lib-s-mocs-kmc364-20141005043103 The New York Public Library Automated Book Catalog Subsystem S. Michael MALINCONICO: Assistant Chief, Systems Analysis and Data Processing Office and James A. RIZZOLO: Chief, Systems Anal- ysis and Data Processing Office, The New York Public Library. 3 A comprehensive automated bibliographic control system has been devel- oped by the New York Public Library. This system is unique in its use of an automated authority system and highly sophisticated machine filing al- gorithms. The primary aim was the rigorous control of established forms and their cross-reference structure. The original impetus for creation of the system, and its most highly visible product, is a photocomposed book catalog. The book catalog subsystem supplies automatic punctuation of condensed entries and contains the ability to pmduce cumulation/ supple- ment book catalogs in installments tL'ithout loss of control of the cross- referencing structure. BACKGROUND In 1965 studies confirmed what much of the New York Public Library's administration had long felt: the public card catalog of the Research Li- braries, containing entries dating back to 1857, was rapidly deteriorating.1 It was estimated that 29 percent of the cards were illegible, damaged, or in some other way unusable. Further, cataloging and card filing arrearages were monotonically increasing at an alarming rate. Increases in labor costs were eroding all efforts to cope with these problems manually. In addition, the deputy director at that time (now director), John M. Cory, realized that a wider base of support was absolutely essential to the survival of the New York Public Library as an institution. As a result of these disquieting observations, three logical conclusions followed. First, the existing card catalog would have to be closed off, re- habilitated, and photographically preserved. Second, available technology should be explored as a possible solution to some of the spiraling arrearage problems. In particular the applicability of computer technology was to be explored. This exploration appeared to offer some most attractive long- term solutions. The capture of all future cataloging in a machine-read- able form would obviate for all time the deterioration problem. This strategy could also provide a basis for a check against spiraling costs, since traditionally unit costs have tended to increase in manual and decrease in 4 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 automated systems.2 Seen within the context of the MARC project at the Library of Congress ( LC), the economies were becoming manifestly ob- vious. The long-term benefits to the entire library community of a national network of shared machine-readable bibliographic data could not be de- nied. Capture of data in machine-readable form for use by information retrieval systems which might become economically feasible in the near future had to be viewed as a matter of great value. Third, wider access to the resources of the New York Public Library had to be provided if a wider base of support for the library's operation was to be sought. The solution decided upon was the development of an automated bib- liographic control system capable of producing photocomposed book cata- logs. The book catalog would then serve as the prospective catalog and aug- ment the retrospective card catalog, which would also appear in book form following photographic duplication of the cards. 3 This solution, at one stroke·, addressed itself to all three of the major problems, and showed great promise as a future investment. Reproducible book catalogs could be widely distributed. A machine-based system would eliminate manual filing, would take full advantage of cataloging available from MARC, and would begin at the earliest possible time the establish- ment of an invaluable machine-readable bibliographic data base. Photographic techniques had already been employed in producing book catalogs, e.g. the National Union Catalog, the Book Catalog of the Free Li- brary of Philadelphia, and the Enoch Pratt Free Library catalogs, among others. 