 discuss discuss VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 5 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 6 detail detail NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 8 large large JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 9 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 10 widening widen VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 11 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 12 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 14 Air Air NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 15 Quality Quality NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 16 Index Index NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 18 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 19 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 20 efficiency efficiency NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 21 score score NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 22 gap gap NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 23 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 24 Chinese chinese JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 25 regions region NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 26 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 27 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 29 lower low JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 30 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 31 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 32 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 33 Air Air NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 34 Quality Quality NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 35 Index Index NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 36 efficiency efficiency NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 37 scores score NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 38 mainly mainly RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 39 focused focus VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 40 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 41 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 42 western western JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 43 cities city NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 116 44 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 2 recommend recommend VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 3 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 4 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 5 needs need VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 6 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 7 pay pay VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 8 more more JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 9 attention attention NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 10 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 12 differing differ VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 13 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 14 levels level NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 15 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 16 social social JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 17 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 18 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 19 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 20 structures structure NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 22 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 23 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 24 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 25 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 26 R&D r&d NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 27 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 29 western western JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 30 regions region NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 31 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 32 apply apply VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 33 systematic systematic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 34 solutions solution NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 35 based base VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 36 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 37 domestic domestic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 38 meteorological meteorological JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 39 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 40 climatic climatic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 41 conditions condition NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 42 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 43 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 44 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 45 social social JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 46 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 117 47 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 1 This this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 2 manuscript manuscript NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 3 examines examine VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 5 nexus nexus NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 6 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 7 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 8 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 10 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 11 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 13 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 14 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 16 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 17 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 18 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 19 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 20 implementing implement VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 21 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 23 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 24 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 25 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 26 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 27 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 28 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 118 29 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 1 Annual annual JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 2 datas data NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 3 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 4 obtained obtain VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 5 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 6 UNCTAD UNCTAD NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 7 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 9 22 22 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 11 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 12 Worldbank Worldbank NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 13 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 15 23 23 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 17 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 19 24 24 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 22 _SP cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 23 Consequently consequently RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 24 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 25 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 26 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 27 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 28 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 29 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 30 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 31 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 32 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 33 would would MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 34 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 35 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 36 follows follow VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 119 37 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 1 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 2 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 3 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 5 logarithm logarithm NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 7 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 8 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 9 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 10 expressed express VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 12 levels level NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 14 α α NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 15 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 16 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 17 constant constant NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 18 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 19 DU DU NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 21 λ λ NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 120 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 1 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 2 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 3 dummy dummy JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 4 variable variable NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 5 that that WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 6 takes take VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 8 value value NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 9 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 10 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 11 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 13 series series NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 14 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 15 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 17 structural structural JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 18 change change NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 19 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 20 considered consider VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 21 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 22 have have VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 24 value value NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 25 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 26 0 0 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 27 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 28 previous previous JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 121 29 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 1 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 2 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 3 variable variable NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 4 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 5 t t NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 6 represents represent VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 8 time time NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 10 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 11 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 12 -1 -1 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 13 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 14 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 15 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 16 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 17 lagging lag VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 18 one one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 19 period period NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 122 20 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 123 1 DT DT NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 123 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 123 3 λ λ NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 123 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 123 5 = = NFP cord-103674-pmbpx162 124 1 t t NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 124 2 -Tλ -Tλ NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 125 1 if if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 125 2 t t NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 126 1 > > XX cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 1 Tλ tλ NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 3 0 0 NFP cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 4 if if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 5 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 6 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 7 not not RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 9 case case NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 127 10 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 2 next next JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 3 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 4 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 6 sum sum NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 9 change change NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 10 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 12 variable variable NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 13 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 14 interest interest NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 15 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 128 16 periods period NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 1 t t NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 2 -j -j : cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 3 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 4 k k NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 5 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 6 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 7 regressors regressor NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 8 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 9 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 10 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 11 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 12 added add VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 13 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 14 eliminate eliminate VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 16 possible possible JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 17 dependence dependence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 18 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 19 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 20 limit limit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 21 distribution distribution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 22 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 23 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 24 statistical statistical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 25 tests test NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 26 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 27 caused cause VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 28 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 29 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 30 temporal temporal JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 31 dependence dependence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 32 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 33 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 34 distributions distribution NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 129 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 1 Finally finally RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 3 ε ε NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 4 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 6 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 7 