# ent

id: cord-004680-u3cnsdl8
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Kudou Y Umeda K Ueda S title Typing of recent infectious bronchitis virus isolates causing nephritis


id: cord-004810-g0y7ied0
type: DNA
entity:
  hypervariable region 1 HVR 1 residues 56 69 and hypervariable region 2 HVR 2 residues 117 131 of IBV 6 20


id: cord-256859-7ixegm72
type: DNA
entity:
  CK CH LDL 97I IBV 87 S1Oligo3 Arg Arg Thr Gly Arg DQ068701 CK CH LLN 98I S1Oligo5 IBV 212 His Arg Arg Arg Arg DQ167145 CK CH LDL 98I IBV 87 S1Oligo3 Arg Arg Thr Gly Arg DQ167132 CK CH LHLJ 99I S1Oligo5 IBV 212 IBV 87 S1Oligo3 Arg Arg Thr Gly Arg DQ167130 CK CH LXJ 02I S1Oligo5 IBV 212 His Arg Arg Arg Arg


id: cord-256859-7ixegm72
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CK CH LSD 03I S1Oligo5 IBV 212 His Arg Arg Arg Arg DQ167148 CK CH LJL 04I S1Oligo5 IBV 212 His Arg Arg Arg Arg


id: cord-256859-7ixegm72
type: DNA
entity:
  CK CH LGD 04III S1Oligo5 IBV 212 Arg Arg Leu Arg Arg DQ167135 CK CH LHLJ 04XI S1Oligo5 IBV 212 His Arg Arg Arg Arg


id: cord-256859-7ixegm72
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  alanine N asparagine H histidine E glutamic acid T threonine Y tyrosine P proline Q glutamine V valine I isoleucine K lysine R arginine M methionine b positions


id: cord-256859-7ixegm72
type: GGP
entity:
  asparagine H histidine E glutamic acid T threonine Y tyrosine P proline Q glutamine V valine I isoleucine K lysine R arginine M methionine b positions of residues in deduced amino acid sequences


id: cord-004812-ikco4h5k
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NR 11 Type C NR 5 NR 9 NR 19 NR 20 NR 22 NR 28 Type D NR 23 Type E NR 27 Type F NR 26 Type G NR 24 Type H NR 29 A


id: cord-004719-3stcx0dd
type: DNA
entity:
  cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus CaMV 15 red clover necrotic mosaic dianthovirus RCNMV 47 D Cookmeyer pers comm


id: cord-004719-3stcx0dd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  integral membrane transport proteins Cauliflower mosaic virus gene I product P 1 forms tubular structures


id: cord-003050-n25wnmq5
type: DNA
entity:
  classes Leotiomycetes 13 693 12 Dothideomycetes 2723 2 5 Eurotiomycetes 1011 0 9 and Sordariomycetes 908 0 8


id: cord-006459-9kizif98
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute respiratory distress syndrome Pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome


id: cord-291718-cz1bi0ym
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cord 291718 cz1bi0ym authors Yu Liping Zhang Xiaorong Wu Tianqi Wang Yuyang Meng Jie Liu Qian Niu Xiaosai Wu Yantao title


id: cord-276617-chgjpg0v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Netherlands Phycoerythrin PE conjugated anti CD21 monoclonal antibody MAb anti canine CD21 homologue


id: cord-265768-hwki5lk2
type: DNA
entity:
  human coronavirus HKU1 human coronavirus OC43 HCoV OC43 equine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus MHV canine respiratory coronavirus CRCoV porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and bovine coronavirus BCoV CRCoV


id: cord-277847-vgf9lz76
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B 22 23 32 38 respiratory syncytial virus F and G genes 29 human immunodeficiency virus gp 120 35 41 rabies virus glycoprotein gene 10 33 37 pseudorabies virus genes 44 Epstein Barr virus genes 44 45 porcine respiratory coronavirus spike antigen 9


id: cord-026518-xv03vpji
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  structural proteins nucleocapsid protein matrix protein phosphoprotein fusion F protein hemagglutinin neuraminidase HN protein


id: cord-026518-xv03vpji
type: CHEBI
entity:
  proteins nucleocapsid protein matrix protein phosphoprotein fusion F protein hemagglutinin neuraminidase HN protein


id: cord-299763-ttb7o8lv
type: DNA
entity:
  dog date 2016 06 01 journal Arch Virol DOI 10 1007 s00705 016 2895 7 sha ffd0af549110e997ac78508b499668e31e3b5b90 doc_id 299763 cord_uid ttb7o8lv A 5 year old female Yorkshire


id: cord-264392-he1vekrt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N linked glycosylation Unusually 4 are located in the F 2 region and 3 of the 4 are also conserved in the MosPV F 2 subunit


id: cord-285547-7m3dh8hu
type: ORG
entity:
  the Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology of Japan


id: cord-260708-l9w5jhsw
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  RIG I mitochondrial antiviral signalling protein MAVS TANK binding kinase 1 TBK1 IjB kinase e IKK e tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 TRAF3


id: cord-260708-l9w5jhsw
type: GGP
entity:
  TANK binding kinase 1 TBK1 IjB kinase e IKK e tumour necrosis factor receptor associated factor 3 TRAF3


id: cord-307408-6wfx0wey
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  MgCl 2 2 0 ll of dNTPs 2 5 mM 0 5 ll of each specific primer 10 pmol 1 ll of Taq DNA polymerase Promega Madison WI and autoclaved filtered 0 2 lm distilled water


id: cord-285429-vmnj25b5
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ethical Committee for Human Rights Related to Human Experimentation Faculty of Medicine Chiang Mai University


id: cord-302871-x3mjov5l
type: DNA
entity:
  dog and cat Canine distemper In Greene CE ed Infectious diseases of the dog and cat Glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes


id: cord-299342-l8ugjou9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Mr 58 000 5 12 c o m p l e m e n t fixation 1 12 gel diffusion 1 immunofluorescence IFT 12 13 15 enzyme


id: cord-284087-g2jfnxja
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronavirus 229E coronavirus NL63 coronavirus OC43 and coronavirus HKU1 tube 4 for respiratory syncytial virus A B adenovirus parechovirus and enterovirus and tube 5 for parainfluenza virus 1 human metapneumovirus A B human bocavirus


id: cord-284087-g2jfnxja
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human upper respiratory tract epithelium than avian influenza viruses Nucleotide sequence of the haemagglutinin gene


id: cord-004742-5movyeb4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CGAAGGGTTAGTTGTTGGAGTTTTCACGTGAGACGTT GGTGCAAcGTAACTGCGTGTACAAcTGTAAAAGTAAAAAGGGGTTCGAATCcCCCCTTTACCCCGGGTATGGGGCCCA H I


id: cord-004742-5movyeb4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  I N I LF V R I SDGENG R ST P IT NS I I T S Sl PS F F I L V NS 1 I E PF QS GDV Y Y P IT I I Duplicated sequences


id: cord-004742-5movyeb4
type: CL
entity:
  stem of the anticodon arm in the small bulging loop Fig 5 a 6 As this is a variable region within the tRNA like structure 50 it is unlikely that biological differences between the viruses


id: cord-004733-i0a3igc7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat anti mouse IgG M Tago 6553 Tago Inc Burlingame CA U S A diluted 5 000 fold


id: cord-298883-uiwg482s
type: DISEASE
entity:
  respiratory syndrome virus PRRSV vi cardiovirus encephalomyocarditis virus EMCV vii enterovirus talfan disease


id: cord-004694-43yvs52a
type: DNA
entity:
  reverse primers P3 1 ACGGACACCCAAAGTAG nt 536 552 P2 1 TTAGCCACATTCAGGGGC nt 445 462 P2 2 TTAGCCACATTCAGGAGCC nt444 462 and


id: cord-294218-v4gjabp3
type: DNA
entity:
  coronavirus MHV JHM Ter Meulen V t981 Coronavirus JHM intracellular protein synthesis Coronavirus JHM coding assignments


id: cord-269948-zfbu9646
type: ORG
entity:
  the Public Health Laboratory Services Branch Centre for Health Protection CHP Department of Health Hong Kong


id: cord-269948-zfbu9646
type: CARDINAL
entity:
  between 2 and 4 sections of the targeted gene and may be useful in overcoming the problem of misdiagnosis


id: cord-269948-zfbu9646
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus of swine origin 2 In contrast all virus subtypes and combinatorial possibilities of HA


id: cord-269948-zfbu9646
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus including pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus were submitted to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza at Victorian Infectious Diseases


id: cord-269948-zfbu9646
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza B viruses 20 which explains why some of the samples that were typed and confirmed by the reference methods of cell culture and real time RT


id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw
type: DNA
entity:
  M2 gene mutations Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza Targeting pandemic influenza a primer


id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus pandemic H1N1 2009 which caused the first pandemic of the 21 st century The newly emerged virus subtype spread worldwide with unprecedented speed and


id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 H3N2 virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase The influenza virus polymerase complex an update on its structure functions and significance for antiviral drug design Antibody recognition


id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H3N2 viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005 a cause for concern Surveillance of resistance to adamantanes


id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H3N2 and A H1N1 viruses isolated worldwide Susceptibility of antiviral drugs against 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infection


id: cord-292286-ygomb3oi
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 H3N2 virus in cell culture and in mice and its inhibition of neuraminidase Quercetin


id: cord-290819-zhywlf6r
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N terminal alpha helical structure of human viperin protein helps to anchor it to the endoplasmic reticulum In order to explore the specific mechanism of interaction between viperin and the PEDV N protein the domains of viperin was analyzed and a truncated form of the gene was constructed Viperin


id: cord-316153-wet0go35
type: DNA
entity:
  CU T2 genome POL RNA polymerase gene S S protein gene 1 S1 protein gene 2 2 protein gene N N protein gene U TR 3 end untranslated region HVR Hypervariabte region


id: cord-317009-8tqnt1l9
type: GGP
entity:
  cows 10 11 14 15 31 However prior to the present study no conclusive evidence for a link between BToV


id: cord-324377-br2uorg8
type: GGP
entity:
  vaccines 8 9 11 14 and some concerns about the efficacy of existing clinical therapies which in addition to symptomatic treatment include antiserum and interferon treatment Therefore drug


id: cord-321471-gev5xq3a
type: RNA
entity:
  nonsegmented negative stranded RNA viruses 30 Unexpectedly our investigation with the PI3K specific inhibitor LY294002 showed that the PI3K Akt


id: cord-312787-j7ye7ed5
type: TAXON
entity:
  Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Swine influenza virus encephalomyocarditis virus S hyodysenteriae sarcoptic


id: cord-324495-0pee1i3o
type: DNA
entity:
  3 0 UTR 5 0 AATTTCGGCCGCATGGTTTTCGCCAATTAAATCTT ACCCCCACACGGTCGC 3 0 or porcine 16S rRNA 5 0 G CGGTTGCACCATTTGGGTGTCCTG 3 0 The blot


id: cord-314751-i9rxesrg
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  PEDV S1 immunogen PEDV S1 immunogen 4 Placebo Placebo Placebo a Placebo cell culture medium and protein PEDV S1


id: cord-317617-snrumw3x
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  mouse or rat erythrocytes 24 17 0304 8608 81 0067 0241 02 20 18 26 A virus isolated from t h e intestine


id: cord-316525-uadfehr6
type: GGP
entity:
  HCoV 15633 15672 40 35 88 TGEV 15729 15770 42 40 96 MHV 15765 15817 53 46 87 HCoV 15852 15908 57 49 86 MHV 17088 17125 38 35 93 IBV 17688 17714 27 25 93 TGEV 17757 17800 44 39 89 PEDV 17783 17809 27 25 93 HCoV 18558 18577 20 20 100 PEDV 18771 18847 77 65 85 TGEV 18784 18833 50 44 88 HCoV 19102


id: cord-316797-sf2lu45f
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  i07 5 50 per cent tissue culture infective doses TCIDs0 0 2 ml Indirect immunofluorescence and neutralization test were made using anti RCV


id: cord-318731-vlszl0i8
type: DNA
entity:
  human FOXO3 Xi bao yu fen zi mian yi xue za zhi Canine enteric coronaviruses emerging viral pathogens


id: cord-318731-vlszl0i8
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


id: cord-330825-apfcql4m
type: DNA
entity:
  Philippines date 2016 06 28 journal Arch Virol DOI 10 1007 s00705 016 2938 0 sha 7740faa25788c48ed6796fc578d102bcb13879bf doc_id 330825 cord_uid apfcql4


id: cord-338641-s006a7m0
type: ORG
entity:
  the American Association of Equine Practitioners American Association of Equine Practitioners Infectious


id: cord-334090-66d8c75g
type: ORG
entity:
  Slemani Governorate Council of College of Veterinary Medicine University of Sulaimani in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements


id: cord-332811-kjgah8ts
type: DNA
entity:
  chicken IL 6 forward 5 0 CAAGGTGAC GGAGGAGGAC 3 0 chicken IL 6 reverse 5 0 TGGCGAG GAGGGATTTCT 3 0 chicken IL 8 forward 5 0 CCAAG CACACCTCTCTTCCA 3 0 chicken IL 8 reverse 5 0 GCAAGGTAGGACGCTGGTAA 3 0 chicken TNF


id: cord-332811-kjgah8ts
type: GGP
entity:
  chicken glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH forward 5 0 GGTGGTGCTAAGCGTGTTAT 3 0 chicken GAPDH reverse 5 0 ACCTCTGTCATCTCTCCACA 3 0


id: cord-341469-7guojyay
type: ORG
entity:
  the Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Seoul National University


id: cord-347443-0evqo01m
type: GGP
entity:
  virus FluB parainfluenza virus 1 Para 1 parainfluenza virus 2 Para 2 parainfluenza virus 3 Para 3 parainfluenza virus 4 Para 4 respiratory syncytial virus RSV coronavirus 229E CoronaV 229E


id: cord-345856-ckm0ol20
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ethyl 6 bromo 4 dimethylamino methyl 5 hydroxy 1 methyl 2 phenylthio methyl indole 3 carboxylate hydrochloride monohydrate Arbidol


id: cord-355512-tycuoslv
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin esterase protein Bovine coronavirus structural proteins Bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin protein


id: cord-346928-g1dqiki6
type: DNA
entity:
  S gene 1 13 25 Four respiratory 7 19N 1 2 7 23N 2 1 12 19N 3 1 16 19N 2 1 and 5 fecal 7 19F 1 1 12 19F 2 1 16 19F 2 1 14 23F 1 1 24 23F 3 1 strains


# bib

id: cord-001274-vz0qvp01
author: Chitray, M.
date: 2013-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-001274-vz0qvp01.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001274-vz0qvp01.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4010724/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1838-9
summary:
  For this study, the L and P1 coding regions for eight FMDV A and nine FMDV O viruses isolated between 1975 and 2003 were successfully sequenced and analysed using phylogenetic analysis, examination of sequence variability, and identification of highly conserved genomic regions relating to previously identified FMDV functional and structural biological capabilities. The sub-Saharan African isolates included in this study belong to different topotypes of FMDV serotypes A and O as defined by 1D sequencing and represent a broad geographical distribution of viruses within East and West Africa. Characterising sequence variation in the VP1 capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype O) with the respect to virion structure Sequence analysis of monoclonal antibody resistant mutants of type O foot and mouth disease virus: evidence for the involvement of the three surface exposed capsid proteins in four antigenic sites

title:
  Genetic heterogeneity in the leader and P1-coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A and O in Africa

abstract:
  Genetic information regarding the leader (L) and complete capsid-coding (P1) region of FMD serotype A and O viruses prevalent on the African continent is lacking. Here, we present the complete L-P1 sequences for eight serotype A and nine serotype O viruses recovered from FMDV outbreaks in East and West Africa over the last 33 years. Phylogenetic analysis of the P1 and capsid-coding regions revealed that the African isolates grouped according to serotype, and certain clusters were indicative of transboundary as well as intra-regional spread of the virus. However, similar analysis of the L region revealed random groupings of isolates from serotypes O and A. Comparisons between the phylogenetic trees derived from the structural coding regions and the L region pointed to a possibility of genetic recombination. The intertypic nucleotide and amino acid variation of all the isolates in this study supported results from previous studies where the externally located 1D was the most variable whilst the internally located 1A was the most conserved, which likely reflects the selective pressures on these proteins. Amino acids identified previously as important for FMDV structure and functioning were found to be highly conserved. The information gained from this study will contribute to the construction of structurally designed FMDV vaccines in Africa. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1838-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-003050-n25wnmq5
title: A barnavirus sequence mined from a transcriptome of the Antarctic pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis
author: Nibert, Max L.
date: 2018-03-07
txt: ./txt/cord-003050-n25wnmq5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003050-n25wnmq5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5999160/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3794-x
summary:
  The 4.2-kb plus-strand sequence of this virus encompasses four main open reading frames (ORFs), as expected for barnaviruses, including ORFs for a protease-containing polyprotein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase whose translation appears to rely on − 1 ribosomal frameshifting, and a capsid protein that is likely to be translated from a subgenomic RNA. Based on similar genome sizes, coding organizations, and P2-and P3-region sequence similarities, both MBV and RsBV1 appear to be most closely related to plant viruses in the unassigned genus Sobemovirus [12, 16] . As a result, the consensus sequence for the apparent new barnavirus reported here (GenBank MG686618) is 4206 nt long, appears to be coding complete for ORFs 1-4 ( Fig. 1) , and was newly assembled from a total of 821 individual reads (reads per position: mean, 19; range, 2-35).

abstract:
  Because so few viruses in the family Barnaviridae have been reported, we searched for more of them in public sequence databases. Here, we report the complete coding sequence of Colobanthus quitensis associated barnavirus 1, mined from a transcriptome of the Antarctic pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis. The 4.2-kb plus-strand sequence of this virus encompasses four main open reading frames (ORFs), as expected for barnaviruses, including ORFs for a protease-containing polyprotein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase whose translation appears to rely on − 1 ribosomal frameshifting, and a capsid protein that is likely to be translated from a subgenomic RNA. The possible derivation of this virus from a fungus associated with C. quitensis is discussed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-018-3794-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-004672-0lf5j8lo
author: Anderson, Kevin
date: 1987
txt: ./txt/cord-004672-0lf5j8lo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004672-0lf5j8lo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086560/
doi: 10.1007/bf01313891
summary:
  In this communication, the structurM proteins of the wfld-ty]pe and mutant, viruses were compared by SDS-PAGE, peptide mapping, and twodimensional gel electrophoresis to determine which of the mutant structural proteins differed from that of wild-type and the extent of homology among analogous proteins. To determine whether the arrangement of the structural proteins on the surface of mutants 205 and 280 was similar to that of wild-type, purified virions were labeled with r25I and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 2) . Eight virus-specified intracellular proteins were resolved in wild-type and mutant strain-infected cells: A (1-2 A), B (1), C (3), D (3 CD), 1 ABC, D 2 (1 CD), alpha (1 D), and gamma (1 C). To further examine these viruses for structural differences, surface labeling of intact wild-type and mutant virus particles was done to compare the arrangement of the structural proteins which form the xdral capsids.

title:
  Structural and physiological properties of mengovirus: Avirulent, hemagglutination-defective mutants express altered alpha (1 D) proteins and are adsorption-defective

abstract:
  Structural and physiological properties of two mutants of mengovirus, 205 and 280, were compared to those of wild-type virus to understand the molecular basis of changes exhibited in their biological function. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis of wild-type and mutant structural proteins revealed alterations in the isoelectric character of the alpha (1 D) protein of both mutant 205 and 280. These data suggest that alterations in the alpha (1 D) protein may be responsible for the phenotypic changes by the mutants. A delay in detectable virus-specified protein synthesis was exhibited in mutant-infected cells in comparison to wild-type. The amount of RNA synthesized in mutant- and revertant-infected cells was less than that synthesized in wild-type infected cells. Changes in virus-specified macro-molecular synthesis in mutant and revertant-infected cells reflected a decrease in the ability of the viruses to attach to cells.


id: cord-004673-c8qcjve9
author: Faaberg, K. S.
date: 1996
txt: ./txt/cord-004673-c8qcjve9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004673-c8qcjve9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086564/
doi: 10.1007/bf01718835
summary:
  cDNAs encoding ORF 1a protein segments encompassing transmembrane segments 5 to 11 and its amphipathic C-terminal end as well as the N-terminal 80 amino acids of the downstream ORF 1b protein were transcribed and the transcripts in vitro translated in the absence and presence of microsomal membranes. Eisenberg hydrophobic moment analysis of the protein predicted the presence of eleven transmembrane segments in the C-terminal half of the molecule (amino acids 980-1852) that flank the serine protease domain, cDNAs encoding ORF la protein segments encompassing transmembrane segments 5 to 11 and its amphipathic C-terminal end as well as the N-terminal 80 amino acids of the downstream ORF lb protein were transcribed and the transcripts in vitro translated in the absence and presence of microsomal membranes. In the present study we provide strong evidence that the segment of LDV ORF la protein with transmembrane segments 5-11 (see Fig. 1 ) becomes intimately associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes during synthesis and that none of its potential N-glycosylation sites becomes glycosylated.

title:
  Membrane association of the C-terminal half of the open reading frame 1a protein of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus

abstract:
  ORF 1a of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, strain P (LDV-P), encodes a protein of 2206 amino acids. Eisenberg hydrophobic moment analysis of the protein predicted the presence of eleven transmembrane segments in the C-terminal half of the molecule (amino acids 980–1852) that flank the serine protease domain. cDNAs encoding ORF 1a protein segments encompassing transmembrane segments 5 to 11 and its amphipathic C-terminal end as well as the N-terminal 80 amino acids of the downstream ORF 1b protein were transcribed and the transcripts in vitro translated in the absence and presence of microsomal membranes. The synthesis of the protein products with putative transmembrane segments was enhanced by the presence of the microsomal membranes and the proteins became membrane associated. When synthesized in the absence of membranes they were recovered in the supernatant upon ultracentrifugation of the translation reaction mixtures, whereas they were recovered in the membrane pellet when synthesized in the presence of membranes. Furthermore, the latter proteins were not released from the membranes by disruption of the membrane vesicles in carbonate buffer, pH 11.5, and large portions of the proteins were resistant to digestion by trypsin, chymotrypsin and proteinase K. No N-glycosylation was observed and only little, if any, processing of the protein by the putative serine protease. The results indicate that the C-terminal half of the ORF 1a protein represents a non-glycosylated integral membrane protein. Potential modes of synthesis and function of the protein are discussed. In addition, the results showed that the synthesis of the ORF 1a protein was generally terminated at its termination codon, but that read-through into the ORF 1b gene occurred with low frequency.


id: cord-004680-u3cnsdl8
title: Typing of recent infectious bronchitis virus isolates causing nephritis in chicken
author: Lin, Z.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-004680-u3cnsdl8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004680-u3cnsdl8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086593/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310957
summary:
  Four isolates of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) from chickens with nephritis, were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and were found to be genetically different from the other twelve strains which we previously studied. HinfI digested pUC 19 DNA was used as the molecular size markers (3//), and their sizes are indicated in base pairs (bp) on the left In this study, essentially the same procedure was used in an attempt to characterize four IBV isolates F-88, Y-4, M-l, and NI-1 from chickens with nephritis in different endemic areas of Japan between 1988 and 1989. The results of the present study, indicate that the four recently obtained IBV isolates causing nephritis are, by our genetic criteria, similar to each other but different from previous isolates, hence are classified together into a new subtype (group VI). Serological comparisons of strains of infectious bronchitis virus using plaque-purified isolants

abstract:
  Four isolates of infectious bronchitis viruses (IBV) from chickens with nephritis, were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and were found to be genetically different from the other twelve strains which we previously studied.


id: cord-004681-02wem2u3
author: Wada, R.
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-004681-02wem2u3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004681-02wem2u3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086595/
doi: 10.1007/bf01322744
summary:
  title: Ultrastructure and immuno-cytochemistry of BHK-21 cells infected with a modified Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus Morphogenesis of a modified Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in BHK-21 cells was studied. Bacillary tubules were first detected in the cytoplasm 8 h after infection, and mature virions 79 to 122 nm in diameter, 101 nm on average, were mostly observed in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) at 12 h or later. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has been classified into the Togaviridae family [22] on the basis of the virion size and morphology [23] . In the present study a mutant virus showing higher growth on BHK-21 cells than the parental Bucyrus strain of EAV [11] was examined for the fine structure, its morphogenesis and intracellular localization of viral antigen. Through cross-sections of the outer layer of the virion, a grape-like structure seemed to be subunits 13 to 20 nm in diameter around the core (Fig. 3c) .

title:
  Ultrastructure and immuno-cytochemistry of BHK-21 cells infected with a modified Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus

abstract:
  Morphogenesis of a modified Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in BHK-21 cells was studied. Bacillary tubules were first detected in the cytoplasm 8 h after infection, and mature virions 79 to 122 nm in diameter, 101 nm on average, were mostly observed in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) at 12 h or later. They had isometrical cores and morphological subunits in the outer layer. Budding occurred from the RER and the outer nuclear membrane, but not from the cell surface. Structural linkage was detected between the tubule and the virus core. Aberrant strands were occasionally demonstrated within the nucleus 12 h after infection, and immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling revealed viral antigen also in the nucleus.


id: cord-004685-qote5nx2
author: Vassão, R. C.
date: 1994
txt: ./txt/cord-004685-qote5nx2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004685-qote5nx2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086603/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310802
summary:
  The data indicate, among the mechanisms of resistance against the virus infection, a role of IFN gamma macrophage-activation and of antibodies against MHV3 which may delay the mean survival time in susceptible animals. The virus replication in target cells, the antiviral state induced by interferon (IFN) and the expression of a monokine with procoagulant activity (PCA) have been implicated in the resistance/susceptibility of the genetic homogeneous or heterogeneous mouse populations to the MHV3 infection [t, 2, 4, 7, 17, 18, 23, 243 . For the study of the individual correlation between in vivo resistance and in vitro inhibition of virus replication by IFN gamma, peritoneal macrophages from Hm, Lm and F 2 segregants were collected without sacrificing the animals, which were infected with MHV3 a week later. This brings further support to our previous suggestion that one of the main mechanisms involved in the resistance of mice to the MHV3 infection is based on the ability of their macrophages to restrict the virus replication upon IFN gamma activation [10 13, 153 .

title:
  A genetic analysis of macrophage activation and specific antibodies in relation to the resistance of heterogeneous mouse populations to MHV3 infection

abstract:
  The genetically selected high antibody responder mice (H(III)) are susceptible and the low antibody responder mice (L(III)) are resistant to the experimental infection with Mouse Hepatitis Virus 3 (MHV3). The mortality rates of the F(1) hybrids and of the F(2) segregants showed the codominance of the susceptible and resistant characters. The direct individual intrapopulation correlation between the induction of antiviral state in macrophages activated by IFN gamma and the resistance to the virus infection, showed that an antiviral state could be induced in resistant mouse macrophages, whereas in susceptible mouse macrophages no restriction of virus replication could be observed. A direct inter- and intrapopulation correlation of pre-existing antibody titres against MHV3 with the mortality and a direct interpopulation correlation of those titres with the mean survival time of susceptible animals was shown. The data indicate, among the mechanisms of resistance against the virus infection, a role of IFN gamma macrophage-activation and of antibodies against MHV3 which may delay the mean survival time in susceptible animals.


id: cord-004690-q38ogrem
title: Viremic dissemination of mouse hepatitis virus-JHM following intranasal inoculation of mice
author: Barthold, S. W.
date: 1992
txt: ./txt/cord-004690-q38ogrem.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004690-q38ogrem.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086624/
doi: 10.1007/bf01321116
summary:
  Using a sensitive infant mouse bioassay to detect infectious virus, the pattern of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) JHM dissemination in blood and other tissues was examined during the first 5 days following intranasal inoculation. Previous studies have shown that both of these mouse strains develop disseminated infections between days 3 and 5 after i.n. inoculation, but virus titers and disease are significantly greater in BALB mice compared to SJL mice [5] . The association of interferon-a/~ with viremia was explored initially by analyzing pooled samples of nasal turbinate, blood, liver, brain, or spleen obtained from 3 mice of each genotype on days 0 (controls), 1, 2, 3, and 4 after i.n. inoculation. In the current study, interferon was found in spleen and serum of MHV-JHM-infected BALB mice, but not nose, liver or brain and was not detectable in any tissue of SJL mice.

abstract:
  Using a sensitive infant mouse bioassay to detect infectious virus, the pattern of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) JHM dissemination in blood and other tissues was examined during the first 5 days following intranasal inoculation. MHV replicated in nasal turbinates of both susceptible BALB and resistant SJL mice from days 1 through 5, but BALB mice had higher titers on days 1 and 2. Viremia was detectable on days 1 through 5 in BALB mice, but only on days 3 and 5 in SJL mice. Transient virus replication occurred in the lungs of both mouse genotypes at 1 and 2 days, then ceased. This correlated with more consistently demonstrable virus in blood collected from the left atrium of the heart, compared to jugular vein, portal vein and right atrial blood. Virus was associated equally with the plasma and cellular fractions of blood on day 3, but was primarily in the buffy coat of the cellular fraction on day 5. Interferon-α/β was detected in serum and spleen, but not liver or brain of BALB mice or in any tissue of SJL mice. BALB serum and spleen interferon was first detected at 36h, peaked between 48 and 72h, and was undetectable by 108h. The distribution of virus in nose, cervical, axillary and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer's patch, thymus, bone marrow and liver was examined at 1, 2, and 3 days. The resulting pattern suggested lymphatic spread of virus to cervical lymph node and mesenteric lymph node as pathways of dissemination in addition to viremia.


id: cord-004693-1xglujqk
title: Morphogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in primary chick kidney cells
author: Chasey, D.
date: 1976
txt: ./txt/cord-004693-1xglujqk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004693-1xglujqk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086645/
doi: 10.1007/bf01317869
summary:
  Late in infection large numbers of virus particles were present, mainly in cytoplasmic vacuoles, and the majority were released by cell lysis. Since this mechanism is the reverse of micropinocytosis it was important to establish in which direction the vesicles at the cell surface were moving in order to distinguish outgoing particles from already released progeny virus re-entering the monolayer in a secondary cycle of infection. Virus particles were seen in the process of budding from internal membranes but, unlike strain Beaudette, appeared to form predominantly within pre-existing cytoplasmic vacuoles (Fig. 8) . The method of release of virus particles by fusion of vacuoles with the cell plasma membranes seen in ''T'' strain infected cells appears similar to the process described for coronaviruscs from human respiratory infections (12) .

abstract:
  Primary chick kidney cells were infected with avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and examined by electron microscopy. Virus particles entered the cells by viropexis and distinction could be made between engulfment by cell processes (phagocytosis) and entry by micropinocytosis in coated transport vesicles. Virus maturation occurred by budding into either the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum or cytoplasmic vacuoles, and evidence was obtained to suggest that the viral surface projections could be attached during the budding process. Late in infection large numbers of virus particles were present, mainly in cytoplasmic vacuoles, and the majority were released by cell lysis. Release by fusion of vacuoles with the plasma membrane was also observed, and individual virions could be transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the surface within coated vesicles.


id: cord-004694-43yvs52a
author: Han, Tae-Hee
date: 2009-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-004694-43yvs52a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004694-43yvs52a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086646/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0383-z
summary:
  A total of 54 single HRV-positive specimens from children hospitalized with acute LRTIs were sequenced after performing RT-PCR based on the 5 0 NCR region. Recently, novel HRV species were identified and their members were reported to be associated with acute respiratory tract infections with febrile wheeze, asthmatic exacerbation, influenza-like illness, pneumonia and rhinitis [10, 13, 14, 17] . An association of members of novel HRV species with severe respiratory tract infections [19, 20] and a global distribution of members of novel species in respiratory specimens have Fig. 1 Phylogenetic tree of clinical viral isolates (n = 54) based on analysis of *285 bp from the 5 0 noncoding region (nt 178-462 of HRV16 L24917). In the present study, phylogenetic analysis of the 5 0 NCR region showed that QPM, HRV-C strain026 and HRV X1 were grouped into the HRV-C species, but 9 strains could not be identified.

title:
  Detection of human rhinovirus C in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in South Korea

abstract:
  Recently, HRV-C was identified as a new species of HRV, but its spectrum of clinical disease is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of HRVs in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). A total of 54 HRV-positive samples that were negative for other respiratory viruses were sequenced. HRV-A was detected in 33, HRV-B in 4, and HRV-C in 17 of these samples. All HRV-C-positive patients showed favorable clinical outcomes. We confirmed the presence of HRV-C in children with LRTIs, but its association with clinical severity is not clear.


id: cord-004713-gzts5h0y
title: Pathogenetic observations on pleural effusion disease in rabbits
author: Fennestad, K. L.
date: 1985
txt: ./txt/cord-004713-gzts5h0y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004713-gzts5h0y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086705/
doi: 10.1007/bf01378969
summary:
  A pathogenetic study of pleural effusion disease (PED) in rabbits was made, using the virulent PED agent or virus (PEDV) and an avirulent derivate of this isolate. Support for this contention is the enhancement of virulence of PED virus (PEDV) observed in the "natural" disease and --after its isolation --by continued serial propagation in rabbits at intervals of 3---10 days (Fig. 1) . However, there is also evidence which might suggest that increasing time of persistence of virulent virus in the individual rabbit host may operate in the reverse direction by selecting a population of predominantly avirulent PEDV particles, which appear to be unable to cause disease unless undergoing new rabbit passages at short intervals (t, 6). After infection with the avirulent derivate, the isolates from serum obtained during the entire period of viraemia were demonstrable in serum dilution 10 -1 to 10 -a, but the primary rabbit inoculation of these dilutions never resulted in clinical signs of PED.

abstract:
  A pathogenetic study of pleural effusion disease (PED) in rabbits was made, using the virulent PED agent or virus (PEDV) and an avirulent derivate of this isolate. Independent of infective dose within the range examined, the virulent isolate caused fatal clinical disease, whereas the avirulent isolate caused subclinical infection. The two isolates differed in rapidity of initial spread of infection and in the maximum virus titres in serum, but they both resulted in a similar low level persisting viraemia. Circulating virulent virus gradually became avirulent during the viraemia. Avirulent infection induced protective immunity to virulent challenge during the first week after primary infection, but full clinical protection was not established until after the fourth week. The findings, corrobated with other closely comparable observations, suggest that the emergence of PED as an intercurrent mortality problem during rabbit passage of pathogenicTreponema pallidum is the result of a specific selective pressure on a benign passenger virus. The expression of virulence of PEDV appears to be dependent on length of interval between passages.


id: cord-004717-41ui4lqc
author: Laurin, Marc-André
date: 2011-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-004717-41ui4lqc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004717-41ui4lqc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086720/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1088-7
summary:
  Phylogenetic analysis of the 3 0 end of this strain suggests that a novel and possibly fifth lineage of AstV exists in swine and heightens concerns about the role of pigs as a potential source of emerging astrovirus infections. However, a group of four related sequences revealed only approximately 70% nucleotide identity to bat and human AstV sequences in the database, suggesting that these sequences were divergent from known PoAstV strains and possibly novel. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences, in addition to prototypical animal AstV strains, confirmed their relatedness and grouped them in a unique lineage on a divergent branch distantly related to other known mamastroviruses (PoAstV 5 in Fig. 2a) . Phylogenetic analysis of the complete capsid coding region of PoAstV CC12 confirms that this strain forms a distinct lineage in the family Mamastroviridae, including previously identified porcine astroviruses from different continents (Fig. 2b ).

title:
  Detection and genetic characterization of a novel pig astrovirus: relationship to other astroviruses

abstract:
  Emerging viruses represent a continuous threat to human health and to farmed animals, as evidenced on multiple occasions by outbreaks of influenza, henipavirus and SARS. Knowledge about the diversity of viromes present in reservoir species can lead to a better understanding of the origin of emerging pathogens. In this study, we extend the knowledge of astrovirus diversity in pigs by reporting the genetic characterization of an unknown astrovirus lineage. Phylogenetic analyses provided evidence that this porcine astrovirus lineage is unique and does not appear to share a recent common ancestor with any known mamastrovirus. The data reported in this study extend the number of porcine astrovirus lineages to a total of five, all of which most likely represent distinct species of different origins.


id: cord-004719-3stcx0dd
author: Mushegian, A. R.
date: 1993
txt: ./txt/cord-004719-3stcx0dd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004719-3stcx0dd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086723/
doi: 10.1007/bf01313766
summary:
  In several groups of positive-strand RNA viruses, the movement function is provided by the proteins encoded by the so-called triple gene block including two putative small membrane-associated proteins and a putative RNA helicase. It is concluded that classification of movement proteins based on comparison of their amino acid sequences does not correlate with the type of genome nucleic acid or with grouping of viruses based on phylogenetic analysis of replicative proteins or with the virus host range. Limited sequence similarities were observed between i) movement proteins of dianthoviruses and the MIP family of cellular integral membrane proteins, and ii) between movement proteins of bromoviruses and cucumoviruses and M1 protein of influenza viruses which is involved in nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins. With representative sequences of plant virus genomes from many groups available, efforts were made to identify regions of similarity between known movement proteins and to predict movement functions for uncharacterized ORFs. Early observations made by this approach have been reviewed previously (e.g.

title:
  Cell-to-cell movement of plant viruses: Insights from amino acid sequence comparisons of movement proteins and from analogies with cellular transport systems

abstract:
  Cell-to-cell movement is a crucial step in plant virus infection. In many viruses, the movement function is secured by specific virus-encoded proteins. Amino acid sequence comparisons of these proteins revealed a vast superfamily containing a conserved sequence motif that may comprise a hydrophobic interaction domain. This superfamily combines proteins of viruses belonging to all principal groups of positive-strand RNA viruses, as well as single-stranded DNA containing geminiviruses, double-stranded DNA-containing pararetroviruses (caulimoviruses and badnaviruses), and tospoviruses that have negative-strand RNA genomes with two ambisense segments. In several groups of positive-strand RNA viruses, the movement function is provided by the proteins encoded by the so-called triple gene block including two putative small membrane-associated proteins and a putative RNA helicase. A distinct type of movement proteins with very high content of proline is found in tymoviruses. It is concluded that classification of movement proteins based on comparison of their amino acid sequences does not correlate with the type of genome nucleic acid or with grouping of viruses based on phylogenetic analysis of replicative proteins or with the virus host range. Recombination between unrelated or distantly related viruses could have played a major role in the evolution of the movement function. Limited sequence similarities were observed between i) movement proteins of dianthoviruses and the MIP family of cellular integral membrane proteins, and ii) between movement proteins of bromoviruses and cucumoviruses and M1 protein of influenza viruses which is involved in nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins. It is hypothesized that all movement proteins of plant viruses may mediate hydrophobic interactions between viral and cellular macromolecules.


id: cord-004720-r6b34tjm
title: Inhibition by monensin of human cytomegalovirus DNA replication
author: Kaiser, C. J.
date: 1987
txt: ./txt/cord-004720-r6b34tjm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004720-r6b34tjm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086728/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310716
summary:
  Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) and monensin were purchased from Sigma, Deisenhofen, Federal Republic of Germany, tunieamycin from Calbiochem, La Jolla, U.S.A. In a typicM experiment for the determination of infected cell DNA synthesis in the presence of monensin, parallel cultures of HFF (5 × 106 cells) were infected by HCMV (MOI of 1) and pulse labelled with att-thymidine (5 ~Ci/ml) during the late phase of the consecutive infectious cycle (28) . To examine whether pretreated cells support, viral replication, confluent serum-starved HFF were exposed to various concentrations of monensin prior to virus infection and subsequently pulse labelled with 3H-thymidine during the interval of expected viral DNA synthesis (28; Fig. 2 A) . This protocol again did not prevent subsequent recovery of viral DNA replication within 48-72 hours after removal, an observation which was based on the comparative anMysis by isopycnie centrifugation in CsC1 of DNA samples from untreated and drug-treated infected cultures labelled during corresponding pulse intervals (Fig. 2 B, w/o and monint) .