4 Computer-produced book catalogs embodying various techniques (computer line printing, photo-typesetting, etc.) and levels of sophistica- tion were being produced by many institutions, e.g. Harvard University's Widener Library Shelflist, Stanford University's Undergraduate Library Catalog, Baltimore County Public Library's catalog, among others.5- 7 An extensive review of various types of book catalogs including typical pages of each is given by Hilda Feinberg.8 Following extensive studies conducted by Messrs. Henderson, Rosenthal, and Nantier of the NYPL Research Libraries, the Systems Analysis and Data Processing Office (SAD PO) was formed, staffed by EDP and library spe- cialists, to be completely dedicated to the solution of problems of automated bibliographic control and library automation. From the beginning it was de- cided that if EDP technology were to be utilized, it should qe utilized in a manner which took full advantage of the properties of the medium. The computer was not to be used as an ultrasophisticated and costly print- ing press. The application of new technology to a field will invariably lead to waste and awkward results if the intrinsi_c properties of the technology are not fully utilized. The fundamental properties of EDP technology lie in its abilities to: 1. Reorganize and combine data; 2. Select items meeting a set of predefined conditions; 3. Maintain a permanent but flexible correlation between items; ' Automated Book Catalog Subsystemj MALINCONICO 5 4. Transform a set of conditions into data; 5. Perform all of the above with remarkable speed and accuracy; 6. Perform all operations with a merciless consistency. Thus, it was realized, at the outset of the project at NYPL, that technology could provide a great deal more than the maintenance of a machine-read- able record and its reorganization for display. A rigorous control of bib- liographic data was possible, and would extract maximum utility from any investment in EDP technology. It was with these ideas in mind that ma- chine-based authority control and filing systems were developed. The au- thority control file provides the fnndamental utility of the system. Con- trol of data usage has always been of paramount concern to the profes- sional bibliographer. It becomes even more important in a machine-based system in which the data lie in an essentially invisible form until a fairly complex display operation is performed. Advantages of an Authority File Another bibliographic aid which the computer could provide through an authority control system was the maintenance and integrity of a cross- reference structure. In addition, one of the classical functions of cross- referencing could be eliminated : it would no longer be necessary to direct a user from one classification which has been used extensively to a newer one when terminology changes. Consider the problems which might arise if the Library of Congress were to change its current usage of the heading Aeroplane to Airplane. It would be virtually impossible, under a manual system, for a library to attempt to locate, alter, and refile all cards bearing the tracing Aeroplane. With a central authority file the problem is reduced to a single transaction and a fraction of a second of effort by the comput- er. The change is effected with an accuracy unattainable in a manual sys- tem. Finally, the common nuisance of a cross-reference leading to yet an- other cross-reference is automatically obviated. The presence of a machine-readable authority file and the ability to veri- fy use of all forms against this central authority, with machine accuracy, eliminates all clerical errors in the usage of names and headings to which a manual system is susceptible. The problem of consistent usage is greatly compounded in a machine-based system which does not provide mechanical verification. Inconsistencies in any automated system generally tend to di- minish its utility, and invariably lead to ludicrous results. Nonetheless, in- consistencies of usage in an automated system are more readily corrected than those in a manual system. The existence of a central authority file, however, reduces the operation to maximum simplicity and allows no devia- tion from established standards. While maximum rigor in machine control was attempted, an attempt was also made to shield the professional librarian, who would be using the system, from as much of the tyranny imposed by the machine as possible. In the system finally adopted, the librarian need only exercise care when 6 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 establishing a form. Following establishment of the form, the cataloger need not be concerned, with any of the details of the entry, such as punctu- ation, accent marks, MARC delimiting or categorization. The authority subsystem supplies all such details. In short, the cataloger is only required to spell the form correctly. The machine will identify any incorrect usage; thus a great deal of tedious and time-consuming (and thereby costly) man- ual searching is eliminated. At the same time that work began on the automated system at NYPL ex- tensive activity in library automation was also in progress in many other parts of the country, involving virtually all areas of library operation: cat- aloging, acquisitions, serials control, circulation, and reference services (in- formation retrieval) . Since, at NYPL, it was assumed that the bibliograph- ic data base and its conb·ol would form the cornerstone of each of these systems, cataloging was given first priority. This approach differed from that taken at other institutions; others, Columbia University for example, chose to develop an acquisitions system first. 