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 130 8 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 1 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 3 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 4 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 5 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 6 co co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 7 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 8 integration integration JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 9 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 10 depend depend VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 11 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 13 condition condition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 14 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 16 series series NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 17 implemented implement VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 18 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 19 such such JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 20 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 21 traditional traditional JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 22 co co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 23 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 24 integration integration JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 25 method method NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 26 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 27 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 28 required require VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 29 stationary stationary JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 30 series series NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 131 31 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 2 addition addition NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 3 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 4 having have VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 6 possibility possibility NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 7 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 8 interpret interpret VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 10 derived derive VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 11 coefficients coefficient NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 12 provide provide VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 13 course course NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 15 process process NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 17 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 18 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 19 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 20 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 21 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 22 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 23 considering consider VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 24 independent independent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 25 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 26 including include VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 27 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 28 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 29 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 30 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 31 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 32 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 33 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 34 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 132 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 2 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 3 equation equation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 4 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 5 indicated indicate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 6 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 7 econometric econometric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 8 symbols symbol NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 10 where where WRB cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 12 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 13 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 14 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 15 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 16 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 17 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 18 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 19 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 20 investigated investigate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 21 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 22 equation equation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 24 6 6 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 26 below below RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 27 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 28 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 29 long long RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 30 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 31 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 32 relationship relationship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 33 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 34 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 35 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 36 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 37 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 38 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 39 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 40 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 41 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 42 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 43 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 44 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 45 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 46 investigated investigate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 47 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 48 f f NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 49 bounds bounds NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 50 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 51 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 52 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 53 considered consider VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 54 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 55 zero zero CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 56 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 57 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 58 0 0 LS cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 59 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 60 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 61 = = SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 62 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 63 = = SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 64 3 3 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 65 = = SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 66 4 4 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 67 = = SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 133 68 0 0 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 134 1 1 1 LS cord-103674-pmbpx162 134 2 : : SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 134 3 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 135 1 ≠ ≠ NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 135 2 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 136 1 ≠ ≠ NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 136 2 3 3 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 1 ≠ ≠ NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 2 4 4 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 3 ≠ ≠ NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 4 0 0 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 6 7 7 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 8 Findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 9 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 10 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 12 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 14 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 15 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 16 indicate indicate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 17 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 18 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 19 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 20 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 21 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 22 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 23 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 24 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 25 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 26 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 27 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 28 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 29 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 30 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 31 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 32 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 33 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 34 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 35 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 36 just just RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 37 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 38 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 39 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 40 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 41 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 42 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 43 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 44 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 137 45 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 2 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 3 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 4 noteworthy noteworthy JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 5 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 7 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 8 obtained obtain VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 9 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 10 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 12 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 14 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 15 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 17 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 18 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 19 described describe VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 20 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 21 new new JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 22 co co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 23 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 24 integration integration JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 25 techniques technique NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 26 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 27 allowed allow VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 29 separation separation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 30 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 31 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 32 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 33 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 34 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 35 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 36 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 37 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 38 consistent consistent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 39 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 40 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 41 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 42 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 43 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 44 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 45 obtained obtain VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 46 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 47 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 48 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 49 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 50 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 51 Table Table NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 52 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 138 53 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 3 context context NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 5 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 6 relations relation NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 7 should should MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 8 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 9 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 10 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 11 policy policy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 12 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 13 makers maker NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 14 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 15 improving improve VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 17 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 18 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 19 infrastructures infrastructure NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 20 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 21 further further RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 22 accelerate accelerate VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 24 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 25 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 26 via via IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 27 research research NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 28 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 29 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 139 30 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 140 1 Note note VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 140 2 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 1 * * NFP cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 2 Critical critical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 3 values value NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 4 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 5 F F NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 6 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 7 statistics statistic NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 8 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 9 4.03 4.03 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 10 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 12 lower low JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 13 limit limit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 14 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 15 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 16 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 17 significance significance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 18 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 19 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 20 5.08 5.08 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 21 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 22 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 23 upper upper JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 24 limit