abstract:
  Monensin, at concentrations which depended on the multiplicity of infection, was found to prevent DNA replication of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as well as production of viral progeny in human foreskin fibroblasts. The drug did not affect DNA replication of herpes simplex virus. Inhibition of consecutive HCMV DNA synthesis was also observed following delayed addition of the drug within 12–24 hours postinfection, but was fully reversible upon its removal. Viral replication proceeded, however, without impairment in cultures treated with monensin prior to infection. Induction of viral DNA polymerase activity was not impeded by the inhibitor. Analysis of protein- and glycoprotein synthesis revealed that monensin interfered with the production of a number of HCMV-specific polypeptides. Furthermore, evidence was obtained that the drug may hinder intracellular transport of a 135 kd glycopolypeptide.


id: cord-004724-llex3yed
title: Isolation of encephalomyocarditis virus among stillborn and post-weaning pigs in Quebec
author: Dea, S. A.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-004724-llex3yed.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004724-llex3yed.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086762/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310497
summary:
  Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was isolated from aborted fetuses and lungs of suckling pigs from three Quebec pig farms that experienced outbreaks of reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in suckling and post-weaning piglets. Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was isolated from aborted fetuses and lungs of suckling pigs from three Quebec pig farms that experienced outbreaks of reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in suckling and post-weaning piglets. Serological evidence of EMC virus infection was reported in Canadian swine herds and associated with sudden death in young piglets and reproductive problems [20, 21] . This report describes the isolation of EMC virus from the tissues of aborted fetuses and post-weaning piglets obtained from three different farms. Necropsied fetuses did not show typical gross and microscopic heart lesions previously reported from experimental and natural infection of newborn piglets with EMC virus [12] [13] [14] . An association between encephalomyocarditis virus infection and reproductive failure in pigs

abstract:
  Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus was isolated from aborted fetuses and lungs of suckling pigs from three Quebec pig farms that experienced outbreaks of reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in suckling and post-weaning piglets. Multifocal interstitial pneumonia and mild non-suppurative myocarditis and meningoencephalitis were the more significant histopathological lesions observed in piglets. Vero cells were found to be more sensitive than BHK-21 cells and pig cell lines for primary isolation of EMC virus. The Quebec EMC virus isolates were highly virulent for mice and were antigenically related to reference strain of EMC virus as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, seroneutralization and Western immunoblotting. Specific virus neutralization antibody titers up to 1:12,800 were detected in samples of thoracic or abdominal fluids of the aborted fetuses.


id: cord-004727-9sniu39j
title: Pleural effusion disease in rabbits: Observations on viraemia, immunity and transmissibility
author: Fennestad, K. L.
date: 1981
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086771/
doi: 10.1007/bf01320789
abstract:
  Baby rabbits surviving infection with pleural effusion disease virus (PEDV) developed viraemia persisting for at least six months. Only the infectious serum samples collected during the first 2 months of disease could transfer the typical PED. Six months after neonatal infection, virus concentration in serum was 10(2) to 10(4) rabbit-infectious doses per ml, the level of IgG appeared elevated, and serum rendered non-infectious by ether-treatment had a protective effect in passive immunisation experiments. No evidence of glomerulonephritis or deposits of immunoglobulins could be demonstrated in the kidneys. During the nursing period PEDV was transmitted from infected baby rabbits to two out of four dams, but not to control litter-mates. After the nursing period control rabbits, caged together with the viraemic rabbits for 60 to 150 days, remained free from PEDV infection.


id: cord-004728-rjl35dpa
title: Asymptomatic infection of mouse hepatitis virus in the rat
author: Taguchi, F.
date: 1979
txt: ./txt/cord-004728-rjl35dpa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004728-rjl35dpa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086774/
doi: 10.1007/bf01317424
summary:
  After intranasal inoculation of suckling rats mouse hepatitis virus multiplied mostly in the nasal epithelium; though there were no symptoms, antibodies were produced. Bar represents 0.1 mm Two-, 4-, 6-and t0-week-old rats were also inoculated i.n. with t05 PFU of MHV-S and infectious viruses were assayed in the lung, brain, salivary glands and liver. So far only mice have been considered to be natural hosts of MHV and rat; has been excluded because highly virulent MHV inoculated by various routes did not cause any sy~lptomatic infection like that produced in the mouse (7, 13) . B~tATT and his eoworkers showed that SDAV multiplied in mice producing some histopathological changes in the respiratory system after i.n. inoculation (3) and we demonstrated in the w e s e n t paper that 3{HV infected rats of any ages. Pathogenicity of mouse hepatitis virus for mice depending upon host age and route of infection

abstract:
  After intranasal inoculation of suckling rats mouse hepatitis virus multiplied mostly in the nasal epithelium; though there were no symptoms, antibodies were produced. Antibodies were also demonstrated in adult rats. These findings suggest that the rat may be a natural host for the virus.


id: cord-004729-nmkilkcx
author: Reynolds, D. J.
date: 1979
txt: ./txt/cord-004729-nmkilkcx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004729-nmkilkcx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086778/
doi: 10.1007/bf01348032
summary:
  No clinical disease resulted but infectious virus was isolated from faeces for up to 22 days after infection and serum antibody was detected by neutralisation and immunofluorescence tests. No clinical disease resulted but infectious virus was isolated from faeces for up to 22 days after infection and serum antibody was detected by neutralisation and immunofluorescence tests. Control and infected animals were tested for TGEV excretion by attempted isolation of virus from faeces for up to 35 days after infection; occasionally rectal swabs were used to obtain fresh samples. The medium was changed after 24 hours and 4 days later any viral eytopathic effect was recorded, the medium was removed and passaged in fresh APT/2 cultures and the eoverslips were stained to demonstrate virM antigen by indirect immunofluorescence, using paired sera from a gnotobiotic piglet before and after TGEV infection, followed by FITCconjugated rabbit anti-swine globulin (Nordic Immunological Laboratories, London).

title:
  Virus isolation and serum antibody responses after infection of cats with transmissible gastroenteritis virus

abstract:
  Transmissible gastroenteritis virus was administered orally to cats. No clinical disease resulted but infectious virus was isolated from faeces for up to 22 days after infection and serum antibody was detected by neutralisation and immunofluorescence tests.


id: cord-004732-mgzmzeyr
author: Olofsson, S.
date: 1983
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086787/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315701
title:
  Populations of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gC with and without affinity for the N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin ofHelix pomatia

abstract:
  Two fractions of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein gC were isolated and characterized by means of immunosorbent-purification with monoclonal antibodies against gC and Helix pomatia lectin (HPA) affinity chromatography. About 25 per cent of the glycoprotein gC population demonstrated affinity for the lectin, compatible with presence of N-acetylgalactosamine as terminal sugar of the oligosaccharide. The HPA-binding populations of gC appeared as two electrophoretic bands with lower molecular weights than the non-binding gC. The gC subfraction without affinity for the HPA was subjected to treatments aiming to desialylize the carbohydrate moiety. Only 5 per cent of the initially non-reactive fraction of gC became reactive to HPA after the treatments, suggesting that masking of penultimate N-acetylgalactosamine by sialic acid was not a main reason for lack of HPA affinity. Results of treatment with alkaline Na BH(4) demonstrated presence of oligosaccharide-peptide linkages sensitive to β-elimination suggesting O-glycosidic type of linkage. The subfraction of gC demonstrating affinity for HPA as well as gC devoid of HPA binding capacity both revealed affinity for Con A. Therefore N-glycosidically as well as O-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides seemed to be present on the one and same glycoprotein. On the basis of the results presented we assume that the glycosylation of HSV glycoprotein gC may lead to, at least, two populations of the glycoprotein gC, one with terminal N-acetylgalactosamine residues of oligosaccharides 0-glycosidically linked to the polypeptide and the other without affinity for HPA. However, both populations of gC contain similar proportions of oligosaccharides of the high mannose or complex types with N-glycosidic carbohydrate-peptide linkages as indicated by their affinity for Con A.


id: cord-004733-i0a3igc7
author: Nagata, S.
date: 1992
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086791/
doi: 10.1007/bf01309581
title:
  Identification of epitopes associated with different biological activities on the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus by use of monoclonal antibodies

abstract:
  Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype Indiana were prepared and examined for their effects on various biological activities of VSV, including in vitro infection, hemagglutination, adsorption to cells, and mediation of cell fusion. Competitive binding assays with these MAbs revealed the presence of at least seven distinct antigenic determinants (epitopes) on the G protein. In some cases, overlappings among epitopes to various degrees were observed as partial inhibition or binding enhancement. The MAbs to all the epitopes but one (epitopes 1–6) reacted with the denatured G protein in a Western immunoblot analysis. Four of the epitopes (epitopes 2, 4, 5, and 7) were involved in neutralization and two (epitopes 1 and 2) in hemagglutination inhibition. None of the MAbs inhibited the adsorption of radiolabeled VSV to BHK-21 cells; the MAbs to epitope 2 slightly enhanced the virus adsorption. All neutralization epitopes except epitope 2 (epitopes 4, 5, and 7) were associated with inhibition of VSV-mediated cell fusion. These results show a direct spatial relationship between the epitopes recognized by the MAbs and functional sites on G protein and further insights into the structure and function of G protein.


id: cord-004738-vnz15x84
author: Chen, H. H.
date: 2006-03-27
txt: ./txt/cord-004738-vnz15x84.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004738-vnz15x84.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086818/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-006-0744-9
summary:
  To evaluate the trans-cleavage activity of RV protease on P200-derived substrates, a series of RV P200-related polypeptide expression plasmids that express protein with different N-terminal lengths from the cleavage site (72, 199, 309, and 475 residues) were constructed. To test whether replacement of P200-related sequences C-terminal to the cleavage site by non-rubella sequences affect RV protease trans-activity, the plasmid pRVS-GFP, which contains PCR-amplified RV protease substrate sequences representing polypeptide residues 827-1306 (residues 1302-1306 represent the C-terminal side of the cleavage site), fused at its C-terminus to GFP ORF in-frame, was created (Fig. 1B) . Similarly, to test whether a heterologous sequence on the N-terminal side of the cleavage site affects substrate recognition by the protease trans-activity, GFP ORF was fused in-frame at the N-terminus of the rubella sequence in the plasmid pRVS-1102-1548 to create pRVS-GFP-1102-1548 (Fig. 1B) . In this report, we have shown that RV protease trans-activity demonstrates substrate specificity by requiring an internal sequence within the region that is N-terminal to the cleavage site.

title:
  The rubella virus nonstructural protease recognizes itself via an internal sequence present upstream of the cleavage site for trans-activity

abstract:
  The substrate requirement for rubella virus protease trans-activity is unknown. Here, we analyzed the cleavability of RV P200-derived substrates varying in their N-terminal lengths (72–475 amino acids) from the cleavage site by the RV protease trans-activity. Only substrates with at least 309 amino acid residues N-terminal to the cleavage site were able to undergo cleavage. Further, rubella sequence was found to be necessary in the N-terminal region of the substrate, whereas a heterologous sequence C-terminal to the cleavage site was tolerated. These results demonstrated a requirement for residues located between amino acids 994–1102 of the RV P200 polyprotein, besides its cleavage site for RV protease trans-activity. This region overlaps with the starting site of the essential cis-protease activity of RV P200 polyprotein. This is a novel observation for a viral protease of the family Togaviridae.


id: cord-004742-5movyeb4
author: García-Luque, I.
date: 1993
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086834/
doi: 10.1007/bf01379081
title:
  The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein genes and 3′ non-coding regions of two resistance-breaking tobamoviruses in pepper shows that they are different viruses

abstract:
  The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein genes and 3′ non-coding regions of two different resistance-breaking tobamoviruses in pepper have been determined. The deduced coat protein of an Italian isolate of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV-I) consists of 156 amino acids and its 3′ non-coding region is 198 nucleotides long. They have been found to be very similar in sequence and structure to those previously reported for a Spanish isolate (PMMV-S). In contrast, a Dutch isolate termed P 11 codes for a coat protein of 160 amino acids and its 3′ non-coding region is 291 nucleotides long, which may have arisen by duplication. The nucleotide and the predicted coat protein amino acid sequence analysis show that this isolate should be considered as a new virus within the tobamovirus group. The term paprika mild mottle virus (PaMMV) is proposed.


id: cord-004743-ido065mh
title: Polypeptide patterns of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes fall into two categories
author: Nagy, Éva
date: 1979
txt: ./txt/cord-004743-ido065mh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004743-ido065mh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086840/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315022
summary:
  authors: Nagy, Éva; Lomniczi, B. title: Polypeptide patterns of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes fall into two categories Molecular weights of six major polypeptides of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are: 1. All IBV strains examined showed one of two protein patterns with polypeptides having apparent molecular weights in the range of 20,000 and 110,000 dalton (Fig. 1) . Pattern M (named after Massachusetts) includes strains from two serotypes, Massachusetts and Georgia (SE 17), and here the "broad" protein has an apparent molecular weight of 28,000 dalton. Pattern C (named after Connecticut) is characterized by a smaller "broad" protein of an apparent molecular weight of 24,000 dalton, and includes the five remaining serotypes studied: Connecticut, Delaware (Gray), Iowa 97, Iowa 609 and Australia T.

abstract:
  Molecular weights of six major polypeptides of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are: 1. 75,000; 2. 50,000; 3. 45,000; 4. 35,000; 5. 28,000 or 24,000, and 6. 22,000 dalton. According to the mobility of protein 5 the polypeptide patterns of IBV serotypes fall into two main categories.


id: cord-004749-wyzb8v4a
title: Rhinovirus detection using probes from the 5′ and 3′ end of the genome
author: Forsyth, M.
date: 1989
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086855/
doi: 10.1007/bf01313878
abstract:
  This study investigated the abilities of cDNA probes from the 5′ and 3′ ends of the genome of human rhinoviruses (HRV-) 14, 9, and 1B to detect RNA from 59 rhinovirus serotypes. The results show that probes from the 5′ end of the genomes of HRV-14, 9, and 1B detected a large number of serotypes but the detection rate was variable and depended on the degree of homology with the particular probe. In contrast, all the 3′ end probes were specific for the homologous virus. However, along HRV-9 probe detected a large number of serotypes. It was concluded that such cDNA probes would not detect all serotypes with equal efficiency. Synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to short but highly conserved regions in the 5′ non coding region may overcome this problem.


id: cord-004754-5596p4ma
author: Duan, X.
date: 2014-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-004754-5596p4ma.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004754-5596p4ma.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086874/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050256
summary:
  title: Effects of origin and state of differentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages on their susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) To evaluate the effect of maturation of monocytes/macrophages on their susceptibility to PRRSV, freshly isolated AMf, PMf and BMo from ®ve donors were seeded in 24-well tissue culture plates at a concentration of 10 6 cells/ml/well and further incubated in RPMI medium plus 5% of foetal bovine serum at 37 C with 5% CO 2 . The virus titres and percentage of viral antigen positive cells in freshly isolated porcine AMf at 24 and 48 h after inoculation were respectively 1 to 2 log 10 TCID 50 and 5 to 10 times lower than those of one day cultivated ones, which is signi®cantly different (P''0.01). Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection of alveolar macrophages can be blocked by monoclonal antibodies against cell surface surface antigens

title:
  Effects of origin and state of differentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages on their susceptibility to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

abstract:
  In this study, the susceptibility of porcine peripheral blood monocytes (BMo), peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) and alveolar macrophages (AMφ) to PRRSV was examined. To test the effect of differentiation and activation on their susceptibility, AMφ and BMo were aged, cultivated in either adhesion or suspension and treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). It was found that freshly isolated PMφ and BMo were non-permissive to PRRSV. PMφ remained refractory but a few BMo became susceptible after 1 day cultivation. AMφ were permissive with a significant increase of their susceptibility after one day cultivation. In a binding assay, it was demonstrated that the attachment of biotinylated PRRSV to AMf is much more efficient than to PMφ and BMo. Two monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) 41D3 and 41D5 which block PRRSV infection of AMφ and are directed against a candidate receptor for PRRSV only reacted with the cell membrane of AMφ. PMA treatment of AMφ blocked PRRSV replication in the cells in a dose-dependent manner. The blocking effect of PMA decreased after 9 h continuous pre-treatment and diminished after 24 h continuous pre-treatment. PMA treatment did not affect the binding of PRRSV and MAb 41D3 and 41D5 to AMφ. Direct or indirect treatment of AMφ and BMo with LPS or cultivation in suspension did not significantly affect their susceptibility. These results provide clear evidence that PRRSV has a strongly restricted tropism for only some sub-populations of porcine monocytes/macrophages and that some specific states of differentiation and activation of monocytes/macrophages considerably affect their susceptibility.


id: cord-004755-rmnjs1t6
author: Welch, Siao-Kun Wan
date: 1988
txt: ./txt/cord-004755-rmnjs1t6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004755-rmnjs1t6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086875/
doi: 10.1007/bf01311003
summary:
  Twelve hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Miller virulent strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were generated and characterized. Two E 2-specific MAbs had higher neutralizing antibody titers (782 to 34,117) and showed 4-to 13-fold differences in titers against the attenuated and virulent TGEV strains. Two E 2-specific MAbs had higher neutralizing antibody titers (782 to 34,117) and showed 4-to 13-fold differences in titers against the attenuated and virulent TGEV strains. In two previous studies, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the structural proteins of the attenuated (Purdue) strain of TGEV were described [9, 12] . These MAbs were further characterized in various comparative assays including cell culture immunofluorescence, virus neutralization, and radioimmunoprecipitation for reactivity against the Miller virulent and Purdue attenuated strains of TGEV. Anti-E 1 MAbs prepared against a mixture of virulent Miller 3 and Purdue attenuated strains of TGEV had virus neutralizing antibody titers only in the presence of guinea pig, rabbit or swine complement [22] .

title:
  Monoclonal antibodies to a virulent strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus: comparison of reactivity with virulent and attenuated virus

abstract:
  Twelve hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against Miller virulent strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were generated and characterized. In a cell culture immunofluorescence (CCIF) assay, three MAbs directed against peplomer protein (E 2) had perinuclear fluorescence and four unclassified MAbs showed cell membrane fluorescence. Six of these seven MAbs neutralized both attenuated and virulent TGEV, and the seventh (an unclassified MAb) neutralized only the latter virus. Two MAbs able to bind the cell membrane of infected cells had low neutralizing antibody titers (8 to 72) but were able to distinguish between virulent and attenuated TGEV (9- to 72-fold differences in neutralizing titers). Two E 2-specific MAbs had higher neutralizing antibody titers (782 to 34,117) and showed 4- to 13-fold differences in titers against the attenuated and virulent TGEV strains. Five MAbs which were specific for nucleocapsid (N) protein had cytoplasmic, particulate fluorescence in CCIF, and did not neutralize TGEV. Comparison of CCIF antibody titers of MAbs to the virulent and attenuated strains of TGEV indicated that differences existed in titers of most E 2 and all N-specific MAbs, with titers consistently higher against virulent TGEV (homologous strain). Hyperimmune antisera prepared in gnotobiotic pigs against the attenuated, virulent and a recent isolate of TGEV immunoprecipitated the 3 major structural proteins of both the attenuated and virulent TGEV strains. Relative mol. wt. differences in the E 1 and E 2 proteins between the two virus strains were revealed using either the hyperimmune pig sera or MAbs. In addition to the 48 K N protein, a 44 K protein was coimmunoprecipitated by the hyperimmune sera and MAbs, but mainly from lysates of attenuated TGEV.


id: cord-004759-jozdnhgy
title: Pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by astrovirus infections in lambs
author: Snodgrass, D. R.
date: 1979
txt: ./txt/cord-004759-jozdnhgy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004759-jozdnhgy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086881/
doi: 10.1007/bf01317493
summary:
  Experimental infection of 2-day-old gnotobiotic lambs with lamb astrovirus produced mild diarrhoea after an incubation period of about 48 hours. Astrovirus was not observed in faeces from the lambs killed t4 and 23 hours p.i., but was first seen in the faeces of all other infected lambs between 38 and 48 hours p.i. At necropsy, astrovirus was detected in intestinal contents of all Iambs except that killed 14 hours p.i. The control lambs remained clinically normal, and passed firm brown faeces throughout the duration of the experiment. Specific immunofluorescent staining was detected only in scattered epithelial and subepithelial cells on small intestinal villi (Fig. 1) . Lactase levels in the 6 control lambs were ¢.5±0.5, 5.14-0.6, and 2.44-1.2 units/g tissue for the proximal, mid, and distal small intestinal sites respectively. In midgut of infected lambs, observations were consistently below those of the controls, fMling to a minimum of 1.2 units/g tissue at 23 hours p.i.

abstract:
  Experimental infection of 2-day-old gnotobiotic lambs with lamb astrovirus produced mild diarrhoea after an incubation period of about 48 hours. No other clinical symptoms developed. Infection was studied by immunofluorescent and histological examination of tissues from the lambs. Astroviruses infected only mature villus epithelial cells and subepithelial macrophages in the small intestine, where they produced partial villus atrophy. Infected enterocytes were replaced with cuboidal cells from the crypts, and the lesion gradually healed by 5 days after infection. No serological relationship was detected by immunofluorescence between lamb astrovirus antigen in gut sections and antisera to either calf or human astrovirus.


id: cord-004764-tmvebf23
title: A comparative analysis of measles virus RNA by oligonucleotide fingerprinting
author: Stephenson, J. R.
date: 1982
txt: ./txt/cord-004764-tmvebf23.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004764-tmvebf23.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086895/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315058
summary:
  In addition to this disorder another CNS disease (subaeute selerosing panencephalitis --SSPE) has been associated with measles virus infection (1--3) . As the methods employed in these previous studies could only detect gross differences in virus-specific products, or examined one protein or ~ small p a r t thereof, we have chosen in this study to analyse the oligonncteotides from a T1 digest of the complete genome. purification scheme is hybridized to unlabelled messenger R N A from infected cells (Table 1) , it can be shown t h a t at, least 85 per cent, is protected from subsequent nuclease digestion and is thus assumed to be negative stranded. In order to compare the genomes of various measles isolates: unlabelled, single stranded, negative sense nueleocapsid I~NA was prepared from infected cell cytoplasm and purified in parallel with similar radio-labelled material as described in the previous section. 85 per cent measles-specific negative sense R N A b y hybridization to infected cell messenger I~NA.

abstract:
  Isolates from two cases of acute measles, one case of acute measles encephalitis and three patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis were compared. This comparison was based upon the electrophoretic analysis of T(1) oligonucleotides from single-stranded, full-length RNA isolated from cytoplasmic nucleocapsids. Although all viruses have oligonucleotides in common, each isolate generated a unique pattern of oligonucleotides. However, no group of oligonucleotides was observed which would allow a differentiation between viruses isolated from acute infections and those isolated from CNS diseases; indicating that probably all measles viruses differ in their nucleotide sequence, regardless of origin.


id: cord-004765-7e4yu2do
title: Maternally-derived passive immunity to enterotropic mouse hepatitis virus
author: Homberger, F. R.
date: 1992
txt: ./txt/cord-004765-7e4yu2do.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004765-7e4yu2do.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086897/
doi: 10.1007/bf01321123
summary:
  Maternally-derived antibody to enterotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain Y was transferred to pups by both intrauterine (IgG) and lactogenic (IgA and IgG) routes. MHV-IgG, but not IgA or IgM, could be found in the serum of pups suckling immune dams. Stomach contents of pups suckling immune dams yielded constant IgG titers and gradually declining IgA titers up to the age of 14 days, but neither isotype of MHV antibody was detected at or beyond 21 days (Table 3 ). Pups from three consecutive litters born to immune and naive dams were exsanguated at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of age and sera were tested for MHV-specific IgG. Antibodies persisted for 4 weeks in pups born to dams with low MHV IgG serum titers and then declined to undetectable levels.

abstract:
  Maternally-derived antibody to enterotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain Y was transferred to pups by both intrauterine (IgG) and lactogenic (IgA and IgG) routes. Antibody present in the gastric whey of pups suckling immune dams dropped to undetectable levels by weaning age (21 days post partum). MHV-specific IgG was found in the serum of passively immune pups up to 10 weeks of age. Immune dams transferred equal levels of antibody to 3 consecutive litters of pups, without evidence of decline. Immunoblots showed that IgA and IgG in whey and serum were directed against nucleoprotein N and glycoprotein S. MHV-specific IgM was not detected in any sample.


id: cord-004766-gvom0f13
title: Improvement of arbovirus HA antigens by treatment with a colloidal silica gel and sonication
author: Traavik, T.
date: 1977
txt: ./txt/cord-004766-gvom0f13.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004766-gvom0f13.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086912/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314788
summary:
  A remarkable increase in HA titers for weakly haemagglutinating Norwegian arbovirus strains, Uukuniemi and Runde viruses, was achieved by including treatment with the colloidal silica gel Aerosil in the antigen preparation scheme. Good antigens also were obtained from virus grown in BHK 21/c 13 cell cultures and concentrated by polyethylene glycol 6000/NaCl. Rubella virus HA antigen and HB(s)Ag were adsorbed to the gel, and excluded from a preparation by treatment with Aerosil. For production of arbovirus haemagglutinating (HA) antigens, the classical sucrose-aeeton extraction method (SA) (3) with infected suckling mouse brains has been almost undisputed, although methods based on infected cell culture fluids (2, 12) and infected mouse aseites fluids (8) have also been reported. Infected brain suspensions and PEG treated cell culture concentrates were titrated by intraeerebral inoculation in suckling mice after Aerosil absorption, incubation with shaking in waterbath at 45 ° C and untreated. Simple method for preparation of haemagglutinating arbo-A virus antigens from brains of suckling mice

abstract:
  A remarkable increase in HA titers for weakly haemagglutinating Norwegian arbovirus strains, Uukuniemi and Runde viruses, was achieved by including treatment with the colloidal silica gel Aerosil in the antigen preparation scheme. By combining this procedure with sonication, the titers of sucrose-aceton extracted, infected suckling mouse brains could be increased several hundred times. Good antigens also were obtained from virus grown in BHK 21/c 13 cell cultures and concentrated by polyethylene glycol 6000/NaCl. Rubella virus HA antigen and HB(s)Ag were adsorbed to the gel, and excluded from a preparation by treatment with Aerosil. This indicates a limitation to the universal use of the method, presumably related to the particle size.


id: cord-004769-hhge62sl
author: Remond, M.
date: 1992
txt: ./txt/cord-004769-hhge62sl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004769-hhge62sl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086918/
doi: 10.1007/bf01309589
summary:
  title: Partial DNA cloning and sequencing of a canine parvovirus vaccine strain: application of nucleic acid hybridization to the diagnosis of canine parvovirus disease The cloning and sequencing of anEco RI-Pst I fragment derived from the replicative form of a canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine strain are reported. In order to improve CPV diagnosis, radioactively labelled RNA or DNA and biotin labelled DNA obtained by random priming of the recombinant plasmid were used as probes mainly on gut or stool samples from naturally infected dogs. Results of filter hybridization correlated well with histopathological diagnosis of parvovirus infection and with hemagglutination tests performed on dog faeces. To elucidate whether the deletion observed was originally in the vaccine or was generated by cell culture passages in our laboratory, DNA sequence was determined on CPV-b 108 after PCR amplification of a 1000 bp fragment including the deleted region and the two H i n d I I I restriction sites (Fig. 1) .

title:
  Partial DNA cloning and sequencing of a canine parvovirus vaccine strain: application of nucleic acid hybridization to the diagnosis of canine parvovirus disease

abstract:
  The cloning and sequencing of anEco RI-Pst I fragment derived from the replicative form of a canine parvovirus (CPV) vaccine strain are reported. The variability of the 5′ end of NS 1 protein gene in the genome is confirmed by comparison with previously determined DNA sequences. A 15 nucleotide deletion was also observed in this vaccine strain. In order to improve CPV diagnosis, radioactively labelled RNA or DNA and biotin labelled DNA obtained by random priming of the recombinant plasmid were used as probes mainly on gut or stool samples from naturally infected dogs. Results of filter hybridization correlated well with histopathological diagnosis of parvovirus infection and with hemagglutination tests performed on dog faeces. We propose that nucleic acid hybridization may be an alternative diagnostic method to ascertain the presence of CPV, especially in frozen samples.


id: cord-004774-fvf671jn
title: Detection of astroviruses in gut contents of nude and normal mice
author: Kjeldsberg, Elisabeth
date: 1985
txt: ./txt/cord-004774-fvf671jn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004774-fvf671jn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086935/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310560
summary:
  Gut contents of nude and normal mice were examined by electron microscopy in association with an outbreak of diarrhea in a colony of nude mice. Gut contents of nude and normal mice were examined by electron microscopy in association with an outbreak of diarrhea in a colony of nude mice. Virus-like particles with a morphology consistent with previous descriptions of astroviruses of other species were demonstrated in a high percentage of the animals. Virus-like particles with a morphology consistent with previous descriptions of astroviruses of other species were demonstrated in a high percentage of the animals. In this note we report the detection of astrovirus-like partieles in gut contents from nude mice, with and without clinical signs of illness, and from normal symptomless mice in association with an outbreak of diarrhea. The morphology of the virus-like particles detected in gut contents of nude and normal mice corresponds to the previous description of astroviruses.

abstract:
  Gut contents of nude and normal mice were examined by electron microscopy in association with an outbreak of diarrhea in a colony of nude mice. Virus-like particles with a morphology consistent with previous descriptions of astroviruses of other species were demonstrated in a high percentage of the animals.


id: cord-004775-foaf3vyl
title: The proposed family toroviridae: Agents of enteric infections
author: Weiss, Marianne
date: 1987
txt: ./txt/cord-004775-foaf3vyl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004775-foaf3vyl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086944/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310058
abstract: nan
summary:
  A morphologically similar virus (Lyon 4 virus) detected in cattle in Lyon, France (6, 7) , was shown later to possess an antigenic relatedness to the Berne (BEV) and Breda (BRV) viruses. In thin sections through BEV infected cells (horse kidney, embryonic mule skin, equine dermal cells) densely staining spherical, elliptieM and elongated particles were detected (2, 9) . Thin sections through BRV infected intestinal cells of calves (10, 11, 12) showed elongated viral particles with rounded ends measuring 42 × 100.5 nm. The high molecular weight virion protein in the range of 75-100 kD of BEV is glycosylated, probably by N-linked oligosaccharides since tunicamycin, an antibiotic known to inhibit N-linked oligosaccharide synthesis, prevented the formation of infectious virus as well as appearance of the 75-100 kD band in PAGE of infected cells (20) . Evidence of a reaction of the particles in human feces with sera containing antibodies against BRV and BEV, respectively, were obtained in IEM (8), (Flewett personal communication).


id: cord-004778-xrv0qs6n
author: Smith, C. B.
date: 1986
txt: ./txt/cord-004778-xrv0qs6n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004778-xrv0qs6n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086953/
doi: 10.1007/bf01317379
summary:
  The Smith strain of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was infectious for infant and mature DA strain laboratory rats as judged by development of neutralizing antibodies and specific spleen cell proliferation on stimulation with MCMV antigen. In the following report, we describe a transient, effect of MCMV infections on rat T lymphoc~ helper/suppressor cell ratios and on spleen cell proliferation following stimulation with mitogens and MCMY antigen. Seven days after MCMV infection, a consistently greater proliferation of spleen cells from MCMV infected rats as compared to control animMs was seen with M1 mitogens and also in unstimulated background cultures (Table 2 and Fig. 1 and 2 ). P. route for infants and adults of three strains of laboratory rats as judged by virus isolation, neutralizing antibody response and development of a high level of spleen cell reactivity to MCMV antigen.

title:
  Mouse cytomegalovirus is infectious for rats and alters lymphocyte subsets and spleen cell proliferation

abstract:
  The Smith strain of mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was infectious for infant and mature DA strain laboratory rats as judged by development of neutralizing antibodies and specific spleen cell proliferation on stimulation with MCMV antigen. An i. p. inoculum of 10(6) PFU of MCMV was fatal for more than two-thirds of infant mice (1–7 days of age), and disseminated viral infection was documented by isolation of virus from body organs. In contrast, weanling and adult rats did not become ill as a result of infection with a larger inoculum of 10(7) PFU. However, these older MCMV infected rats did show transient reversals of T helper/suppressor cell ratios and alterations of immune cell function as detected byin vitro spleen cell proliferation assays. Seven days after MCMV infection, there was a generalized increase in(3)H-thymidine incorporation by spleen cells in both resting (unstimulated) cultures and cultures exposed to mitogens (Con A, PHA, LPS) and to MCMV antigen. At 14 days, the spleen cell proliferation in the unstimulated cultures returned to normal but was depressed compared to controls in response to Con A. These observations show that laboratory rats are susceptible to MCMV infection and that assymptomatic infection may occur and cause transient alterations in lymphocyte subsets and in their reactivity to mitogens.


id: cord-004781-ajf9zig0
title: Rabies viruses infect primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes
author: Ray, N. B.
date: 2014-03-07
txt: ./txt/cord-004781-ajf9zig0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004781-ajf9zig0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086959/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050136
summary:
  Primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes were infected with several different rabies viruses: two unpassaged street virus isolates, a cell culture-adapted strain, and a mouse brain-passaged strain. Primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes were infected with several different rabies viruses: two unpassaged street virus isolates, a cell culture-adapted strain, and a mouse brain-passaged strain. In addition, a number of studies have reported rabies viral antigens and virions in human [1, 13, 29] and murine astrocytes [10, 18, 23] , and in murine rami®ed microglial cells [27] , begging the question of the role of these cells in viral replication and persistence, as well as pathogenesis. In the present study, as an initial step toward evaluation of the potential involvement of these glial cells in rabies virus infections, we have directly examined the ability of different rabies virus strains and isolates to infect and replicate in primary cultures of microglia and astrocytes.

abstract:
  Recent studies have reported the detection of rabies viral antigens and virions in astrocytes and microglia of rabies-infected animals. As a first step toward understanding whether these glial cells may be involved in rabies virus replication, persistence, and/or pathogenesis, we explored their potential to be infected in vitro. Primary cultures of murine, feline, and human microglia and astrocytes were infected with several different rabies viruses: two unpassaged street virus isolates, a cell culture-adapted strain, and a mouse brain-passaged strain. Infection, as determined by immunofluorescence, was detected in 15 of the 16 (94%) virus-glial cell combinations. Replication of infectious virus, determined by infectivity assay, was detected in 7 of the 8 (88%) virus-cell combinations. These results show that astrocytes and microglia can be infected by rabies viruses, suggesting that they may have a potential role in disease, perhaps contributing to viral spread, persistence and/or neuronal dysfunction.


id: cord-004790-69lry0ys
author: Smith, A. L.
date: 1986
txt: ./txt/cord-004790-69lry0ys.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004790-69lry0ys.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086991/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314283
summary:
  The source of these discrepancies is not immediately apparent; however, our results may explain why seroconversion to mouse adenovirus is not observed among mice thought to be infected with the virus. Finally, we provide serologic evidence that an outbreak of disease in a mouse breeding colony which sustained high infant mortality was associated with the introduction of a mouse adenovirus strain closely related to MAd-K 87. Sera from mice housed in two intramural, barrier-maintained facilities were Mso free of antibody to MAd. Only three mouse sera ofl61 which were tested reacted by IFA with MAd bivalent antigen. (19) for growth of MAd-FL in primary mouse kidney cultures, we have found that the majority of infectious progeny virions (between 90 and 99 percent) are released fl~om infected L 929 or CMT-93 cells. We have provided serologic evidence linking an outbreak of clinical disease in a breeding colony of mice to infection with MAd-K 87 or a very closely related virus.

title:
  Comparative biological characterization of mouse adenovirus strains FL and K 87 and seroprevalence in laboratory rodents

abstract:
  The growth, stability and seroprevalence in laboratory rodents of the two known strains of mouse adenovirus were compared. The FL strain of mouse adenovirus grew in both L 929 murine fibroblasts and in CMT-93 murine rectal carcinoma cells, whereas the K 87 strain grew only in CMT-93 cells. The bulk of the FL progeny virus was released from the host cells. K 87 virus was largely cell-associated. Both virus strains were stable at 37° C in liquid medium. The K 87 strain was completely inactivated after 5–15 minutes at 56° C, whereas FL infectivity was still detected after two hours at this temperature. Both virus strains were stable in the dessicated state for 14 days, although FL viability was more dependent on the presence of protein in the virus diluent. Seroepidemiologic data suggest that viruses antigenically related to mouse adenovirus are more prevalent among laboratory rats than among laboratory mice and that the virus(es) infecting rats differ from those infecting mice. Results of retrospective serologic testing suggest an association between mouse adenovirus and an outbreak of disease in a mouse breeding colony.


id: cord-004793-6yh36r0w
title: Replication of two porcine parvovirus isolates at non-permissive temperatures
author: Choi, C. S.
date: 1990
txt: ./txt/cord-004793-6yh36r0w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004793-6yh36r0w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087007/
doi: 10.1007/bf01316676
summary:
  Previous studies have shown that replication in vitro of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) isolate, KBSH, was restricted at 39°C but not at 37°C. In this study, Kresse and KBSH isolates were passaged up to ten times in swine testicle (ST) cells at non-permissive temperatures, and at subsequent passage viral protein synthesis, viral DNA synthesis, and progeny virus were evaluated. Kresse and KBSH isolates were serially passaged at non-permissive temperatures in an attempt to evaluate the effect of in vitro passages on the pattern of virus replication. KBSH appeared to gain the ability to replicate in swine fetuses following serial cell culture passages at 39 °C evidenced by fetal death and virus detection in fetal tissues. Furthermore, KBSH isolate passaged at 39 °C for 10 times now showed the ability to replicate in swine fetuses, indicating that pathogenicity can be recovered by serial adaptation at the mean body temperature of pigs, 39 °C.

abstract:
  Previous studies have shown that replication in vitro of the porcine parvovirus (PPV) isolate, KBSH, was restricted at 39°C but not at 37°C. In contrast, replication of the Kresse isolate was restricted at 37°C but not at 39°C. In this study, Kresse and KBSH isolates were passaged up to ten times in swine testicle (ST) cells at non-permissive temperatures, and at subsequent passage viral protein synthesis, viral DNA synthesis, and progeny virus were evaluated. KBSH became adapted for replication at 39°C upon serial passages, displaying an appreciable increase in viral progeny, viral polypeptides, and viral DNA concentration. This finding was also observed with Kresse virus isolate continuously passaged at 37°C. Neither isolate became adapted for replication at 32°C. In an attempt to examine the effect of in vitro passage at non-permissive temperatures on pathogenicity in swine, KBSH passaged 10 times either at 37°C or 39°C was inoculated into swine fetuses. Two of four fetuses inoculated with 39°C-passaged KBSH were dead and hemorrhagic or mummified. All four fetuses inoculated with 39°C-KBSH contained viral antigen and viral DNA. In contrast, fetuses inoculated with 37°C-passaged KBSH, or with cell culture fluid were normal in appearance. Viral antigen and viral DNA were not demonstrated in fetuses inoculated with 37°C-KBSH or cell culture fluids. These findings suggest the possibility that the ability to replicate at 39°C is associated with virulence in swine fetuses.