9 Still others developed highly sophisticated circulation systems, Ohio State University being notable among these. 10 Even among those institutions which chose to address themselves to the problems of automated cataloging, important differences in approach were evident. These diHerences were largely a result of attempts to solve differ- ent types of problems related to cataloging. Among the many projects ini- tiated at that time two will be mentioned, as they are representative of the differences in approach to automated cataloging. The first is represented by the University of California Union Book Catalog project, undertaken by the Institute of Library Research ( ILR). This system is characterized by an attempt to minimize, via computer pro- gramming, manual intervention in data preparation. Employing the tech- nique of Automatic Format Recognition, the ILR staff attempted to find the most economical means of rendering a vast amount of retrospective data in- to machine-readable form. 11 In converting such a large amount of data they had to also concern themselves with the statistical error levels to be expect- ed from keying. Having decided that extensive manual edit was too time- consuming and costly, and itself prone to statistical error, they attempted to create computer programs which would use the massive amounts of data as a self-editing device. In a sense, ILR used the nature of the problem as its own solution. The goal of the project was the production of a book catalog representing a five-year cumulation ( 1963- 1967) of materials on the nine University of California campuses, and a MARC-like data tape clean enough for print purposes. NYPL, on the other hand, decided to consider only prospective materials in a continuously published catalog, and the creation of a MARC-like record which would approach in com- pleteness, as closely as was economically feasible, that created by the Li- brary of Congress. To this end manual tagging and editing were absolutely essential. Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/MALINCONICO 7 The second system to be considered is the shared cataloging system de- veloped by the Ohio College Library Center.12 The primary emphasis here is on the economy to be derived by instantaneous access to the combined cataloging efforts of a cooperating group of libraries. At OCLC the pri- mary emphasis was placed on on-line bibliographic data input and access. The major bibliographic product to be produced was a computer printed card set. The overriding consideration of OCLC was the sharing of re- sources among many users, while at NYPL the major concern was the con- tent integrity of a single user's file. Advantages of a Book Form Catalog A book form catalog has several advantages over a card form catalog: it is portable, compact, more readily scanned and extremely simple to re- produce. When coupled with an automated system for maintenance and production the advantages are greatly magnified, as manual filing is virtual- ly eliminated. The format, sequencing, and usage of terms in a book catalog may be varied at will to accommodate users' needs and library service pol- icies. Advantages and disadvantages to book catalogs are summarized in the introduction to Tauber and Feinberg's collection of articles on book cata- logs.13 Comparisons of book versus card catalogs are presented by Cath- erine MacQuarrie and Irwin Pizer in articles reprinted in the work cited above.14• 16 The most obvious advantage of the book catalog is its portability. Wide availability of the catalog of a library's collection makes possible a level of service not economically feasible under any other system. Access to the complete collection of a library system can be made available economically to every educational institution in the region served by the system. Access to a highly valuable research collection can be made available to a much wider geographic region than was hitherto possible. The concept of a union catalog for a region becomes much more viable, making possible re- gional cooperation in acquisitions policies and relieving the burden of heavily duplicated collections currently borne by library systems within manageable geographic