limit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 141 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 2 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 3 case case NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 5 there there EX cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 6 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 7 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 8 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 9 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 10 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 11 cointegration cointegration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 12 relationship relationship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 13 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 15 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 16 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 18 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 19 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 20 significance significance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 21 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 22 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 24 estimated estimate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 25 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 142 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 1 Considering consider VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 2 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 3 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 4 F f NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 5 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 6 bound bind VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 7 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 8 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 9 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 10 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 11 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 12 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 13 estimates estimate NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 14 were be VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 15 made make VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 17 respectively respectively RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 18 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 19 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 21 revealing revealing JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 22 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 23 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 24 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 25 co co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 26 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 27 integration integration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 28 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 29 empirical empirical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 30 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 31 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 32 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 33 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 34 among among IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 35 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 36 variables variable NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 143 37 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 1 Long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 2 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 3 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 4 forecast forecast NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 5 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 6 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 7 given give VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 8 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 9 Table Table NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 10 4 4 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 144 11 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 1 Long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 2 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 3 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 4 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 5 forecast forecast NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 6 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 7 reveal reveal VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 8 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 10 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 11 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 12 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 13 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 14 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 15 changes change NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 17 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 18 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 19 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 20 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 21 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 22 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 23 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 24 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 145 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 1 Table table NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 2 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 3 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 4 If if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 5 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 6 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 7 increases increase NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 8 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 9 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 10 percent percent NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 12 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 14 increases increase NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 15 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 16 0.3017 0.3017 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 17 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 146 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 1 A a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 2 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 3 percent percent NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 4 increase increase NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 5 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 6 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 7 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 8 increases increase NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 9 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 10 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 11 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 12 0.2972 0.2972 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 13 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 147 14 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 2 other other JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 3 econometric econometric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 4 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 6 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 8 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 9 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 10 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 13 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 14 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 15 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 16 no no DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 17 statistically statistically RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 18 significant significant JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 19 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 20 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 21 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 22 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 148 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 1 Long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 2 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 3 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 4 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 5 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 6 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 7 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 8 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 10 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 11 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 12 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 15 key key JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 16 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 17 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 18 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 19 similar similar JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 20 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 21 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 22 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 23 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 24 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 25 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 26 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 149 27 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 1 Short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 2 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 3 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 4 estimation estimation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 5 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 6 reveal reveal VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 7 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 9 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 10 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 11 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 12 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 14 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 16 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 17 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 18 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 19 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 20 changed change VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 21 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 22 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 23 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 24 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 25 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 26 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 27 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 28 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 29 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 30 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 31 significance significance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 32 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 150 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 1 Table table NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 2 6 6 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 3 summarizes summarize VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 5 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 6 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 7 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 8 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 9 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 10 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 11 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 12 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 13 regarding regard VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 15 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 16 correction correction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 17 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 151 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 3 Table Table NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 4 6 6 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 6 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 7 correction correction NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 8 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 9 works work VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 10 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 11 order order NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 12 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 13 reach reach VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 14 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 15 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 16 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 17 adjustment adjustment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 152 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 2 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 3 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 4 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 6 approximately approximately RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 7 78 78 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 8 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 9 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 10 shocks shock NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 12 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 13 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 14 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 15 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 16 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 18 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 19 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 20 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 21 compensated compensate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 22 within within IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 23 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 24 period period NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 25 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 26 time time NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 29 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 30 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 31 re re VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 32 - - VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 33 established establish VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 34 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 35 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 36 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 37 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 153 38 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 154 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 154 2 Table Table NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 154 3 7 7 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 154 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 154 5 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 1 Tablo Tablo NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 2 7 7 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 3 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 5 lowest low JJS cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 6 root root NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 7 mean mean VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 8 square square JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 9 error error NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 11 found find VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 