id: cord-004798-5budstbg
title: An improved method for titration of mouse hepatitis virus type 3 in a mouse cell culture
author: Takayama, N.
date: 1976
txt: ./txt/cord-004798-5budstbg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004798-5budstbg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087043/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315624
summary:
  Plaque assay in DBT cells with DEAE-dextran and trypsin presents a titration system for MHV3 as sensitive as the LD(50) assay in mice. In DBT cells overlaid with ME)/I containing 1 per cent Noble agar, 5 per cent CS, 10 per cent TPB, and 1 : 10,000 neutral red, MHV3-plaques of 0.6--1.4 mm (mean value = 0.9 ram) in diameter could be counted at 40 hours p.i. The plaques were clearly-defined and sometimes contained a deeply-stained area at their center. To ira.prove the sensitivity of the plaque assay we examined the effect of diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D) on the plaque formation and plaque diameter of MHV3, as BRADBUllNE and TYRREL]5 had reported that DEAE-D added to overlay agar increased the plaque number of human coronavirus (2). 1%eplication and plaque formation of mouse hepatitis virus (MttV-2) in mouse cell line DBT culture

abstract:
  Plaque assay in DBT cells with DEAE-dextran and trypsin presents a titration system for MHV3 as sensitive as the LD(50) assay in mice.


id: cord-004802-rhkrmftn
title: Isolation and characterization of a canine rotavirus
author: Hoshino, Y.
date: 1982
txt: ./txt/cord-004802-rhkrmftn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004802-rhkrmftn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087106/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314456
summary:
  Replication of the virus in cell culture was found to be less dependent upon trypsin than that of human, bovine and porcine rotaviruses. Reproducible, sharp-edged plaques of various sizes were produced by the canine rotavirus in an established cell line of fetal rhesus monkey kidney, MA104, under overlays of carboxymethyl cellulose or agarose. By plaque reduction neutralization assay, a two-way antigenic relationship was found between the canine (CU-1) and simian (rhesus MMU 18006 and SA-11) rotaviruses. Although canine rotavirus readily replicated and produced CPE in monolayer cultures of MA104 cells in the absence of trypsin, detectable plaques were not formed even 8 D P I under the overlays of CMC or agarose without trypsin. Since both IFT and CFT detect only group-specific antibodies, and rotaviruses from one species can infect another species (5, 8, 34, 36, 46, 50, 51, 52, 55) , it was not clear from these studies whether the antibodies in the dogs resulted from infection with distinctly canine rotavirus or with human or some other rotavirus.

abstract:
  Canine rotavirus particles were visualized by direct electron microscopy in the feces from a clinically normal dog. The virus was subsequently propagated in cell cultures; it was chracterized and compared with rotaviruses from other species. Replication of the virus in cell culture was found to be less dependent upon trypsin than that of human, bovine and porcine rotaviruses. Reproducible, sharp-edged plaques of various sizes were produced by the canine rotavirus in an established cell line of fetal rhesus monkey kidney, MA104, under overlays of carboxymethyl cellulose or agarose. Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of different sizes and shapes were produced in infected MA104 cells. By plaque reduction neutralization assay, a two-way antigenic relationship was found between the canine (CU-1) and simian (rhesus MMU 18006 and SA-11) rotaviruses. The canine rotavirus had a one-way antigenic relationship with feline (Taka), bovine (NCDV), and porcine (OSU) rotaviruses.


id: cord-004808-6w9n03fy
author: Sekiguchi, K.
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-004808-6w9n03fy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004808-6w9n03fy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087138/
doi: 10.1007/bf01322675
summary:
  title: Detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and differentiation of EAV strains by restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay capable of detecting and differentiating seven strains of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from around the world was developed. A potymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay capable of detecting and differentiating seven strains of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from around the world was developed. Viral RNA from cell culture fluids infected with each of the seven EAV strains and RNA from the live vaccine, Arvac, was detected by PCR using four sets of primers. The objective of this study was to detect each of the EAV strains using PCR, and to differentiate the strains through restriction enzyme analysis of their PCR products, based on the M protein nucleotide sequence data of the strains, together with those of the Bucyrus [7] and modified Bucyrus strain [251.

title:
  Detection of equine arteritis virus (EAV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and differentiation of EAV strains by restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products

abstract:
  A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay capable of detecting and differentiating seven strains of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from around the world was developed. The primers for the PCR were chosen from the ORF 6 gene encoding the unglycosylated membrane protein (M). Viral RNA from cell culture fluids infected with each of the seven EAV strains and RNA from the live vaccine, Arvac, was detected by PCR using four sets of primers. The sensitivity of detection was increased from 100 to 1000 times by performing nested PCR enabling the detection of RNA at a level of 0.5–5 PFU. Differentiation among the virus strains and the live vaccine was achieved by cutting the PCR-amplified products from three sets of primers with six restriction endonucleases. Using this procedure it was possible to distinguish among the seven EAV strains used.


id: cord-004810-g0y7ied0
title: S1 glycoprotein gene analysis of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in Korea
author: Lee, S. K.
date: 2003-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-004810-g0y7ied0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004810-g0y7ied0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087141/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-003-0225-3
summary:
  The S1 glycoprotein gene of IBV isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. And these IBV isolates showed different patterns from each other and non-Korean IBV isolates in reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR-RFLP) analysis [29] . Amplified S1 genes were first classified by RFLP analysis and then the representative strains were cloned, sequenced and compared to other non-Korean published IBV sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed from the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the S1 glycoprotein genes of Korean IBV isolates and non-Korean IBV strains (Fig. 3) . Korean IBV K281-01 and K210-02 isolates formed distinct clusters that were related to non-Korean IBV Ark99, Ark DPI, Gray and JMK strains although K281-01 and K210-02 isolates were classified into the Arkansas type by PCR-RFLP analysis.

abstract:
  Fifteen isolates of Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were obtained from the kidney, trachea, and cecal tonsil of IB suspected chickens between 2001 and 2002 years in Korea. The S1 glycoprotein gene of IBV isolates were amplified by reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Fifteen Korean IBV isolates were classified into 4 groups by their RFLP patterns using restriction enzymes, HaeIII, BstYI, and XcmI. The RFLP patterns for 3, 1, and 1 of 15 isolates corresponded to the patterns of IBV Arkansas, Connecticut, and Massachusetts strains, respectively. Ten of 15 isolates generated unique KM91 RFLP pattern that was observed in the IBV KM 91 strain previously isolated in Korea. To confirm genetic diversity in the S1 genes of IBV isolates, viral RNAs of representative 9 of 15 IBV isolates were amplified, cloned, sequenced and compared with published sequences for non-Korean IBV strains. Korean IBV isolates showed amino acid sequence similarity between 61.8% (K446-01 and K161-02) and 96.1% (K281-01 and K210-02) with each other and they showed amino acid sequence similarity between 42.9% (K161-02 and GA980470) and 96.5% (K203-02 and KB8523) compared to non-Korean IBV strains. By phylogenetic tree analysis, Korean IBV field isolates were branched into five clusters in which 3 clusters were differentiated from non-Korean IBV strains. Especially, Korean IBV isolates K069-01, K507-01, K774-01 and K142-02 formed a separate cluster. It seems that IBVs continue to evolve and IBVs showing various genetic differences may cocirculate in Korea.


id: cord-004812-ikco4h5k
author: Moore, K. M.
date: 1997-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-004812-ikco4h5k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004812-ikco4h5k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087143/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050239
summary:
  title: Identification of amino acids involved in a serotype and neutralization specific epitope with in the s1 subunit of avian infectious bronchitis virus We identified amino acids involved in a serotype specific, conformationally dependent epitope by analysis of the S1 gene of 13 monoclonal antibody-neutralization-resistant mutants. However, based on data obtained using monoclonal antibodies (Mab), there appears to be at least three to ®ve neutralizing, conformationally dependent epitopes on the S1 subunit in different IBV strains [13, 15, 20] . Mab-neutralization-resistant (NR) mutants have been used to identify amino acids (AA) involved in conformationally dependent epitopes in the spike protein of IBV [5, 12] . Based on AA substitutions in Mab-NR mutants, the S1 subunit was divided into three regions associated with neutralizing, conformationally dependent epitopes. In previous research, AA substitutions in IBV Mab-NR mutants were divided into three regions associated with neutralizing epitopes.

title:
  Identification of amino acids involved in a serotype and neutralization specific epitope with in the s1 subunit of avian infectious bronchitis virus

abstract:
  Localization of neutralizing, serotype specific epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus has been difficult because these epitopes are conformationally dependent. We identified amino acids involved in a serotype specific, conformationally dependent epitope by analysis of the S1 gene of 13 monoclonal antibody-neutralization-resistant mutants. Substitutions in the predicted amino acid sequence of these mutants were located at residues 304 and/or 386. Most of the substitutions at residue 304 were from threonine to isoleucine, whereas the substitutions at residue 386 were from arginine to proline, histidine, cysteine, or tryptophan. Based on this data, it appears that AA residues at 304 and 386 on the S1 glycoprotein are involved in a virus neutralizing serotype specific epitope.


id: cord-004825-cdvnqfjz
title: The entry of Junin virus into Vero cells
author: Castilla, V.
date: 1994
txt: ./txt/cord-004825-cdvnqfjz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004825-cdvnqfjz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087180/
doi: 10.1007/bf01321064
summary:
  The entry mechanism of Junin virus (JV) into Vero cells was studied analyzing the effect of lysosomotropic compounds and acid pH on JV infection. Vero cells grown in coverslips were infected with JV (moi 1) and 15 mM ammonium chloride was added to the culture medium after adsorption. To reinforce that the membrane fusion activity of Junin virus is expressed at low pH, the formation of JV-induced syncytia in infected Vero cells incubated in medium at pH 5.5 or 7.5 was quantitated. In fact, a bypass of the ammonium chloride block of JV infection was achieved when the extracellular medium was at a pH below 6.1 (Fig. 5) , suggesting that the acidic conditions would probably trigger direct fusion of virus envelope with the cell membrane.

abstract:
  The entry mechanism of Junin virus (JV) into Vero cells was studied analyzing the effect of lysosomotropic compounds and acid pH on JV infection. Ammonium chloride, amantadine, chlorpheniramine and procaine inhibited JV production. The action of ammonium chloride was exerted at early times of infection. Virus internalization was inhibited and viral protein expression was not detected. When the extracellular medium was buffered at low pH, the ammonium chloride induced block on JV infection was overcome. Furthermore, JV was able to induce fusion of infected cells at pH 5.5 leading to polykaryoctye formation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that JV entry occurs through an endocytic mechanism requiring a low pH dependent membrane fusion.


id: cord-004827-bnf3mvaf
title: Report on an ICTV-sponsored symposium on Virus Evolution
author: Desselberger, U.
date: 2005-01-13
txt: ./txt/cord-004827-bnf3mvaf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004827-bnf3mvaf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087184/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-004-0466-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Phylogenetic relationships have been found useful for virus identification, work on origin, speed and mechanisms of evolution, taxonomy, and the elucidation of transmission pathways (e.g. the transmission of HIV from a source to a victim [16] ). In vitro, a single round of replication of HIV-1 in T lymphocytes generated on average 9 recombination events per virus [14] . Approximately 50% of sequence changes are consistent with evolution by point mutations; other changes are due to multiple recombination events. After an introduction in which basic genetic terms were defined (mutation and mutation rate, hypermutation, recombination, reassortment, segmentation etc), the quasispecies concept was presented according to which any sample of an RNA virus represents a ''swarm'' of closely related mutants. ''To maintain RNA structure, evolution selects against better alternatives elsewhere in the genome''. The aim of the talk was to show the significance of RNA structural considerations for the evolution of viruses. Plant RNA virus evolution


id: cord-004831-lu62noak
author: Kempf, C.
date: 1987
txt: ./txt/cord-004831-lu62noak.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004831-lu62noak.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087209/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310786
summary:
  title: A novel method for the detection of early events in cell-cell fusion of Semliki Forest virus infected cells growing in monolayer cultures Furthermore, it was shown that potassium cyanide, a potent inhibitor of polykaryon formation in the described system, inhibits an early step of membrane-membrane fusion of neighbouring cells. Furthermore, we show that potassium cyanide, a potent inhibitor of SFV induced polykaryon formation (4) acts at an early stage in the fusion process. The aim of this investigation was to clarify the early events in cell-cell fusion and the action of potassium cyanide an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation-which inhibits SFV-induced polykaryon formation [4] -on the fusion process. That this assumption holds true is depicted in Fig. 1A where a single, SFV infected cell was injected with Lucifer yellow 5 minutes after exposure to pH 6. Therefore, it can be concluded that potassium cyanide inhibits SFV-induced polykaryon formation at the level of membrane-membrane fusion.

title:
  A novel method for the detection of early events in cell-cell fusion of Semliki Forest virus infected cells growing in monolayer cultures

abstract:
  Semliki Forest virus infected Aedes albopictus cells were used to investigate virus induced cell-cell fusion. It was shown by a novel method that cell-cell fusion was completed within approximately 5 minutes after triggering the fusion event by low pH. This method consists of fixing fusing cells with glutaraldehyde and microinjecting the highly fluroescent and rapidly diffusing dye Lucifer yellow. In contrast, polykaryon formation, the usually used criterion to measure cell-cell fusion occurred only within 30 minutes. Furthermore, it was shown that potassium cyanide, a potent inhibitor of polykaryon formation in the described system, inhibits an early step of membrane-membrane fusion of neighbouring cells.


id: cord-004838-cdas57cx
author: Morozov, I.
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-004838-cdas57cx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004838-cdas57cx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087238/
doi: 10.1007/bf01322758
summary:
  title: Sequence analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 2 to 4 of a U.S. isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus The sequence of ORFs 2 to 4 of a U.S. isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), ATCC VR2385, was determined by analysis of a cDNA λ library. No overlap was found between ORFs 4 and 5, and instead there was a 10 bp sequence which separated these two ORFs. The nucleic acid homology with corresponding ORFs of the European PRRSV isolate Lelystad virus (LV) was 65% for ORF 2, 64% for ORF 3 and 66% for ORF 4. Cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of the ORF 4 gene of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus MN-lb Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the 3''-terminal genomic RNA of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

title:
  Sequence analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) 2 to 4 of a U.S. isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

abstract:
  The sequence of ORFs 2 to 4 of a U.S. isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), ATCC VR2385, was determined by analysis of a cDNA λ library. The cDNA clones containing PRRSV specific sequences were selected using a VR2385 ORF 4 specific PCR probe and sequenced. The ORFs 2, 3 and 4 overlapped each other and encoded polypeptides with predicted M(r) of 29.5 kDa (ORF 2), 28.7 kDa (ORF 3) and 19.5 kDa (ORF 4), respectively. No overlap was found between ORFs 4 and 5, and instead there was a 10 bp sequence which separated these two ORFs. The nucleic acid homology with corresponding ORFs of the European PRRSV isolate Lelystad virus (LV) was 65% for ORF 2, 64% for ORF 3 and 66% for ORF 4. Comparison of the ORF 4 sequences of VR2385 with that of another U.S. isolate MN-1b revealed only 86% amino acid sequence homology and the presence of deletions in the ORF 4 of MN-1b. Our results further strengthen the observation that there is sequence variation between US and European PRRSV isolates.


id: cord-004840-4rbrzv5o
author: Choudhary, Manohar Lal
date: 2013-08-09
txt: ./txt/cord-004840-4rbrzv5o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004840-4rbrzv5o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087245/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1812-6
summary:
  title: Development of real-time RT-PCR for detection of human metapneumovirus and genetic analysis of circulating strains (2009-2011) in Pune, India This study describes the development of real time RT-PCR assay for the detection of all four HMPV lineages (A1, A2, B1, B2) in respiratory specimens and genotyping of circulating strains from July 2009 to August 2011 in Pune, western India. [24] designed two sets of primers and probes within the nucleoprotein gene to detect all known genetic lineages of HMPV in a one-step real-time RT-PCR. We have designed a primer-probe set using conserved regions of the nucleoprotein gene to detect all known genetic lineages of HMPV in a one-step real-time RT-PCR. Detection of human metapneumovirus RNA sequences in nasopharyngeal aspirates of young French children with acute bronchiolitis by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and phylogenetic analysis

title:
  Development of real-time RT-PCR for detection of human metapneumovirus and genetic analysis of circulating strains (2009-2011) in Pune, India

abstract:
  Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important respiratory virus implicated in respiratory infections. The purpose of this study was to develop a one-step real-time RT-PCR assay that can detect all four lineages of HMPV and to identify the HMPV lineages circulating in Pune, India. Conserved regions of the nucleoprotein gene were used to design real-time primers and a probe. A total of 224 clinical samples that were positive for different respiratory viruses (including 51 samples that were positive for HMPV) were tested using the real time RT-PCR assay, and the specificity of the assay was observed to be 100 %. Using in vitro-synthesized RNA, the sensitivity of the assay was ascertained to be 100 copies of the target gene per reaction. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) and attachment glycoprotein (G) genes confirmed that this assay detected all lineages of HMPV. A2, B1 and B2 strains were observed during the study period. Our assay is highly sensitive and specific for all known lineages of HMPV, making it a valuable tool for rapid detection of the virus. A2 and B2 were the predominant subtypes circulating in Pune, Western India.


id: cord-004848-2cfphi88
title: Transcription of feline calicivirus RNA
author: Carter, M. J.
date: 1990
txt: ./txt/cord-004848-2cfphi88.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004848-2cfphi88.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087285/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310744
summary:
  In this way these workers have identified three intracellular RNAs (4.8, 4.2, and 2.4 kb) as well as the genome (8.2 kb) and shown that these form a nested set of 3'' co-terminal molecules similar to that observed in coronavirus infected cells. We have used this to probe FCV-infected cells for the synthesis of virus specific RNA and confirm and extend the observations of Neill and Mengeling. Subcloning of the virus 3'' end into a single stranded vector has allowed us to examine the occurrence of positive and negative sense RNA separately. Finally this inference was confirmed by subcloning the terminal EcoRI/PstI fragment into M13 and determining its sequence (Fig. 3a) , This showed a poly A stretch preceded by a short run ofpoly C which is exactly that structure expected for cDNA clones derived by this method from an mRNA 3'' end. However, the negative strand-specific probe also showed hybridization to subgenomic messages 2-4, but this was not observed until later in infection than the detection of the positive forms of these molecules.

abstract:
  We report here the cloning and 3′ sequence determination of feline calicivirus strain F9. Subcloning the 3′ terminus enabled the production of strand specific probes for RNA synthesis. We extend the number of virus specific RNAs detected intracellularly to 8, and show that numbers 1–5 are represented as negative strands which may serve as templates in the synthesis of these RNAs.


id: cord-004849-d64hnqkh
title: Temperature dependent replication of porcine parvovirus isolates
author: Choi, C. S.
date: 1989
txt: ./txt/cord-004849-d64hnqkh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004849-d64hnqkh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087287/
doi: 10.1007/bf01313749
summary:
  The replication of four porcine parvovirus isolates, NADL-8, NADL-2, KBSH, and Kresse, in swine testes cells were compared at temperatures of 32, 37, and 39 °C. Similar patterns of cell associated virus were detected from both NADL-8 and NADL-2 infected ceils at the 3 temperatures (Fig. 2 a, b) , whereas marked differences were again observed for Kresse and KBSH-infected cells (Fig. 2 c, d) . Since marked differences in replication of Kresse and KBSH isolates were observed at 37 and 39°C evidenced by both intracellular and extracellular infectious virus and HA antigen, further characterization of viral polypeptide production was attempted. Temperature dependent differences in the number and quantity of viral polypeptides were observed in cells infected with Kresse and KBSH and propagated at either 32, 37 or 39 °C (Fig. 3 A) . To further examine the mechanism of temperature-dependent replication of PPV isolates, the synthesis of viral D N A was evaluated by nucleic acid hybridization of cell extracts (Fig. 4) .

abstract:
  The replication of four porcine parvovirus isolates, NADL-8, NADL-2, KBSH, and Kresse, in swine testes cells were compared at temperatures of 32, 37, and 39 °C. Replication of the Kresse isolate was restricted at 32 and 37 °C as evidenced by progeny virus, virus polypeptide and viral DNA synthesis, but not at 39 °C. In contrast, replication of KBSH was restricted at 39 °C, but not at 37 or 32 °C. Findings from this study support the contention that replication of KBSH and Kresse isolates are temperature dependent.


id: cord-004851-h9ppa064
title: Hepatitis C virus
author: Plagemann, P. G. W.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-004851-h9ppa064.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004851-h9ppa064.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087296/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310473
summary:
  The viral proteins have not been identified, but on the basis of the predicted amino acid sequences, hydrophobicity plots, location of potential glycosylation sites and similarities of these properties to those of pestiand flaviviruses, the following genome organization has been predicted. A recent study of stored blood samples from prospective studies of 15 U.S.A. patients with transfusion-associated chronic hepatitis documented by liver biopsies indicated that the time course of changes in plasma ALT activity and of the formation of anti-HepCV antibodies can vary considerably between patients [4] . The putative nucleocapsid protein sequence derived from PCR products of RNA extracted from healthy Japanese carrier plasma exhibited a 97.4% amino acid identity with the sequence determined for the original chimpanzee HepCV isolate (HepCV-1) but only a 90.5 % identity at the nucleotide level [45] [46] [47] .

abstract:
  HepCV is the major cause of NANB PT hepatitis and is also implicated as the cause in a large proportion of sporadic cases of NANBH. Chronic infection with HepCV has also been linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Chimpanzees and marmosets are the only animals found to be experimentally infectable and the virus has not been propagated in any cell culture system. HepCV is an enveloped virus with a diameter of 30–60 nm and a 10-kb positive-stranded RNA genome. Its genome organization resembles that of the flaviviruses and pestiviruses. A 5′-untranslated segment of 341 nucleotides precedes a continuous ORF of 9030/9033 nucleotides which is followed by a 54 nucleotides long 3′-non-coding segment. Further work is required to resolve the question of whether the genomic RNA possesses a 3′-poly(U) or poly(A) tail. The genome also carries an internal poly(A) segment towards the 5′-end of its ORF. Genomic RNA is probably translated into a single polyprotein of 3010/3011 amino acids which is processed into functional proteins. The viral proteins have not been identified, but on the basis of the predicted amino acid sequences, hydrophobicity plots, location of potential glycosylation sites and similarities of these properties to those of pesti- and flaviviruses, the following genome organization has been predicted. The predicted viral structural proteins, a nucleocapsid protein and two envelope glycoproteins are located at the aminoterminal end of the polyprotein. They are followed by a highly hydrophobic protein and proteins that exhibit proteinase, helicase and replicase domains and thus are probably involved in RNA replication and protein processing. The replicase domain is located close to the carboxy terminus of the polyprotein. Although the overall nucleotide and amino acid homologies between HepCV and pestiviruses are low, a number of similarities exist that point to a closer ancestral relationship to the latter than the flaviviruses. First, the 5′-untranslated segment of the HepCV genome resembles that of the pestivirus genomes in size and presence of several short ORFs and it contains several segments with high nucleotide homology. Second, the two putative envelope glycoproteins of HepCV resemble two of the three putative envelope glycoproteins of the pestiviruses. Because its genome organization and predicted virion structure closely resemble those of the flaviviruses and pestiviruses, HepCV has been proposed to be placed in the familyFlaviviridae. It has been suggested to be classified as a new third genus in this family because it is only remotely related to the pestiviruses and flaviviruses in nucleotide sequence of its genome and the amino acid sequences of the predicted viral proteins. On the basis of genomic sequence information, an immunoprobe has been devised for screening blood supplies and donors for anti-HepCV antibodies to a non-structural protein of HepCV. The immuno-assay exhibits a high efficiency in detecting infected donors, though one caveat is that antibodies to the test antigen develop in infected individuals only between 2 and 8 months post infection. On the other hand, viral RNA can be detected in plasma by reverse transcription and amplification of the cDNA by PCR within a few days post infection. Thus the latter technique may become more important in the detection of HepCV in blood and tissues once the technique becomes more widely established as a diagnostic tool. The untranslated 5′-segment has been found to be highly conserved in the genomes of different HepCV isolates from various parts of the world. The replicase domain is also highly conserved, but considerable amino acid and nucleotide differences exist in other segments of the long ORFs of various HepCV isolates. Divergence among different isolates is particularly great (up to 30%) in the segment encoding the two putative envelope glycoproteins and the upstream hydrophobic protein. The variability in envelope glycoproteins needs to be considered in the development of immuno-probes and of vaccines for HepCV.


id: cord-006106-u5npu6ng
author: Attoui, H.
date: 2002
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098428/
doi: 10.1007/s007050200005
title:
  Genus Coltivirus (family Reoviridae): genomic and morphologic characterization of Old World and New World viruses

abstract:
  We report a genomic and morphologic study of the European Eyach (EYA) virus (genus Coltivirus, family Reoviridae) and a comparative analysis with the American Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus (the type species of the genus). The previously established, but distant, antigenic relationship between these viruses was strengthened by genetic findings (presence of cognate genes, amino acid identity between 55 and 88%, similar conserved terminal motifs, suspected read-through phenomenon in segment 9 of both viruses) and by indistinguishable ultramicroscopic morphologies. Moreover, putative constitutive modifying enzyme activities were suspected to be carried out by homologous viral proteins (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, methyl/guanylyl transferase, NTPase). These findings, together with the comparative analysis to genomes of south-east Asian isolates, support the recent classification of arboviruses with 12 segments of dsRNA within two distinct genera (genus Coltivirus and genus Seadornavirus) and raise interesting questions about the evolutionary origins of coltiviruses. The previously proposed hypothesis that EYA virus was derived from an ancestral virus introduced in Europe with the migration of lagomorphs from North-America, would imply a divergence date between American and European isolates of over 50 million years ago (MYA). This analysis allows for the first time to propose an evolutionary rate for virus dsRNA genomes which was found to be in the order of 10(−8) to 10(−9) mutations/nt/year, a rate similar to that of dsDNA genomes.


id: cord-006459-9kizif98
title: Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by H9N2 virus in mice
author: Deng, Guangcun
date: 2009-11-28
txt: ./txt/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006459-9kizif98.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101852/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0560-0
summary:
  Clinical signs, pathological changes and viral replication in lungs, arterial blood gas, and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were observed at different time points after infection. Our data show that H9N2 viral infection resulted in ARDS in mice, and this may facilitate studies of the pathogenesis of future potential H9N2 disease in humans. Arterial blood gas, white blood cell counts, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and viral titers in the lungs were measured at different times. In H9N2-virus-infected mice, we observed that circulating leukocytes dramatically decreased in the blood and that a great number of inflammatory cells infiltrated the lungs. Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice

abstract:
  H9N2 avian influenza viruses have repeatedly caused infections in swine and humans in some countries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pulmonary pathology caused by H9N2 viral infection in mice. Six- to eight-week-old BALB/c mice were infected intranasally with 1 × 10(4) MID(50) of A/Chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2) virus. Clinical signs, pathological changes and viral replication in lungs, arterial blood gas, and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were observed at different time points after infection. A control group was infected intranasally with noninfectious allantoic fluid. H9N2-infected mice exhibited severe respiratory syndrome, with a mortality rate of 60%. Gross observations showed that infected lungs were highly edematous. Major histopathological changes in infected lungs included diffuse pneumonia and alveolar damage, with neutrophil-dominant inflammatory cellular infiltration, interstitial and alveolar edema, hemorrhage, and severe bronchiolitis/peribronchiolitis. In addition, H9N2 viral infection resulted in severe progressive hypoxemia, lymphopenia, and a significant increase in neutrophils, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in BALF. The features described above satisfy the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Our data show that H9N2 viral infection resulted in ARDS in mice, and this may facilitate studies of the pathogenesis of future potential H9N2 disease in humans.


id: cord-006674-ywzpwlrb
author: Ikeda, T.
date: 1992
txt: ./txt/cord-006674-ywzpwlrb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006674-ywzpwlrb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102218/
doi: 10.1007/bf01309571
summary:
  When the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) in lung tissue homogenates was measured, the activity was found to significantly increase after intranasal infection with MCMV irrespective of CP administration and there was a good correlation between the elevation of XO activity and the degree of pathological changes in the lung. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the enhanced production of superoxide radicals by xanthine oxidase (XO) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus-induced pulmonary infection [1, 193. In this study, we have established a model of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) pneumonitis in ICR mice, measured XO activity in tung tissues, and evaluated the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and allopurinol in this model. Although the precise role of superoxide radicals in the pathogenesis of MCMV pneumonitis is still unknown, such a process seems to be involved in the formation of pulmonary lesions in MCMV-infected mice.

title:
  Pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus-associated pneumonitis in ICR mice: possible involvement of superoxide radicals

abstract:
  We have studied the pathogenesis of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) pneumonitis in immunocompetent ICR mice and in mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Intranasal infection of immunocompetent mice with MCMV resulted in transient and self-limited pulmonary lesions. When mice were given 200 mg/kg of CP one day before virus infection, transient splenic atrophy and subsequent splenic hypertrophy were induced, and the lesions in the lung were markedly augmented in their number and size although there was no significant enhancement of the virus growth. The augmentation coincided with the period of splenic hypertrophy. A marked increase in the number of pulmonary lesions was also induced in mice given 100 mg/kg of CP every 4 days following the initial dose of 200 mg/kg. In these mice, however, continuous splenic atrophy and augmented replication of MCMV in the lung were observed. When the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO) in lung tissue homogenates was measured, the activity was found to significantly increase after intranasal infection with MCMV irrespective of CP administration and there was a good correlation between the elevation of XO activity and the degree of pathological changes in the lung. In addition, we found that the administration of allopurinol, a specific inhibitor of XO and superoxide dismutase, a superoxide radical scavenger, reduced the number of the pulmonary lesions. These results suggest that superoxide radicals are involved in the pathogenesis of MCMV-associated pneumonitis in ICR mice.


id: cord-010900-2ie1v1wy
author: Ramírez-Salinas, G. Lizbeth
date: 2020-02-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222995/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04537-2
title:
  Bioinformatics design and experimental validation of influenza A virus multi-epitopes that induce neutralizing antibodies

abstract:
  Pandemics caused by influenza A virus (IAV) are responsible for the deaths of millions of humans around the world. One of these pandemics occurred in Mexico in 2009. Despite the impact of IAV on human health, there is no effective vaccine. Gene mutations and translocation of genome segments of different IAV subtypes infecting a single host cell make the development of a universal vaccine difficult. The design of immunogenic peptides using bioinformatics tools could be an interesting strategy to increase the success of vaccines. In this work, we used the predicted amino acid sequences of the neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of different IAV subtypes to perform multiple alignments, epitope predictions, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental validation. Peptide selection was based on the following criteria: promiscuity, protein surface exposure, and the degree of conservation among different medically relevant IAV strains. These peptides were tested using immunological assays to test their ability to induce production of antibodies against IAV. We immunized rabbits and mice and measured the levels of IgG and IgA antibodies in serum samples and nasal washes. Rabbit antibodies against the peptides P11 and P14 (both of which are hybrids of NA and HA) recognized HA from both group 1 (H1, H2, and H5) and group 2 (H3 and H7) IAV and also recognized the purified NA protein from the viral stock (influenza A Puerto Rico/916/34). IgG antibodies from rabbits immunized with P11 and P14 were capable of recognizing viral particles and inhibited virus hemagglutination. Additionally, intranasal immunization of mice with P11 and P14 induced specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and nasal mucosa, respectively. Interestingly, the IgG antibodies were found to have neutralizing capability. In conclusion, the peptides designed through in silico studies were validated in experimental assays. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04537-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-011105-or9azf1g
author: Huang, Zheng
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-011105-or9azf1g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011105-or9azf1g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223583/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04643-1
summary:
  title: Full-genome sequences of GII.13[P21] recombinant norovirus strains from an outbreak in Changsha, China Further, we determined the full-genome sequences of two strains of GII.13[P21] recombinant noroviruses, which were 7434 nt long. Although those genotypes have not caused severe outbreaks, studying these strains has helped us to obtain more information on the genetic diversity and gene constellation of noroviruses. Hence, we determined the genome sequences of GII.13[P21] recombinant strains isolated in the city of Changsha, China. Although the sporadic norovirus genotypes do not cause serious epidemic worldwide, unlike GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P4], due to these special binding sites, human infections are associated with severe vomiting and diarrhea. Although only a few samples were collected in this outbreak, we obtained the full genome of GII.13[P21] recombinant strains that have rarely been reported in China. Full-genomic analysis of a human norovirus recombinant GII.12/13 novel strain isolated from South Korea Full-genome sequence analysis of an uncommon norovirus genotype, GII.21, from South Korea

title:
  Full-genome sequences of GII.13[P21] recombinant norovirus strains from an outbreak in Changsha, China

abstract:
  On 31 March 2019, 68 school students suffered from vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after participating in a group activity at a commercial park. In this outbreak, multiple norovirus genotypes were observed, including GII.2[P16], GII.17[P17], and GII.13[P21]. Further, we determined the full-genome sequences of two strains of GII.13[P21] recombinant noroviruses, which were 7434 nt long. Phylogenetic analysis based on open reading frames (ORFs) 1 and 2 revealed that these recombinants were related to stains of different genotypes from different countries. The full genome nucleotide sequences of the two isolates were 97.0% and 98.0% identical to those of strains from London and Thailand, respectively. Simplot analysis revealed the presence of a break point at nt 5059 in the ORF1 region. The histo-blood group antigen binding sites were conserved in both recombinant viruses. Our findings not only provide valuable genetic information about a recombinant norovirus but also contribute to our general understanding of the evolution, genetic diversity, and distribution of noroviruses.


id: cord-012032-zolowuhj
author: Yu, Peifa
date: 2020-08-08
txt: ./txt/cord-012032-zolowuhj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012032-zolowuhj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7414258/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04759-4
summary:
  To further examine the antiviral effects, another murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1, was used, and a similar inhibitory effect of 2''-FdC on MNV-1 replication was observed, with decreased viral RNA and NS1/2 protein expression ( Supplementary Fig. 1 ). As shown in Fig. 3D and E, the viral NS1/2 protein expression and viral titers were further decreased when the antivirals were used in combination, supporting the synergistic antiviral effects of 2''-FdC with MPA, ribavirin, or T705 against MNV replication. The combined effect of 2''-FdC and ribavirin on viral replication was analyzed using a qRT-PCR assay (n = 2-4) and mathematical modeling using MacSynergy. RAW264.7 cells were infected with MNV-1 at an MOI of 1 for 1 h and then left untreated or treated with 2''-FdC and MPA, ribavirin, or T705 at the indicated concentrations for 20 h, alone or in combination.

title:
  2’-Fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine inhibits murine norovirus replication and synergizes MPA, ribavirin and T705

abstract:
  Noroviruses are the main causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. However, no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment is available, imposing a heavy global health burden. The nucleoside analogue 2’-fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine (2’-FdC) has been reported to have broad antiviral activity. Here, we report that 2’-FdC significantly inhibits murine norovirus replication in macrophages. This effect was partially reversed by exogenous supplementation of cytidine triphosphate. The combination of 2’-FdC with mycophenolic acid, ribavirin or favipiravir (T705) exerts synergistic antiviral effects. These results indicate that 2’-FdC is a potential candidate for antiviral drug development against norovirus infection. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04759-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-026518-xv03vpji
author: Xie, Peng
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-026518-xv03vpji.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026518-xv03vpji.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282469/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04669-5
summary:
  An additional 52 14-day-old SPF chickens were randomly divided into four equal groups (N = 13) to investigate the effect of chIL-12 used as an adjuvant to the F gene DNA vaccine. Two weeks after booster vaccination, the birds were challenged with NDV and mortality for 14 days was evaluated the two delivery methods might induce different immune responses in chickens. Oladele and colleagues constructed a DNA vaccine based on the HA gene of H5N1 avian influenza virus and found that EP delivery could enhance the antibody response, significantly reduce morbidity, and protect chickens from fatal NDV attack [25] . However, although all of the chickens in the pCAG-F/EP group survived, they did not all have detectable neutralizing antibodies, indicating that antibodies may not be essential for protection and that cell mediated immunity might play an important role in plasmid DNA-induced protection against NDV challenge.

title:
  Immune effect of a Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine with IL-12 as a molecular adjuvant delivered by electroporation

abstract:
  Newcastle disease (ND), caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains, has been one of the most problematic diseases affecting the poultry industry worldwide. Conventional vaccines provide effective protection for birds to survive ND outbreaks, but they may not completely suppress NDV shedding. NDV strains circulate on farms for a long time after the initial infection and cause potential risks. A new vaccine with fast clearance ability and low viral shedding is needed. In this study, we used interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant and electroporation (EP) as an advanced delivery system to improve a DNA vaccine candidate. The fusion (F) protein gene from an NDV strain of the prevalent genotype VII.1.1 was cloned to prepare the vaccine. Chickens immunized with the F gene DNA vaccine co-delivered with an IL-12-expressing plasmid DNA showed higher neutralizing antibody levels and stronger concanavalin-A-induced lymphocyte proliferation than those treated with the F gene DNA vaccine alone. The co-delivered vaccine provided 100% protection, and less viral shedding and a shorter release time were observed in challenged chickens than when the F gene DNA vaccine was administered alone. The use of F gene DNA combined with IL-12 delivered by electroporation is a promising approach for vaccination against ND.


id: cord-029775-mntcor5d
title: Polymerase chain reaction primer sets for the detection of genetically diverse human sapoviruses
author: Oka, Tomoichiro
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-029775-mntcor5d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029775-mntcor5d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7383071/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04746-9
summary:
  For the initial reactivity test, double-stranded DNA fragments (gBlocks® Gene Fragments) including the sequence targeted by the PCR primers (approximately 1700 bp each) of the human sapovirus genotypes GI.1 (GenBank accession number X86560), GI.2 (AB614356), GI.3 (AB623037), GI.4 (AJ606693), GI.5 (DQ366345), GI.6 (AJ606694), GI.7 (AB522390), GII.1 (AJ249939), GII.2 (AY237420), GII.3 (AB630068), GII.4 (AB522397), GII.5 (LC190463), GII.6 (AY646855), GII.7 (AB630067), GII.8 (KX894315), GIV.1 (DQ058829), GV.1 (DQ366344), and GV.2 (AB775659) were synthesized (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA), and 1.0 × 10 4 copies of these fragments were used. The target regions of HuSaV-F1, -F2, and -F3 recently designed as forward primers in a broadly reactive real-time PCR for human sapoviruses [11] are similar to those of SV-F13 and SV-F14 (Fig. 2) , and the sapovirus-specific sequence of M13R-HuSaV5498R (5′-CCCCANCCNGCVHACAT-3′) ( [11] are shown in parentheses. The assay including two primers (M13F-HuSaV-5159F and M13R-HuSaV-5498R) generated similar-sized PCR products (approximately 380 bp) for all of the sapovirus genotypes tested (Fig. 1A, right panel, and Fig. 1B) .

abstract:
  Sapoviruses are increasingly being recognized as pathogens associated with gastroenteritis in humans. Human sapoviruses are currently assigned to 18 genotypes (GI.1-7, GII.1-8, GIV.1, and GV.1-2) based on the sequence of the region encoding the major structural protein. In this study, we evaluated 11 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using published and newly designed/modified primers and showed that four PCR assays with different primer combinations amplified all of the tested human sapovirus genotypes using either synthetic DNA or cDNA prepared from human sapovirus-positive fecal specimens. These assays can be used as improved broadly reactive screening tests or as tools for molecular characterization of human sapoviruses.