regions. Such cooperative ventures allow the cost of maintaining the catalog to be defrayed among the various members of the consortium. Thus, a book form catalog would appear to provide groups of libraries with the possibility of operating economies, while in- creasing the overall level of service to the public they serve. The utility of a book form union catalog has already been demonstrat- ed by the experience of the M~d-Manhattan Libraries in New York. Mid- Manhattan, a central circulating library, consists essentially of five librar- ies in two locations. Provision of complete bibliographic access with a tra- ditional card catalog would require the manual maintenance of five indi- vidual and two union catalogs. The utility of the Mid-Manhattan catalog has been further increased with the inclusion of the entire NYPL Branch Library system in January 1973. 8 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/1 March 1973 A library's internal operation benefits by wide availability of the catalog, as individual copies of the catalog can be made available to the acquisi- tion division, the cataloging division, and each of a library's special collec- tion administrators, making references to the traditional Official Catalog more efficient; such has been the experience of NYPL. Baltimore County Public Library reports a similar finding.16 A perhaps hidden advantage of a book catalog lies in its compactness. A book catalog requires neither the space nor the expensive furniture re- quired by a card catalog. The problem of space becomes more and more acute as the "information explosion" continues to mushroom. An ironic squeeze is encountered in that the collection yearns more and more for the space occupied by the catalog, while the catalog, in growing, continues to make its own demands on available space. DESCRIPTION OF THE NYPL BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEM FILES Before attempting to describe the book catalog subsystem, we shall briefly describe the nature of the files from which the bibliographic data are drawn. The complete bibliographic system consists of four major files and com- puter programs for their control and maintenance. • The files are: 1. Complete MARC data base (updated weekly with all changes and ad- ditions) from which cataloging may be drawn; 2. Bibliographic master file; 3. Authority master file; 4. Bibliographic/ Authority linkage file. For the purpose of this discussion we shall take the existence and main- tenance of these files for granted, and concern ourselves solely with their use in the production of photocomposed book catalogsP Bibliographic Master File This file contains unit records for each bibliographic item in the collec- tion; t books and book-like materials, monographs, serials, analytics and in- • The system actually consists of three independent sets of such files (MARC is com- mon to all)-one each for the Research Libraries, the Branch Libraries, and the Dance Collection. t Separate data bases are maintained for the Research and Branch Library systems. The Research Libraries file contains all book and certain book-like material added to its collections since January 1971. The Branch Libraries' file contains all holdings of books and book-like materials of the Mid-Manhattan Library collections. This file currently duplicates to a large extent the holdings of the rest of the Branch System, and will eventually encompass the entire system. Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/MALINCONICO 9 dexing items are included.: The information content is identical to that of MARC records. Tagging and delimiting adhere to the MARC conven- tions except in those cases in which it was necessary to expand delimiting in order to enhance the functional utility of the MARC coding structure. Some data distinctions which MARC has since dropped, but which are nonetheless useful, have been retained. The expansions consist of the ad- dition of several delimiters not used by MARC in order to provide filing forms (which are automatically generated, but which may be manually overridden) for titles, and sequencing information for volume numbers of series and serials. Transformations from a MARC II communications for· mat to the NYPL format and vice versa are possible due to the isomor· phism of the two records. The transformation of MARC II format records into NYPL processing format is carried out in the normal course of proc- essing, in which MARC records are selected for addition to the NYPL files. Authority Master File This file is the central repository of all established forms. Names (per- sonal, corporate, and place), series titles, uniform titles, conventional