12 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 13 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 14 GMM GMM NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 15 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 16 TSLS TSLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 17 methods method NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 155 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 3 GMM GMM NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 4 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 5 TSLS TSLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 6 method method NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 7 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 8 selected select VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 9 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 11 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 156 12 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 3 GMMTSLS GMMTSLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 4 analysis analysis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 6 Table table NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 7 _SP cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 8 8) 8) NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 10 there there EX cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 11 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 12 no no DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 13 validation validation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 14 problem problem NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 15 since since IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 17 t t NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 18 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 19 statistic statistic NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 20 value value NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 21 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 22 more more JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 23 than than IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 24 0.05 0.05 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 157 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 1 AR AR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 3 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 5 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 6 significant significant JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 158 9 AR AR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 2 2 2 LS cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 4 Table table NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 5 _SP cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 6 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 7 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 9 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 10 close close JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 11 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 12 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 159 14 _SP cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 1 Transforming transform VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 2 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 3 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 4 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 5 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 6 run run VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 7 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 8 renewable renewable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 9 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 11 vital vital JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 12 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 13 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 14 more more RBR cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 15 sustainable sustainable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 16 society society NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 17 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 18 many many JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 19 countries country NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 20 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 21 concerned concern VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 22 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 24 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 25 footprint footprint NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 160 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 2 clean clean JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 3 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 4 revolution revolution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 5 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 6 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 7 sweeping sweep VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 8 through through IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 10 Chinese chinese JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 11 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 12 sector sector NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 161 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 2 2017 2017 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 3 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 4 produced produce VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 5 half half NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 8 1.2 1.2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 9 million million CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 10 electric electric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 11 media medium NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 12 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 13 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 14 worldwide worldwide RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 15 ; ; : cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 17 government government NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 18 directs direct VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 19 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 20 attention attention NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 21 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 22 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 23 rehabilitation rehabilitation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 24 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 25 reuse reuse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 26 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 27 all all PDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 28 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 29 lithium lithium NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 30 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 31 ion ion NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 32 batteries battery NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 162 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 1 Large large JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 2 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 3 scale scale NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 4 production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 5 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 6 biofuels biofuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 7 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 8 still still RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 9 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 10 several several JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 11 years year NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 12 away away RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 163 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 1 Crude crude JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 2 oil oil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 3 might may MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 4 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 5 very very RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 6 difficult difficult JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 7 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 8 promote promote VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 9 alternative alternative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 10 fuels fuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 11 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 12 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 13 national national JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 14 scale scale NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 15 unless unless IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 16 crude crude JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 17 oil oil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 18 prices price NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 19 surge surge VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 20 so so RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 21 high high RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 22 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 23 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 24 become become VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 25 unaffordable unaffordable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 164 26 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 1 Developing develop VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 2 battery battery NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 3 science science NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 5 solar solar JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 6 panels panel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 7 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 8 electricity electricity NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 9 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 10 obtained obtain VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 11 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 13 sun sun NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 14 rays ray NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 165 15 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 1 This this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 2 obtained obtain VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 3 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 4 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 5 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 6 included include VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 7 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 9 systems system NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 10 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 11 assist assist VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 13 ship ship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 14 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 15 shipbuilding shipbuilding NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 16 auxiliary auxiliary JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 17 power power NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 18 or or CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 19 ship ship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 20 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 21 daily daily JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 22 use use NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 23 needs need NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 166 24 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 1 Some some DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 2 certain certain JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 3 industries industry NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 4 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 5 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 7 solar solar JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 8 panels panel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 9 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 10 production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 167 11 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 1 First first RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 2 looked look VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 3 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 5 solar solar JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 6 panel panel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 7 due due IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 8 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 10 attitude attitude NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 11 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 13 cost cost NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 14 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 15 initial initial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 16 setup setup NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 17 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 19 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 20 necessary necessary JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 21 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 22 actively actively RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 23 wait wait VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 24 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 25 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 26 future future NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 27 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 29 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 30 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 168 31 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 3 first first JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 4 step step NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 5 reuse reuse NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 7 waste waste NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 8 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 9 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 10 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 11 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 12 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 13 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 14 reduced reduce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 169 15 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 1 Thus thus RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 3 since since IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 5 amount amount NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 7 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 8 consumed consume VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 9 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 10 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 11 ship ship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 12 decreases decrease VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 15 amount amount NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 16 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 17 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 18 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 19 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 20 decreases decrease NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 170 21 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 3 methods method NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 4 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 5 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 