id: cord-032801-b2ncmkjg
author: Song, Jie
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-032801-b2ncmkjg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032801-b2ncmkjg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7522011/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04821-1
summary:
  It was discovered that enriched GO terms (such as histone acetylation and positive regulation of phosphorylation) and pathways (such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis and DNA replication) might be closely associated with the pathogenic mechanism of these two viruses, and key genes (such as TBCK and GPC) might be involved in the progression of HFMD. In the current study, we aimed to discover significant differentially expressed genes in EV-A71-and CV-A16-infected respiratory epithelial cells through transcriptome sequencing. For example, transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes, including SCARB2, miR-3605-5p, and enriched ECM-receptor interaction and circadian rhythm pathways involved in the pathogenesis of HFMD in CV-A16-infected HEK 293T cells [9] . These 111 common differentially expressed genes were used to perform hierarchical cluster analysis, and the heatmap result showed that these genes were mainly clustered into two categories-either significantly upregulated or significantly downregulated, suggesting that EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections result in largely similar transcriptome-level changes.

title:
  Transcriptome analysis following enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infection in respiratory epithelial cells

abstract:
  Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are the major pathogens responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), but the mechanism by which these viruses cause disease remains unclear. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing technology to investigate changes in the transcriptome profiles after infection with EV-A71 and CV-A16 in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells. Using systematic bioinformatics analysis, we then searched for useful clues regarding the pathogenesis of HFMD. As a result, a total of 111 common differentially expressed genes were present in both EV-A71- and CV-A16-infected cells. A trend analysis of these 111 genes showed that 91 of them displayed the same trend in EV-A71 and CV-A16 infection, including 49 upregulated genes and 42 downregulated genes. These 91 genes were further used to conduct GO, pathway, and coexpression network analysis. It was discovered that enriched GO terms (such as histone acetylation and positive regulation of phosphorylation) and pathways (such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis and DNA replication) might be closely associated with the pathogenic mechanism of these two viruses, and key genes (such as TBCK and GPC) might be involved in the progression of HFMD. Finally, we randomly selected 10 differentially expressed genes for qRT-PCR to validate the transcriptome sequencing data. The experimental qRT-PCR results were roughly in agreement with the results of transcriptome sequencing. Collectively, our results provide clues to the mechanism of pathogenesis of HFMD induced by EV-A71 and CV-A16. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04821-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-048485-b8xb1f12
author: Hulst, Marcel
date: 2008-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-048485-b8xb1f12.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-048485-b8xb1f12.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2441536/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0118-6
summary:
  RNA pools prepared from two infected piglets were used to compare whole mucosal gene expression at 12 and 18 hpi to expression in uninfected germ-free piglets (n = 3) using a porcine intestinal cDNA microarray. However, the fluorescence intensity was not higher than the background threshold for any of these probes, indicating that mRNA concentrations of these cytokines (including IFN-c) in infected and uninfected mucosal scrapings were too low to detect by microarray analysis, probably due to the relatively low percentage of cytokine-producing (immune) cells present in intestinal mucosa [6] . Using microarray analysis, we detected a set of genes that are differently expressed in rotavirus-infected jejunal mucosa compared to uninfected mucosa. Perhaps, enhanced expression of a PLA2-inh in our study may be a countermeasure of specific intestinal epithelial cells to normalize and/or inhibit PLA2 enzyme activity in response to extra-and intracellular changes in [Ca 2+ ] evoked by rotavirus replication, either to protect specific cells from extra-and intracellular membrane-damage or to negatively regulate A-acid production.

title:
  Early transcriptional response in the jejunum of germ-free piglets after oral infection with virulent rotavirus

abstract:
  Germ-free piglets were orally infected with virulent rotavirus to collect jejunal mucosal scrapings at 12 and 18 hours post infection (two piglets per time point). IFN-gamma mRNA expression was stimulated in the mucosa of all four infected piglets, indicating that they all responded to the rotavirus infection. RNA pools prepared from two infected piglets were used to compare whole mucosal gene expression at 12 and 18 hpi to expression in uninfected germ-free piglets (n = 3) using a porcine intestinal cDNA microarray. Microarray analysis identified 13 down-regulated and 17 up-regulated genes. Northern blot analysis of a selected group of genes confirmed the data of the microarray. Genes were functionally clustered in interferon-regulated genes, proliferation/differentiation genes, apoptosis genes, cytoskeleton genes, signal transduction genes, and enterocyte digestive, absorptive, and transport genes. Down-regulation of the transport gene cluster reflected in part the loss of rotavirus-infected enterocytes from the villous tips. Data mining suggested that several genes were regulated in lower- or mid-villus immature enterocytes and goblet cells, probably to support repair of the damaged epithelial cell layer at the villous tips. Furthermore, up-regulation was observed for IFN-γ induced guanylate binding protein 2, a protein that effectively inhibited VSV and EMCV replication in vitro (Arch Virol 150:1213–1220, 2005). This protein may play a role in the small intestine’s innate defense against enteric viruses like rotavirus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-008-0118-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-252037-rj61mzqj
author: Gerna, G.
date: 2005-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-252037-rj61mzqj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252037-rj61mzqj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15986171/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0581-2
summary:
  In this study, we examined: i) the circulation rate of hMPV among the other respiratory viruses during 3 consecutive winter-spring seasons; ii) the relative circulation of the 2 types and the 4 subtypes of hMPV during the same 3-year period; iii) the relative impact of hMPV as compared to hRSV in determining admission to the hospital of infants with acute respiratory infections. The relative distribution of different respiratory viruses causing severe infections requiring admission to the hospital of infants and young children in three consecutive winter-spring seasons from 2001 through 2004 is reported in Table 2 Within the aliquot of patients found positive for some respiratory virus, no difference in the circulation rate was observed for respiratory virus infections caused by influenzavirus B, hPIVs, hAdVs, hCoVs, and coinfections along the three years studied.

title:
  Changing circulation rate of human metapneumovirus strains and types among hospitalized pediatric patients during three consecutive winter-spring seasons

abstract:
  From 2001 through 2004, 808 pediatric patients admitted to hospital because of acute respiratory infections were examined for presence of respiratory viruses by either direct fluorescent staining using monoclonal antibodies or RT-PCR during three consecutive winter-spring seasons. On the whole, 336 (42%) patients were detected as positive for one or more respiratory viruses. The most widely circulating virus was human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infecting 50% of positive patients, followed by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) found in 13% of patients, and then by influenza virus type A, human parainfluenzaviruses and coinfections. Significant variations in the circulation rate of hRSV, hMPV and influenzavirus type A were observed during the individual seasons. In addition, the circulation rates of the different types of hMPV changed yearly. In 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 hMPV circulated at a significant lower proportion than hRSV, while in 2003–2004 the circulation rates of the two viruses were closer. In conclusion, the 4 hMPV subtypes circulated yearly in Northern Italy flanking hRSV as major respiratory pathogens in the infantile patient population.


id: cord-252232-vgq6gjpx
author: Hou, Yuxuan
date: 2010-06-22
txt: ./txt/cord-252232-vgq6gjpx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252232-vgq6gjpx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0729-6
doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0729-6
summary:
  Here, we extended our previous study to ACE2 molecules from seven additional bat species and tested their interactions with human SARS-CoV spike protein using both HIV-based pseudotype and live SARS-CoV infection assays. However, although the genetically related SARS-like coronavirus (SL-CoV) has been identified in horseshoe bats of the genus Rhinolophus [5, 8, 12, 18] , its spike protein was not able to use the human ACE2 (hACE2) protein as a receptor [13] . To this end, we have extended our studies to include ACE2 molecules from different bat species and examined their interaction with the human SARS-CoV spike protein. Our results show that there is great genetic diversity among bat ACE2 molecules, especially at the key residues known to be important for interacting with the viral spike protein, and that ACE2s of Myotis daubentoni and Rhinolophus sinicus from Hubei province can support viral entry.

title:
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) proteins of different bat species confer variable susceptibility to SARS-CoV entry

abstract:
  The discovery of SARS-like coronavirus in bats suggests that bats could be the natural reservoir of SARS-CoV. However, previous studies indicated the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, a known SARS-CoV receptor, from a horseshoe bat was unable to act as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV. Here, we extended our previous study to ACE2 molecules from seven additional bat species and tested their interactions with human SARS-CoV spike protein using both HIV-based pseudotype and live SARS-CoV infection assays. The results show that ACE2s of Myotis daubentoni and Rhinolophus sinicus support viral entry mediated by the SARS-CoV S protein, albeit with different efficiency in comparison to that of the human ACE2. Further, the alteration of several key residues either decreased or enhanced bat ACE2 receptor efficiency, as predicted from a structural modeling study of the different bat ACE2 molecules. These data suggest that M. daubentoni and R. sinicus are likely to be susceptible to SARS-CoV and may be candidates as the natural host of the SARS-CoV progenitor viruses. Furthermore, our current study also demonstrates that the genetic diversity of ACE2 among bats is greater than that observed among known SARS-CoV susceptible mammals, highlighting the possibility that there are many more uncharacterized bat species that can act as a reservoir of SARS-CoV or its progenitor viruses. This calls for continuation and expansion of field surveillance studies among different bat populations to eventually identify the true natural reservoir of SARS-CoV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0729-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-254405-yc1q20fz
author: Jie, Tao
date: 2018-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-254405-yc1q20fz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254405-yc1q20fz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3968-6
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3968-6
summary:
  Furthermore, we cultured the virus and screened for attenuated PEDV strains by analyzing the genovariations that occurred during passaging -confirming the results in animal experiments. [27] analyzed a cell culture-adapted PEDV (passage 100) strain with a smaller ORF3 gene and found it to have lower virulence relative to the wild-type virus. Molecular characterization of the ORF3 and S1 genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus non S-INDEL strains in seven regions of China Comparative genomic analysis of classical and variant virulent parental/attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Isolation and identification of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain HBMC2012 and its pathogenicity in piglet Cloning and further sequence analysis of the spike gene of attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DR13 Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China

title:
  Preparation and characterization of an attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain by serial passaging

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is prevalent in most parts of the world. Owing to its antigenic variation, prevention of the diseases caused by this virus is difficult. In this study, two PEDV isolates with similar growth kinetics were successfully propagated in Vero cells. Complete genome sequence analysis showed that they have a 49nt deletion in the ORF3 gene and were classified into Group 1, the same group that includes the classical CV777 strain. Recombination analysis revealed that the event had occurred in the ORF1a gene, at 3596–6819 nt, among the two PEDV isolates and the CV777 and DR13 strains. During their continuous propagation, 14 nonsynonymous mutations occurred in the spike (S) gene of strain JS-2/2014 between generations G5 and G90, but there were no changes between G90 and G100. We assumed that strain JS-2/2014 might be attenuated by the 90th generation. Piglets orally fed with JS-2/2014 G90 showed no clinical symptoms, and no virus was detected in the feces and nasal fluid. In conclusion, JS-2/2014 was successfully identified by screening, was attenuated after propagation in Vero cells, and may serve as a candidate virus for vaccine preparations.


id: cord-255653-0bj5eh5d
author: Pensaert, M. B.
date: 1981
txt: ./txt/cord-255653-0bj5eh5d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255653-0bj5eh5d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6166280/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315166
summary:
  A possible antigenic relationship between the porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus-like agent (CVLA) and 6 known coronaviruses was examined by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and by immunofluorescence (IF). CVLA did not show cross reactivity with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), canine coronavirus (CCV) hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (NCDCV) or feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). The CVLA was shown by serologic cross protection studies to differ from the two knowm porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and hemagglntinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV) (4, 14) . The coronaviruses selected for the present study were TGEV, HEV, neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (NCDCV), canine coronavirus (CCV), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). This hyperimmune serum had a virus neutralizing titer of 1:2560 when tested against the cell culture adapted Purdue strain of TGEV. Antiserum to TGEV reacted with CCV, but did not show detectable antigenic cross-reactivity with FIPV.

title:
  An immunoelectron microscopic and immunofluorescent study on the antigenic relationship between the coronavirus-like agent, CV 777, and several coronaviruses

abstract:
  A possible antigenic relationship between the porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus-like agent (CVLA) and 6 known coronaviruses was examined by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and by immunofluorescence (IF). CVLA did not show cross reactivity with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), canine coronavirus (CCV) hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (HEV), neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (NCDCV) or feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Antigenic relationship was detected by IEM between TGEV and CCV, NCDCV and HEV and by IF between TGEV and CCV, TGEV and FIPV, HEV and NCDCV.


id: cord-256859-7ixegm72
author: Liu, S. W.
date: 2006-01-09
txt: ./txt/cord-256859-7ixegm72.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256859-7ixegm72.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16397751/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0695-6
summary:
  Except for isolates in genotype V, which included the Mass-type strains, none of the Chinese IBV isolates examined in this study shared more than 83% amino acid similarity in the S1 protein with the H120 vaccine strain. Furthermore, almost all of the Chinese IBV isolates contained deletions and insertions except for those of the Mass-type IBV, which were included in genotype V in this study, and had amino acid sequences similar to those of the H120 strain ( Table 4 ). The low identities (<83%) of amino acid sequences between Chinese IBV isolates and H120, except for those of the Mass-type IBV, which were included in genotype V in this study, may account for the prevalence of the viruses during the past ten years in spite of the extensive use of Mass-type vaccines in the field in China.

title:
  Genetic diversity of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus strains isolated in China between 1995 and 2004

abstract:
  Twenty-six avian infectious bronchitis (IB) viruses (IBV) were isolated from outbreaks in chickens in China between 1995 and 2004. They were characterized by comparison with twenty-six Chinese reference strains and five other IBV strains. Chinese IBVs, which were mainly nephropathogenic, were placed into seven genotypes. Fourteen Chinese IBV isolates were placed in genotype I, having small evolutionary distances from each other. Genotype II included 6 strains that were isolated in the 1990s in China. Genotype III consisted of eight Chinese isolates that showed close relationship with Korean IBV isolates. Another eight IBV isolates clustered in genotype IV and showed larger evolutionary distances. The Massachusetts serotype was present in China in 1990s and was in a separate genotype. Two isolates, HN99 and CK/CH/LHN/00I, which might be a reisolation of vaccine strains, clustered into genotype VI. Four Chinese IBV isolates formed another genotype and showed larger evolutionary distances from other Chinese IBV genotypes (genotype VII). IBVs in same genotypes showed more than 90% amino acid sequence similarities, whereas most of the viruses in different genotypes showed less than 90%. The results showed that IBVs in China came from genetic changes both in IBV populations that existed before the advent of vaccination and in the viruses that were introduced through live vaccines. IBVs showing various genetic differences are cocirculating in China.


id: cord-257859-9hmrt96h
title: Molecular evidence of kobuviruses in free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
author: Di Martino, Barbara
date: 2014-01-23
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24452667/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-1975-9
abstract:
  Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are susceptible to viral diseases of domestic carnivores. In this study, by screening rectal swabs collected from 34 red foxes in Italy, we identified kobuvirus RNA in five samples. Based on analysis of partial RdRp and full-length VP1 genes, all of the strains shared the highest identity with canine kobuviruses (CaKVs) recently detected in the US, the UK and Italy. These findings provide the first evidence of the circulation of these novel viruses in foxes.


id: cord-258374-qht98q0l
author: Takano, Tomomi
date: 2009-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3
summary:
  title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). The neutrophil survival rates were significantly increased in the presence of the culture supernatant of macrophages infected with the mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2 compared to those in the presence of other supernatants (Fig. 5) . When SPF-cat-derived alveolar macrophages were infected with a mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, the intracellular TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF mRNA levels increased (Fig. 6 ). These cytokine mRNA levels were also elevated in macrophages infected with FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, clarifying the presence of neutrophil survival factors in the macrophage culture supernatant. It was suggested that: (1) FIPV-infected macrophages release TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF in response to virus replication, and (2) these cytokines act on neutrophils and prolong their survival.

title:
  Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a feline coronavirus (FCoV)-induced fatal disease of domestic and wild cats. The infiltration of neutrophils into granulomatous lesions is unusual for a viral disease, but it is a typical finding of FIP. This study aimed to investigate the reason for the lesions containing neutrophils in cats with FIP. Neutrophils of cats with FIP were cultured, and changes in the cell survival rate were assessed. In addition, the presence or absence of neutrophil survival factors was investigated in specimens collected from cats with FIP. Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). We showed that virus-infected macrophages overproduce neutrophil survival factors, and these factors act on neutrophils and up-regulate their survival. These observations suggest that sustained production of neutrophil survival factors by macrophages during FCoV infection is sufficient for neutrophil survival and contributes to development of granulomatous lesions.


id: cord-258768-bjjfkfgg
title: Detection and genetic characterization of canine parvoviruses and coronaviruses in southern Ireland
author: McElligott, Susan
date: 2010-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-258768-bjjfkfgg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258768-bjjfkfgg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107617/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0861-3
summary:
  Two hundred fifty samples were collected in total, Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree based on partial S gene nucleotide sequences of CCoVs described in this study and reference strains. As a result of RNA recombination, insertions, deletions and a high susceptibility to frequent mutation, coronaviruses can mutate rapidly, leading to new genotypes (CCoV-I), biotypes (pantropic CCoV) and host variants (canine respiratory coronavirus), all of which may present possible difficulties regarding successful vaccination of dogs. As a result of this study, it can be concluded that although it appears that the viral evolution of CPV type 2 is not yet a significant problem for the canine population in Ireland, vaccine efficacy may need to be re-evaluated by the animal healthcare industry, as it is a possibility that the new CPV-2c strain will eventually emerge into the population as a result of importing dogs from other parts of the world.

abstract:
  Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) are considered the main pathogens responsible for acute gastroenteritis in dogs. From a collection of 250 samples, seven CPV strains and three CCoV strains were identified in symptomatic Irish dogs. Samples were screened for the viruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and typed via DNA sequence analysis. Three CPV strains were characterized as CPV-2a, while four others were characterized as CPV-2b. To date, CPV-2c remains unreported in Ireland. Two CCoV strains were characterized as CCoV-II and one as CCoV-I. In the case of one sample, PH4/09/Ire, a mixed infection with CPV and CCoV was detected.


id: cord-259193-ifdjyp5b
title: Detection of bovine coronavirus in feces by reversed passive hemagglutination
author: Sato, K.
date: 1984
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6367710/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315291
abstract:
  A reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) method was developed for the detection of bovine coronavirus in fecal specimens. Sheep erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde, and then treated with tannic acid were coated with anti-bovine coronavirus rabbit antibodies purified by affinity chromatography using bovine coronavirus linked to Sepharose 4B. The RPHA test was carried out by a microtiter method. Erythrocytes coated with purified specific antibodies were agglutinated by bovine coronavirus, but not by bovine rotavirus or enterovirus. The reaction was inhibited by antiserum to bovine coronavirus, confirming the specificity of the reaction. The RPHA test detected bovine coronavirus in 13 of 22 fecal specimens (59 per cent), from natural cases of diarrhea, while the positive rates were only 14 per cent (3/22) and 22 per cent (5/22) for immunofluorescent staining of primary cultures of calf kidney cells infected with the specimens, and immune electron microscopy respectively. The advantages of the RPHA method are its simplicity, high sensitivity and rapidity.


id: cord-260708-l9w5jhsw
title: The molecular biology of nairoviruses, an emerging group of tick-borne arboviruses
author: Lasecka, Lidia
date: 2013-12-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24327094/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1940-z
abstract:
  The nairoviruses are a rapidly emerging group of tick-borne bunyaviruses that includes pathogens of humans (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus [CCHFV]) and livestock (Nairobi sheep disease virus [NSDV], also known as Ganjam virus), as well as a large number of viruses for which the normal vertebrate host has not been established. Studies on this group of viruses have been fairly limited, not least because CCHFV is a BSL4 human pathogen, restricting the number of labs able to study the live virus, while NSDV, although highly pathogenic in naive animals, is not seen as a threat in developed countries, making it a low priority. Nevertheless, recent years have seen significant progress in our understanding of the biology of these viruses, particularly that of CCHFV, and this article seeks to draw together our existing knowledge to generate an overall picture of their molecular biology, underlining areas of particular ignorance for future studies.


id: cord-261036-zdhg4axx
title: Enhanced cell fusion activity in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus adapted to suckling mice
author: Shirato, Kazuya
date: 2010-09-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827493/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0790-1
abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the major causative agent of fatal diarrhea in piglets. To study the pathogenic features of PEDV using a mouse model, PEDV with virulence in mice is required. In pursuit of this, we adapted a tissue-culture-passed PEDV MK strain to suckling mouse brains. PEDV obtained after ten passages through the brains (MK-p10) had increased virulence for mice, and its fusion activity in cultured cells exceeded that of the original strain. However, the replication kinetics of MK and MK-p10 did not differ from each other in the brain and in cultured cells. The spike (S) protein of MK-p10 had four amino acid substitutions relative to the original strain. One of these (an H-to-R substitution at residue 1,381) was first detected in PEDV isolated after eight passages, and both this virus (MK-p8) and MK-p10 showed enhanced syncytium formation relative to the original MK strain and viruses isolated after two, four, and six passages, suggesting the possibility that the H-to-R mutation was responsible for this activity. This mutation could be also involved in the increased virulence of PEDV observed for MK-p10.


id: cord-261749-lq1ah16x
author: Mayo, M. A.
date: 2006-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-261749-lq1ah16x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261749-lq1ah16x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16514500/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-006-0728-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  At EC36 there were extensive discussions of proposals to revise the statutes under which ICTV operates and to revise the International Code for Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). In response to the proposal that ICTV should provide for each approved species a latinized binomial name to link its common name(s), the ''type'' description and the classification, the EC felt that there was little support in the virology community for using latinized names. The changes proposed further stipulated that ICTV should keep an official list of virus names that were used previously but are no longer in current taxonomy. It was pointed out that fixing these lists of criteria was an important task for individual SGs. It was proposed that the category "tentative species" be eliminated from taxonomic usage because a virus can either be a member of a species or it cannot.

title:
  Report from the 36(th) and the 37(th) Meetings of the Executive Committee of the International Committee on Taxomony of Viruses


id: cord-262505-1ufgwxxg
title: Genetic heterogeneity of murine coronaviruses
author: Lai, M. M. C.
date: 1983
txt: ./txt/cord-262505-1ufgwxxg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262505-1ufgwxxg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6318691/
doi: 10.1007/bf01311312
summary:
  Several mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV) with different pathogenicity were studied by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. The MHVs isolated from separate cloned neuroblastoma cell lines persistently infected with JHM strain were also found to have diverged more markedly than the corresponding virus maintained under the conditions of lytic infection. The viruses maintained under the latter conditions exhibit much more variability, suggesting that persistent infections may be a mechanism contributing to the genetic heterogeneity of the current MHV strains. To study the genetic relationship of different MHV strains causing various diseases in mice, we first examined the oligonucleotide fingerprints of two of the IKHVs isolated in Japan. To assess the genetic stability and variability of MItV and to study the possible mechanism of viral divergence observed as above, we examined the heterogeneity of viral genomic sequences in viruses isolated from persistently and latently infected cells.

abstract:
  Several mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV) with different pathogenicity were studied by oligonucleotide fingerprinting. Two strains, MHV-K and MHV-D, which were isolated in Japan and, which cause anaplasia and necrosis of bone marrow and diarrhea, respectively, were found to be closely related to MHV-A59, the prototype MHV. Two other MHV strains, isolated from nude mice, were found to have diverged extensively from the known MHV strains. The MHVs isolated from separate cloned neuroblastoma cell lines persistently infected with JHM strain were also found to have diverged more markedly than the corresponding virus maintained under the conditions of lytic infection. Genetic divergence during persistent infection may be one of the mechanisms by which the MHV diverges.


id: cord-263193-paeosfiu
title: Infectious bronchitis virus inhibits activation of the TLR7 pathway, but not the TLR3 pathway
author: Zhu, Jinyan
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-263193-paeosfiu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263193-paeosfiu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32524263/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04690-8
summary:
  Here, primary chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were infected with three pathogenic IBV strains, and it was observed that the TLR7-MYD88 pathway was inhibited but the TLR3-TIRF pathway was activated. To investigate the effect of innate immune molecules, agonists of TLR3, TLR7, and MDA5 and inhibitors of key molecules of the TLR3 pathway were added to CEK cells that had grown to 80-90% as instructed by the reagent manufacturer (InvivoGen, CA, USA) as follows: 5 μg of imiquimod (a TLR7 agonist) per mL for 12 h, 10 μg of low-molecular-weight (LMW) polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (a TLR3 agonist) per mL for 12 h, 0.5 μg of poly (I:C)-LMW/LyoVec (an MDA5 agonist) per mL for 12 h, 10 μM Pepinh-TRIF (a TRIF inhibitor) for 6 h, 5 μM celastrol (an NF-κB inhibitor) for 1 h, 50 μM chloroquine (an inhibitor of endosomal acidification) for 0.5 h, and 5 μM BX795 (a TBK1 inhibitor) for 6 h.

abstract:
  Various strains of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) cause different forms of infectious bronchitis with different clinical signs. Here, primary chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were infected with three pathogenic IBV strains, and it was observed that the TLR7-MYD88 pathway was inhibited but the TLR3-TIRF pathway was activated. After treatment with poly(I:C)-LMW, poly (I:C)-LMW/LyoVec, and Imiquimod, the replication of IBV was significantly suppressed after 24 h. However, treatment with TLR3 pathway inhibitors such as Pepinh-TRIF, celastrol, chloroquine, and BX795 resulted in increased replication of IBV after 36 h. These results also showed that chloroquine and celastrol were most effective inhibitors of the antiviral response at 48 hpi.


id: cord-264392-he1vekrt
title: Complete genome sequence of Nariva virus, a rodent paramyxovirus
author: Lambeth, L. S.
date: 2008-12-23
txt: ./txt/cord-264392-he1vekrt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264392-he1vekrt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0287-3
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0287-3
summary:
  This study confirmed the classification of NarPV as a member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae and established the close genome organization and sequence relationship between the two rodent paramyxoviruses isolated almost a decade apart and from two locations separated by more than 15,000 km. This was then followed by PCR to fill in the ''''gaps'''' using specific primers designed from NarPV Nariva virus genome 201 sequences obtained from the cDNA subtraction or degenerate primers designed using highly conserved consensus sequences of known paramyxoviruses in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Overall comparison of deduced sizes and amino acid sequences of all proteins indicated that NarPV is most closely related to MosPV (Table 1) genome is significantly larger (16,650 nt) than that of NarPV due to the longer untranslated regions (UTRs) located at the 3 0 end of most genes ( Fig. 1b and Table 1 ).

abstract:
  Nariva virus (NarPV) was isolated from forest rodents (Zygodontomys b. brevicauda) in eastern Trinidad in the early 1960s. Initial classification within the family Paramyxoviridae was based mainly on morphological observations including the structure of nucleocapsids and virion surface projections. Here, we report the characterization of the complete genome sequence of NarPV. The genome is 15,276 nucleotides in length, conforming to the rule-of-six, and has a genome organization typical of most members of the family, with six transcriptional units in the order 3′-N–P-M-F–H-L-5′. The gene junctions contain highly conserved gene start and stop signals and a tri-nucleotide intergenic sequence present in most members of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae. Sequence comparison studies indicate that NarPV is most closely related to Mossman virus, which was isolated from wild rats (Rattus leucopus) in Queensland, Australia, in 1970. This study confirmed the classification of NarPV as a member of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae and established the close genome organization and sequence relationship between the two rodent paramyxoviruses isolated almost a decade apart and from two locations separated by more than 15,000 km.


id: cord-265201-ab67pnct
author: Sugiyama, K.
date: 1980
txt: ./txt/cord-265201-ab67pnct.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265201-ab67pnct.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7436741/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314978
summary:
  The hemagglutination (HA) and receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) activities of a newly isolated mouse enteric coronavirus (designated as DVIM) are described. H e madsorbed s y n e y t i u m which were i n c u b a t e d at 37 ° C to release I~BCs for 60 minutes, were exposed to freshly p r e p a r e d RBCs a n d p h o t o g r a p h e d Above results strongly suggest that DVIM possesses an enzymatic activity which reacts with surface components of RBCs. However, this enzymatic action appears to differ from the bacterial neuraminidase and that of Influenza-A virions. A densitometer scan of a stained polyacrylamide gel of the polypeptides of virus particles treated with bromelain (1.0 mg/ml at 37°C for 15 minutes) is shown in Fig. 4 .

title:
  Hemagglutination and structural polypeptides of a new coronavirus associated with diarrhea in infant mice

abstract:
  The hemagglutination (HA) and receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) activities of a newly isolated mouse enteric coronavirus (designated as DVIM) are described. DVIM agglutinates mouse or rat red blood cells (RBC) at 4° C. At 37° C the agglutination was rapidly reversed. The optimal pH for HA and for RDE activities using mouse red cells were shown to be 6.5 and 7.3 respectively. Hemagglutination by DVIM was not inhibited by pretreatment of RBCs withVibrio cholerae filtrate or by pretreatment with Influenza-A neuraminidase. Therefore, the DVIM receptors on RBCs differ from the receptors of Influenza-A, and the RDE activity of DVIM acts specifically on this receptor. In addition, an analysis of the DVIM polypeptides showed that the virions contain five major, VP1 (M.W. 139,000), VP2 (68,000), VP3 (53,000), VP4 (38,000), VP5 (22,000) and two minor, VP1a (110,000), VP1b (100,000) polypeptides. VP1 and VP1b were digested by bromelain, suggesting that they constitute the surface glycoproteins.


id: cord-265631-b0kg6qpo
author: Saeng-chuto, Kepalee
date: 2017-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-265631-b0kg6qpo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265631-b0kg6qpo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28337545/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3331-3
summary:
  title: Retrospective investigation and evolutionary analysis of a novel porcine deltacoronavirus strain detected in Thailand from 2008 to 2015 We performed a retrospective investigation of the presence of PDCoV in intestinal samples collected from piglets with diarrhea in Thailand from 2008 to 2015 using RT-PCR. Positive samples were subjected to full-length genome characterization followed by genetic analyses to compare Thai strains of PDCoV to those from other countries and to investigate the genetic similarity and the evolutionary relationships among them. To investigate its evolutionary relationships to foreign PDCoV strains and estimate the divergence time of PDCoV in Thailand, phylogenetic analysis of the full-length nucleotide sequence of the PDCoV isolate collected in this study, together with 21 other PDCoV isolate sequences (Supplementary Table 1 ), was performed using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (BMCMC) method implemented in the program BEAST v1.8.3 [2, 3] .

title:
  Retrospective investigation and evolutionary analysis of a novel porcine deltacoronavirus strain detected in Thailand from 2008 to 2015

abstract:
  Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) in Thailand was first detected in 2015. We performed a retrospective investigation of the presence of PDCoV in intestinal samples collected from piglets with diarrhea in Thailand from 2008 to 2015 using RT-PCR. PDCoV was found to be present as early as February 2013. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all PDCoV variants from Thailand differ from those from other countries and belong to a novel group of PDCoV that is separate from the US and Chinese PDCoV variants. Evolutionary analysis suggested that the Thai PDCoV isolates probably diverged from a different ancestor from that of the Chinese and US PDCoV isolates and that this separation occurred after 1994. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3331-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-265768-hwki5lk2
author: Abi, Keha-mo
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-265768-hwki5lk2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265768-hwki5lk2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025200/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04840-y
summary:
  title: An emerging novel bovine coronavirus with a 4-amino-acid insertion in the receptor-binding domain of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene We previously reported a novel recombinant bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strain that was circulating in dairy cattle in China, but this virus was not successfully isolated, and the genetic characteristics of BCoV are still largely unknown. A 3D model constructed based on the crystal structure of bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase (SMTL ID: 3cl4.1) using the online software SWISSMODEL (https ://www.swiss model .expas y.org/inter activ e) showed that the position of the 4-aa insertion in the R3-loop between F 211 and F 212 in HE in the recombinant BCoV strains would alter the spatial conformation of the receptor-binding site relative to that in the HE recombinant strains and prototype strains lacking this insertion ( Fig. 2B and C) .

title:
  An emerging novel bovine coronavirus with a 4-amino-acid insertion in the receptor-binding domain of the hemagglutinin-esterase gene

abstract:
  The hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) protein of betacoronavirus lineage A is a secondary receptor in the infection process and is involved in the emergence of new betacoronavirus genotypes with altered host specificity and tissue tropism. We previously reported a novel recombinant bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strain that was circulating in dairy cattle in China, but this virus was not successfully isolated, and the genetic characteristics of BCoV are still largely unknown. In this study, 20 diarrheic faecal samples were collected from a farm in Liaoning province that had an outbreak of calf diarrhea (≤ 3 months of age) in November 2018, and all of the samples tested positive for BCoV by RT-PCR. In addition, a BCoV strain with a recombinant HE (designated as SWUN/A1/2018) and another BCoV strain with a recombinant HE containing an insertion (designated as SWUN/A10/2018) were successfully isolated in cell culture (TCID50: 10(4.25)/mL and 10(4.73)/mL, respectively). Unexpectedly, we identified the emergence of a novel BCoV variant characterized by a 12-nt bovine gene insertion in the receptor-binding domain in a natural recombinant HE gene, suggesting a novel evolutionary pattern in BCoV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04840-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-266716-pghnl980
author: Wang, Hai-Ming
date: 2018-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-266716-pghnl980.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266716-pghnl980.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29411137/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3755-4
summary:
  title: Isobavachalcone inhibits post-entry stages of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus life cycle Since the first report of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak, tremendous efforts to control this disease, including various national policies and plans incorporating the use of multiple modified live-virus vaccines, have been made. Western blot analysis revealed that PRRSV N protein levels decreased markedly, indicating that increasing concentrations of IBC significantly inhibited PRRSV replication (Fig. 1F) . The in vitro study established that IBC efficiently inhibited the replication of both HP-PRRSV and the current Chinese epidemic NADC30-like strains without significant drug toxicity. Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt1 kinase in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication Pathogenicity and antigenicity of a novel NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerged in China NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

title:
  Isobavachalcone inhibits post-entry stages of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus life cycle

abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen of great economic significance that impacts the swine industry globally. Since the first report of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak, tremendous efforts to control this disease, including various national policies and plans incorporating the use of multiple modified live-virus vaccines, have been made. However, PRRSV is still a significant threat to the swine industry, and new variants continually emerge as a result of PRRSV evolution. Several studies have shown that pandemic PRRSV strains have enormous genetic diversity and that commercial vaccines can only provide partial protection against these strains. Therefore, effective anti-PRRSV drugs may be more suitable and reliable for PRRSV control. In this study, we observed that isobavachalcone (IBC), which was first isolated from Psoralea corylifolia, had potent anti-PRRSV activity in vitro. Although many biological activities of IBC have been reported, this is the first report describing the antiviral activity of IBC. Furthermore, after a systematic investigation, we demonstrated that IBC inhibits PRRSV replication at the post-entry stage of PRRSV infection. Thus, IBC may be a candidate for further evaluation as a therapeutic agent against PRRSV infection of swine in vivo.


id: cord-267155-3rhdxzj3
title: Serological relation between calf diarrhea coronavirus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus
author: Sato, K.
date: 1980
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6159873/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314983
abstract:
  Neutralizing (NT) and hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies to calf diarrhea coronavirus (CDCV) and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine (HEV) (strain 67 N) were detected in high proportions of normal adult cattle and pigs in Japan. Since comparison of NT and HI titers in the serum samples suggested an antigenic difference between the viruses, cross NT and HI tests of these viruses were carried out with antisera raised in rabbits. The homologous NT titers were markedly higher than the heterologous titers. In HI tests essentially the same results were obtained. These findings indicate the presence of a marked difference in antigenic make-up between CDCV and HEV. NT and HI tests can clearly differentiate the viruses, although there is some cross reaction.


id: cord-267446-rpv19oy6
author: Park, Jung-Eun
date: 2011-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-267446-rpv19oy6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267446-rpv19oy6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21667287/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1044-6
summary:
  The addition of trypsin was shown to induce fusion of the infected Vero cells, resulting in the formation of multiple syncytia, and produced a significant increase in virus titer after several passages. For example, infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and murine hepatitis virus strain 2 (MHV-2) requires proteolytic cleavage in their target cells, which is mediated by trypsin-like proteases [24, 29, 32] . To investigate the effects of proteolytic cleavage of the surface protein of Vero cells and free virions by trypsin, Vero cells or KPEDV-9 were pre-treated with trypsin prior to infection. These results are consistent with the suggestion that trypsin is not absolutely essential for Vero-cell-adapted PEDV infection, as reported for other group 1 coronaviruses, but the titer increases during infection with trypsin-treated virus.

title:
  Receptor-bound porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein cleaved by trypsin induces membrane fusion

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection in Vero cells is facilitated by trypsin through an undefined mechanism. The present study describes the mode of action of trypsin in enhancing PEDV infection in Vero cells during different stage of the virus life cycle. During the viral entry stage, trypsin increased the penetration of Vero-cell-attached PEDV by approximately twofold. However, trypsin treatment of viruses before receptor binding did not enhance infectivity, indicating that receptor binding is essentially required for trypsin-mediated entry upon PEDV infection. Trypsin treatment during the budding stage of virus infection induces an obvious cytopathic effect in infected cells. Furthermore, we also show that the PEDV spike (S) glycoprotein is cleaved by trypsin in virions that are bound to the receptor, but not in free virions. These findings indicate that trypsin affects only cell-attached PEDV and increases infectivity and syncytium formation in PEDV-infected Vero cells by cleavage of the PEDV S protein. These findings strongly suggest that the PEDV S protein may undergo a conformational change after receptor binding and cleavage by exogenous trypsin, which induces membrane fusion.


id: cord-269948-zfbu9646
author: Teo, Jeanette
date: 2011-04-19
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-011-0999-7
doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-0999-7
title:
  VereFlu™: an integrated multiplex RT-PCR and microarray assay for rapid detection and identification of human influenza A and B viruses using lab-on-chip technology

abstract:
  Threatening sporadic outbreaks of avian influenza and the H1N1 pandemic of 2009 highlight the need for rapid and accurate detection and typing of influenza viruses. In this paper, we describe the validation of the VereFlu™ Lab-on-Chip Influenza Assay, which is based on the integration of two technologies: multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR followed by microarray amplicon detection. This assay simultaneously detects five influenza virus subtypes, including the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1), seasonal H1N1, H3N2, H5N1 and influenza B virus. The VereFlu™ assay was clinically validated in Singapore and compared against reference methods of real-time PCR, virus detection by immunofluorescence of cell cultures and sequencing. A sensitivity and specificity of 96.8% and 92.8%, respectively, was demonstrated for pandemic H1N1; 95.7% and 100%, respectively, for seasonal H1N1; 91.2% and 97.6%, respectively, for seasonal H3N2; 95.2% and 100%, respectively, for influenza B. Additional evaluations carried out at the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre, Melbourne, Australia, confirmed that the test was able to reliably detect H5N1. This portable, fast time-to-answer (3 hours) device is particularly suited for diagnostic applications of detection, differentiation and identification of human influenza virus subtypes.