ti- tles, and topical subject headings are all established on this file. Categoriza- tion of each form is controlled by this file. No form is accepted for use in a bibliographic record unless it matches a form already established on the authority file, and is used consistently with the categorization assigned to it, e.g. a form categorized as a topical subject is never permitted as an author, a series title may only match a form categorized as a title, etc. The cross-reference and note structures are maintained on this file. An additional heading employed by NYPL, which falls conceptually half way between a cross-reference and a subject heading, the dual entry, is also con- trolled here. The dual entry heading serves to bring together, under a non- LC heading, bibliographic items which NYPL considers unique, by virtue of the nature of its collection. An example might be found in the geneal- ogy division which contains a very extensive collection dealing with New York City. Use of the dual entry allows a sequencing under both a subject heading indirectly regionalized to New York City (LC heading) and at the same time a drawing together of all items about New York City into a sin- gle sequence headed by New York City. Take, for example, the LC estab- lished heading Elections-New York (City); NYPL automatically causes all ~ At NYPL a distinction is made between analysis and indexing of a work. The latter refers to selective analysis, used when it is desired to provide, for example, subject access to a significant article in a periodical without creation of the series added entry. There are two types of indexing provided by the NYPL system. The fust creates only a subject tracing; such treabnent might be accorded an article of topical significance by a staff writer of a popular periodical. The second would create both an author and subject entry; this might be used in the case of an author of note writing on a significant subject in a popular periodical, e.g. Norman Mailer writing on political conventions for Esquire Magazine. 10 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 items traced to the above heading to appear under both the LC heading, and the dual entry New York (City)-Elections (Figure I). The dual en- try merely provides an alternate form of organization for display. No bib- liographic tracing is permitted directly to a dual entry. The additional en- try point is automatically created when a catalog is printed. Manual effort by the cataloger in order to provide the additional entry point is prevent- ed; in addition, the bibliographic record remains rigorously MARC-com- patible. Automatic control of cross-references, dual entries, and the en masse al- teration of classification are facilitated by the authority subsystem togeth- er with the correlative and reorganizational capabilities of the computer. There is some irony in the relative ease with which the computer allows such individualized organization of data to be effected and the computer's reputation-richly deserved-for imposing a bland uniformity on its vic- tims. The authority file provides one other invaluable service: it controls, in a single location, filing forms to be associated with a heading. Consistency of filing is assured and, again, extreme simplicity of alteration is possible. Only one record need be changed in order to alter the filing of the entire 201 Election handbook. [Boise, 1970] 87 p. 71-511901 [JLD 71·314) Elections in Ghana, 1969. Austin, Dennis, 1922· [New Delhi, 1970] 26 p. 7l -44166S [JFE 71·564] ELEctiONS • JAPAN. Curtis, Gerald L. Eleclion campaigning, Japanese style. New York, 1971. xiii , 275 p. 71-591294 [JLD 71-805) ELEctiONS • JURISPRUDENCE. see ELECflON LAW. ELEctiONS • LANCASHIRE, ENG. • HISTORY. Clarke, P. F. Lancas hire and the new liberalism. Cambridge [Eng.} 1971. ix, 472 p. 71-S09SJ8 (JLE 11·191) ELEctiONS • MANAGEMENT AND METHODS. see ELECTIONEERING. ELEctiONS • NEW YORK (CITY) .. Ivins, William Mills, 1851-1915. Machine politics and money in elections in New York City. New York, 1970 [cl887} 150 p. 72-41160 [IRGN 72-92] ELECfiONS ·NORWAY. Koritzinsky, Theo. Velgere, partier og utenrikspo litikk. Oslo, 1970. 182, [I] p. 12-261079 [JLD 72·536) 2 4 NEW YORK (CITY) • ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE. Poston, Richard Waverly. The gang and the establishment. New York [ 1971] xii, 269 p. 72-59612 [JLD 72-583] NEW YORK (CITY) • ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE· LAW AND LEGISLATION. U. S. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommiltee on the War on Poverty Program. Antipoverty program in New York City and Los· Angeles. Washington, 1965. vii, 209 p. n -222049 [JLE 72·171) NEW YORK (CITY) • ELEctiONS.