6 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 7 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 8 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 9 include include VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 10 reducing reduce VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 11 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 12 costs cost NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 14 using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 15 alternative alternative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 16 fuels fuel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 17 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 18 low low JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 19 or or CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 20 zero zero CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 21 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 22 content content NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 171 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 3 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 4 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 5 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 6 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 7 greatly greatly RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 8 reduced reduce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 9 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 10 burning burn VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 11 low low JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 12 emission emission NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 13 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 14 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 15 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 16 diesel diesel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 17 engines engine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 172 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 1 Power power NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 2 management management NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 3 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 4 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 5 achieved achieve VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 6 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 7 ensuring ensure VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 8 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 9 diesel diesel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 10 machines machine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 11 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 12 ships ship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 13 operate operate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 14 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 15 optimum optimum JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 16 powers power NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 173 17 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 1 When when WRB cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 2 machines machine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 3 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 4 operated operate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 5 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 6 excessive excessive JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 7 continuous continuous JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 8 overload overload NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 10 they -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 11 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 12 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 13 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 14 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 15 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 16 dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 17 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 174 18 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 1 Common Common NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 2 Rail Rail NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 4 Powerline Powerline NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 6 working working NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 7 principle principle NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 8 includes include VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 10 minimum minimum JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 11 fuel fuel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 12 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 13 each each DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 14 load load NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 15 sent send VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 16 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 18 cylinder cylinder NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 19 regardless regardless RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 20 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 21 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 22 load load NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 24 machine machine NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 25 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 26 running run VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 175 27 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 2 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 3 possible possible JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 4 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 5 achieve achieve VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 6 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 7 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 8 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 9 efficiency efficiency NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 10 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 11 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 12 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 176 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 2 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 3 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 4 not not RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 5 only only RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 6 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 7 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 8 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 9 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 10 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 12 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 13 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 14 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 15 SO2 SO2 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 16 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 177 17 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 2 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 3 possible possible JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 4 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 5 achieve achieve VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 6 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 7 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 8 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 9 efficiency efficiency NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 10 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 11 this this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 12 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 178 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 1 Four four CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 2 types type NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 4 engines engine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 5 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 6 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 7 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 9 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 10 industry industry NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 13 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 14 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 16 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 17 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 18 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 19 engines engine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 20 IE1 ie1 NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 21 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 22 IE2 ie2 NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 24 IE3 IE3 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 25 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 26 IE4 IE4 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 27 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 28 IE4 IE4 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 29 motors motor NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 30 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 31 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 32 least least JJS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 33 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 34 consuming consuming NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 35 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 36 most most RBS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 37 efficient efficient JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 38 motors motor NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 39 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 40 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 41 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 179 42 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 1 In in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 2 order order NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 3 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 4 make make VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 5 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 6 use use NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 8 IE4 IE4 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 9 engines engine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 10 more more RBR cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 11 common common JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 13 efforts effort NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 14 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 15 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 16 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 17 cost cost NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 18 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 19 such such JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 20 machines machine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 21 should should MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 22 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 23 given give VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 24 importance importance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 180 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 1 However however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 3 roller roller NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 4 bearing bearing NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 5 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 6 usually usually RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 7 found find VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 8 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 9 automated automate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 10 machines machine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 11 such such JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 12 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 13 CNC CNC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 14 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 17 usage usage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 18 rate rate NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 19 should should MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 20 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 21 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 22 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 23 R&D r&d NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 24 supports support NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 25 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 26 government government NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 181 27 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 1 Intelligent intelligent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 2 start start NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 3 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 4 stop stop NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 5 systems system NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 6 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 7 widely widely RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 8 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 9 today today NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 182 10 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 1 Logically logically RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 4 software software NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 5 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 6 thrown throw VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 7 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 8 batteries battery NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 9 electronic electronic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 10 circuit circuit NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 12 so so IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 13 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 14 parameters parameter NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 15 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 16 protected protect VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 17 without without IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 18 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 19 need need NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 20 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 21 high high JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 22 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 183 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 1 Thus thus RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 4 machine machine NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 5 start start VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 6 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 7 up up RP cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 8 setup setup NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 9 time time NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 10 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 11 eliminated eliminate VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 14 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 15 machine machine NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 16 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 17 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 18 used use VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 19 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 20 longer long JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 21 production production NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 