id: cord-270473-5tok4mqk
author: Nanda, S. K.
date: 2003-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14689278/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-003-0196-4
title:
  Mitochondrial HSP70, HSP40, and HSP60 bind to the 3′ untranslated region of the Murine hepatitis virus genome

abstract:
  We have previously shown that mitochondrial-aconitase binds specifically to the 3′ terminal 42 nucleotides of the Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) RNA along with three additional proteins of 70, 58 and 40 kDa to form a stable RNA-protein complex. Supershift and western blot assays have identified these three proteins as mitochondrial HSP70 (mtHSP70), HSP60, and HSP40. A series of co-immunoprecipitation assays have established that these four MHV RNA binding proteins are associated, even in the absence of MHV RNA. However, the presence of a synthetic RNA containing the sequence bound by these four proteins does increase the amount of co-precipitated protein, in particular the amount of HSP60 which is brought down with antibodies directed against HSP40 and mtHSP70. We have provided evidence for the interaction of these four proteins with the 3′ end region of MHV RNA in infected cells by a series of immunoprecipitation RT-PCR assays. We believe it is likely that MHV RNA interacts with m-aconitase prior to its import into mitochondria in cooperation with extra-mitochondrial mtHSP70, HSP60, and HSP40.


id: cord-271831-vekok62k
title: Replication of feline coronaviruses in peripheral blood monocytes
author: Dewerchin, H. L.
date: 2005-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-271831-vekok62k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271831-vekok62k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16052283/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0598-6
summary:
  Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) (Coronaviridae) causes the most lethal viral infection in cats: FIP. In this study, infection kinetics (titres and antigen expression) of FIPV 79-1146, and FECV 79-1683, were determined in peripheral blood monocytes from 3 donor cats and compared to those in Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells. Two coronaviruses are described in cats: feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Within this population of 19 cats, the monocytes isolated from 9 cats showed a continuous increase in viral antigen positive cells during a 24 hour time span after inoculation with FIPV. Monocytes from 9 cats did not sustain both FIPV and FECV infection since the number of viral antigen positive cells dropped after 6 or 12 hpi (third pattern). In an infection kinetics study where another cell type, feline peritoneal macrophages, was used, different results in the antigen expression kinetics were obtained [29] .

abstract:
  Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) (Coronaviridae) causes the most lethal viral infection in cats: FIP. The related feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) causes mild enteritis. Why these feline coronaviruses manifest so differently in vivo is not known. In this study, infection kinetics (titres and antigen expression) of FIPV 79-1146, and FECV 79-1683, were determined in peripheral blood monocytes from 3 donor cats and compared to those in Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells. The infection kinetics in monocytes were host dependent. Monocytes from 1 cat were resistant to both FIPV- and FECV-infection. Monocytes from the other 2 cats could initially be infected by both FIPV and FECV but FIPV infection was sustained in monocytes of only one cat. FECV-infection was never sustained and viral production was up to 100 times lower than in FIPV-infected monocytes. In CrFK cells, FIPV and FECV infection kinetics did not differ. In monocytes of a larger cat population (n = 19) the 3 infection patterns were also found. Considering all 22 investigated cats, 3/22 were not susceptible for FIPV and FECV. The rest could be infected with FECV and FIPV but 10/22 cats had monocytes that only sustained FIPV infection and 9/22 sustained neither FIPV nor FECV infection.


id: cord-271884-86yl9ren
title: Development of a modified immunoelectroosmophoresis method for Uukuniemi and Runde virus serology
author: Traavik, T.
date: 1977
txt: ./txt/cord-271884-86yl9ren.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271884-86yl9ren.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/889446/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314789
summary:
  In search for a suitable method for sero-ecological screenings for arboviruses in Norway, efforts were undertaken to make the immunoelectroosmophoresis technique more sensitive than here to fare in detection of antibodies. The isolation of Uukuniemi (UUK) group viruses and a new coronavirus-like agent, Runde virus, from Norwegian Ixodes ticks (19, 21, 22, 23) , were intended to be followed up promptly by sero-ecological surveys by a standard haemagglutination inhibition test (HAI). B y using a gel composed of 0.4 per cent agar and 0.6 per cent agarose, and concentrated B H K antigens, results comparable to the H A I titers were obtained for the reference sera with all the viruses tested. Provided the opportunity to concentrate the antigen, the modifications used in this work to obtain a sensitive I E O P for antibody detection might prove valuable also with other viruses.

abstract:
  In search for a suitable method for sero-ecological screenings for arboviruses in Norway, efforts were undertaken to make the immunoelectroosmophoresis technique more sensitive than here to fare in detection of antibodies. The aim was to make it comparable to haemagglutination inhibition test in sensitivity, retaining the advantages in specificity, simplicity and capacity. This has been achieved by: 1. Using concentrated virus as antigen. 2. Performing electrophoresis in a gel consisting of an agar-agarose mixture in optimal concentrations. 3. “Sandwiching” the first specific electrophoretic run with an anti-species antiserum to the tested sample.


id: cord-272955-kkkrkgg1
author: Belsy, Acosta
date: 2009-03-12
txt: ./txt/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272955-kkkrkgg1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19280320/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0338-4
summary:
  title: Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. In the present report, the nested PCR method used was able to detect different HAdVs in clinical samples and supernatant culture with a sensitive internal control system to assure the quality of reaction conditions in each individual tube. Human adenovirus DNA was detected in the supernatant of a cell culture infected with viruses obtained from fecal specimens taken from a patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), as well as in two cases of meningoencephalitis.

title:
  Molecular characterization of adenoviral infections in Cuba: report of an unusual association of species D adenoviruses with different clinical syndromes

abstract:
  Adenoviruses are common pathogens that are responsible for a wide variety of infectious syndromes. The objectives of this study were to identify and characterize members of different adenovirus species at the molecular level and to describe the correlation between viruses and clinical syndromes during a period of 4 years. Between 2002 and 2006, 45 of 512 respiratory specimens (8%) from patients with acute respiratory tract infection tested positive for adenovirus. Four adenovirus isolates from samples sent for enterovirus isolation were also analyzed. This research identified 49 confirmed cases of human adenovirus infection by PCR and/or viral culture. The most common diagnosis was upper respiratory infection (44%). Human adenovirus D was the major species found (59%), followed by Human adenovirus C (36%) and Human adenovirus B (4%). Human adenovirus 5 was the major serotype found producing bronchiolitis, followed by human adenovirus 6. In patients with upper respiratory infection, the major serotype found was human adenovirus 17. Viruses of the species Human adenovirus D were identified in seven (77%) cases of acute febrile syndrome. Four isolates from clinical materials obtained from patients with encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis and meningoencephalitis were identified as belonging to the species Human adenovirus D. Our data demonstrate a surprising result about the identification of an unusual association of viruses of the species Human adenovirus D with different clinical syndromes. This observation could be evaluated as a possible indicator of the emergence of a novel strain but further studies are required.


id: cord-272973-kzaowysv
author: Joshi, Lok R.
date: 2018-05-03
txt: ./txt/cord-272973-kzaowysv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272973-kzaowysv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3855-1
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3855-1
summary:
  PEDV NA, IgG and IgA were detected in the serum of piglets born to immunized gilts, demonstrating the transfer of antibodies through colostrum and milk. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity of ORFV-PEDV-S recombinant virus in pregnant gilts and its ability to induce passive immunity and protection in piglets born to immunized animals. Animals in G1 seroconverted to PEDV, presenting detectable levels of IgG, IgA and NA a week after challenge of the piglets (day 7 post-birth; Fig. 1 ). Notably, passive transfer of antibodies from gilts to piglets was observed in both G2 and G3, as PEDV-specific IgG, IgA and NAs were detected in serum of piglets born to immunized gilts following ingestion of colostrum and milk. Additionally, passive transfer of antibodies from gilts to piglets was observed, as PEDV-specific IgG, IgA and NAs were detected in serum of piglets born to immunized gilts following ingestion of colostrum and milk.

title:
  Passive immunity to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following immunization of pregnant gilts with a recombinant orf virus vector expressing the spike protein

abstract:
  Passive immunity is critical for protection of neonatal piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of an orf virus (ORFV) vector expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of PEDV (ORFV-PEDV-S) in pregnant gilts and its ability to confer passive immunity and protection in piglets. Three doses of ORFV-PEDV-S were given to two groups of PEDV-negative pregnant gilts, with the last dose being administered two weeks prior to farrowing. One of the two groups immunized with the ORFV-PEDV-S recombinant virus was also exposed to live PEDV orally on day 31 post-immunization (pi). Antibody responses were assessed in serum, colostrum and milk of immunized gilts, and passive transfer of antibodies was evaluated in piglet sera. The protective efficacy of ORFV-PEDV-S was evaluated after challenge of the piglets with PEDV. PEDV-specific IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody (NA) responses were detected in ORFV-PEDV-S-immunized and ORFV-PEDV-S-immunized/PEDV-exposed gilts. PEDV NA, IgG and IgA were detected in the serum of piglets born to immunized gilts, demonstrating the transfer of antibodies through colostrum and milk. Piglets born to immunized gilts showed reduced morbidity and a marked reduction in mortality after PEDV challenge in comparison to control piglets. Piglets born to gilts that received ORFV-PEDV-S and were exposed to live PEDV showed stronger NA responses and lower clinical scores when compared to piglets born to gilts immunized with ORFV-PEDV-S alone. These results demonstrate the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery platform capable of eliciting passive immunity against PEDV.


id: cord-274780-fmnro0kw
title: Detection of astroviruses in feces of a cat with diarrhea
author: Hoshino, Y.
date: 1981
txt: ./txt/cord-274780-fmnro0kw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274780-fmnro0kw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6798953/
doi: 10.1007/bf01320252
summary:
  Astroviruses were detected by electron microscopy in the feces from a 4 month old kitten with diarrhea. Astroviruses were detected by electron microscopy in the feces from a 4 month old kitten with diarrhea. The clinical disease manifested by the cat and the observed morphology of the viral particles are consistent with previous reports on astroviruses of other species. The clinical disease manifested by the cat and the observed morphology of the viral particles are consistent with previous reports on astroviruses of other species. Viral antigen was detected by indirect immunofluorescent staining within the cytoplasm of cultured cells infected with fecal material of human (10, 11) and bovine (23) astroviruses. Studies on the pathogenesis of astrovirus infection in lambs have shown the site of virus multiplication to be the mature villous epithelial cells of the small intestine (21, 22) .

abstract:
  Astroviruses were detected by electron microscopy in the feces from a 4 month old kitten with diarrhea. The mean diameter of the viral particles was 28.7 nm, and they showed characteristic five- or six-pointed star-shaped surface configurations. The clinical disease manifested by the cat and the observed morphology of the viral particles are consistent with previous reports on astroviruses of other species.


id: cord-276617-chgjpg0v
author: Takano, Tomomi
date: 2008-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-276617-chgjpg0v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276617-chgjpg0v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-008-0265-9
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0265-9
summary:
  The present study shows that: (1) the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cells was higher in cats with FIP than in SPF cats, (2) the albumin-to-globulin ratio has negative correlation with the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cell, (3) cells strongly expressing mRNA of the plasma cell master gene, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1), were increased in peripheral blood in cats with FIP, (4) mRNA expression of B-cell differentiation/survival factors, IL-6, CD40 ligand, and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), was enhanced in macrophages in cats with FIP, and (5) mRNAs of these B-cell differentiation/survival factors were overexpressed in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)-induced macrophages. We also collected macrophages from FIP cats and measured the expression levels of the viral RNA and mRNA of B-cell differentiation/survival factors: IL-6, CD40 ligand (CD40L), and Bcell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF).

title:
  B-cell activation in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) by FIP-virus-induced B-cell differentiation/survival factors

abstract:
  It has been suggested that antibody overproduction plays a role in the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). However, only a few studies on the B-cell activation mechanism after FIP virus (FIPV) infection have been reported. The present study shows that: (1) the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cells was higher in cats with FIP than in SPF cats, (2) the albumin-to-globulin ratio has negative correlation with the ratio of peripheral blood sIg(+) CD21(−) B-cell, (3) cells strongly expressing mRNA of the plasma cell master gene, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1), were increased in peripheral blood in cats with FIP, (4) mRNA expression of B-cell differentiation/survival factors, IL-6, CD40 ligand, and B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), was enhanced in macrophages in cats with FIP, and (5) mRNAs of these B-cell differentiation/survival factors were overexpressed in antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)-induced macrophages. These data suggest that virus-infected macrophages overproduce B-cell differentiation/survival factors, and these factors act on B-cells and promote B-cell differentiation into plasma cells in FIPV-infected cats.


id: cord-276630-qci7khki
author: Lima, William Gustavo
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-276630-qci7khki.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276630-qci7khki.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04693-5
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04693-5
summary:
  Due to the evidence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of various clinically available agents, drug repositioning stands out as a promising strategy for a short-term response in the fight against the novel coronavirus. Only seven drugs (chloroquine, tetrandrine, umifenovir (arbidol), carrimycin, Table 1 Clinical evidence of potential candidates for drug repositioning against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) *Lopinavir (400 mg) + ritonavir (100 mg), q12h, orally; associated with umifenovir (200 mg), q12h, orally. [14] reported that the use of arbidol in combination with lopinavir/ritonavir inhibits the aggravation of pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and promotes a virus-negative conversion in patients from China. Of these, only six drugs (lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir (arbidol), remdesivir, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine) have shown promising results in preclinical trials and have clinically lessened the symptoms of COVID-19. Although lopinavir/ ritonavir had low anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, arbidol, remdesivir, and chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine showed promising effects against this coronavirus.

title:
  The potential of drug repositioning as a short-term strategy for the control and treatment of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2): a systematic review

abstract:
  The novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, has quickly become a threat to the public health and economy worldwide. Despite the severity of some cases, there are no current pathogen-specific antivirals available to treat the disease. Therefore, many studies have focused on the evaluation of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of clinically available drugs. Here, we conducted a systematic review to describe the drug repositioning strategy against SARS-CoV-2 and to discuss the clinical impact of this approach in the current pandemic context. The systematic review was performed on March 23, 2020, using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS). The data were summarized in tables and critically analyzed. After the database search, 12 relevant studies were identified as eligible for the review. Among the drugs reported in these studies, 57 showed some evidence of antiviral activity. Antivirals, especially antiretrovirals, are the main class of therapeutic agents evaluated against COVID-19. Moreover, studies have reported the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of antitumor (16%; 9/57), antimalarial (7%, 4/57), and antibacterial (5%; 3/57) agents. Additionally, seven pharmacological agents (chloroquine, tetrandrine, umifenovir (arbidol), carrimycin, damageprevir, lopinavir/ritonavir) are in phase IV of clinical trials. Due to the evidence of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of various clinically available agents, drug repositioning stands out as a promising strategy for a short-term response in the fight against the novel coronavirus. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04693-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-277847-vgf9lz76
author: Sheppard, M.
date: 2014-04-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9645198/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050342
title:
  Fowl adenovirus recombinant expressing VP2 of infectious bursal disease virus induces protective immunity against bursal disease

abstract:
  The right hand end Nde I fragment 3 (90.8–100 map units) of the fowl adenovirus serotype 10 (FAV-10) was characterised so as to allow the location of an insertion site for recombinant vector construction. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) VP2 gene from the Australian classical strain 002/73, under the control of the FAV-10 major late promoter/leader sequence (MLP/LS) was inserted into a unique Not I site that was generated at 99.5 map units. This recombinant virus was produced without deletion of any portion of the FAV-10 genome. When administered to specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens intravenously, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously or intramuscularly, it was shown that the FAV-10/VP2 recombinant induced a serum VP2 antibody response and protected chickens against challenge with IBDV V877, an intermediate virulent classical strain. Birds were not protected when the recombinant was delivered via the conjunctival sac.


id: cord-278388-lzvtgwox
author: Hasoksuz, M.
date: 2014-05-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10664396/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050656
title:
  Antigenic variation among bovine enteric coronaviruses (BECV) and bovine respiratory coronaviruses (BRCV) detected using monoclonal antibodies

abstract:
  Bovine coronavirus (BCV) causes neonatal calf diarrhea (CD) and is associated with winter dysentery (WD) in adult dairy cattle. It can also be isolated from the respiratory tracts of cattle entering feedlots. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the hemagglutinin esterase (HE) and spike (S) surface proteins of 2 bovine enteric coronavirus (BECV) strains and two bovine respiratory coronavirus (BRCV) strains were tested against 6 BECV strains and 6 recently isolated BRCV strains, in order to characterize the antigenicity of BCV strains with varied tissue tropisms. All MAbs had high immunofluorescence (IF) titers against BECV and BRCV strains, indicative of conserved cross-reactive epitopes. In hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests, the S-MAbs were more broadly reactive than HE-MAbs. The BRCV and CD MAbs were more broadly reactive in HI than the WD MAbs. The HA activity of the Mebus vaccine CD strain was not inhibited by any of the MAbs tested. The HI activity of BRCV strain R6 was unique among the 6 BRCV isolates. In virus neutralization assays, MAbs to the BRCV strain R4 neutralized all 6 BECV strains tested. Antigenic variation exists among both BECV and BRCV strains, but it cannot be attributed soley to the clinical origin of the strain.


id: cord-279676-sk9xyd1r
title: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RNAscope(®)in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry techniques
author: Carossino, Mariano
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-279676-sk9xyd1r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279676-sk9xyd1r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04737-w
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04737-w
summary:
  In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are essential tools to characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection and tropism in naturally and experimentally infected animals and also for diagnostic purposes. In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques allow visualization of viral nucleic acid and protein antigens, respectively, within tissues and cells. For this purpose, the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific ISH and IHC are both critical for the assessment of viral distribution, cell tropism, and cytopathology within tissues, complementing classical histopathology, various molecular tools, and serological assays. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop RNAscope ® ISH and IHC methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antigen and RNA in infected cells that can be utilized for both research (e.g., studies involving experimentally and naturally infected animals) and diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, the development of IHC and ISH tools is of utmost significance for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 by characterizing the viral tissue distribution/cellular tropism in animal models and humans.

abstract:
  In situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are essential tools to characterize SARS-CoV-2 infection and tropism in naturally and experimentally infected animals and also for diagnostic purposes. Here, we describe three RNAscope(®)-based ISH assays targeting the ORF1ab, spike, and nucleocapsid genes and IHC assays targeting the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-280781-u3wd27rn
author: Stohlman, S. A.
date: 1978
txt: ./txt/cord-280781-u3wd27rn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280781-u3wd27rn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/207241/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315637
summary:
  title: Stability of neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (JHM strain) during chronic infection of neuroblastoma cells A line of mouse neuroblastoma cells which was chronically infected with the neurotropic strain (JHM) of MHV, a member of the coronavirus group, was established. The addition of low concentration antiviral antibody modulated the infection to a carrier culture with viral antigen in the cytoplasm of the cells, but no infectious virus was produced, and the cells lacked both surface viral antigen and CPE. Following incubation at room temperature for 30 minutes in the presence of anti-JHM hyperimmune aseitie fluid (50 per cent plaque reduction neutralization titer = 1/1~00), serial dilutions were plated on the indicator monolayers and fixed with 0.5 ml of DMEM plus 5 per cent FBS containing 0.6 per cent agarose. Figure 3 shows that following the initial passage in the presence of antibody, there was an increase in both the supernatant and cell associated virus titer, which rapidly declined until after 4 serial passages no infectious virus was detectable.

title:
  Stability of neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (JHM strain) during chronic infection of neuroblastoma cells

abstract:
  A line of mouse neuroblastoma cells which was chronically infected with the neurotropic strain (JHM) of MHV, a member of the coronavirus group, was established. These cells, designated N(J), exhibited typical MHV cytopathic effects (CPE) at all passage levels along with the continual production of infectious virus. Most cells were positive for viral antigen by immunofluorescence. Viral particles consistent with the morphology of MHV were found by electron microscopy. The uninfected neuroblastoma cell line did not contain a detectable population of cells resistant to JHM, and persistence did not elicit the production of interferon. No plaque morphology or temperature sensitive mutants were selected for in the N(J) culture, and we were unable to detect the presence of either a defective or defective interfering virus population. The addition of low concentration antiviral antibody modulated the infection to a carrier culture with viral antigen in the cytoplasm of the cells, but no infectious virus was produced, and the cells lacked both surface viral antigen and CPE. Possible mechanisms of viral persistencein vitro are discussed.


id: cord-280865-shwxhak9
author: Zhang, Dan
date: 2018-06-30
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29961119/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3921-8
title:
  Clinical evaluation of a panel of multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection of 16 respiratory viruses associated with community-acquired pneumonia

abstract:
  We developed a panel of multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (mqRT-PCR) assay consisting of seven internally controlled qRT-PCR assays to detect 16 different respiratory viruses. We compared the new mqRT-PCR with a previously reported two-tube mRT-PCR assay using 363 clinical sputum specimens. The mqRT-PCR assay performed comparably with the two-tube assay for most viruses, offering the advantages of quantitative analysis, easier performance, lower susceptibility to contamination, and shorter turnaround time in laboratories equipped with conventional real-time PCR instrumentation, and it could therefore be a valuable tool for routine surveillance of respiratory virus infections in China.


id: cord-280905-g2vcy9ea
author: Carstens, E. B.
date: 2009-06-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19495937/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0400-2
title:
  Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2008)

abstract:
  In accordance with the Statutes of the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the final stage in the process of making changes to the Universal Scheme of Virus Classification is the ratification of taxonomic proposals by ICTV Members. This can occur either at a Plenary meeting of ICTV, held during an International Congress of Virology meeting, or by circulation of proposals by mail followed by a ballot. Therefore, a list of proposals that had been subjected to the full, multi-stage review process was prepared and presented on the ICTVonline web pages in March 2008. This review process involved input from the ICTV Study Groups and Subcommittees, other interested virologists, and the ICTV Executive Committee. For the first time, the ratification process was performed entirely by email. The proposals were sent electronically via email on 18 March 2008 to ICTV Life Members (11), ICTV Subcommittee Members (74), and ICTV National Representatives (53).


id: cord-281410-y558a5jf
title: Propagation of the Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus in suckling mice, rats and hamsters
author: Akashi, H.
date: 1981
txt: ./txt/cord-281410-y558a5jf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281410-y558a5jf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6263232/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314841
summary:
  title: Propagation of the Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus in suckling mice, rats and hamsters Infected animals died with nervous symptoms, and serial passage was readily accomplished by intracerebral inoculation with brain emulsions. Infected animals died with nervous symptoms, and serial passage was readily accomplished by intraeerebral inoculation with brain emulsions. The present paper describes briefly our recent observation that the Kakegawa strain of BCV readily propagates in suckling mice, rats and hamsters. Four-day-old mouse 3 days after intraeerebral inoculation with the 3rd mouse brain passaged Kakegawa strain (left) and an uninoeulated 4-day-old mouse (right) Four litters (10 to 12/litter) of suckling mice were inoculated intracerebrally with infected tissue culture fluid containing 106-5 TCID50/ml. These findings showed that the viruses recovered from the brains of affected animals were antigenieally the same as the cell culture passaged virus and could be clearly differentiated from the MttV strain 2.

abstract:
  The Kakegawa strain of bovine coronavirus was easily propagated in suckling mice. Infected animals died with nervous symptoms, and serial passage was readily accomplished by intracerebral inoculation with brain emulsions. The 3rd passage viral material from infected mice evoked the same disease in suckling mice, rats and hamsters inoculated by the intracerebral or by the subcutaneous route. Viruses recovered from mice, rats and hamsters could be clearly differentiated from mouse hepatitis virus strain 2 by the neutralization test.


id: cord-282062-h9smg0w9
title: Novel single-stranded, circular DNA virus identified in cats in Japan
author: Takano, Tomomi
date: 2018-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-282062-h9smg0w9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282062-h9smg0w9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-4020-6
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-4020-6
summary:
  We detected a novel feline stool-associated circular DNA virus (FeSCV) in fecal samples from cats with diarrhea using consensus primers matching those of circovirus and cyclovirus. Feline cyclovirus was identified by next-generation sequencing analysis in which the viral gene was detected in a pooled fecal sample collected from 4-5 healthy cats. In this study, we performed nested PCR using Circoviridae family consensus primers and detected novel CRESS DNA viruses in several cats with diarrhea symptoms. However, we concluded that FeSCV is a circular DNA virus based on the following: 1) No Giardia intestinalis was detected in the fecal test, and 2) the complete genome of FeSCV was amplified using the rolling-circle amplification and inverse PCR assays. We detected a novel CRESS DNA virus, FeSCV, in fecal samples from cats. Although it was detected using consensus primers of circovirus and cyclovirus, FeSCV was phylogenetically positioned in a clade different from that of these viruses.

abstract:
  We detected a novel feline stool-associated circular DNA virus (FeSCV) in fecal samples from cats with diarrhea using consensus primers matching those of circovirus and cyclovirus. FeSCV is a circular DNA virus containing a genome with a total length of 2,046 nt encoding 2 open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that FeSCV is classified into a clade different from that of circovirus and cyclovirus. Since the FeSCVs detected in several cats in the same household had genetically similar genomes, these viruses are most likely derived from the same origin. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-018-4020-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-283178-4wefykbi
author: Deng, Xiaoyu
date: 2018-04-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29675651/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3828-4
title:
  A multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of three viruses associated with canine viral enteric infections

abstract:
  The aim of this study was to establish a multiplex PCR (mPCR) method that can simultaneously detect canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine coronavirus (CCoV) and canine adenovirus (CAV), thereby eliminating the need to detect these pathogens individually. Based on conserved regions in the genomes of these three viruses, the VP2 gene of CPV-2, the endoribonuclease nsp15 gene of CCoV, and the 52K gene of CAV were selected for primer design. The specificity of the mPCR results showed no amplification of canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), or pseudorabies virus (PRV), indicating that the method had good specificity. A sensitivity test showed that the detection limit of the mPCR method was 1 × 10(4) viral copies. A total of 63 rectal swabs from dogs with diarrheal symptoms were evaluated using mPCR and routine PCR. The ratio of positive samples to total samples for CPV-2, CCoV, and CAV was 55.6% (35/63) for mPCR and 55.6% (35/63) for routine PCR. Thirty-five positive samples were detected by both methods, for a coincidence ratio of 100%. This mPCR method can simultaneously detect CCoV (CCoV-II), CAV (CAV-1, CAV-2) and CPV-2 (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, CPV-2c), which are associated with viral enteritis, thereby providing an efficient, inexpensive, specific, and accurate new tool for clinical diagnosis and laboratory epidemiological investigations.


id: cord-283525-kvcqayl4
title: Nitric oxide inhibits the replication cycle of porcine parvovirus in vitro
author: Wei, Zhan-Yong
date: 2009-05-13
txt: ./txt/cord-283525-kvcqayl4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283525-kvcqayl4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437101/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0392-y
summary:
  This study investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) on porcine parvovirus (PPV) replication in PK-15 cells. The results showed that two NO-generating compounds, S-nitroso-l-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and l-arginine (LA), at a noncytotoxic concentration could reduce PPV replication in a dose-dependent manner and that this anti-PPV effect could be reversed by the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). As shown in Fig. 1a , SNAP and LA have the ability to inhibit PPV replication in PK-15 cells, and there is a dose-dependent relationship between the inhibitory effect and the SNAP (or LA) concentration. As shown in Fig. 2 , the PFU value increased with later addition of SNAP (or LA), and adding SNAP (or LA) 6 or 3 h prior to viral infection resulted in the highest level of inhibition. Our results demonstrate that NO specially inhibits the PPV replication cycle during the step of viral protein synthesis (Fig. 3b) .

abstract:
  This study investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) on porcine parvovirus (PPV) replication in PK-15 cells. The results showed that two NO-generating compounds, S-nitroso-l-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and l-arginine (LA), at a noncytotoxic concentration could reduce PPV replication in a dose-dependent manner and that this anti-PPV effect could be reversed by the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME). By assaying the steps of the PPV life cycle, we also show that NO inhibits viral DNA and protein synthesis. This experiment provides a frame of reference for the study of the anti-viral mechanism of NO.


id: cord-283710-55m16q7c
title: Epidemical features of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 in pediatric pneumonia in Chongqing, China
author: Wo, Ying
date: 2014-12-12
txt: ./txt/cord-283710-55m16q7c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283710-55m16q7c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504360/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2308-8
summary:
  Multivariate analysis showed that single infections with HAdV-7 were associated with a higher prevalence of severe pneumonia. There is therefore a need for continuous surveillance, with extensive molecular characterization, to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of the circulating HAdVs. The current study was performed to identify the predominant HAdV types associated with pediatric pneumonia and to trace the new genetic variants that might be derived from recombination of different types. However, HAdV infection was associated with more-severe pneumonia and more frequent transfer to the intensive care unit in comparison with HAdV-negative patients (P \ 0.001 and P = 0.027, respectively) ( Table 1) . These findings have the clinical implication that in patients with severe pneumonia, the contribution of HAdV, especially HAdV-7, should be considered with high priority, regardless of whether another respiratory pathogen has been detected. Identification and typing of adenovirus from acute respiratory infections in pediatric patients in Beijing from

abstract:
  Human adenoviruses (HAdV) of species B, C, and E (HAdV-B, -C, -E) are frequent causative agents of acute respiratory infections worldwide. No specific analysis has been done on the epidemiological and clinical features of HAdV in pediatric pneumonia in China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from hospitalized children with pneumonia from June 2009 to May 2014. All samples that tested positive for HAdV were typed by sequencing the hexon and fiber genes. From a total of 3089 samples, 208 (6.7 %) were positive for HAdV, identified as belonging to HAdV-B (186, 89.4 %), HAdV-C (9, 4.3 %) and HAdV-E (1, 0.5 %). HAdV-7 (104, 50.0 %) and HAdV-3 (78, 37.5 %) were the two major types, followed by HAdV-1, HAdV-55 and HAdV-14. There were 87 (41.8 %) single HAdV infections, of which 80 % were HAdV-7 infections. Multivariate analysis showed that single infections with HAdV-7 were associated with a higher prevalence of severe pneumonia. Temporal patterns showed that, except for a simultaneous outbreak of HAdV-3 and HAdV-7 during the years 2010–2011, HAdV-7 and HAdV-3 were alternately predominant, and the dominance shifted to HAdV-3 after 2014. Identification of the predominant HAdV genotypes and their epidemical features is useful for determining preventive strategies. HAdV-7 associated severe pneumonia needs to be considered with high priority in clinical practice.


id: cord-283804-dje7qbps
title: The polypeptide composition of avian infectious bronchitis virus particles
author: Macnaughton, M. R.
date: 1977
txt: ./txt/cord-283804-dje7qbps.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283804-dje7qbps.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/200202/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314478
summary:
  The polypeptides of the different density virus particles from the three IBV strains were analysed on polyacrylamide gels. Other studies on the polypeptide composition of eoronaviruses have shown 6 polypeptides in the virus particles of human coronavirus (HCV) strain OC43 (7) a n d t r a n s m i s s i b l e g a s t r o e n t e r i t i s v i r u s ( T G E V ) (5), a n d 7 p o l y p e p t i d e s in t h e v i r u s p a r t i c l e s of H C V s t r a i n 229 E (8) Virus Polypeptide Analysis Figure 2 shows the polsTeptides of the purified major virus species of the IBV strains Beaudette, Connecticut and Massachusetts, on polyaerylamide gels.

abstract:
  Egg grown avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) centrifuged on sucrose density gradients was found to consist of a major virus peak of density 1.17 to 1.18 g/cm(3) and occasionally two minor virus peaks of density 1.21 to 1.22 g/cm(3) and 1.13 g/cm(3). Three different IBV strains were examined and no morphological differences were detected between virus particles of different densities or from different strains. The polypeptides of the different density virus particles from the three IBV strains were analysed on polyacrylamide gels. In all cases 7 polypeptides were observed, although there were differences in the proportions of these polypeptides in particles of different densities and those from the different strains. The polypeptides have been called VP1 (molecular weight 130,000), VP2 (105,000), VP3 (97,000), VP4 (81,000), VP5 (74,000), VP6 (51,000) and VP7 (33,000). Additional polypeptides were produced if slightly harsher treatments were used.


id: cord-284087-g2jfnxja
author: Falcone, Valeria
date: 2013-02-09
txt: ./txt/cord-284087-g2jfnxja.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284087-g2jfnxja.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23397331/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1610-1
summary:
  In this study, we investigated the molecular evolution of influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2010/11 influenza season in southern Germany by sequence analysis of the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene from 25 patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease. The H275Y mutation in the influenza virus neuraminidase gene, known to confer resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, was detected in one patient. Aim of this study was to investigate the molecular evolution of A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2010/11 influenza season in southern Germany by sequence analysis of the HA gene of mild, moderate, and severe influenza cases. In order to detect molecular changes in the HA gene of influenza virus, 33 A(H1N1)pdm09 HA sequences representing 25 individual patients were analysed. e., C 2 weeks) of influenza virus in the respiratory tract was observed in 6 of the 25 patients (24 %; 3 with severe, 2 with moderate, and 1 with mild disease).

title:
  Influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 hemagglutinin polymorphism and associated disease in southern Germany during the 2010/11 influenza season

abstract:
  A novel influenza A virus emerged in early 2009 to cause the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. Understanding the evolution of influenza virus is crucial to determine pathogenesis, vaccine efficacy, and resistance to antiviral drugs. In this study, we investigated the molecular evolution of influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the 2010/11 influenza season in southern Germany by sequence analysis of the influenza virus hemagglutinin gene from 25 patients with mild, moderate, and severe disease. Phylogenetic analysis revealed co-circulation of different genetic groups. The D222G mutation, which had previously been observed in severe cases, was not detected. Immunocompromised patients were not affected more severely than non-immunocompromised patients (p>0.05), although longer shedding was observed in some of them. Interestingly, additional mutations and potential glycosylation sites were detected in samples from the lower respiratory tract in two patients, but not in the corresponding upper respiratory tract specimens. The H275Y mutation in the influenza virus neuraminidase gene, known to confer resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, was detected in one patient.


id: cord-285329-62yafd2d
author: Tsunemitsu, H.
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-285329-62yafd2d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285329-62yafd2d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7646362/
doi: 10.1007/bf01322757
summary:
  The antigenic and biological properties of 6 strains of bovine coronavirus (BCV) derived from neonatal calf diarrhea (CD) and 8 strains of BCV from winter dysentery (WD) of adult cattle, propagated in HRT-18 cells, were compared to determine if CD and WD strains belong to distinct serotypes or subtypes of BCV. However, in virus neutralization tests, antisera to 1 CD and 2 WD strains had 16-fold or lower antibody titers against 3 WD and 1 CD strains than against the homologous strains, and this variation reflected low antigenic relatedness values (R=13–25%), suggesting the presence of different subtypes among BCV. Receptor-destroying enzyme activity with mouse erythrocytes was not UExpressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution of virus causing complete disappearance of HA patterns at 4 °C after 2 h incubation at 37 °C ° CD Calf diarrhea, WD winter dysentery of adult cattle dM/C Ratio of HA titer with mouse erythrocytes to HA titer with chicken erythrocytes detected for any strain of BCV.

title:
  Antigenic and biological comparisons of bovine coronaviruses derived from neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery of adult cattle

abstract:
  The antigenic and biological properties of 6 strains of bovine coronavirus (BCV) derived from neonatal calf diarrhea (CD) and 8 strains of BCV from winter dysentery (WD) of adult cattle, propagated in HRT-18 cells, were compared to determine if CD and WD strains belong to distinct serotypes or subtypes of BCV. All strains hemagglutinated both mouse and chicken erythrocytes at 4 °C, but the ratios of hemagglutination titers with mouse erythrocytes compared to chicken erythrocytes showed diversity for both CD and WD strains. Some CD and WD strains did not hemagglutinate chicken erythrocytes at 37 °C and showed receptor-destroying enzyme activity against chicken erythrocytes. Hyperimmune antisera were produced in guinea pigs against 3 and 7 strains of BCV from CD and WD, respectively. No significant differences in antibody titers against these strains were observed by indirect immunofluorescence tests. However, in virus neutralization tests, antisera to 1 CD and 2 WD strains had 16-fold or lower antibody titers against 3 WD and 1 CD strains than against the homologous strains, and this variation reflected low antigenic relatedness values (R=13–25%), suggesting the presence of different subtypes among BCV. In hemagglutination inhibition tests, some one-way antigenic variations among strains were also observed. These results suggest that some antigenic and biological diversity exists among BCV strains, but these variations were unrelated to the clinical source of the strains; i.e. CD or WD.


id: cord-285429-vmnj25b5
title: Detection of diarrheal viruses circulating in adult patients in Thailand
author: Saikruang, Wilaiporn
date: 2014-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-285429-vmnj25b5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285429-vmnj25b5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25078389/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2191-3
summary:
  A total of 332 fecal specimens collected during January-December 2008 from adult patients with diarrhea were screened for group A and C rotaviruses, noroviruses GI and GII, sapovirus, Aichi virus, human parechovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus by RT-multiplex PCR. This study provides epidemiological data for a wide variety of diarrheal viruses circulating in adult patients with diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Then, the specimens were tested for the presence of SaV, AiV, group A rotavirus (RVA), group C rotavirus (RVC), HPeV, NoV GI and GII, EV, AdV, and AstV by RT-multiplex PCR using the protocol described previously by Khamrin et al. In addition, this study clearly demonstrates that HPeV is an unusual cause of acute gastroenteritis in adults compared to other viruses. The relatively low rate of diarrheal virus detection in adults with diarrhea in this study suggests that acute gastroenteritis in adults in this area may be caused by other pathogens.

abstract:
  A total of 332 fecal specimens collected during January-December 2008 from adult patients with diarrhea were screened for group A and C rotaviruses, noroviruses GI and GII, sapovirus, Aichi virus, human parechovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus by RT-multiplex PCR. The detection rate for diarrheal viruses was 4.2 %. Adenovirus and enterovirus were equally detected as the most predominant viruses, with prevalence of 1.2 %, followed by Aichi virus (0.9 %) and norovirus GII (0.6 %). Mixed infection with norovirus GII and human parechovirus was also detected (0.3 %). This study provides epidemiological data for a wide variety of diarrheal viruses circulating in adult patients with diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand.


id: cord-285547-7m3dh8hu
author: Nomura, Naoki
date: 2011-11-09
txt: ./txt/cord-285547-7m3dh8hu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285547-7m3dh8hu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22068881/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1152-3
summary:
  In the present study, a surveillance of avian influenza was carried out in Vietnam in domestic ducks and wild birds in 2009 and 2010, and the isolates were antigenically and phylogenetically analyzed and their pathogenicity in birds and mammals was assessed. One hundred tracheal and cloacal swab samples that were viral gene positive from 600 domestic ducks and 207 wild birds (night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax; grey heron, Ardea cinerea; purple heron, Ardea purpurea; chinese pond heron, Ardeola bacchus; chinese egret, Egretta eulophotes; little egret, Egretta garzetta; intermediate egret, Egretta intermedia; cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo; little cormorant, Microcarbo niger; Japanese bush warbler, Cettia diphone; black-browed reed warbler, Acrocephalus bistrigiceps; olive bulbul, Iole virescens; black capped kingfisher, Halcyon pileata; collared kingfisher, Halcyon chloris; racket tailed treepie, Crypsirina temia; oriental magpie robin, Copsychus saularis; tiger shrike, Lanius tigrinus; yellow bittern, Ixobrychus sinensis; indian cuckoo, Cuculus micropterus; common koel, Eudynamys scolopacea; and black collared starling, Sturnus nigricollis) in April 2009 and March 2010 in southern Vietnam were inoculated into the allantoic cavities of 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs.