+ Ivins, William Mills, 1851-1915. Machine politics and money in elections in New York City. New York, 1970 [cl887] 150 p. 72-41160 [IRGN 72-92] New York (City). Environmental Protection Administratioll. Fabricant, Neil, 1937· Toward a rational power policy: energy, politics, and pollution. New York [1971] vi , 292, [30] p. 72- 143433 [JSE 72·291] New York (City) Federation of Jewish Philanthropies. see Federation of Jewish P•iluthropies of New York. Fig. 1. The NYPL Research Libraries Dictionary Catalog, July 1972: CIU-F page 201 on the left, and L- N page 297 on the right. Dual entries under New York (City) are shown on the right. This cata- log was produced in 6 and 8 pt. type set on 8 pt. body. Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/ MALINCONICO 11 body of material associated with a heading. Filing forms are automatically generated, with provision made for a manual override. Automatic filing has been found to be correct in better than 95 percent of the cases current- ly in use. The remaining 5 percent required manual intervention. The machine filing algorithms are based on language and on MARC categorization and delimiting. 18 Initial articles are dropped in each of thirty-eight languages, including the major languages transliterated into a romanized alphabet (those employing Cyrillic alphabets, oriental lan- guages, Hebrew, and Yiddish) . Chronological subdivisions are filed auto- matically obseiving rules regarding inclusiveness of dates, etc. Important chronological periods (currently fifty-four such periods) are recognized and filed automatically, e.g. American Revolutionary and Civil Wars, French Revolutions, Chinese dynasties, Middle Ages, etc. Roman enumer- ation is automatically filed in correct decimal sequence. Bibliographic/ Authority Linkage File The basic function of the bibliographic/ authority linkage file is to pro- vide a communications channel between the two major files by assigning to each authority form a neutral unique number. The linkage file then provides access to the established form regardless of the metamorphoses which it may have undergone since its original use (the number remains inviolate). Each authority upon addition to the file is assigned a unique number; however, the authority file is sequenced by an alphabetic sort key. This sort key bears no logical relationship to the filing form of the heading; it is constructed by dropping punctuation and accent marks, converting to up- per case, dropping multiple blanks, and appending a hash total. The link- age file maintains the correspondence between authority control number and alphabetic sort key. Only the authority control numbers, determined by the first bibliographic/ authority file match for each field, are carried in the bibliographic records. In addition, information is provided to the book catalog subsystem re- garding changes in the authority file (alteration of established forms, etc.) which would cause an entry exhibiting such alterations to be imme- diately regenerated for inclusion in a book catalog supplement. Appropri- ate action is taken against the bibliographic file when activity to an au~ thority heading is sensed by the book catalog subsystem. The presence of a dual entry form, which will require the creation of an additional entry under the associated variant form, is also indicated here. Alternative Input Files It should be mentioned that the full set of files described above is not a mandatory requirement for creation of a book catalog. A bibliographic file in a MARC II communications format alone will suffice. We have per- formed tests using both another library's data file and the MARC file as 12 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/1 March 1973 sole input to the system. Using unmodified file update software we have generated from these MARC II format data bases complete authority files, and thence book catalogs. No cross~references or scope notes are possible in this mode of operation, since MARC makes no provision for them. A further experiment was performed using another library's data base (in MARC II format) in combination with the cross-reference structure of the NYPL authority file. This led to highly satisfactory results, demonstrat- ing that a photocomposed catalog could be created, and exhibiting the util- ity of the input file enhanced by cross-references.