184 22 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 1 This this DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 2 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 3 should should MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 4 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 5 applied apply VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 6 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 7 all all DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 8 machines machine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 9 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 10 PLC PLC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 11 panels panel NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 13 even even RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 14 adding add VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 15 start start VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 16 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 17 stop stop VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 18 batteries battery NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 19 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 21 low low JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 22 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 23 tech tech NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 24 machines machine NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 25 together together RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 26 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 27 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 28 panel panel NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 29 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 30 provide provide VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 31 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 32 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 33 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 34 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 35 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 36 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 37 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 38 high high JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 39 profitability profitability NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 185 40 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 1 Uninsulated uninsulated JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 3 high high JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 4 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 5 volume volume NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 6 environments environment NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 7 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 8 cooled cool VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 9 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 10 fans fan NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 12 enterprises enterprise NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 14 resulting result VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 15 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 16 high high JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 17 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 18 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 19 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 20 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 21 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 22 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 186 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 1 As as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 2 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 3 alternative alternative JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 4 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 5 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 7 environment environment NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 8 cooling cool VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 9 system system NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 10 that that WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 11 works work VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 12 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 13 rotating rotate VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 14 cold cold JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 15 water water NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 18 company company NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 19 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 20 much much RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 21 cheaper cheap JJR cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 22 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 23 environmentally environmentally RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 24 friendly friendly JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 187 25 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 1 Findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 2 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 3 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 5 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 6 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 7 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 8 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 9 indicate indicate VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 10 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 11 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 12 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 14 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 15 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 16 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 17 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 18 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 19 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 21 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 22 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 23 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 24 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 25 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 26 carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 27 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 28 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 29 just just RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 30 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 31 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 32 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 33 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 34 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 35 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 36 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 37 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 188 38 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 2 is be VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 3 also also RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 4 noteworthy noteworthy JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 5 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 7 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 8 obtained obtain VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 9 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 10 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 12 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 14 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 15 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 17 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 18 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 19 described describe VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 20 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 21 new new JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 22 co co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 23 - - NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 24 integration integration JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 25 techniques technique NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 26 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 27 allowed allow VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 28 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 29 separation separation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 30 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 31 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 32 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 33 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 34 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 35 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 36 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 37 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 38 consistent consistent JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 39 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 40 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 41 long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 42 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 43 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 44 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 45 obtained obtain VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 46 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 47 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 48 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 49 model model NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 50 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 51 Table Table NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 52 5 5 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 189 53 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 1 According accord VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 2 to to IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 3 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 4 long long RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 5 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 6 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 7 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 8 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 9 if if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 10 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 11 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 12 increases increase NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 13 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 14 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 15 percent percent NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 17 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 18 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 19 increases increase NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 21 0.3017 0.3017 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 22 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 190 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 1 A a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 2 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 3 percent percent NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 4 increase increase NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 5 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 6 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 7 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 8 increases increase NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 9 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 10 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 11 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 12 0.2972 0.2972 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 13 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 191 14 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 1 Unlike unlike IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 2 other other JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 3 econometric econometric JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 4 models model NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 6 FMOLS FMOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 8 DOLS DOLS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 9 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 10 CCR CCR NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 13 trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 14 liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 15 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 16 no no DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 17 statistically statistically RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 18 significant significant JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 19 effect effect NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 20 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 21 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 22 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 192 23 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 1 Long long JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 2 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 3 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 4 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 5 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 6 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 7 terms term NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 8 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 10 relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 11 between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 12 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 15 key key JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 16 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 17 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 18 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 19 similar similar JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 20 with with IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 21 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 22 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 23 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 24 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 25 test test NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 26 findings finding NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 193 27 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 1 Short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 2 term term NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 3 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 4 estimation estimation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 5 results result NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 6 reveal reveal VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 7 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 9 main main JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 10 determinants determinant NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 11 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 12 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 13 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 14 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 16 short short JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 17 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 18 run run NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 19 are be VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 20 changed change VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 21 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 22 industrial industrial JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 23 development development NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 24 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 