title:
  Characterization of avian influenza viruses isolated from domestic ducks in Vietnam in 2009 and 2010

abstract:
  In the surveillance of avian influenza in Vietnam, 26 H9N2, 1 H3N2, 1 H3N8, 7 H4N6, 3 H11N3, and 1 H11N9 viruses were isolated from tracheal and cloacal swab samples of 300 domestic ducks in April 2009, and 1 H9N6 virus from 300 bird samples in March 2010. Out of the 27 H9 virus isolates, the hemagglutinins of 18 strains were genetically classified as belonging to the sublineage G1, and the other nine belonged to the Korean sublineage. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that one of the 27 H9 viruses was a reassortant in which the PB2 gene belonged to the Korean sublineage and the other seven genes belonged to the G1 sublineage. Three representative H9N2 viruses were intranasally inoculated into ducks, chickens, pigs, and mice. On the basis of experimental infection studies, it was found that each of the three viruses readily infected pigs and replicated in their upper respiratory tracts, and they infected chickens with slight replication. Viruses were recovered from the lungs of mice inoculated with two of the three isolates. The present results reveal that H9 avian influenza viruses are prevailing and genetic reassortment occurs among domestic ducks in Vietnam. It is recommended that careful surveillance of swine influenza with H9 viruses should be performed to prepare for pandemic influenza.


id: cord-285892-tp6mlqtw
title: Isolation of two Chinese bovine enteroviruses and sequence analysis of their complete genomes
author: Li, Yingli
date: 2012-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-285892-tp6mlqtw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285892-tp6mlqtw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22851010/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1424-6
summary:
  In this study, RNA corresponding to bovine enterovirus (BEV) was detected in 24.6 % of faecal samples (17/69) from diarrheic and healthy cattle in six different areas in China by an RT-PCR screening method. These viruses were characterized molecularly through sequence analysis of complete genomes, and the BHM26 and BJ50 isolates were therefore classified into genotype 2 of the BEV-B cluster. A total of 69 bovine diarrheic and healthy faecal specimens from six different areas were examined by RT-PCR using the primer pair 6424U24 and 7450L24, which cover the highly conserved partial 3D gene and 3 0 UTR of BEVs. The results showed that virus-specific RNA could be detected directly in faecal material in 17 of 69 samples (24.6 %). The results showed that the 3D/3 0 UTR (1026 nt) of BHM26 and BJ50 shared 86 % and 88 % nucleotide sequence identity, respectively, to that of BEV strain Jena38/02 (GenBank accession number: DQ092789), indicating that the two isolates are bovine enterovirus.

abstract:
  In this study, RNA corresponding to bovine enterovirus (BEV) was detected in 24.6 % of faecal samples (17/69) from diarrheic and healthy cattle in six different areas in China by an RT-PCR screening method. Furthermore, two cytopathic agents, designated as BHM26 and BJ50, were isolated from the bovine diarrheic fecal samples. During passage in MA104 cells, ultrathin sections of virus-infected monolayers were examined using a transmission electron microscope, and a large number of symmetrical virus crystals were seen in the cytoplasm, with monomorphic small viral particles of 27-30 nm in diameter. The full-length RNA genomes were 7433 and 7416 nucleotides long, respectively, with a genome organization analogous to that of picornaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 and VP3 capsid protein coding sequences suggested that the viruses BHM26 and BJ50 belong to genotype 2 of the BEV cluster B (BEV-B). In addition, sequence comparisons of the 5′ and 3′ UTRs and P1, P2 and P3 subgenomic regions of the two isolates suggested that there were intergenotypic recombination events occurring during evolution of the BHM26 and BJ50 isolates.


id: cord-286794-adbxzgvs
author: Du, Juan
date: 2019-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-286794-adbxzgvs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286794-adbxzgvs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04196-y
doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04196-y
summary:
  title: Identification and complete genome characterization of human enterovirus 117 from a child with pneumonia in China In this study, human enterovirus C117 (EV-C117) was detected in a 3-month-old boy diagnosed with pneumonia in China. Here, we report the identification and complete genomic sequence of EV-117 in a child with pneumonia in China, which may provide more information for understanding EV-C117 infection. Using multiple primers (Table 1) , we determined the full-length viral genome sequence of the strain detected in patient CQ6747 (GenBank accession no. Conversely, all genome regions of CQ6747 showed less similarity to other EV-C strains (including EV-C104, EV-C105, EV-C109, and EV-C118) ( Table 2) . Complete genomic sequencing shows that polioviruses and members of human enterovirus species C are closely related in the noncapsid coding region Complete genome sequence of a novel human enterovirus C (HEV-C117) identified in a child with communityacquired pneumonia Respiratory infection with enterovirus genotype C117, China and Mongolia

title:
  Identification and complete genome characterization of human enterovirus 117 from a child with pneumonia in China

abstract:
  In this study, human enterovirus C117 (EV-C117) was detected in a 3-month-old boy diagnosed with pneumonia in China. A phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain was genetically closer to the Lithuanian strain than to the USA strain. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-019-04196-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-287275-vwyny1vt
author: Zhang, Meng-Jia
date: 2018-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-287275-vwyny1vt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287275-vwyny1vt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-4081-6
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-4081-6
summary:
  In this study, a Chinese PDCoV strain, designated CHN-HG-2017, was isolated from feces of a suckling piglet with severe watery diarrhea on a farm located in central China. Tissues of small intestines from CHN-HG-2017-infected piglets at 4 DPI displayed significant macroscopic and microscopic lesions with clear viral antigen expression. In addition, it has been reported that newborn piglets inoculated with two recent Chinese PDCoV isolates, named CHN-HN-2014 and CHN-GD-2016, developed clear clinical signs, including severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration [21, 22] . Analysis of the genomic sequence suggested that CHN-HG-2017 is a potential recombinant virus derived from Chinese and Vietnam PDCoV strains. To confirm that virus propagation had occurred, the infectivity of the plaque-purified CHN-HG-2017 strain in LLC-PK1 cells was tested by IFA and western blot with an mAb against the PDCoV N protein. Isolation, genomic characterization, and pathogenicity of a Chinese porcine deltacoronavirus strain CHN-HN-2014

title:
  Genomic characterization and pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus strain CHN-HG-2017 from China

abstract:
  Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first detected in Hong Kong and has recently spread to many countries around the world. PDCoV causes acute diarrhea and vomiting in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses in the global pork industry. In this study, a Chinese PDCoV strain, designated CHN-HG-2017, was isolated from feces of a suckling piglet with severe watery diarrhea on a farm located in central China. Subsequently, the virus was identified by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and electron microscopy. A nucleotide sequence alignment showed that the whole genome of CHN-HG-2017 is 97.6%-99.1% identical to other PDCoV strains. Analysis of potential recombination sites showed that CHN-HG-2017 is a possible recombinant originating from the strains CH/SXD1/2015 and Vietnam/HaNoi6/2015. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of this recombinant PDCoV strain was investigated in 5-day-old piglets by oral inoculation. The challenged piglets developed typical symptoms, such as vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea and lethargy, from 1 to 7 days post-inoculation (DPI). Viral shedding was detected in rectal swabs until 14 DPI in the challenged piglets. Interestingly, high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera were detected at 21 DPI. Tissues of small intestines from CHN-HG-2017-infected piglets at 4 DPI displayed significant macroscopic and microscopic lesions with clear viral antigen expression. Our analysis of the full genome sequence of a recombinant PDCoV and its virulence in suckling piglets might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of PDCoV and facilitate further investigation of this newly emerged pathogen.


id: cord-288948-89cdfhi0
title: Divergent minute virus of canines strains identified in illegally imported puppies in Italy
author: Campalto, M.
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-288948-89cdfhi0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288948-89cdfhi0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04800-6
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04800-6
summary:
  This study reports the characterization of four divergent MVC strains detected between 2012 and 2018, three of which were from dogs illegally imported into Italy, most probably from Eastern Europe, that cluster together phylogenetically but share low genetic similarity with the fourth MVC from an autochthonous dog and other available MVC sequences. In detail: the complete ORF1, encoding the NS1 protein, of three of the four MVC isolates (Italy/4033/2012, BIO-CRIME/2018 and Italy/59116/2017, which had a gap of 17 nt) was sequenced and was 2325 bases in length, corresponding to 774 aa (Fig. 1a) . The phylogenetic tree based on the ORF2 nt sequences encoding the VP1/VP2 proteins (Fig. 2c) , was constructed using all 124 MVC sequences available in the GenBank database and included the only Italian MVC sequence available, Italy/285_11/2011 (JQ612703_Canine_ minute_virus_strain_285_11_Italy_2011), for which only the partial VP1/VP2 sequence is present [9] .

abstract:
  Minute virus of canines (MVC) belongs to the family Parvoviridae, genus Bocaparvovirus, and has been mainly described during enteritis episodes in young dogs. This study reports the characterization of four divergent MVC strains detected between 2012 and 2018, three of which were from dogs illegally imported into Italy, most probably from Eastern Europe, that cluster together phylogenetically but share low genetic similarity with the fourth MVC from an autochthonous dog and other available MVC sequences. Our data indicate that the introduction of genetically distinct MVC strains occurred through the illegal movement of dogs from a geographic area where a distinct MVC lineage was most likely circulating. Enforced surveillance of MVC in the dog population of Eastern Europe and its neighboring countries may shed light on, and eventually trace back to, illegal animal movements.


id: cord-289926-y1rjgbui
title: RNA binding domain of HDV antigen is homologous to the HMG box of SRY
author: Veretnik, S.
date: 2014-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-289926-y1rjgbui.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289926-y1rjgbui.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10446649/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050575
summary:
  Using sequence analysis methods we have discovered significant sequence similarity between this central domain of HDAg and the HMG (High Mobility Group) box of the SRY gene [40] , whose product binds to DNA and is essential for sex determination. The sequence similarity between the central domain of HDAg and the HMG (High Mobility Group) box of the SRY gene suggests that SRY may be a cellular cognate of HDAg. Another candidate for the ''captured'' cellular RNA was recently proposed: a 202 residue cellular protein referred to as DIPA (delta interacting protein A) was identified by co-immunoprecipitation with HDAg and by its in vivo ability to inhibit viral replication [5] . Statistically significant sequence similarities are limited to the functionally essential regions of both genes: in the SRY gene the similarity is confined to the HMG (High Mobility Group) box, a DNA binding motif found in the HMG protein superfamily [24, 31] , in HDAg the similarity is limited to RNA-binding domain.

abstract:
  The delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus exhibits sequence specific binding to its own RNA and is essential for viral replication. Using statistical methods we have detected significant similarity between the RNA-binding domain of the hepatitis delta antigen and the HMG box of SRY. Our analysis suggests that the RNA-binding domain of HDV antigen evolved from the DNA-binding domain of the HMG box. SRY, or a related protein, is a probable cellular cognate of HDV.


id: cord-290546-zu5ns4yq
title: Pleural effusion disease in rabbits. Properties of the aetiological agent
author: Fennestad, K. L.
date: 1983
txt: ./txt/cord-290546-zu5ns4yq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290546-zu5ns4yq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6409056/
doi: 10.1007/bf01311102
summary:
  The size and heat sensitivity of Pleural effusion disease (PED) agent or virus (PEDV) propagated in rabbits were examined. PEDV and the Stockholm agent appeared identical concerning pathogenic and immunogenic properties by infection experiments and protection tests in rabbits. The third isolate, obtained from the laboratory, which several years previously had supplied material for demonstration of the Stockholm agent, differed from PEDV in pathogenic and immunogenic properties. Stock PEDV consisted of pooled rabbit sera obtained 48 hours after subcutaneous inoculation with pleural fluid or infectious serum. Stocks of the Stockholm agent and the three isolates were from the first or second rabbit passage, prepared in the same manner as for PEDV. HCV229E and CV Paris were used as antigens in E L I S A to detect antibody rises to coronaviruses in paired sere from 20 rabbits infected with the 5 isolates.

abstract:
  The size and heat sensitivity of Pleural effusion disease (PED) agent or virus (PEDV) propagated in rabbits were examined. The infectious particles were estimated to be between 25 and 50 nm by filtration. Residual infectivity of infectious serum was 0.1 per cent after heating at 56° C for 4 hours. PEDV and the Stockholm agent appeared identical concerning pathogenic and immunogenic properties by infection experiments and protection tests in rabbits. Two of the three PEDV isolates were less pathogenic but appeared immunogenically identical to PEDV. The third isolate, obtained from the laboratory, which several years previously had supplied material for demonstration of the Stockholm agent, differed from PEDV in pathogenic and immunogenic properties. Serological examinations of paired rabbit sera did not indicate any antigenic relationship between PEDV and representative members of the two mammalian coronavirus antigenic groups. It is concluded that the aetiological agent of PED is a virus not belonging to the coronaviridae.


id: cord-290695-ubrqy2zf
title: Analysis of cell fusion induced by bovine coronavirus infection
author: Payne, H. R.
date: 1988
txt: ./txt/cord-290695-ubrqy2zf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290695-ubrqy2zf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3214271/
doi: 10.1007/bf01319806
summary:
  Polykaryon formation in bovine fetal spleen (BFS) cells infected with bovine coronavirus L9 occurred only in media supplemented with trypsin. Cell fusion and polykaryon formation in cultures infected with bovine coronavirus (BCV) occur late in the virus replication cycle. We analyzed the trypsin-dependent cell fusion of BCV-infected BFS cells and found that the range of pH 7.5 to 8.0 was optimal for polykaryon formation. The cells were inoculated with BCV at a multiplicity of 2 PFU per cell, incubated in MEM containing trypsin (0.4 ug per ml; Sigma Chemical Company) treated with L-l-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, an inhibitor of chymotrypsin activity. The ability of anti-BCV IgG to affect polykaryon formation at 37 °C was tested by two procedures: (i) Infected cell monolayers were incubated for 6 h in trypsin-free MEM then exposed to MEM that contained antibody freshly diluted with trypsin containing medium. Trypsin treatments of BCV-infected BFS cells during the time of maximal fusion enhancement were effective only with media of pH levels 7.5 to 8.0.

abstract:
  Polykaryon formation in bovine fetal spleen (BFS) cells infected with bovine coronavirus L9 occurred only in media supplemented with trypsin. A single 1 to 2 h trypsin treatment 10 h and later after infection induced formation of polykaryons. Trypsin treatment at pH 7.5 and 8.0 induced polykaryons while treatments at lower or higher pH levels did not. Cell fusion activity was partially suppressed by the presence of antibody.


id: cord-290819-zhywlf6r
author: Wu, Jiaqi
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-290819-zhywlf6r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290819-zhywlf6r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719955/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04747-8
summary:
  title: The antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral N protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus In the early stage of virus infection, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway of the host cell is activated to induce interferon production, activating interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode antiviral proteins that exert antiviral effects. Increased expression of interferon and viperin and decreased replication of PEDV with a clear reduction in the viral load were observed in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. After virus infection, pattern recognition receptors recognize released viral nucleic acids and activate downstream signaling pathways to promote the production of specific transcription factors and type I interferons [25] . These results indicate that PEDV infection upregulates the expression of interferon and viperin in IPEC-J2 cells. This study showed that the expression of type I interferon increases and that of viperin is also upregulated in IPEC-J2 cells infected with PEDV.

title:
  The antiviral protein viperin interacts with the viral N protein to inhibit proliferation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

abstract:
  In the early stage of virus infection, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) signaling pathway of the host cell is activated to induce interferon production, activating interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that encode antiviral proteins that exert antiviral effects. Viperin is one of the innate antiviral proteins that exert broad-spectrum antiviral effects by various mechanisms. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that causes huge losses to the pig industry. Research on early antiviral responses in the gastrointestinal tract is essential for developing strategies to prevent the spread of PEDV. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of viperin in PEDV-infected IPEJ-C2 cells. Increased expression of interferon and viperin and decreased replication of PEDV with a clear reduction in the viral load were observed in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. Amino acids 1–50 of porcine viperin contain an endoplasmic reticulum signal sequence that allows viperin to be anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum and are necessary for its function in inhibiting PEDV proliferation. The interaction of the viperin S-adenosylmethionine domain with the N protein of PEDV was confirmed via confocal laser scanning microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. This interaction might interfere with viral replication or assembly to reduce virus proliferation. Our results highlight a potential mechanism whereby viperin is able to inhibit PEDV replication and play an antiviral role in innate immunity.


id: cord-291530-ffex7dw9
title: Characterization of divergent and atypical canine coronaviruses from Sweden
author: Escutenaire, S.
date: 2007-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-291530-ffex7dw9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291530-ffex7dw9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533554/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-007-0986-1
summary:
  Field canine coronaviruses (CCVs) identified during a series of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Swedish dogs were subjected to genetic analysis involving the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) and the membrane (M) and spike (S) protein genes. Four field viruses originating from the Stockholm region presented identical sequences and segregated separately from other CCVs characterized so far and from GOT/05, the variant recovered in Western Sweden. In the alignment based on 3 0 S gene sequences, the Swedish field viruses displayed higher ranges of nucleotide and amino acid identity with both CCVs and FCoVs of type II (Table 2 ). Comparable or even higher percentages of nucleotide variation were observed between GOT=05 and the same reference strains, thus suggesting that GOT=05 also constitutes a genetically distinct variant among CCVs. In addition, 5 0 S gene sequences related to CCV type I were identified among the SWE1 viruses and UPPS2=04.

abstract:
  Field canine coronaviruses (CCVs) identified during a series of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Swedish dogs were subjected to genetic analysis involving the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) and the membrane (M) and spike (S) protein genes. Four field viruses originating from the Stockholm region presented identical sequences and segregated separately from other CCVs characterized so far and from GOT/05, the variant recovered in Western Sweden. A recombinant origin of the fifth virus identified in the Stockholm region is suggested. In addition, the five viruses originating from the same geographical area displayed atypical 5′ S gene sequences.


id: cord-291707-dzmvjh7j
author: Tupper, G. T.
date: 1987
txt: ./txt/cord-291707-dzmvjh7j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291707-dzmvjh7j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3619653/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310988
summary:
  FIPV grows to higher titer, forms larger plaques and switches off host cell protein synthesis more effectively than FECV. It was reported that both virus strains produce relatively large plaques in cell culture and grew to fairly high titers (1) . This indicated the differences were consistent and were not due to maturation artitSct. There was a cell protein band just above the nucleoprotein of the FECV 79-1683 of the radiolabelled virus. The FIPV strains produced larger plaques in CrFK cells and half a log higher titer of virus than the FECV strain. Host cell protein synthesis was also shut offby infection with murine coronavirus and different strains vary in the extent to which they do it, (25) . In this study, all 3 st, ruetural polypeptides appeared synchronously in cells infected with FIPV or FECV strains. Viral protein synthesis in mouse hepatitis virus strain A 59-infected cells: effect oftunieamyein

title:
  Antigenic and biological diversity of feline coronaviruses: feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteritis virus

abstract:
  Antigenically related feline coronaviruses cause two distinct disease manifestations in infected cats. The diseases are feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), in which the virus is widely disseminated, and feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), a mild disease in which the virus is usually limited to the villi. These two viruses were found to differ in their growth in cell culture. FIPV grows to higher titer, forms larger plaques and switches off host cell protein synthesis more effectively than FECV. Cross neutralization studies showed antigenic differences between the strains. There also appeared to be a difference in the nucleoprotein molecular weight of the viruses causing these two different disease syndromes.


id: cord-291718-cz1bi0ym
title: The papain-like protease of avian infectious bronchitis virus has deubiquitinating activity
author: Yu, Liping
date: 2017-03-18
txt: ./txt/cord-291718-cz1bi0ym.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-291718-cz1bi0ym.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3328-y
doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3328-y
summary:
  Furthermore, the IBV replicase-encoded PLP, including the downstream transmembrane (TM) domain, is a DUB enzyme and dramatically reduced the level of Ub-conjugated proteins, while processing both K48and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Overall, these results demonstrate that the IBV-encoded PLP-TM functions as a DUB enzyme and suggest that IBV may interfere with the activation of host antiviral signaling pathway by degrading polyubiquitin-associated proteins. Further experiments indicated that the proteinase PLP-TM plays an important role in IBV DUB activity and can process both K48-and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Overall, the results of our study show that IBV has DUB activity and confirm that PLP-TM is not only a classic papain-like protease encoded by IBV but is also a multifunctional protein that plays important roles in the regulation of interactions between IBV and host antiviral innate immune response proteins. IBV PLP-TM may prevent the activation of host antiviral signaling pathways by degrading polyubiquitin chains associated with ubiquitin proteins.

abstract:
  Coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLPs) can act as proteases that process virus-encoded large replicase polyproteins and also as deubiquitinating (DUB) enzymes. Like the PLPs of other coronaviruses (CoVs), the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) PLP catalyzes proteolysis of Gly-Gly dipeptide bonds to release mature cleavage products. However, the other functions of the IBV PLP are not well understood. In this study, we found that IBV exhibits strong global DUB activity with significant reductions of the levels of ubiquitin (Ub)-, K48-, and K63-conjugated proteins. The DUB activity exhibited a clear time dependence, with stronger DUB activity in the early stage of viral infection. Furthermore, the IBV replicase-encoded PLP, including the downstream transmembrane (TM) domain, is a DUB enzyme and dramatically reduced the level of Ub-conjugated proteins, while processing both K48- and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. By contrast, PLP did not cause any reduction of haemagglutinin (HA)-Ub-conjugated proteins. In addition, mutations of the catalytic residues of PLP-TM, Cys1274Ser and His1437Lys, reduced DUB activity against Ub-, K48- and K63- conjugated proteins, indicating that the DUB activity of the PLP-TM wild-type protein is not completely dependent on its catalytic activity. Overall, these results demonstrate that the IBV-encoded PLP-TM functions as a DUB enzyme and suggest that IBV may interfere with the activation of host antiviral signaling pathway by degrading polyubiquitin-associated proteins.


id: cord-292286-ygomb3oi
title: Flavonoids: promising natural compounds against viral infections
author: Zakaryan, Hovakim
date: 2017-05-25
txt: ./txt/cord-292286-ygomb3oi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292286-ygomb3oi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28547385/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3417-y
summary:
  Flavonoids are widely distributed as secondary metabolites produced by plants and play important roles in plant physiology, having a variety of potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. The antiviral activity of flavones is known from the 1990s, when it was showed that the simultaneous application of apigenin with acyclovir resulted in an enhanced antiviral effect on herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) in cell culture [92] . Besides these DNA viruses, apigenin was found to exert antiviral effect against African swine fever virus (ASFV), by suppressing the viral protein synthesis and reducing the ASFV yield by 3 log [46]. Besides these viruses, EGCG has been found to exert antiviral activity against HCV by preventing the attachment of the virus to the cell surface and suppressing RNA replication steps [8, 15] . Antiviral activity of baicalin against influenza A (H1N1/ H3N2) virus in cell culture and in mice and its inhibition of neuraminidase

abstract:
  Flavonoids are widely distributed as secondary metabolites produced by plants and play important roles in plant physiology, having a variety of potential biological benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Different flavonoids have been investigated for their potential antiviral activities and several of them exhibited significant antiviral properties in in vitro and even in vivo studies. This review summarizes the evidence for antiviral activity of different flavonoids, highlighting, where investigated, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action on viruses. We also present future perspectives on therapeutic applications of flavonoids against viral infections.


id: cord-293945-gyb9mjb5
author: Chai, Weidong
date: 2012-11-28
txt: ./txt/cord-293945-gyb9mjb5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293945-gyb9mjb5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23188495/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1543-0
summary:
  Virus yield reduction assay ST cell monolayers were infected with TGEV with or without probiotic bacteria treatment according to the experimental design. faecium (1.00E?07 CFU/ml) when the probiotic was added to the cells together with the virus during the infection period (competition assay). faecium inactivates TGEV particles by direct physical interaction with virus, a cell-free preincubation assay was performed. faecium together with the virus significantly increases mRNA expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 (an approximately 3-and 13-fold increase, respectively) when compared with TGEV-infected ST cells that had not been exposed to the probiotic (Fig. 6) . faecium (pretreatment), the viability of TGEV-infected cells was protected, and virus yields were reduced (Figs. In this study, the competition assay in which virus and probiotic bacteria are present in the culture medium side by side, exhibited the most pronounced antiviral activity in terms of cell survival (Figs.

title:
  Antiviral effects of a probiotic Enterococcus faecium strain against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus

abstract:
  The enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes severe disease in young piglets. We have studied the protective effects of the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 (E. faecium), which is approved as a feed additive in the European Union, against TGEV infection. E. faecium was added to swine testicle (ST) cells before, concomitantly with, or after TGEV infection. Viability assays revealed that E. faecium led to a dose-dependent rescue of viability of TGEV-infected cells reaching nearly to complete protection. Virus yields of the E. faecium–treated cultures were reduced by up to three log(10) units. Western blot analysis of purified TGEV revealed that the levels of all viral structural proteins were reduced after E. faecium treatment. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed attachment of TGEV particles to the surface of E. faecium which might be a means to trap virus and to prevent infection. Increased production of nitric oxide in the cells treated with E. faecium and elevated expression of interleukin 6 and 8 pointed to stimulated cellular defense as a mechanism to fight TGEV infection.


id: cord-294138-h7sfd1wa
author: McIver, David J.
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-294138-h7sfd1wa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294138-h7sfd1wa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04683-7
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04683-7
summary:
  Both countries were involved in the United States Agency for International Development''s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT program, and surveillance of bats in wildlife markets in rural areas in Laos using family-level PCR assays revealed the presence of CoV RNA in 41 animals [5] . Considering the significant interactions of wildlife and especially rodents with humans in Laos, we were interested in investigating the presence of CoVs in these animals, which can be primary or intermediate hosts for CoVs with zoonotic potential. Since there are abundant contact opportunities for wildlife pathogens and humans in Laos, and considering that coronavirus-zoonotic events can involve intermediate hosts, as in the cases of SARS and MERS, we focused our screening on non-bat species potentially capable of playing that role. It is worth noting that we targeted rodents most likely to be in contact with humans and transmit virus and found fewer CoV-RNA-positive animals than in other studies of rodents in the region or elsewhere.

title:
  Coronavirus surveillance of wildlife in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic detects viral RNA in rodents

abstract:
  Coronaviruses can become zoonotic, as in the case of COVID-19, and hunting, sale, and consumption of wild animals in Southeast Asia increases the risk for such incidents. We sampled and tested rodents (851) and other mammals and found betacoronavirus RNA in 12 rodents. The sequences belong to two separate genetic clusters and are closely related to those of known rodent coronaviruses detected in the region and distantly related to those of human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. Considering the close human-wildlife contact with many species in and beyond the region, a better understanding of virus diversity is urgently needed for the mitigation of future risks. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04683-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-294218-v4gjabp3
author: Dea, S.
date: 1989
txt: ./txt/cord-294218-v4gjabp3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294218-v4gjabp3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2774975/
doi: 10.1007/bf01313956
summary:
  Pulse labeling of cells with [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]glucosamine at different times after infection, followed by SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblotting analysis using rabbit anti-TCV hyperimmune serum, was used to resolve and identify TCV-induced intracellular proteins. In the present study, we have investigated the intracellular synthesis and post-translational modifications of virus-coded polypeptides in cultures of HRT-18 infected with TCV in the presence or the absence of glycosylation inhibitors. Radioim-munoprecipitation experiments using the anti-TCV hyperimmune serum, after [35S]methionine and [3H]glucosamine labeling, confirmed the absence of the peplomeric glycoproteins from TM-treated cells, whereas the relative amount of the unglycosylated high mol.wt, polypeptide species increased (Fig. 4A, lanes 5 and 7) . In this paper, we described the identification of virus-induced intracellular polypeptides in TCV-infected HRT-18 cells, the kinetic of their synthesis, their post-translational processing in the presence of glycosylation inhibitors and their significance with respect to the production of mature virions.

title:
  Intracellular synthesis and processing of the structural glycoproteins of turkey enteric coronavirus

abstract:
  Pulse labeling of cells with [(35)S]methionine or [(3)H]glucosamine at different times after infection, followed by SDS-PAGE and Western immunoblotting analysis using rabbit anti-TCV hyperimmune serum, was used to resolve and identify TCV-induced intracellular proteins. The viral structural proteins (gp200, gp140/gp66, gp100/gp120, p52, and gp24/p20) were detected in radiolabeled cell extracts by 9 to 12 hours post-infection, as well as two possible non-structural proteins with apparent mol.wts. of 36,000 and 32,000. The predominant 52,000 nucleocapsid protein could be detected in cell lysates as soon as 6 to 8 hours after infection; it was initially resolved as a complex of 3 closely migrating species with mol.wts. ranging from 46,000 to 52,000. Pulse-chase and immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that gp200 arose from a putative precursor with mol.wt. of 150,000 to 170,000, that underwent glycosylation. Proteolytic cleavage of gp200, in turn, probably yielded the gp100 and gp120 species. The unique TCV hemagglutinin protein originated from a primary precursor with mol.wt. of 60,000, which underwent rapid dimerization by disulfide bond formation and glycosylation to yield gp140. The peplomeric and matrix proteins were both shown to be N-glycosylated, as indicated by their sensitivity to tunicamycin (TM) and their resistance to sodium monensin (SM). In the presence of TM, proteins with mol.wts. of 90,000, 120–130,000, and 150,000 accumulated in TCV-infected cells rather than peplomeric glycoproteins, and the matrix protein E1 was only detected in its unglycosylated form. The addition of TM to the culture medium interfered with the maturation of progeny viral particles, as suggested by the absence of peplomers at the surface of the intravacuolar and extracellular virions, and the accumulation of amorphous material not found in the absence of the glycosylation inhibitor. High yields of virus replication were obtained, in the presence of SM, even at concentrations which greatly affected the cellular functions.


id: cord-294323-mryiqmsw
title: The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control
author: Kumar, Binod
date: 2018-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294323-mryiqmsw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-3708-y
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3708-y
summary:
  The wide range of hosts provides influenza A viruses greater chances of genetic re-assortment, leading to the emergence of zoonotic strains and occasional pandemics that have a severe impact on human life. Here, we primarily discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus type A, its epidemiology, pandemic potential, current status of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and ways to effectively manage the disease during a crisis. A genetic shift occurs when two or more different influenza virus strains infect the same cell in a host, leading to recombination of genetic materials, an event that occasionally generates a new strain with a novel combination of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The antiviral drugs currently available against influenza viruses are adamantane derivatives (amantadine and rimantadine) and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir). Due to the increasing burden of vaccine formulations and cases of antiviral-drug-resistant influenza virus isolates turning up every year, it has become necessary to search for alternatives to the current treatment and prevention strategies.

abstract:
  Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are zoonotic pathogens that cause yearly outbreaks with high rates of morbidity and fatality. The virus continuously acquires point mutations while circulating in several hosts, ranging from aquatic birds to mammals, including humans. The wide range of hosts provides influenza A viruses greater chances of genetic re-assortment, leading to the emergence of zoonotic strains and occasional pandemics that have a severe impact on human life. Four major influenza pandemics have been reported to date, and health authorities worldwide have shown tremendous progress in efforts to control epidemics and pandemics. Here, we primarily discuss the pathogenesis of influenza virus type A, its epidemiology, pandemic potential, current status of antiviral drugs and vaccines, and ways to effectively manage the disease during a crisis.


id: cord-294467-kq5wmavt
author: Kasai, H.
date: 2014-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-294467-kq5wmavt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294467-kq5wmavt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856082/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050431
summary:
  title: Characterization of haemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE) of murine corona virus DVIM by monoclonal antibodies We analyzed the characteristics of seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against purified HE (hemagglutinin-esterase) glycoprotein of the murine coronavirus DVIM (diarrhea virus of infant mice). Neutralizing activity was shown in group A mAbs exclusively, suggesting that the ratio of HA and/or AE activities may play important roles in the cell fusion activity of DVIM-infected cells. As described in a previous report [8] , by treatment of DVIM with the non-ionic detergent NP-40 we isolated the HE protein, which carries the functional sites for both acetylesterase (AE) and the haemagglutination (HA) activities. We examined the cytopathic effect of mAbs with respect to the formation of syncytia in DVIM-infected cells. The antibodies that had low titers to both activities did not delay the fusion of infected cells.

title:
  Characterization of haemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE) of murine corona virus DVIM by monoclonal antibodies

abstract:
  We analyzed the characteristics of seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against purified HE (hemagglutinin-esterase) glycoprotein of the murine coronavirus DVIM (diarrhea virus of infant mice). Immunocrossreaction of these mAbs with JHM and/or MHV-S suggest that antigenic epitopes of HE of DVIM are similar to those of JHM and/or MHV-S. Four mAbs (1b4, 3Aff28, 4c19, 10b7), designated as group A mAbs, strongly inhibited both HA and AE activities. On the other hand, three mAbs (5Aff3, 6Aff6, 13Aff4), referred to as group B, had a comparatively weak HA inhibition activity. These results indicate that the antigenic epitopes of this glycoprotein can be classified into at least two groups and that the functional sites of HA and AE activities are similar but not identical. Neutralizing activity was shown in group A mAbs exclusively, suggesting that the ratio of HA and/or AE activities may play important roles in the cell fusion activity of DVIM-infected cells.


id: cord-294947-g4ntyddb
author: Zhu, Yu
date: 2016-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-294947-g4ntyddb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294947-g4ntyddb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2918-4
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2918-4
summary:
  title: Establishment of a nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay to distinguish field strains and attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus In this study, a nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR) assay targeting the ORF3 of PEDV was developed to distinguish PEDV field strains from attenuated strains by using a specific pair of primers. The nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay we describe here can be used to distinguish field strains from vaccine strains of PEDV, and it shows promise for reducing economic loss due to PEDV infection. The results showed that the nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay could distinguish PEDV field strains from the attenuated strain in samples from infected pigs. The present study demonstrated that an effective nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay targeting the ORF3 gene of PEDV was able to distinguish field strains from attenuated vaccine strains. Development of a nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

title:
  Establishment of a nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay to distinguish field strains and attenuated strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause serious disease and even death in neonatal piglets, resulting in serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. Open reading frame 3 (ORF3) is the only accessory gene in the PEDV genome. Previous studies have indicated that PEDV vaccine strains have a partial deletion in ORF3. In this study, a nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR) assay targeting the ORF3 of PEDV was developed to distinguish PEDV field strains from attenuated strains by using a specific pair of primers. The PCR products of field strains and attenuated strains were 264 bp and 215 bp in length, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay were also assessed. The nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay was 10-100 times more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR assay, with no cross-reactions when amplifying porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine rotavirus (RV), and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The nanoparticle-assisted RT-PCR assay we describe here can be used to distinguish field strains from vaccine strains of PEDV, and it shows promise for reducing economic loss due to PEDV infection.


id: cord-295308-ruwxm4fd
author: Chen, S.-P.
date: 2008-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-295308-ruwxm4fd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295308-ruwxm4fd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18446424/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0090-1
summary:
  title: Identification of a recombinant dengue virus type 1 with 3 recombination regions in natural populations in Guangdong province, China Using recombination analysis, we identified a recombinant dengue virus type 1 strain, namely, GD23/95, with three recombination regions, located within the sequences of the prM/E junction, NS1, and NS3, respectively. This appears to be the first study to confirm the existence of three recombination regions in a single dengue virus isolate and to report recombination between parent virus strains isolated from the same geographic area (Guangdong province, China). Recombination events have been proven to occur in RNA viruses such as polioviruses [3] , feline calicivirus [4] , Western equine encephalitis virus [6] , severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [20, 21, 25] , and hepatitis C virus (HCV) [2, 9, 10, 12, 17] .

title:
  Identification of a recombinant dengue virus type 1 with 3 recombination regions in natural populations in Guangdong province, China

abstract:
  Using recombination analysis, we identified a recombinant dengue virus type 1 strain, namely, GD23/95, with three recombination regions, located within the sequences of the prM/E junction, NS1, and NS3, respectively. The recombinant dengue virus was further confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on its recombination and non-recombination regions. This appears to be the first study to confirm the existence of three recombination regions in a single dengue virus isolate and to report recombination between parent virus strains isolated from the same geographic area (Guangdong province, China). It is also the first to report breakpoints within the NS3 gene of dengue viruses.


id: cord-295409-7l0pglef
title: Replication of sialodacryoadenitis virus in mouse L-2 cells
author: Percy, D.
date: 1989
txt: ./txt/cord-295409-7l0pglef.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295409-7l0pglef.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2539798/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315553
summary:
  The ability to propagate SDAV to high titers in the widely available L-2 cell line should promote the study of this virus and facilitate its comparison with other murine coronaviruses. In LBC cells inoculated with strain #681 of SDAV, CPE was first detected in infected cultures 48 hours pi, and syncytia were observed by 72 hours pi [11] . Viral antigen and TCIDs0 titers of 107/0.2ml could be detected in inoculated culture fluid at 24 hours pi by the tenth passage of SDAV in LBC cells [11] . Submandibular and parotid salivary glands from animals infected with the eighth pass of SDAV were homogenized to make a 10% (w/v) suspension in PBS, then 0.5 ml was inoculated onto L-2 or L-929 cells, incubated at 37 °C, and observed for evidence of viral antigen and CPE. Following 5-6 serial passages of supernatant fluid from infected cell cultures, viral antigen, infectious virus, and CPE could be readily demonstrated.

abstract:
  Sialodacryoadenitis (SDA) is a naturally-occurring infection of the laboratory rat raused by the coronavirus, sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV). The study of SDAV has been limited because there is no widely available continuous cell line for the propagation of high titers of the virus. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to compare the ability of SDAV to replicate in the permanent cell lines, LBC, of rat origin, and the mouse cell lines. L-929 and L-2. Following 2 to 6 repeated passages of SDAV in LBC cells, the virus could be readily propagated in LBC and L-2 cells, but not in L-929 cells. Similarly, SDAV adapted to replicate directly in L-2 cells could be readily propagated in LBC, but not L-929 cells. In LBC and L-2 cells, cytopathic effect (CPE), viral antigen, viral particles, and virus infectivity could be demonstrated. Titers of up to 10(8.0) infectious viral particles/0.25 ml of culture fluid were obtained at 48 hours in L-2 cells. Titers in LBC cells were one to two logs lower. When susceptible rats were inoculated with eighth passage L-2 cell-adapted virus, they developed typical lesions of SDA. Virus could be recovered from infected tissues and propagated in L-2 cells on first passage. The ability to propagate SDAV to high titers in the widely available L-2 cell line should promote the study of this virus and facilitate its comparison with other murine coronaviruses.


id: cord-296167-np0b9a7o
title: Naturally occurring recombination between distant strains of infectious bronchitis virus
author: Mardani, Karim
date: 2010-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-296167-np0b9a7o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296167-np0b9a7o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0731-z
doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0731-z
summary:
  In the present study, the 3′ terminal 7.2 kb of the genome of a recently isolated variant of IBV (N1/03) was sequenced and compared with the sequences of classical and novel strains of IBV, the two main groups of these viruses in Australia. The 3 0 -terminal 7.2 kb of the genomes of the representative classical and novel Australian IBV strains were aligned with the sequences from the same region of the N1/03 isolate, and the multiple alignment results were introduced into SimPlot version 3.5.1 to identify likely recombination sites [19] . It would be appropriate to sequence and analyse the polymerase genes of classical, novel and new variant strains of IBV to obtain further information about the relationships between the different Australian IBVs. Isolation and characterization of new infectious bronchitis virus variants in Hungary

abstract:
  New variants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) have emerged in Australia despite its geographical isolation and intensive vaccination programs. In the present study, the 3′ terminal 7.2 kb of the genome of a recently isolated variant of IBV (N1/03) was sequenced and compared with the sequences of classical and novel strains of IBV, the two main groups of these viruses in Australia. The comparison revealed that recombination between classical and novel IBVs was responsible for the emergence of the new variant. It was concluded that novel IBVs, which have not been detected since 1993, and which are phylogenically more distant from classical IBVs than turkey coronaviruses, might still be circulating and contributing to the evolution of IBV in Australia.