25 maritime maritime JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 26 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 27 at at IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 28 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 29 1 1 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 30 % % NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 31 significance significance NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 32 level level NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 194 33 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 1 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 2 has have VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 3 increased increase VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 5 sales sale NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 6 prices price NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 7 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 8 all all DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 9 medical medical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 10 products product NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 11 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 12 then then RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 13 other other JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 14 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 15 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 16 origin origin NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 17 products product NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 18 followed follow VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 19 these these DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 20 increase increase NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 21 prices price NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 22 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 23 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 24 not not RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 25 drop drop VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 26 again again RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 27 due due JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 28 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 29 Covid-19 covid-19 VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 30 even even RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 31 if if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 32 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 33 covers cover VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 34 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 35 loss loss NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 195 36 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 1 Authorities authority NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 2 underline underline VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 3 that that IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 4 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 5 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 6 become become VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 7 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 8 world world NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 9 's 's POS cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 10 number number NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 11 one one CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 12 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 196 13 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 1 As as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 2 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 3 now now RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 4 renewable renewable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 5 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 6 will will MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 7 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 8 more more RBR cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 9 important important JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 11 which which WDT cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 12 should should MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 13 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 14 encouraged encourage VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 15 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 16 use use VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 17 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 18 government government NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 19 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 20 transportation transportation NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 22 sea sea NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 23 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 24 railway railway NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 25 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 26 road road NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 28 so so IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 29 as as IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 30 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 31 reduce reduce VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 32 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 33 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 34 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 35 emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 197 36 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 1 However however RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 3 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 4 can can MD cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 5 be be VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 6 leader leader NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 7 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 8 excess excess JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 9 oil oil NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 10 use use NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 11 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 12 transport transport NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 13 if if IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 15 want want VBP cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 16 to to TO cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 17 dominate dominate VB cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 18 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 19 economy economy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 20 worldwide worldwide RB cord-103674-pmbpx162 198 21 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 2 Impact Impact NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 4 Air Air NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 5 Transportation Transportation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 6 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 7 Carbon Carbon NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 8 Dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 10 Methane Methane NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 13 Nitrous Nitrous NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 14 Oxide Oxide NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 15 Emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 17 Pakistan Pakistan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 18 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 19 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 20 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 21 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 22 Modelling Modelling NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 23 Approach Approach NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 24 Investigation Investigation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 25 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 26 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 27 Causal Causal NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 28 Relationships relationship NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 29 Between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 30 Combustible combustible JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 31 Renewables Renewables NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 32 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 33 Waste Waste NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 34 Consumption Consumption NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 35 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 199 36 CO co NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 1 2 2 LS cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 2 Emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 3 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 5 Case Case NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 7 Tunisian Tunisian NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 8 Maritime Maritime NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 9 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 10 Rail Rail NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 11 Transport Transport NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 200 12 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 1 Renewable renewable JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 2 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 3 Sustainable Sustainable NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 4 Energy Energy NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 5 Reviews Reviews NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 6 Ozone Ozone NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 7 Depletion depletion NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 8 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 9 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 10 Interstitial Interstitial NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 11 Air Air NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 12 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 13 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 14 Seasonal Seasonal NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 15 Snowpack Snowpack NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 16 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 17 Northern Northern NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 18 Japan Japan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 19 Impact Impact NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 20 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 21 Maritime Maritime NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 22 Emissions Emissions NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 23 Trading Trading NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 24 System System NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 25 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 26 Fleet Fleet NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 27 Deployment Deployment NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 28 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 29 Mitigation Mitigation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 30 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 31 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 32 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 33 Emission Emission NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 34 Testing Testing NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 35 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 36 Tourism Tourism NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 37 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 38 Induced induce VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 39 EKC EKC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 40 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 201 41 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 2 Case Case NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 4 Singapore Singapore NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 5 Investigating investigate VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 6 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 7 Role role NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 8 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 9 Urban Urban NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 10 Development Development NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 11 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 12 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 13 Conventional Conventional NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 14 Environmental Environmental NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 15 Kuznets Kuznets NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 16 curve curve NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 17 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 18 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 19 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 20 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 21 Globe Globe NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 22 Testing test VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 23 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 24 Role role NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 25 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 26 Tourism Tourism NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 27 Development Development NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 28 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 29 Ecological Ecological NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 30 Footprint Footprint NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 31 Quality quality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 32 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 33 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 34 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 35 Top Top NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 36 10 10 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 37 Tourist Tourist NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 38 Destinations destination NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 39 Estimating Estimating NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 40 Higher Higher NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 41 Education Education NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 42 Induced induce VBD cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 43 Energy Energy NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 44 Consumption Consumption NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 45 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 46 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 47 Case Case NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 48 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 49 Northern Northern NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 50 Cyprus Cyprus NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 51 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 52 Role role NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 53 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 54 Shadow Shadow NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 55 Economies Economies NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 56 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 57 Ecological Ecological NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 58 Footprint Footprint NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 59 Quality quality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 60 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 61 Empirical empirical JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 62 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 63 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 64 Turkey Turkey NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 65 A A NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 66 Panel Panel NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 67 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 68 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 69 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 70 Relationship Relationship NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 71 Between between IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 72 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 73 Liberalization Liberalization NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 74 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 75 Economic Economic NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 76 Growth Growth NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 77 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 78 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 79 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 80 Emissions Emissions NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 81 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 82 BRICS BRICS NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 83 Countries Countries NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 84 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 85 Liberalization Liberalization NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 86 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 87 Carbon carbon NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 88 Leakage leakage NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 202 89 Does do VBZ cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 1 Trade trade NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 2 Liberalization liberalization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 3 Reduce Reduce NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 4 Pollution pollution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 5 Emissions Emissions NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 6 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 7 Liberalization Liberalization NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 8 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 9 Economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 10 growth growth NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 11 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 12 Energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 13 consumption consumption NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 16 Environment Environment NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 17 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 18 Time Time NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 19 Series Series NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 20 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 21 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 22 G-20 G-20 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 203 23 Economies economy NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 2 Effects effect NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 4 Financial Financial NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 5 Development Development NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 6 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 7 Economic Economic NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 8 Growth Growth NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 9 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 10 Coal Coal NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 11 Consumption Consumption NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 13 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 14 Openness Openness NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 15 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 16 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 17 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 18 Emissions Emissions NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 19 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 20 South South NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 21 Africa Africa NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 22 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 23 Liberalization Liberalization NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 24 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 25 Environmental Environmental NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 26 Degradation Degradation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 27 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 28 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 29 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 30 Openness Openness NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 31 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 32 CO CO NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 33 2 2 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 34 Emissions emission NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 35 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 36 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 37 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 204 38 Bangladesh Bangladesh NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 2 Role role NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 4 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 5 Liberalization Liberalization NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 6 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 7 Carbon Carbon NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 8 Dioxide dioxide NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 9 Emission emission NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 10 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 11 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 12 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 13 Heterogeneous Heterogeneous NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 14 Panel Panel NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 15 Estimations Estimations NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 16 Testing test VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 17 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 18 EKC EKC NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 19 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 20 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 21 Considering consider VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 22 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 23 Openness Openness NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 24 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 25 Urbanization urbanization NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 26 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 27 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 28 Financial Financial NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 29 Development Development NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 30 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 31 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 32 Case Case NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 33 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 34 Turkey Turkey NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 205 35 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 1 Environmental Environmental NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 2 Science Science NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 3 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 4 Pollution Pollution NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 5 Research Research NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 6 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 9 Nexus Nexus NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 10 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 11 CO2 CO2 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 12 Emissions Emissions NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 14 Economic Economic NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 15 Growth Growth NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 16 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 17 Land Land NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 18 under under IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 19 Cereal Cereal NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 20 Crops Crops NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 21 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 22 Agriculture Agriculture NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 206 23 Value Value NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 1 -Added -adde VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 2 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 3 Pakistan Pakistan NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 4 Using use VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 5 an an DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 6 ARDL ARDL NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 7 Approach Approach NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 8 Regional regional JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 9 energy energy NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 11 CO2 CO2 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 12 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 13 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 14 economic economic JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 15 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 16 air air NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 17 quality quality NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 18 index index NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 19 performances performance NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 20 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 21 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 207 22 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 1 A a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 2 meta meta JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 3 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 4 frontier frontier NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 5 approach approach NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 6 World World NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 7 Merchant Merchant NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 8 Fleet Fleet NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 9 / / SYM cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 10 UNCTADstat UNCTADstat NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 12 Merchant merchant NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 13 fleet fleet NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 14 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 15 flag flag NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 16 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 17 registration registration NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 18 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 19 by by IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 20 type type NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 21 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 22 ship ship NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 23 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 24 annual annual JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 25 table table NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 26 summary summary NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 28 Goods good NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 29 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 30 services service NNS cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 32 BPM5 BPM5 NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-103674-pmbpx162 208 34 : : : cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 1 Trade Trade NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 2 Openness Openness NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 3 Indicators Indicators NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 4 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 5 Sum Sum NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 6 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 7 Imports Imports NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 8 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 9 Exports Exports NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 10 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 11 Goods Goods NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 12 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 13 Services Services NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 14 for for IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 15 China China NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 16 Retrieved retrieve VBN cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 17 from from IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 18 https://data.worldbank.org/ https://data.worldbank.org/ ADD cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 19 26 26 CD cord-103674-pmbpx162 209 20 . . . cord-103674-pmbpx162 210 1 Perron Perron NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 210 2 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 210 3 P. P. NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 1 The the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 2 Calculation Calculation NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 3 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 5 Limiting limit VBG cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 6 Distribution distribution NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 7 of of IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 9 Least Least JJS cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 10 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 11 Squares Squares NNPS cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 12 Estimator Estimator NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 13 in in IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 14 a a DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 15 Near Near NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 16 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 17 Integrated Integrated NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 211 18 Model Model NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 1 Further further JJ cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 2 Evidence evidence NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 3 on on IN cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 4 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 5 Great Great NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 6 Crash Crash NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 7 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 8 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 9 Oil Oil NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 10 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 11 Price Price NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 12 Shock shock NN cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 13 , , , cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 14 and and CC cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 15 the the DT cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 16 Unit Unit NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 17 - - HYPH cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 18 Root Root NNP cord-103674-pmbpx162 212 19 Hypothesis Hypothesis NNP