id: cord-298883-uiwg482s
author: Truong, C.
date: 2001
txt: ./txt/cord-298883-uiwg482s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298883-uiwg482s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11504425/
doi: 10.1007/s007050170115
summary:
  Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is a recently identified disease of pigs linked to the emergence of a new porcine circovirus (PCV2). We report here the characterization of immunorelevant linear B-cell epitopes of the Open Reading Frame 2-encoded protein (Orf2) from PCV2 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using experimental antisera collected from pigs inoculated with a PCV2 isolate. Antibodies to the 117 to 131 epitope (B-133) were detected in 22% and 100% of specific pathogen-free (SPF) pig sera 6 and 11 weeks post inoculation, respectively. Here, we describe the characterization of an Orf2 peptide as an immunorelevant PCV2 specific linear B-cell epitope by ELISA, using sera from pigs experimentally inoculated with a PCV2 isolate, and its potential use as a serological marker to detect PCV2 antibodies following natural infection in swine herds.

title:
  Identification of an immunorelevant ORF2 epitope from porcine circovirus type 2 as a serological marker for experimental and natural infection

abstract:
  Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is a recently identified disease of pigs linked to the emergence of a new porcine circovirus (PCV2). We report here the characterization of immunorelevant linear B-cell epitopes of the Open Reading Frame 2-encoded protein (Orf2) from PCV2 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using experimental antisera collected from pigs inoculated with a PCV2 isolate. Two epitopes spanning residues 69 to 83 and 117 to 131 were specific to PCV2. Antibodies to the 117 to 131 epitope (B-133) were detected in 22% and 100% of specific pathogen-free (SPF) pig sera 6 and 11 weeks post inoculation, respectively. Cross-sectional studies performed with field sera collected from PMWS-affected herds showed B-133 antibodies in 5% of 8 to 10 week-old pigs, 38% of 13–14 week-old pigs, 62% of 16 to 19 week-old pigs, 56% of 20 to 25 week-old pigs and 45% of 26 to 31 week-old pigs. All these data suggest that epitope B-133 is a serological marker of PCV2 infection that could be used for the detection of PCV2 antibody response.


id: cord-299342-l8ugjou9
author: Yaling, Zhou
date: 1988
txt: ./txt/cord-299342-l8ugjou9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299342-l8ugjou9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3196169/
doi: 10.1007/bf01315563
summary:
  Using gut sections from pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain CV 777) and ascitic fluid from cats which had succumbed to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a weak cross reaction was found by immunofluorescence. No reaction was found at the nucleocapsid protein position when blots of a mock infected N L F K cell lysate had been incubated with anti-CV 777 antibodies. As shown in figure 3 , results of the RIP confirmed the cross-reaction between pig anti-CV 777 sera and the 43,000 protein of FIPV found in Western blots; the homologous reaction reveals the typical pattern of FIPV structural polypeptides with Mr of 210,000 (peplomer), 45,000 (nucleocapsid) and 25,000 to 32,000 (envelope). We have confirmed the finding of cross reactions within one group, namely between transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine, FIPV and canine enteric coronavirus, and showed that common determinants are present on all three structural polypeptides [7] .

title:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (CV 777) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are antigenically related

abstract:
  Using gut sections from pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain CV 777) and ascitic fluid from cats which had succumbed to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a weak cross reaction was found by immunofluorescence. Its specificity was confirmed when detergent-treated purified CV 777 showed a prominent reaction with FIPV antibodies in ELISA; no reaction was obtained with intact virions, which indicated common determinants on an internal component of the particle. Antigenic cross-reactions at the nucleocapsid level were found in Western blot ELISA performed both ways (CV 777/FIPV antibodies; FIPV/CV 777 antibodies). In immunoprecipitation using [(35)S]methionine labelled FIPV, anti-CV 777 sera recognized exclusively the nucleocapsid protein. The significance of these findings for the classification of coronaviruses is discussed.


id: cord-299345-2i48ld8d
title: Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
author: Nefedeva, Mariia
date: 2019-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-299345-2i48ld8d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299345-2i48ld8d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30725181/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04166-4
summary:
  Pairwise identity analysis of the whole genome sequences revealed that PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 is an intermediate between PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the M gene, the PEDV/Belgorod/ dom/2008 isolate belongs to the same clade as other virulent Russian PEDV strains, indicating a high degree of sequence homogeneity in the M gene (Fig. 3a) isolate is genetically distinct and does not belong to any group (Fig. 3b ). The identification of recombinant regions in PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 can be useful for further analysis of evolutionary variability, epidemiology, and development of a new diagnostic gene-based assay for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Cell culture isolation and sequence analysis of genetically diverse US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains including a novel strain with a large deletion in the spike gene Genome sequencing and analysis of a novel recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain from Henan, China

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious viral disease in pigs, caused by the coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PEDV infection results in significant mortality in piglets in unvaccinated herds. Like many others RNA viruses, PEDV has high evolutionary rate and is prone to genetic mutations. In this study, we analyzed the complete genome sequence of the recently sequenced isolate PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008. A recombination event in S gene of PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 was detected. Pairwise identity analysis of the whole genome sequences revealed that PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 is an intermediate between PEDV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) strains. These results can be used for further analysis of the evolutionary variability, prevalence, and epidemiology of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.


id: cord-299428-gon6bzat
title: Sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from the 1960s in the United States
author: Mondal, Shankar
date: 2012-10-11
txt: ./txt/cord-299428-gon6bzat.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299428-gon6bzat.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1500-y
doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1500-y
summary:
  To better understand the molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the United States following the introduction of commercial IBV vaccines, we sequenced the S1 and N structural protein genes of thirteen IBV field isolates collected in the 1960s. Analysis of the S1 sequence showed that seven isolates were of the Massachusetts (Mass) genotype, five were SE17, and one was of the Connecticut (Conn) genotype, suggesting that these three IBVs were circulating in commercial poultry raised in different regions in the United States during the 1960s. In addition, the Mass-type isolates had high levels of sequence identity in the S1 gene compared with widely used modified live vaccines (Mass41, Ma5 and H120) and modern field strains from the USA and other countries, suggesting a common ancestor.

abstract:
  To better understand the molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in the United States following the introduction of commercial IBV vaccines, we sequenced the S1 and N structural protein genes of thirteen IBV field isolates collected in the 1960s. Analysis of the S1 sequence showed that seven isolates were of the Massachusetts (Mass) genotype, five were SE17, and one was of the Connecticut (Conn) genotype, suggesting that these three IBVs were circulating in commercial poultry raised in different regions in the United States during the 1960s. The S1 genes of Mass-type isolates had high levels of sequence variation, representing 81.3-81.9 % nucleotide (nt) and 77.3-78.7 % amino acid (aa) identity when compared to those of the SE17-type isolates. In contrast, the N genes from the same isolates were less variable (>92 % nt and >93 % aa identity) when compared to those of the SE17-type isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S1 gene indicated that one isolate (L748) was more closely related to the Mass type. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on the N gene showed that L748 was more closely related to the SE17 type, indicating that there had been exchange of S1 genetic materials between Mass- and SE17-like viruses. In addition, the Mass-type isolates had high levels of sequence identity in the S1 gene compared with widely used modified live vaccines (Mass41, Ma5 and H120) and modern field strains from the USA and other countries, suggesting a common ancestor. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1500-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-299763-ttb7o8lv
author: Choi, Jeong-Won
date: 2016-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-299763-ttb7o8lv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299763-ttb7o8lv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27251050/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2895-7
summary:
  Necropsy performed on the dog revealed that the surgeries were not the cause of death; however, degenerative viral hepatitis, showing intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatic cells, was observed in histopathologic examination. On analyzing the in situ hybridization images, hepatic cells surrounding the damaged regions and intranuclear inclusion bodies were found positive for MVC nucleic acid (Fig. 1) . However, the NP1 region of the 15D009 strain showed greater nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity to that of the HM-6 strain (AB158475), which was isolated from a Korean dog in 2004 (99.1 % and 99.4 %, respectively), compared to those of the other MVC strains (mean similarities of 90.9-91.4 % and 93.0 %, respectively) ( Table 1 ). A minute virus of canines (MVC: canine bocavirus) isolated from an elderly dog with severe gastroenteritis, and phylogenetic analysis of MVC strains

title:
  Molecular characteristics of a novel strain of canine minute virus associated with hepatitis in a dog

abstract:
  A 5-year-old female Yorkshire terrier dog died a few days following hernia and ovariohysterectomy surgeries. Necropsy performed on the dog revealed that the surgeries were not the cause of death; however, degenerative viral hepatitis, showing intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatic cells, was observed in histopathologic examination. Several diagnostic methods were used to screen for the cause of disease, and minute virus of canines (MVC) was detected in all parenchymal organs, including the liver. Other pathogens that may cause degenerative viral hepatitis were not found. Infection with MVC was confirmed by in situ hybridization, which revealed the presence of MVC nucleic acid in the liver tissue of the dog. Through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the nearly complete genome sequence, the strain was found to be distinct from other previously reported MVC strains. These results indicate that this novel MVC strain might be related to degenerative viral hepatitis in dogs.


id: cord-302063-ct5rvqtd
title: Molecular detection of enteric viruses from diarrheic calves in Egypt
author: Mohamed, Fakry F.
date: 2016-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-302063-ct5rvqtd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302063-ct5rvqtd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27686074/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3088-0
summary:
  RNA was extracted and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, torovirus, coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus (BRV and BCV) are the leading causes of viral diarrhea [2] , although bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine norovirus (BNoV), bovine astrovirus (BAstV) and bovine torovirus (BToV) have also been implicated. The phylogenetic analysis of the BRV-VP7 coding sequences revealed that they clustered with the G6 and G10 genotypes of group A rotaviruses (http://rotac.regatools.be/) [19] (Fig. 2) . One of the study sequences (BNoV-4) grouped differently from the remaining sequences, with 87.5 % and 96.7 % nt and aa identity, respectively, and showed maximum identity to isolates from Italy (BEC195), the UK (Aberystwyth24) and Belgium (Florennes-B242). BNoV was molecularly detected (24 %) either alone or as a co-infection with other enteric viruses (BRV and BAstV).

abstract:
  Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. This study was conducted to investigate the existence of enteric viruses in two Egyptian farms with a history of recurrent diarrhea. Fecal samples were collected from 25 diarrheic calves. RNA was extracted and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the presence of rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, torovirus, coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Overall, 76 % (19/25) of samples tested positive for one or more viruses. Rota-, noro- and astroviruses were detected in 48 %, 24 % and 32 % of tested samples, respectively. About 37 % (7/19) of positive samples had two different viruses. One-month-old calves were the group most vulnerable to infections. Based on phylogenetic analysis, bovine rotaviruses were of genotypes G6 and G10, bovine noroviruses were in GIII.2, and bovine astroviruses were in the BAstV lineage 1. Astrovirus sequences showed a high level nucleotide sequence similarity with the Brazilian BAstV sequences available in GenBank. We believe this is the first report of bovine norovirus and bovine astrovirus circulating among calves in Egypt. Further epidemiological studies are recommended to investigate their presence on a wider scale, to predict their association with NCD, and to design appropriate diagnostic and control methods. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-016-3088-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-302323-vvo8a4hp
author: Wang, Xiaobo
date: 2015-11-26
txt: ./txt/cord-302323-vvo8a4hp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302323-vvo8a4hp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26611909/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2694-6
summary:
  To determine whether these mutations lead to changes in antigenicity, as suggested by the failure of PEDV vaccines in China, we first optimized the codons of typical S genes of the CV777 vaccine strain (G1 subtype) and LNCT2 strain (G2 subtype) and expressed the recombinant full-length sequence of the S protein in a eukaryotic expression system. The findings of this study confirmed that the recombinant S protein was highly immunogenic in Cross serum neutralization (SN) between the S proteins of the two PEDV subtypes and anti-S PAbs. Reciprocals of PEDV neutralizing antibody titers were expressed as the dilution inhibiting PEDV infection by 50 %, which was calculated as follows: Log50 % neutralizing titer = L-d (s-0.5), where L is the log of the lowest dilution factor, d is the difference between the dilution factors, and s is the sum of the ratios of positive wells Variation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus subtypes 545 mice and could effectively induce production of antibodies, especially neutralizing antibodies.

title:
  Immunogenicity and antigenic relationships among spike proteins of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus subtypes G1 and G2

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that infects cells lining the small intestine of swine, resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration. The amino acid sequence of the spike (S) protein, which is the principal target recognized by host immune cells, has multiple mutations that distinguish the two PEDV genotypes, G1 and G2. To determine whether these mutations lead to changes in antigenicity, as suggested by the failure of PEDV vaccines in China, we first optimized the codons of typical S genes of the CV777 vaccine strain (G1 subtype) and LNCT2 strain (G2 subtype) and expressed the recombinant full-length sequence of the S protein in a eukaryotic expression system. The IgG antibody levels of serum from mice immunized with purified S protein were markedly high. Antigenicity was compared by detection of polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) against the virus and S protein using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and a serum cross-neutralization (SN) assay. Reactivity with the PAbs revealed significant cross-reactivity between the two PEDV subtypes, although there was a twofold difference in the antigenic responses based on PAb titers in the ELISA and IFA. Consistent with the variation in the S gene sequences, the SN titer suggested differences in the neutralization activity of the S protein between the two subtypes, which could explain the antigenic variation between the PEDV subtypes G1 and G2.


id: cord-302798-q0mbngqy
author: Ge, Junwei
date: 2018-06-14
txt: ./txt/cord-302798-q0mbngqy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302798-q0mbngqy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29948383/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-018-3908-5
summary:
  In this study, the role of circoviruses (CVs) in mink acute gastroenteritis was investigated, and the MiCV genome was molecularly characterized through sequence analysis. MiCVs and previously characterized CVs shared genome organizational features, including the presence of (i) a potential stem-loop/nonanucleotide motif that is considered to be the origin of virus DNA replication; (ii) two major inversely arranged open reading frames encoding putative replication-associated proteins (Rep) and a capsid protein; (iii) direct and inverse repeated sequences within the putative 5ʹ region; and (iv) motifs in Rep. Pairwise comparisons showed that the capsid proteins of MiCV shared the highest amino acid sequence identity with those of porcine CV (PCV) 2 (45.4%) and bat CV (BatCV) 1 (45.4%). In our study, sequence analysis confirmed that MiCV genomes displayed the characteristics of members of the genus Circovirus, and the common features included their genome organization, the presence of a potential stem-loop and conserved nonanucleotide motif postulated to be the origin of viral DNA replication, and major ORFs and repeats [26, 27] .

title:
  Genomic characterization of circoviruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in minks in northeastern China

abstract:
  Mink circovirus (MiCV), a virus that was newly discovered in 2013, has been associated with enteric disease. However, its etiological role in acute gastroenteritis is unclear, and its genetic characteristics are poorly described. In this study, the role of circoviruses (CVs) in mink acute gastroenteritis was investigated, and the MiCV genome was molecularly characterized through sequence analysis. Detection results demonstrated that MiCV was the only pathogen found in this infection. MiCVs and previously characterized CVs shared genome organizational features, including the presence of (i) a potential stem-loop/nonanucleotide motif that is considered to be the origin of virus DNA replication; (ii) two major inversely arranged open reading frames encoding putative replication-associated proteins (Rep) and a capsid protein; (iii) direct and inverse repeated sequences within the putative 5ʹ region; and (iv) motifs in Rep. Pairwise comparisons showed that the capsid proteins of MiCV shared the highest amino acid sequence identity with those of porcine CV (PCV) 2 (45.4%) and bat CV (BatCV) 1 (45.4%). The amino acid sequence identity levels of Rep shared by MiCV with BatCV 1 (79.7%) and dog CV (dogCV) (54.5%) were broadly similar to those with starling CV (51.1%) and PCVs (46.5%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MiCVs were more closely related to mammalian CVs, such as BatCV, PCV, and dogCV, than to other animal CVs. Among mammalian CVs, MiCV and BatCV 1 were the most closely related. This study could contribute to understanding the potential pathogenicity of MiCV and the evolutionary and pathogenic characteristics of mammalian CVs.


id: cord-302871-x3mjov5l
title: Extra-intestinal detection of canine kobuvirus in a puppy from Southern Brazil
author: Ribeiro, Juliane
date: 2016-11-25
txt: ./txt/cord-302871-x3mjov5l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302871-x3mjov5l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27888408/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3164-5
summary:
  This study presents the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings associated with the extra-intestinal detection of canine kobuvirus (CaKV) in a 5-month-old Chihuahua puppy, that had a clinical history of bloody-tinged feces. There are few descriptions of coinfection due to CaKV and other viral agents: a recent study identified CaKV in association with a several agents including canine herpesvirus type 1 (CaHV-1), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine adenovirus A types 1 (CAdV-1) and 2 (CAdV-2) in diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs from Korea [19] . Furthermore, widespread viral dissemination was demonstrated in multiple tissues as CaKV nucleic acids were detected in the liver, lung, brain, and tonsils of this Fig. 2 Phylogenetic analysis of a partial nucleotide sequence (nt 201) of the RdRp gene (a) and partial region of the VP1 protein (nt 303) of canine kobuvirus (CaKV) (b).

abstract:
  This study presents the pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings associated with the extra-intestinal detection of canine kobuvirus (CaKV) in a 5-month-old Chihuahua puppy, that had a clinical history of bloody-tinged feces. Principal pathological findings were interstitial pneumonia, necrotizing bronchitis, and parvovirus-induced enteritis. Molecular diagnostic methods identified CaKV within the cerebellum, cerebrum, lung, tonsil, and liver. CaKV and rotavirus were not identified within the feces and intestine. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays detected antigens of CDV and CAdV-1 in the lungs. These results confirmed the extra-intestinal detection of CaKV in this puppy and represent the first extra-intestinal detection of CaKV in a dog.


id: cord-304109-yirs7kjg
title: Polyomaviruses KI and WU in children with respiratory tract infection
author: Mueller, Andreas
date: 2009-09-12
txt: ./txt/cord-304109-yirs7kjg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304109-yirs7kjg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19756357/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0498-2
summary:
  The polyomaviruses KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV) have recently been discovered in specimens from patients with respiratory tract infections. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of 229 children with acute respiratory tract infection were screened for KIPyV and WUPyV using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Since 2001, an increasing number of ''''new'''' respiratory viruses have been detected in children with respiratory tract infection (RTI), including the human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and the human bocavirus (hBoV) [4, 15] . The authors amplified and cloned the genome of WU Polyomavirus (WUPyV) from NPA of a 3-year-old patient with pneumonia without detection of other respiratory pathogens. The very low prevalence of polyomavirus KI and WU DNA in NPA specimens of 3 out of 229 pediatric patients with acute RTI in this series does not confirm or exclude a pathogenic role of these newly described viruses. Presence of the newly discovered human polyomaviruses KI and WU in Australian patients with acute respiratory tract infection

abstract:
  The polyomaviruses KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV) have recently been discovered in specimens from patients with respiratory tract infections. To analyze the frequency and clinical impact in a cohort of pediatric patients in a German University Children’s Hospital. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of 229 children with acute respiratory tract infection were screened for KIPyV and WUPyV using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. KIPyV was detected in 2 (0.9%) and WUPyV in 1 (0.4%) patients, without co-infections with other respiratory viruses but with co-detection of CMV, EBV and HHV 6 in one immunocompromised patient. Only a very small proportion (1.3%) of positive samples for KIPyV and WUPyV was documented in this study; the clinical relevance of these viruses remains unclear and requires further evaluation.


id: cord-305859-vt8vwo3y
author: Jung, Kwonil
date: 2017-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-305859-vt8vwo3y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305859-vt8vwo3y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28374120/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3351-z
summary:
  Fecal virus shedding, seroconversion and histopathology were evaluated in 3-7-year-old gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) (9.0-9.6 log(10) genomic equivalents [GE] of OH-FD22-P5; n=4) or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) (10.2-12.5 log(10) GE of PC21A; n=3). In PDCoV-inoculated calves, an acute but persisting fecal viral RNA shedding and PDCoV-specific serum IgG antibody responses were observed, but without lesions or clinical disease. Our study demonstrated that Gn calves orally inoculated with the PDCoV strain OH-FD22 (ICs of cell-culture grown PDCoV from infected Gn pigs) develop an acute infection with persistent fecal PDCoV RNA shedding and PDCoVspecific serum IgG antibody responses, but show no signs of significant intestinal lesions or clinical disease [8] . In our study, there were no detectable fecal viral RNA shedding, virus-specific serum IgG antibody responses, histological lesions, and clinical disease in Gn calves orally inoculated with the PEDV strain PC21A (ICs of wild-type PEDV-infected Gn pigs) [6] .

title:
  Calves are susceptible to infection with the newly emerged porcine deltacoronavirus, but not with the swine enteric alphacoronavirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

abstract:
  Fecal virus shedding, seroconversion and histopathology were evaluated in 3-7-year-old gnotobiotic calves orally inoculated with porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) (9.0-9.6 log(10) genomic equivalents [GE] of OH-FD22-P5; n=4) or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) (10.2-12.5 log(10) GE of PC21A; n=3). In PDCoV-inoculated calves, an acute but persisting fecal viral RNA shedding and PDCoV-specific serum IgG antibody responses were observed, but without lesions or clinical disease. However, no fecal shedding, seroconversion, histological lesions, and clinical disease were detected in PEDV-inoculated calves. Our data indicate that calves are susceptible to infection by the newly emerged PDCoV, but not by the swine coronavirus, PEDV.


id: cord-306380-msk9p1yy
title: Evidence of genetic diversity generated by recombination among avian coronavirus IBV
author: Lee, C.-W.
date: 2000
txt: ./txt/cord-306380-msk9p1yy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306380-msk9p1yy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11087096/
doi: 10.1007/s007050070044
summary:
  Phylogenetic analysis of selected regions of the genome of the DE072 serotype field isolates further support those results and indicate that isolates within the same serotype may have different amounts of nucleotide sequence similarity with each other in individual genes other than the S gene. Further, we conducted sequence analysis of six isolates of the DE072 serotype in order to determine if recombination is frequently occurring in this region in field isolates of IBV. We conducted phylogenetic analysis by dividing 3.8 kb of the 3 end of the genome among five IBV strains at the IG sequences. However, these 6 isolates had a much different level of nucleotide sequence similarity with each other in gene 3 and gene 4, and clustered randomly with other serotypes of IBV (Fig. 3) . Sequence analysis of gene 3, gene 4 and gene 5 of avian infectious bronchitis virus strain CU-T2 Sequence evidence for RNA recombination in field isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

abstract:
  Previously, we demonstrated that the DE072 strain of IBV is a recombinant which has an IBV strain D1466-like sequence in the S gene. Herein, we analyzed the remaining 3.8 kb 3′ end of the genome, which includes Gene 3, Gene 4, Gene 5, Gene 6, and the 3′ non-coding region of the DE072 and D1466 strains. Those two viruses had high nucleotide similarity in Gene 4. However, the other individual genes had a much different level of sequence similarity with the same gene of the other IBV strains. The genome of five IBV strains, of which the complete sequence of the 3′ end of the genome has been determined, were divided at an intergenic (IG) consensus sequence (CTGAACAA or CTTAACAA) and compared phylogenetically. Phylogenetic trees of different topology indicated that the consensus IG sequences and the highly conserved sequence around this regions may serve as recombination ‘hot spots’. Phylogenetic analysis of selected regions of the genome of the DE072 serotype field isolates further support those results and indicate that isolates within the same serotype may have different amounts of nucleotide sequence similarity with each other in individual genes other than the S gene. Presumably this occurs because the consensus IG sequence serves as the template switching site for the viral encoded polymerase.


id: cord-306725-0vam15pt
title: First detection and genomic characteristics of bovine torovirus in dairy calves in China
author: Li, Hao
date: 2020-05-09
txt: ./txt/cord-306725-0vam15pt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306725-0vam15pt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04657-9
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04657-9
summary:
  Sequence analysis showed that the two isolates shared 10 identical amino acid mutations in the S protein compared to the complete S sequences of BToV available in the GenBank database. A phylogenetic analysis based on the complete amino acid sequence of the S protein showed that the BToVs could be separated into four groups (Fig. 2) , designated tentatively as group 1 to group 4. The bovine torovirus strains BToV/SC-1/China and BToV /SC-2/China investigated in this study are indicated by black triangles Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree based on the deduced 1586-aa sequence of the complete S gene. Moreover, the two Chinese strains shared identical unique amino acid changes in the S and HE genes when compared to the other strains with sequences available in the GenBank database, indicating the unique evolution in Chinese BToV strains. Moreover, two complete BToV genome sequences were obtained from the clinical samples, and these two BToV isolates had unique amino acid changes in the S and HE proteins.

abstract:
  Bovine torovirus (BToV) is a diarrhea-causing pathogen. In this study, 92 diarrheic fecal samples from five farms in four provinces in China were collected and tested for BToV using a RT-PCR assay, and 21.73% samples were found to be BToV positive. Moreover, two complete BToV genome sequences (MN073058 and MN073059) were obtained from the clinical samples, which were 28,297 and 28,301 nucleotides in length, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the two isolates shared 10 identical amino acid mutations in the S protein compared to the complete S sequences of BToV available in the GenBank database. In addition, seven consecutive amino acid mutations were found from aa 1,486 to 1,492 in the S protein of isolate MN073058. Moreover, the two isolates shared one identical amino acid mutation in the receptor binding sites of the HE protein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the epidemic and genomic characterization of BToV in China, which is helpful for further understanding the genetic evolution of BToV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-020-04657-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-307098-oq7zrnuv
title: Difference in Bgp-independent fusion activity among mouse hepatitis viruses
author: Taguchi, F.
date: 2014-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-307098-oq7zrnuv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307098-oq7zrnuv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10550676/
doi: 10.1007/s007050050725
summary:
  Co-cultivation of MHV-nonpermissive hamster BHK cells devoid of mouse Bgp with mouse DBT cells infected with MHV-A59 or JHMV induces syncytia formation on BHK cells (Bgp-independent fusion). Under a phase contrast microscopy, JHMV (cl-2, sp-4) induced the Bgp-independent syncytia on BHK cells similar to those observed on DBT cells, while such syncytia were not seen with the infection of other MHV strains (MHV-1, MHV-3, MHV-A59, MHV-S, srr7, srr11 and srr18). Interestingly, no syncytia formation was demonstrated on BHK cells with other strains or srr mutants under the phase contrast microscopy, though all of them produced syncytia on Bgp-positive DBT cells [10] . The cl-2 S protein could have a very strong Bgp-independent fusion activity, but its replication in BHK cells could be less efficient than the other MHV strains. Present study showed that JHMV (cl-2 and sp-4) could induce syncytia on BHK cells detectable by microscopy, whereas the other MHVs and srr mutants failed.

abstract:
  Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) utilizes a mouse biliary glycoprotein (Bgp) as a receptor. Co-cultivation of MHV-nonpermissive hamster BHK cells devoid of mouse Bgp with mouse DBT cells infected with MHV-A59 or JHMV induces syncytia formation on BHK cells (Bgp-independent fusion). This study shows the difference in Bgp-independent fusion activity among various MHV strains. Under a phase contrast microscopy, JHMV (cl-2, sp-4) induced the Bgp-independent syncytia on BHK cells similar to those observed on DBT cells, while such syncytia were not seen with the infection of other MHV strains (MHV-1, MHV-3, MHV-A59, MHV-S, srr7, srr11 and srr18). Tiny syncytia detectable only by immunofluorescence were produced with the latter MHV strains except for srr7 which failed to produce syncytia. MHVs except for srr7 grew in BHK cells after Bgp-independent infection. The Bgp-independent fusion by JHMV was inhibited either by anti-S1 or anti-S2 antibodies. These results showed that the JHMV spike protein had a remarkably high Bgp-independent fusion activity.


id: cord-307378-cx1jz7wf
title: The association between the incidence of COVID-19 and the distance from the virus epicenter in Iran
author: Dadar, Maryam
date: 2020-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-307378-cx1jz7wf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307378-cx1jz7wf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04774-5
doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04774-5
summary:
  Since the first official report of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the city of Qom in mid-February, Iran has become the country most affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in the Middle East. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the distance from the epicenter of the infection (Qom) or demographic factors such as population density and the ratio of the elderly population are associated with the incidence of COVID-19 in different Iranian provinces. Through regression analysis, this study aimed to evaluate whether the distance of different Iranian provinces from the epicenter of the infection (Qom) was associated with the incidence of COVID-19 at the early stages of the epidemic in Iran. COVID-19 has spread to all 31 Iranian provinces, and the city of Tehran, the densely populated capital with over 13 million people located 150 km northeast of Qom, leads the country in COVID-19 cases ( Table 1) .

abstract:
  Since the first official report of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the city of Qom in mid-February, Iran has become the country most affected by the COVID-19 epidemic in the Middle East. All Iranian provinces are now affected, although to a different extent. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the distance from the epicenter of the infection (Qom) or demographic factors such as population density and the ratio of the elderly population are associated with the incidence of COVID-19 in different Iranian provinces. For the purpose of determining whether the distance from the virus epicenter could be associated with the spread of infection, linear regression analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software. The association of the incidence of COVID-19 with the population density and the ratio of the population over 65 years old in 31 Iranian provinces was also evaluated. According to our results, a strong association was found between the incidence of COVID-19 in Iranian provinces and their respective distance from Qom (p < 0.001; C = -0.68). The incidence of COVID-19 in Iranian provinces was also positively associated with the ratio of the population over 65 years old (p = 0.002; C = 0.53), while no significant association with population density was found (p = 0.39; C = 0.16). These results suggest that the implementation of travel restrictions from highly affected areas to other provinces could considerably reduce the rate of transmission of the disease throughout the country. Also, provinces with a higher proportion of elderly people (over 65) were identified as particularly at risk for the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. These results will contribute to better management of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran, taking into account demographic and geographic characteristics of different provinces.


id: cord-307408-6wfx0wey
author: Li, Renfeng
date: 2013-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-307408-6wfx0wey.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307408-6wfx0wey.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-013-1929-7
doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1929-7
summary:
  title: Phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the main neutralization epitopes In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology and antigenic variability of PEDV field strains based on analysis of ORF3 and a portion of the S gene encoding three neutralizing epitopes (aa 499-638, 748-755, and 764-771) of the S protein. To further investigate the molecular epidemiology of this virus, we chose the ORF3 gene and a partial S gene encoding a region including three neutralization epitopes for studying the evolutionary characteristic and antigenic variation of PEDV. Based on the sequence analysis of ORF3 and partial S genes of PEDV, molecular epidemiology was conducted using 14 field strains from central China. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of nucleocapsid genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains in China

title:
  Phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) field strains in central China based on the ORF3 gene and the main neutralization epitopes

abstract:
  Since 2010, porcine epidemic diarrhea has re-emerged with devastating impact on the swine-raising industry in central China. To investigate the epidemic characteristics of PEDV, the complete ORF3 genes of 14 PEDV field strains from central China during 2012 to 2013 were cloned, sequenced and compared with reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete ORF3 gene showed that the PEDVs in central China and the reference strains could be divided into three groups: G1, G2, and G3. The 14 PEDV isolates were classified as G1 and showed a close relationship to some Chinese strains isolated previously in central China and differed genetically from recent isolates from southern China, Korean strains (SM98 and DB1865, 2012), the Chinese LZC strain (2007), and the vaccine strain (CV777) being used in China. Our findings suggested that the PEDVs circulating between 2012 and 2013 in central China might have evolved from earlier strains in the local region. To determine the reason for recent vaccination failures, we also studied variations in antigenicity of field strains by analyzing the three neutralizing epitope regions in the S gene. The results showed that the neutralizing epitopes at aa 245-252 were highly conserved, but most of the amino acid changes occurred in the epitope regions aa 7-146 and 271-278. We speculate that the amino acid mutations in the neutralizing epitope regions may be associated with changes in the antigenicity of PEDV and consequently result in vaccination failure. Together, these findings may be useful for understanding the epidemiology of PEDV and may be relevant for designing of new and more efficacious vaccines.


id: cord-308950-bl83r4v3
title: The role of feline aminopeptidase N as a receptor for infectious bronchitis virus : Brief Review
author: Miguel, B.
date: 2002
txt: ./txt/cord-308950-bl83r4v3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308950-bl83r4v3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12417943/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-002-0888-1
summary:
  Our objective was to determine if fAPN can serve as a receptor for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Feline kidney cells that express fAPN and hamster kidney fibroblasts that do not express fAPN were inoculated with IBV and monitored for replication by indirect fluorescent assay and confocal microscopy and in chicken embryonated eggs. To evaluate the permissiveness of cells to IBV, monolayers of transfected (pBK-fAPN and pBK-CMV) BHK-21, non-transfected BHK-21 and FEK on coverslips were infected with a 10 3.2 EID 50 of Ark/IBV virus. To test the hypothesis that the feline APN had a role in permissiveness of FEK cells to Ark/IBV, BHK-21 cells were transfected with pBK-CMV plasmid or pBK-fAPN. The BHK-21 cells transfected with pBK-fAPN were shown to express the fAPN receptor on the cell surface (Fig. 3) , and were permissive to Ark/IBV (Figs.

abstract:
  Feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) has been shown to serve as a receptor for feline, canine, porcine and human coronaviruses. Our objective was to determine if fAPN can serve as a receptor for infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Feline kidney cells that express fAPN and hamster kidney fibroblasts that do not express fAPN were inoculated with IBV and monitored for replication by indirect fluorescent assay and confocal microscopy and in chicken embryonated eggs. The results showed that the feline cells were permissive to IBV but the hamster cells were not. The hamster cells became permissive to IBV after transfection with a fAPN cDNA suggesting that the feline APN molecule plays a role in IBV entry.


id: cord-309145-6aqc074e
author: Ito, Y.
date: 1994
txt: ./txt/cord-309145-6aqc074e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309145-6aqc074e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7527998/
doi: 10.1007/bf01379125
summary:
  The interferon induction system, in which attachment of virus glycoprotein to the cellular receptor on the cell surface triggers interferon induction in lymphoid cells, is similar to a system in which plant lectins such as concanavalin A (Con-A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulate lymphocytes and consequently induce interferon. For example, sialyl-oligosaccharides are receptors for parainfluenza and influenza viruses [62] , human membrane cofactor protein (CD46) for measles virus [13, 58] , MHC class I for Semliki Forest virus (SFV) [24] , MHC class II for lactose dehydrogenase virus (LDH virus) [26] , phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) [51] , the CD4 for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [11, 43] , the C3d receptor CR2 for Epstein-Barr virus [15, 59, 69] , acetylcholin receptor for rabies virus [47] , the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) for the major subgroup of human rhinoviruses [23, 67, 69] , another member of the immunoglobulin superfamily for poliovirus [45, 54-1, a basic amino acid transporter for gibbon ape leukemia virus and feline leukemia virus [1, 40, 68, 70, 71] , aminopeptidase N [13, 75-1 or a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family of proteins for the coronavirus virus [14] , a high-affinity laminin receptor for sindbis virus [72] , ~2 subunit of human VLA-2 for echoviruses 1 and 8 [5] , erythrocyte P antigen for B19 Parvovirus Viral glycoproteins and interferon induction 193 [6] , and CD13 (human aminopeptidase N) for cytomegalovirus [66] .

title:
  Induction of interferon by virus glycoprotein(s) in lymphoid cells through interaction with the cellular receptors via lectin-like action: An alternative interferon induction mechanism

abstract:
  When animals and cells are infected with a virus, interferon is produced. Viral-nucleic acid is considered to be one of actual components for interferon induction. In addition, viral glycoproteins trigger interferon induction in lymphoid cells by membrane-membrane interaction via a lectin-like activity. A biological significance of lectin-like activity of viral glycoproteins is discussed.


id: cord-310669-6hwq5jfv
author: Erles, K.
date: 2005-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-310669-6hwq5jfv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310669-6hwq5jfv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841339/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-005-0533-x
summary:
  Two training centres for working dogs were monitored for one year to determine the presence of viruses and viral antibodies and their association with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Canine herpesvirus (CHV) has been detected in dogs with CIRD [3] the importance of this infection in the pathogenesis of the disease however has not yet been determined. From dogs that were not on the study but showed clinical symptoms of CIRD, both a blood sample and a swab were taken at the time of disease as well as four weeks after. In total twelve out of 54 serum samples (22.2%) obtained from dogs on the day they entered Kennel A were positive for antibodies to CRCoV. None of the samples obtained from dogs at Kennel B tested by PCR for CRCoV (n = 28), CPIV (n = 18), CAV (n = 9) or CHV (n = 26) were found positive.

title:
  Investigation into the causes of canine infectious respiratory disease: antibody responses to canine respiratory coronavirus and canine herpesvirus in two kennelled dog populations

abstract:
  Two training centres for working dogs were monitored for one year to determine the presence of viruses and viral antibodies and their association with canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD). Tonsillar swabs and serum were obtained from dogs on entry into the kennels and in regular intervals thereafter. Additional samples were collected during outbreaks of CIRD. The swabs were examined by virus culture and PCR for canine parainfluenza virus, canine adenovirus, canine herpesvirus (CHV) and canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV). Furthermore the prevalence of antibodies to CHV and CRCoV was determined. During this study CIRD was reported mainly in one of the two kennels investigated. In that kennel antibody responses to CRCoV indicated a seasonal occurrence of the virus, which coincided with two outbreaks of respiratory disease. CHV antibody responses were detected throughout the year. In the other kennel, which reported few cases of CIRD a high prevalence of antibodies to CRCoV was detected on entry but only sporadic seroconversions to CRCoV or CHV. By PCR three dogs were found positive for CRCoV in one kennel whereas all PCR tests for other viruses were negative for both kennels. Virus culture failed to detect any viruses in either kennel.


id: cord-311773-r9c7sx6r
author: Gaertner, Diane J.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-311773-r9c7sx6r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311773-r9c7sx6r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2048975/
doi: 10.1007/bf01311303
summary:
  Cell lines of rodent origin were tested for susceptibility to infection with rat coronavirus (RCV), including sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) and Parker''s rat coronavirus (PRCV). In a single attempt to isolate SDAV-681 from the lung of an experimentally infected rat, syncytia and viral antigen were first seen after 6 passages in untreated L2 (Percy) cells. Based on this finding, a small study was initiated to ascertain the sensitivity of trypsin-treated L2 (Percy) cells for primary isolation of RCVs. Virus isolations were attempted using tissue homogenates previously tested for SDAV-681 by infant mouse inoculation (Table 4 ). Of the cell lines and treatments tested, L2 (Percy) cells treated with trypsin supported maximal growth of RCVs as evidenced by syncytium formation and viral antigen. RCV growth in L2 (Percy) cells was not enhanced by trypsin treatment of later passages when the enzyme was added at the time of virus inoculation.

title:
  Susceptibility of rodent cell lines to rat coronaviruses and differential enhancement by trypsin or DEAE-dextran

abstract:
  Cell lines of rodent origin were tested for susceptibility to infection with rat coronavirus (RCV), including sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) and Parker's rat coronavirus (PRCV). LBC rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells were susceptible only if the cells were treated with diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-D). A recent report that RCVs grow well in L2 mouse fibroblast cells was confirmed and expanded. RCV infection of L2 cells was substantially enhanced by treatment of cells with trypsin but not by treatment with DEAE-D. Primary isolation of SDAV from experimentally infected rats was accomplished using trypsin-treated L2 cells. One of 13 additional cell lines tested (rat urinary bladder epithelium, RBL-02) supported growth of RCVs, and growth was slightly enhanced by DEAE-D, but not by trypsin. These refinements of in vitro growth conditions for RCVs should facilitate further studies of their basic biology and improve options for primary isolation.


id: cord-312338-r6jqmes3
title: Characterisation of winter respiratory viral infections in patients with asthma and COPD in Qatar
author: Althani, Asma
date: 2012-12-14
txt: ./txt/cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312338-r6jqmes3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1576-4
doi: 10.1007/s00705-012-1576-4
summary:
  This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008) (2009) . carried out a study in the UK to investigate the role of viral infections in acute exacerbations of asthma in schoolchildren, and they reported that the most commonly identified virus type in this population was rhinovirus [3] . During October 2008-March 2009, adults with COPD or asthma, seeking care at the Chest clinic of the Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar, with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection were eligible for participation. Our study is the first in Qatar to analyse the clinical aetiology of respiratory tract viral infections in adult patients from all age groups with asthma or COPD.

abstract:
  Respiratory viruses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma have not been characterised in Qatar. This study aimed to identify the most common viral strains responsible for respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD patients (without exacerbations) in Qatar during the winter season (2008-2009). Nasal swabs from patients with asthma/COPD and respiratory symptoms were evaluated for 15 common viruses. 200 adult patients (190 with asthma and 10 with COPD) were enrolled. Viral infections were present in 36 out of 200 patients (18 %). Cough and wheezing were the most common symptoms. Rhinovirus was the most common causative agent, followed by coronaviruses. Our findings confirm previous reports of rhinovirus prevalence in respiratory tract infections in asthma/COPD. A countrywide survey to confirm our findings is warranted.


id: cord-312787-j7ye7ed5
author: Loemba, H. D.
date: 1996
txt: ./txt/cord-312787-j7ye7ed5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312787-j7ye7ed5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8645111/
doi: 10.1007/bf01718333
summary:
  coli-expressed ORFs 5 to 7 gene products, suggested that antibodies directed against the envelope E protein appear by day 7 p.i., whereas antibodies directed against the nucleocapsid N and membrane M proteins can only be detected by the end of the second week p.i. No correlation could be demonstrated between VN and IIF antibody titers, viremia, and viral protein specificities of circulating antibodies at various times p.i. Summary. coli-expressed ORFs 5 to 7 gene products, suggested that antibodies directed against the envelope E protein appear by day 7 p.i., whereas antibodies directed against the nucleocapsid N and membrane M proteins can only be detected by the end of the second week p.i. No correlation could be demonstrated between VN and IIF antibody titers, viremia, and viral protein specificities of circulating antibodies at various times p.i. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped RNA virus which has been found to be responsible for reproductive failure in sows of any parities (late-term abortions, increased numbers of stillborn, mummified and weakborn pigs) and respiratory problems affecting pigs of all ages [8, 20] .

title:
  Kinetics of humoral immune response to the major structural proteins of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

abstract:
  The kinetics of appearance of antibodies directed to the major structural proteins N, M and E of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was followed in pigs naturally- and experimentally-exposed to the virus. Specific IgM antibody titers were first detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) at the end of the first week of PRRSV infection, peaked by day 14 to 21 post-inoculation (p.i.), then rapidly decreased to undetectable levels by day 35 to 42 p.i. On the other hand, specific IgG antibody titers peaked by day 21 to 28 p.i. and remained unchanged to the end of the 6- or 9-week observation period; in addition, a persistent viremia was observed. Virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titers >8 were not detected until 3 to 4 weeks p.i. Taken together, the results obtained by Western blotting analyses using purified virus andE. coli-expressed ORFs 5 to 7 gene products, suggested that antibodies directed against the envelope E protein appear by day 7 p.i., whereas antibodies directed against the nucleocapsid N and membrane M proteins can only be detected by the end of the second week p.i. No correlation could be demonstrated between VN and IIF antibody titers, viremia, and viral protein specificities of circulating antibodies at various times p.i.


id: cord-314069-8dxzf2ip
author: Dongliu, Yuan
date: 2016-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-314069-8dxzf2ip.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314069-8dxzf2ip.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2949-x
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2949-x
summary:
  authors: Dongliu, Yuan; Guoliang, Yang; Haocheng, Xu; Shuaijia, Qing; Li, Bing; Yanglei, Jia This study reports an outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness caused by human adenovirus B [P14H11F14] in a military training center in China between May and June 2014. A HAdV-B [P14H11F14] virus was confirmed as the etiological pathogen of this acute outbreak of febrile respiratory illness based on clinical manifestations, epidemiological characteristics, specific molecular detection results, phylogenetic analysis, and serological assays. In conclusion, the regional CDC officials concluded that a type-55-like human adenovirus B human/CHN/SD77001/ 2014/[P14H11F14] virus was the etiological pathogen responsible for this acute FRI outbreak based on the clinical manifestations in the patients, the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak, the HAdV-DNA-specific PCR results, isolation of the virus, sequencing and alignment of the PCR amplicons, homology and phylogenetic analyses based on the complete E1A, penton base, hexon, and fiber gene sequences, and serological assays specific for HAdV IgA/IgG.

title:
  Outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness caused by human adenovirus B P14H11F14 in a military training camp in Shandong China

abstract:
  This study reports an outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness caused by human adenovirus B [P14H11F14] in a military training center in China between May and June 2014. In total, 164 military personnel were affected, and two patients were admitted into the intensive care unit of the military regional central hospital. A HAdV-B [P14H11F14] virus was confirmed as the etiological pathogen of this acute outbreak of febrile respiratory illness based on clinical manifestations, epidemiological characteristics, specific molecular detection results, phylogenetic analysis, and serological assays. The virus was isolated by the rhabdomyosarcoma cell culture method, and the complete sequences of the E1A, penton base, hexon, and fiber genes were determined and deposited in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses indicated that the isolated strain is most closely related to some HAdV-55 strains from mainland China. However, this strain appeared to be less virulent than former HAdV-55 strains. According to the chest X-ray results of 31 affected patients, there was no radiological evidence of pneumonia. The most frequent symptoms in these patients were sore throat (95.12 %, 156/164) and tonsillitis (93.29 %, 153/164). During the course of the outbreak, incorrect response measures and some potential risk factors, such as fire training and marching training, may have exacerbated the spread of the infection. This outbreak illustrates the urgent need to improve the epidemiological and etiological surveillance of HAdV infections and to improve the ability of doctors and health officials in basic units of the Chinese army to respond effectively to febrile respiratory illness.


id: cord-314751-i9rxesrg
author: Oh, Jongsuk
date: 2014-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-314751-i9rxesrg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314751-i9rxesrg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25008896/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2163-7
summary:
  In this study, a codon-optimized PEDV S1 gene containing amino acid residues 25–738 was synthesized based on a multiple alignment of the S amino acid sequences of PEDV field isolates and used to establish a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the PEDV S1 protein. In the present study, therefore, we first synthesized a full-length, codon-optimized PEDV S1 gene and then generated a stable porcine-origin cell line constitutively expressing the recombinant S1 protein. These results were coincident with the rabbit study described above, since the rabbit antisera generated by immunization with the recombinant S1 protein also contained low levels of neutralizing antibodies to the heterologous PEDV vaccine strain. In the present study, the first aim was to stably express the full-length, codon-optimized S1 gene of PEDV in porcine-origin cells and to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of the recombinant S1 protein.

title:
  Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant S1 domain of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus spike protein

abstract:
  Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric pathogen of swine. Acute PEDV outbreaks have continually emerged in most swine-producing Asian countries and, recently, in the United States, causing significant economic losses in the pig industry. The spike (S) protein of PEDV is a type 1 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein and consists of the S1 and S2 domains, which are responsible for virus binding and fusion, respectively. Since the S1 domain is involved in a specific high-affinity interaction with the cellular receptor and induction of neutralizing antibody in the natural host, it is a primary target for the development of effective vaccines against PEDV. In this study, a codon-optimized PEDV S1 gene containing amino acid residues 25–738 was synthesized based on a multiple alignment of the S amino acid sequences of PEDV field isolates and used to establish a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the PEDV S1 protein. The purified recombinant S1 protein was found to mediate highly potent antibody responses in immunized rabbits. The antibodies strongly recognized the recombinant S1 protein from cell lysates and supernatants of S1-expressing cells, whereas they bound weakly to the authentic S protein of PEDV vaccine strain SM98-1. Furthermore, a serum neutralization test revealed that the rabbit antisera completely inhibit infection of the PEDV vaccine strain at a serum dilution of 1:16. We then tested the ability of vaccination with the recombinant S1 protein to protect piglets against PEDV. Late-term pregnant sows were inoculated intramuscularly with the purified S1 protein, and the outcome was investigated in passively immunized suckling piglets after a virulent PEDV challenge. The results showed that vaccination with S1 protein efficiently protected neonatal piglets against PEDV. Our data suggest that the recombinant S1 protein shows potential as an effective and safe subunit vaccine for PED prevention.


id: cord-315811-wpeac0lk
author: Hu, Hui
date: 2016-09-12
txt: ./txt/cord-315811-wpeac0lk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315811-wpeac0lk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27619798/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3056-8
summary:
  The aims of our current study were to investigate i) the pathogenicity of the tissue-culture-grown PDCoV (TC-PDCoV) strain OH-FD22 at passage 5 (P5), P20, and P40 on LLC-PK cells in 14-day-old Gn pigs compared with that of the wild-type parent virus [12] ; ii) Fecal PDCoV shedding, viremia, and pathology tested at post-inoculation day (PID) 1 to 23-24 or PID 28; iii) possible attenuation of TC-PDCoV OH-FD22 P40, the highest passage in cell culture among the passages tested; iv) serum-PDCoV-specific IgG and IgA and virus neutralization (VN) antibody titers and any differences in the titers among OH-FD22 P5, P20, and P40-inoculated pigs; and v) the genetic stability of TC-and Gn-pig-passaged PDCoV OH-FD22 P5, P20, and P40 by analysis of the complete spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) gene sequences. Regardless of the cell culture passage number of the virus strains used, serum virus neutralization (VN) antibodies were first detected in all of the original and TC-PDCoV OH-FD22-inoculated pigs at PID 7 (64-256), and thereafter, the titers increased gradually and peaked at PID 23/24.

title:
  Experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs with the cell-culture-adapted porcine deltacoronavirus strain OH-FD22

abstract:
  Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs. We have isolated and passaged the PDCoV strain OH-FD22 in an LLC porcine kidney (LLC-PK) cell line. Our study investigated the pathogenicity of the tissue-culture-grown PDCoV (TC-PDCoV) OH-FD22 at cell passages 5, 20 and 40 in LLC-PK cells, in eight 14-day-old gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. Pigs (n = 3) were euthanized for pathologic examination at post-inoculation day (PID) 3, and the remainder were monitored for clinical signs, virus shedding, and serum antibody responses until PID 28. All inoculated pigs developed watery diarrhea and/or vomiting at PID 1-2 and shed the highest amount of viral RNA in feces at PID 3-5, accompanied by severe atrophic enteritis. They developed high titers of PDCoV-specific IgG/IgA and virus-neutralizing antibodies in serum at PID 23-24. Histologic lesions were limited to the villous epithelium of the jejunum and ileum at PID 3. Two inoculated pigs tested at PID 23-24 had small to moderate numbers of PDCoV antigen-positive cells in the intestinal lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes, but not in enterocytes. An analysis of full-length S and N genes of TC- and Gn-pig-passaged OH-FD22 revealed a high genetic stability in cell culture and pigs. TC-PDCoV OH-FD22 (cell passages 5, 20 and 40) was enteropathogenic, and the pathogenicity was similar to that of the original field virus. The TC-PDCoV OH-FD22 will be useful for further pathogenesis studies and for evaluating if higher-level cell-culture passaged virus becomes attenuated for vaccine development.


id: cord-316153-wet0go35
author: Jia, W.
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-316153-wet0go35.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316153-wet0go35.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7710354/
doi: 10.1007/bf01309861
summary:
  An antigenic variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, was isolated and characterized. Therefore, several recently reported diagnostic and serotyping methods of IBV which are based on dot-blot hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may not reveal the true antigenic and/or genetic nature of IBV isolates, and may in fact yield misleading information. More recently, two American field isolates were found to contain fragments of Mass-like sequences in the S1 gene, which were 94% to 95% homologous to IBV strain Mass41 [38] . Sequence data were obtained from cDNA clones, except for the first 1100 bases of the S gene, the last 200 bases of the N gene, the 3'' end non-coding region of CU-T2, and the partial Gene3 of Ark99 and Ho1152, which were obtained from direct sequencing of IBV genomic RNA. Sequence evidence for RNA recombination in field isolates of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus

title:
  A novel variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination among three different strains

abstract:
  An antigenic variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, was isolated and characterized. This strain, CU-T2, possesses a number of unusual features, which have not been previously observed in IBV. The S1 glycoprotein of CU-T2 carries virus-neutralizing and serotype-specific epitopes of two IBV serotypes, Arkansas (Ark) and Massachusetts (Mass). Sequence analysis revealed that the virus, originally an Ark serotype, has acquired the Mass-specific epitope by mutation(s). This provides evidence that point mutations may lead to generation of IBV antigenic variants in the field. It was further observed that two independent recombination events involving three different IBV strains had occurred in the S2 glycoprotein gene and N protein gene of CU-T2, indicating that genomic RNA recombination in IBV may occur in multiple genes in nature. It was especially significant that a sequence of Holland 52 (a vaccine strain) had replaced half of the N gene of CU-T2. This proves that recombination among vaccine strains is contributing to the generation of IBV variants in the field. Based on these observations it is predicted that every IBV field isolate could have unique genetic nature. Therefore, several recently reported diagnostic and serotyping methods of IBV which are based on dot-blot hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), may not reveal the true antigenic and/or genetic nature of IBV isolates, and may in fact yield misleading information.


id: cord-316525-uadfehr6
title: Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the SARS-associated coronavirus
author: Zhang, X. W.
date: 2004-10-11
txt: ./txt/cord-316525-uadfehr6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316525-uadfehr6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15480857/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-004-0413-9
summary:
  Surprisingly, we found that 7 putative recombination regions, located in Replicase 1ab and Spike protein, exist between SARS-CoV and other 6 coronaviruses: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV), murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). After potential recombination events were identified by at least 3 methods above, separate neighbor joining trees were constructed for each putative recombination region to better evaluate the evidence for conflicting evolutionary histories of different sequence regions. Two regions (13151-13299 and 16051-16449, position in alignment) are identified as putative recombination regions and all 6 coronaviruses are potential parents with SARS-CoV as potential daughter. In this study, seven recombination detection methods and phylogenetic analyses were performed on SARS-CoV and the six coronaviruses identified by BLAST (IBV, BCoV, HCoV, MHV, PEDV and TGEV).

abstract:
  The origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (SARS-CoV) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the SARS outbreak. In this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that SARS-CoV might have been derived from a recombinant virus. First, we blasted the whole SARS-CoV genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. Second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques well documented in successfully detecting recombination events to explore the presence of recombination in SARS-CoV genome. Finally, we conducted phylogenetic analyses to further explore whether recombination has indeed occurred in the course of coronaviruses history predating the emergence of SARS-CoV. Surprisingly, we found that 7 putative recombination regions, located in Replicase 1ab and Spike protein, exist between SARS-CoV and other 6 coronaviruses: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), human coronavirus 229E (HCoV), murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Thus, our analyses substantiate the presence of recombination events in history that led to the SARS-CoV genome. Like the other coronaviruses used in the analysis, SARS-CoV is also a mosaic structure.


id: cord-316797-sf2lu45f
title: Replication of rat coronavirus in a rat cell line, LBC
author: Hirano, N.
date: 1985
txt: ./txt/cord-316797-sf2lu45f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316797-sf2lu45f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3896201/
doi: 10.1007/bf01314238
summary:
  Rat coronavirus readily propagated and induced marked cytopathic effect in a rat cell line, LBC cell culture, which provided a sensitive, practical assay system for viral infectivity and neutralizing antibody, and a satisfactory source of the virus. The growth of RCV has been reported on a primary rat kidney cell culture but not on any established cell lines. This brief communication recommends a rat cell line, LBC, providing propagation of RCV and useful tool for infectivity assay. The culture fluid sampled at ¢8 hours p.i. was assayed for infectivity by inoculating into LBC cells prepared in 13 × 100 mm test tubes, showing an infectivity titer of i07.5 50 per cent tissue culture infective doses (TCIDs0)/0.2 ml. The LBC cell culture might be a much more useful tool for RCV propagation and assay. The LBC cells can also support growth of siModaeryoadenitis virus of rat, strain 681 (1), but not of MHV strains (unpublished observation).

abstract:
  Rat coronavirus readily propagated and induced marked cytopathic effect in a rat cell line, LBC cell culture, which provided a sensitive, practical assay system for viral infectivity and neutralizing antibody, and a satisfactory source of the virus.


id: cord-317009-8tqnt1l9
title: Characterization of epidemic diarrhea outbreaks associated with bovine torovirus in adult cows
author: Aita, Tsunehiko
date: 2011-12-14
txt: ./txt/cord-317009-8tqnt1l9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317009-8tqnt1l9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22167249/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-011-1183-9
summary:
  However, other viruses, including bovine torovirus (BToV), are also suspected to be etiologic agents of diarrhea [14, 15, 21] , although the epidemiological situation of infections caused by these viruses in adult cattle remains unclear. In the present study, we report the epidemiological features of three outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea in adult cows between May 2007 and February 2008 at three dairy farms in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, in which BToV was detected as the only pathogen. Further, we describe the isolation of a cytopathogenic BToV strain from diarrheic feces using HRT-18 cells, as well as the molecular characterization of the detected BToVs. Three epidemic outbreaks of adult cattle diarrhea occurred between May 2007 and February 2008 in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Here, we examined the etiological agents and conducted detailed serological tests with samples from three outbreaks of adult cattle diarrhea in Niigata, Japan, and found that BToV was the only causative pathogen.

abstract:
  Bovine torovirus (BToV) is recognized as an enteric pathogen of calves, but its etiological role in diarrhea and epidemiological characterization in adult cows remain unclear. In 2007-2008, three outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea occurred in adult cows at three dairy farms in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. BToV was the only enteric pathogen detected in these outbreaks, as determined by electron microscopy, reverse transcription-PCR, bacteria and parasite tests of fecal samples, and antibody tests with paired sera. The epidemiological features of the three outbreaks were similar to those of bovine coronavirus infection, except for the absence of bloody diarrhea, with diarrhea spreading among most adult cows, but not in calves, within several days and diarrhea lasting for 3-5 days with anorexia. Decreased milk production and mild respiratory symptoms were also observed in two of the outbreaks. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the BToV nucleocapsid, spike, and hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes revealed a close relatedness among the detected BToV strains from each outbreak and those of Japanese BToV strain Aichi/2004. Furthermore, we isolated a BToV strain, designated Niigata (TC), from a fecal sample using a human rectal tumor cell line. Sequence analysis of this isolate and Aichi/2004 indicated that both strains have truncated HE genes with deletions in the 3′ region that occurred through cell culture-adaptation. The short projections that are believed to be formed by the HE protein on virus particles were not observed in these cultured strains by electron microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that BToV causes epidemic diarrhea in adult cows and should be included in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea in adult cows. In addition, our findings indicate that the HE protein of BToV may not be necessary for viral replication.


id: cord-317617-snrumw3x
author: Sugiyama, K.
date: 1981
txt: ./txt/cord-317617-snrumw3x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317617-snrumw3x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7224861/
doi: 10.1007/bf01318134
summary:
  Recently, a new viral agent (DVIM) was isolated from an infant mouse with diarrhea, by the utilization of cultured cells. It has also been shown by complement fixation tests that this new isolate is antigenically related to known coronaviruses, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and mouse hepatitis virus strain-2 (MHV-2). A virus isolated from t h e intestine of a n i n f a n t mouse w i t h clinical signs of diarrhea, d e s i g n a t e d DVIM, was generously p r o v i d e d b y Dr. K o z a b u r o Sato (Central L a b o r a t o r y of Shionogi P h a r m . Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a member of coronaviruses, has been described as a common cause of enteric infection in baby mice (8, 21) . Lethal enteritis in infant mice caused by mouse hepatitis virus New strain of mouse hepatitis virus as the cause of lethal enteritis in infant mice

title:
  Morphological and biological properties of a new coronavirus associated with diarrhea in infant mice

abstract:
  Biological and morphological properties of a virus, isolated from the intestine of infant mice with clinical signs of diarrhea and designated as diarrhea virus of infant mice (DVIM), were examined. The first infective virus was detected on the cells 4 hours post infection, followed by rapid release of the virus into the culture fluids. Virus-induced syncytia in BALB/c-3T3 cell cultures caused hemadsorption at 4° C and viral antigens were shown to be located in the cytoplasm of the syncytia by immunofluorescent techniques. By scanning electron-microscopy, budding virus-like particles were detected on the surface of virus-induced syncytia. Morphologically the virus was shown to be enveloped and approximately 100 nm in diameter. Two types of projections were demonstrated, one type of projection was club-shaped, 20 nm in length and the other type was small, granular, 5 nm in length. The latter type of projection might be the basal part of the clubshaped type and related to the hemagglutinating activity.


id: cord-318731-vlszl0i8
author: Chen, Si
date: 2019-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-318731-vlszl0i8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318731-vlszl0i8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31152250/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04296-9
summary:
  title: Molecular characterization of HLJ-073, a recombinant canine coronavirus strain from China with an ORF3abc deletion Interestingly, sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-073 contained a 350-nt deletion in ORF3abc compared with reference CCoV isolates, resulting in the loss of portions of ORF3a and ORF3c and the complete loss of ORF3b. This is the first report of the isolation of strain HLJ-073 in China, and this virus has biological characteristics that are different from those of other reported CCoVs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-019-04296-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. In the present study, we report the emergence and molecular characterization of an, FCoV-like recombinant CCoV-HLJ-073, which was isolated from a fecal sample from a dead dog that exhibited enteritis. We isolated a canine coronavirus with a deletion in the ORF3abc region from a dead dog in China.

title:
  Molecular characterization of HLJ-073, a recombinant canine coronavirus strain from China with an ORF3abc deletion

abstract:
  Canine enteric coronaviruses (CCoVs) are important enteric pathogens of dogs. CCoVs with different variations are typically pantropic and pathogenic in dogs. In this study, we isolated a CCoV, designated HLJ-073, from a dead 6-week-old male Pekingese with gross lesions and diarrhea. Interestingly, sequence analysis suggested that HLJ-073 contained a 350-nt deletion in ORF3abc compared with reference CCoV isolates, resulting in the loss of portions of ORF3a and ORF3c and the complete loss of ORF3b. Phylogenetic analysis based on the S gene showed that HLJ-073 was more closely related to members of the FCoV II cluster than to members of the CCoV I or CCoV II cluster. Furthermore, recombination analysis suggested that HLJ-073 originated from the recombination of FCoV 79-1683 and CCoV A76, which were both isolated in the United States. Cell tropism experiments suggested that HLJ-073 could effectively replicate in canine macrophages/monocytes and human THP-1 cells. This is the first report of the isolation of strain HLJ-073 in China, and this virus has biological characteristics that are different from those of other reported CCoVs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00705-019-04296-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-321195-cndq6aqb
author: Xue, Chunyi
date: 2014-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-321195-cndq6aqb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321195-cndq6aqb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2178-0
doi: 10.1007/s00705-014-2178-0
summary:
  In this study, we have developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and H3N2 influenza virus and investigated its immunogenicity in mice. The HA and M1 proteins from the H3N2 influenza virus and the PRRSV GP5 protein fused to the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the NA protein were both incorporated into the chimeric VLPs. Analysis of the immune responses showed that the chimeric VLPs elicited serum antibodies specific for both PRRSV GP5 and the H3N2 HA protein, and they stimulated cellular immune responses compared to the responses to equivalent amounts of inactivated viruses. Serum samples were collected on the 14th, 28th, and 42nd day after primary immunization of mice (8 per group) vaccinated with chimeric VLPs, inactivated H3N2 virus, or PBS. A trivalent virus-like particle vaccine elicits protective immune responses against seasonal influenza strains in mice and ferrets

title:
  Chimeric influenza-virus-like particles containing the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 protein and the influenza virus HA and M1 proteins

abstract:
  Both porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and swine influenza are acute, highly contagious swine diseases. These diseases pose severe threats for the swine industry and cause heavy economic losses worldwide. In this study, we have developed a chimeric virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and H3N2 influenza virus and investigated its immunogenicity in mice. The HA and M1 proteins from the H3N2 influenza virus and the PRRSV GP5 protein fused to the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains of the NA protein were both incorporated into the chimeric VLPs. Analysis of the immune responses showed that the chimeric VLPs elicited serum antibodies specific for both PRRSV GP5 and the H3N2 HA protein, and they stimulated cellular immune responses compared to the responses to equivalent amounts of inactivated viruses. Taken together, the results suggested that the chimeric VLP vaccine represents a potential strategy for the development of a safe and effective vaccine to control PRRSV and H3N2 influenza virus.


id: cord-321471-gev5xq3a
title: Control of the PI3K/Akt pathway by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
author: Zhu, Liqian
date: 2013-02-05
txt: ./txt/cord-321471-gev5xq3a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321471-gev5xq3a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23381397/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-013-1620-z
summary:
  The activation of PI3K-Akt pathway promotes cell survival by the phosphorylation of numerous substrates such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), FoxO1, Bad and mTOR [5, 11, 24, 36, 38] . Previous studies have shown that during PRRSV infection of porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs), the PI3K/Akt pathway is activated at 90 min and 4 h postinfection (h p.i.), and it is inhibited at 12 h p.i. A number of studies have shown that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is functionally dependent on downstream substrates of Akt such as FoxO1, Bad and mTOR for regulation of cell survival [3, 11, 15, 25] . Since increased phosphorylation of Akt induced by HP-PRRSV was observed at 5 min and 15 min postinfection in virus-infected MARC-145 cells, and at 5, 15 and 30 min postinfection in PAMs, we hypothesized that the virus entry process accounted for this early-stage activation.

abstract:
  Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt is an important cellular pathway that has been shown to participate in various replication steps of multiple viruses. In the present study, we compared the phosphorylation status of Akt during infection of MARC-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain HuN4. We observed that biphasic activation of Akt was induced in at both the early stage (5, 15 and 30 min postinfection) and the late stage (12 and 24 h postinfection) of HP-PRRSV infection of MARC-145 cells, while an early-phase activation of Akt was found exclusively in virus-infected PAMs in vitro. Analysis with the PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002 confirmed that PI3K acted as the upstream activator for the virus-induced activation of Akt. UV-irradiation-inactivated virus still induced the early event in PAMs but not in MARC-145 cells, suggesting that different mechanisms are employed for the early-stage induction of phosphorylated Akt within different cell cultures. We further demonstrated that FoxO1 and Bad, which serve as downstream targets of Akt, were phosphorylated in virus-infected MARC-145 cells. Moreover, the suppression of phosphorylated Akt with LY294002 significantly inhibited the virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) on MARC-145 cells, but it had a negligible effect on virus propagation. Collectively, our data provide new evidence of a novel role for the PI3K/Akt pathway in PRRSV infection of MARC-145 cells.


id: cord-322593-bgm6smuo
author: Li, Lan
date: 2016-04-21
txt: ./txt/cord-322593-bgm6smuo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322593-bgm6smuo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-016-2838-3
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-2838-3
summary:
  In this present study, we assessed the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine SP-A (RpSP-A) on PRRSV infection in Marc 145 cells and revealed its antiviral mechanism using a plaque assay, real-time qPCR, western blotting analysis and an attachment and penetration assay. Our results showed that RpSP-A could inhibit the infectivity of PRRSV in Marc 145 cells and could reduce the total RNA and protein level. Notably, porcine ficolin is also a collagenous lectin that was established to reduce PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells in neutralization assays and to inhibit the replication of infectious viral particles in a GlcNAc-dependent manner [30] . Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected alveolar macrophages contain no detectable levels of viral proteins in their plasma membrane and are protected against antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cell lysis Recombinant porcine lung surfactant protein A inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection into host cells in vitro

title:
  Antiviral activity of recombinant porcine surfactant protein A against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in vitro

abstract:
  Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. However, there is not an ideal vaccine to provide complete protection against PRRSV. Thus, the need for new antiviral strategies to control PRRSV still remains. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) belongs to the family of C-type lectins, which can exert antiviral activities. In this present study, we assessed the antiviral properties of recombinant porcine SP-A (RpSP-A) on PRRSV infection in Marc 145 cells and revealed its antiviral mechanism using a plaque assay, real-time qPCR, western blotting analysis and an attachment and penetration assay. Our results showed that RpSP-A could inhibit the infectivity of PRRSV in Marc 145 cells and could reduce the total RNA and protein level. The attachment assay indicated that RpSP-A in the presence of Ca(2+) could largely inhibit Marc 145 cell attachment; however, in the penetration assay, it was relatively inactive. Furthermore, our study suggested that virus progeny released from infected Marc145 cells were blocked by RpSP-A from infecting other cells. We conclude that RpSP-A has antiviral activity against PRRSV, most probably by blocking viral attachment and the cell-to-cell transmission pathway, and therefore, RpSP-A holds promise as a novel antiviral agent against PRRSV.


id: cord-322760-tsxniu3j
author: Sha, Jianping
date: 2016-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-322760-tsxniu3j.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27664026/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-016-3062-x
summary:
  Thus, older age, pre-existing concurrent diseases, and delayed confirmation increase the odds of a fatal outcome in nosocomial MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea. Information on all laboratory-confirmed MERS cases was obtained from various publicly available sources, including WHO Global Alert and Response updates, documents officially released by the local health bureau, news releases from Middle Eastern and South Korean authorities, the Weekly Epidemiological Record, ProMed posts, and literature published from 1 April 2012 to 29 June 2016 (http:// www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/coronavirus_infections/ en/). In this study, we compared the mortality risk factors in two different nosocomial outbreaks, based on 51 nosocomial outbreaks of MERS-CoV infection in the Middle East and one large outbreak identified in South Korea. The severity of nosocomial outbreaks and the risk of fatal infection in HCP were significantly lower than the overall rate in the Middle East and South Korea. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nosocomial outbreak in South Korea: insights from modeling

title:
  Fatality risks for nosocomial outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the Middle East and South Korea

abstract:
  Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012. The largest known outbreak outside the Middle East occurred in South Korea in 2015. As of 29 June 2016, 1769 laboratory-confirmed cases (630 deaths; 35.6 % case fatality rate [CFR]) had been reported from 26 countries, particularly in the Middle East. However, the CFR for hospital outbreaks was higher than that of family clusters in the Middle East and Korea. Here, we compared the mortality rates for 51 nosocomial outbreaks in the Middle East and one outbreak of MERS-CoV in South Korea. Our findings showed the CFR in the Middle East was much higher than that in South Korea (25.9 % [56/216] vs. 13.8 % [24/174], p = 0.003). Infected individuals who died were, on average, older than those who survived in both the Middle East (64 years [25–98] vs. 46 years [2–85], p = 0.000) and South Korea (68 years [49–82] vs. 53.5 years [16–87], p = 0.000). Similarly, the co-morbidity rates for the fatal cases were statistically higher than for the nonfatal cases in both the Middle East (64.3 % [36/56] vs. 28.1 % [45/160], p = 0.000) and South Korea (45.8 % [11/24] vs. 12.0 % [18/150], p = 0.000). The median number of days from onset to confirmation of infection in the fatal cases was longer than that for survivors from the Middle East (8 days [1–47] vs. 4 days [0–14], p = 0.009). Thus, older age, pre-existing concurrent diseases, and delayed confirmation increase the odds of a fatal outcome in nosocomial MERS-CoV outbreaks in the Middle East and South Korea. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-016-3062-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-324377-br2uorg8
title: Antiviral effect of lithium chloride on infection of cells by canine parvovirus
author: Zhou, Pei
date: 2015-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-324377-br2uorg8.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-015-2577-x
doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2577-x
summary:
  We determined the antiviral effect of Lithium Chloride on canine parvovirus type 2 in feline kidney cells. These results indicated that lithium chloride could be a potential antiviral drug for curing dogs with canine parvovirus infection. The specific steps of canine parvovirus entry into cells that are affected by lithium chloride and its antiviral effect in vivo should be explored in future studies. As a control, cells infected with the same dose of CPV were not treated with LiCl. Subsequently, the antiviral efficacy was evaluated by analysis of viral RNA levels, protein expression level and CPE. These results indicate that treatment of F81 cells with LiCl inhibits CPV infection and reduces the cytopathic effect in a dose-dependent manner. No significant differences in the relative levels of viral VP2 gene DNA or viral titers were observed between drug-treated and mocktreated cells, indicating that LiCl had no effect on CPV attachment and replication in F81 cells ( Fig. 4A and B) .

abstract:
  Canine parvovirus type 2 causes significant viral disease in dogs, with high morbidity, high infectivity, and high mortality. Lithium chloride is a potential antiviral drug for viruses. We determined the antiviral effect of Lithium Chloride on canine parvovirus type 2 in feline kidney cells. The viral DNA and proteins of canine parvovirus were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by lithium chloride. Further investigation verified that viral entry into cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by lithium chloride. These results indicated that lithium chloride could be a potential antiviral drug for curing dogs with canine parvovirus infection. The specific steps of canine parvovirus entry into cells that are affected by lithium chloride and its antiviral effect in vivo should be explored in future studies.


id: cord-324495-0pee1i3o
author: Kang, Hyeonjeong
date: 2015-06-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26047649/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-015-2469-0
title:
  Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai extract suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication and modulates virus-induced cytokine production

abstract:
  Although Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai, a dwarf bamboo, is known to exert a variety of beneficial effects on health, its antiviral effect remains to be elucidated. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most devastating viral pathogens of swine and has a substantial economic impact on the global pork industry. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai extract (SQE) inhibits PRRSV infection in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Our results demonstrated that SQE treatment suppressed the replication of PRRSV in a dose-dependent manner. The antiviral activity of SQE on PRRSV replication was found to be primarily exerted at early times postinfection. Treatment with SQE resulted in marked reduction of viral genomic and subgenomic RNA synthesis, viral protein expression, and progeny virus production. Notably, pro-inflammatory cytokine production in PAM cells infected with PRRSV was shown to be modulated in the presence of SQE. Taken together, our data indicate that SQE has potential as a therapeutic agent against PRRSV. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2469-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-325827-492xi3ee
author: Evermann, J. F.
date: 1988
txt: ./txt/cord-325827-492xi3ee.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2849387/
doi: 10.1007/bf01310822
summary:
  Subsequent observations based upon seroepidemiological surveys and electron microscopy of fecal material verified that cheetahs were indeed capable of being infected by coronaviruses, which were antigenically related to coronaviruses affecting domestic cats, i.e. feline infectious peritonitis virus/feline enteric coronavirus. The purpose of this review is to present desciptions of the various forms of coronaviral infections in the cheetah relying upon studies of both natural infections, as well as experimental infections in other species with coronaviruses, such as mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), canine coronavirus (CCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine, and bovine coronavirus (BCV) of neonatal calves [28, 36, 39, 49, 57, 60, 61, 75, 79, 92] . The occurrence of coronaviral infections of the cheetah have now been documented based on serology, electron microscopy of fecal contents, and the occurrence of fatal forms of infectious peritonitis compatible with the clinicopathologic signs observed in domestic cats with FIP [7, 10, 26, 29, 38, 43, 56, 72] .

title:
  Biological and pathological consequences of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in the cheetah

abstract:
  An epizootic of feline infectious peritonitis in a captive cheetah population during 1982–1983 served to focus attention on the susceptibility of the cheetah (Acinoyx jubatus) to infectious disease. Subsequent observations based upon seroepidemiological surveys and electron microscopy of fecal material verified that cheetahs were indeed capable of being infected by coronaviruses, which were antigenically related to coronaviruses affecting domestic cats, i.e. feline infectious peritonitis virus/feline enteric coronavirus. Coincident with the apparent increased susceptibility of the cheetah to infectious diseases, were observations that the cheetah was genetically unusual insofar as large amounts of enzyme-encoding loci were monomorphic, and that unrelated cheetahs were capable of accepting allogenic skin grafts. These data provided the basis for a hypothesis that the cheetah, through intensive inbreeding, had become more susceptible to viral infections as a result of genetic homogeneity.


id: cord-327855-txryqil7
title: The cytopathic 18f strain of Hepatitis A virus induces RNA degradation in FrhK4 cells
author: Kulka, M.
date: 2003
txt: ./txt/cord-327855-txryqil7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327855-txryqil7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12827461/
doi: 10.1007/s00705-003-0110-0
summary:
  Analysis of total cellular RNA from HM175/18f infected FrhK4 cells by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and Northern blot hybridization revealed extensive degradation of both the 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules. In this study, we report that infection of FrhK4 cells with the HAV cp strain HM175/18f results in the degradation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the reduction of several cellular mRNAs including β-actin and GAPDH. Degradation of rRNA is a feature of virus infection in interferon (IFN) treated cells and is believed to be due to the availability of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) during replication or transcription of the viral genome, resulting in the activation of the RNase L pathway [58, 59] . While the role of a viral protein in the activation of 2-5A/RNase L pathway in 18f or CBV1 infected FrhK4 cells cannot be ruled out, previous reports with EMC virus and the studies involving dsRNA clearly suggests a similar mechanism of rRNA degradation reported here.

abstract:
  The mechanism responsible for the induction of apoptosis by the rapidly replicating HM175/18f strain of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) was investigated. Full length HAV RNA and viral capsid protein VP1 were detected in 18f infected cells at earlier times post-infection than in HM175/clone 1 infected cells. Analysis of total cellular RNA from HM175/18f infected FrhK4 cells by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and Northern blot hybridization revealed extensive degradation of both the 28S and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules. Similar degradation was observed when these cells were infected with Human coxsackievirus B1, a fast replicating enterovirus. In contrast, the parental strain of 18f, HM175/clone 1 did not induce RNA degradation. Inhibition of RNA degradation correlated with inhibition of virus replication. The pattern of rRNA degradation resembled degradation of rRNAs by RNase L, an enzyme activated in interferon-treated cells following infection with certain viruses. Ribosomal RNA degradation was accompanied by the reduction in the levels of several cellular RNAs including those for β-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, while the levels of c-myc and c-jun were higher. Interferon mRNAs could not be detected in either infected or mock-infected control cells, and STAT1, a key regulator of interferon action was not phosphorylated following virus infection. These results reveal a heretofore-undescribed pathway that involves the regulation of RNA degradation and apoptosis following HAV/18f replication in FrhK4 cells.