§ THE PHOTOCOMPOSED BOOK CATALOG SUBSYSTEM The system for production of book catalogs represents only the visible tip, albeit a large and complex tip, of the entire bibliographic system. It consists, in a11, of ten computer programs and several score modules. The system was designed with thought toward production of catalogs with a variety of output options. In most cases, these options can be attained by the elimination of entire programs or modules. Space does not permit a consideration of all possible variations; the most important will be men- tioned in the course of the discussion. One consideration which was deemed of paramount importance was to remain as independent of photocomposition hardware as possible. Photo- composition is yet in its infancy; hence, an inextricable commitment to a particular device, it was decided, was to be avoided. The final approach taken was the design, by SADPO, of generalized photocomposition soft- ware which is responsive to device-independent typographic commands. The only function of this software is to accept, as input, completely de- fined text data and typographic instructions from which it generates for- matted pages. This task is accomplished via a translation of device-inde- pendent into device-particular commands in the form of a photocomposi- tion device driver tape. Should a new or more desirable photocomposition device become available, or significant advantage be found in employing a different photocomposition vendor, only one program need be altered. The photocomposition software is completely generalized and can be used to generate anything from book catalogs to typeset prose, in virtually any format (see the section on the pagination program for a discussion of the formatting options provided). Figures 2, 3, and 4 demonstrate some of the possibilities . . The creation, organization, and control of data to appear in the catalog was undertaken as a completely distinct set of programming tasks. Design Obfectives of the Book Catalog System Before embarking upon a discussion of the technical aspects of each G The September 1972 Hennepin County Public Library book catalog was published with a bibliographic data base produced by the Hennepin County Library combined with the NYPL Research Libraries' authority flle. Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/ MALJNCONJCO 13 DICTIONA R)' CATALOG SUPPLEMEN T, AUGUST/NO VEMBER 1972 A. A. A. see Associ~td Amt'rlc.n Artists. A. A. H. P. E. R. see .A•etitoan Assod1tion for H• altb. Ph)l'iQ' IAlllcMioft, a•d Recrn.lio.-. A. A. t... L 1o«: Ar.rima .4uoe:ia tl011 ol Law l.lh..-. A AMOA re~rts. Afro-American Music O ppnrtu!UiiC's Assnd:lllinn. v. 3. no. 4- ; O c i./Oc<:. 197 1- MinneapOlis. CI.JRRF.NTlSSUES A V A ILABLE t:-1 MUSIC DIVISION . 12-.. Dl .. 979 [M.,sie Div.) A. A. s. sec Assor:i:ado• l•r ASilft Sra~~d~s. A. A. S. H . 0 . F or corpoTati: body repreK!I.ICd by cht'sc ioailiits. ~e:. A~k:aJto ~ioal .r S tMe HiPw•y Otneials. A. B. A. sec: American Bankert AiseciS~~Iiod. Abe clt r Ft rmehtmpr:ill.let'lt chnik. Sareng., Klaus K. ( Bertin. 19701 243 p. 72-J96ll1 (JSD 72·391] An A. B.C. of B:ritidl fe.Ms. Ma~arthy, D.1phne. 1-ondnQ, 1971. 127 p., 2() plaitS. 72-21S.UI (JSE 72· 640] ABC ~oor de ... atenporl. Bron&erJ, J . F. Laren [197 1] . 199 p. 12·l9llll [JFD 7l·l831] ABC"s ol libr.ry proNotiOJt. Sherma n, Stc11e, L9l8· Metuc he n, N.J., 19 7 l.lv, U2 p. n .nn •7 (JLD 72-1106] A. C. A. For corpot"ate 'body represc:r.te d by these iflilials. !4X: Assocbtell Coundls • f tile Arts. A CU D: • n-itk al iMi1llt int• Israer.s. 111--.s. 1, no. S/6-; lt\ l.!g._ 1971?· Oeylon. Mo. CURR ENT I$SI.J£S AVAILA8LE IN PEJHODIC A LS DIVISiON. 72-421 5-tO (Per D l,,] A. C. S . moaow•ph. ~ee Ame rican Chen~ieal Society. ACS mo11•1raph. A etUI ha rfd•no. Mn trona.rdi, Lucio, 193().. Milano, )971. 14fl p. 71·2HI1.S [JFil 71· 1735] t\VAIL ..-.OLE 1N PERIODICALS DIVISION. i'2-2UI24 (P~- Div.] A. I . P. see ArHr ftaa l11stit•te of PI••Mts. A. J. R. se.~ Au.claz.IMV .ita1ia .. rsui. A. J. C. su A .. r~ Jewisll C~tec. A. L. G. 0 . L. (COMPUTER PROGRAM LANGUAGEI see ALGOL (COMPUTER PROGRAM UNGUAGEI A. L. P. see Lllbor Parf)" (A.astraUa). A Ia quile de Din. S.b4e. Philippe de. Parfs. 1970.96 p . 12·11112> [~FO 7:1-,78] A Ia ~he clts trisws ~ Bohattc;. M ilnsl.a\1, [Pracuc-. 1970) ,;g, (63J p. nf ill"-s. lp :u1 c nl.) 1l-<40Jil76 [IFG 12--9"] A La Vitille Rutslf:, in.c. The att or the anLdsmith. & the jc:we\tr; a loan C'lhibition ror the bcntfit c f the: Y oun1 Women·, Chri51i an Auoc:ia,ion of 1hc: City nf New Y ork. Novtn~bc:r 6·Novcmbc:r Zl. 1961. New York (1 96!1 U9 p , ill us. (pari col.) 2& em. 7l.J09ll2 [MN O 71-UI] A. M . A. RC: A.-rkaa MN.ical AuoclMka. AMDG, a histor y ol C•dhts Coli~ 18?0.79. Harney . Thomas E .. tl9 7· C~n i!dus Col le&e. N.e w York (1 971llS ~ p. n-m(;}o 7 HOlO] A. M. I. R . A. ~ A111straliu Miael"'!iJ lnlll•stries Ranrch Auod•tio.t. A. M . I. R . A. bullt tla. A llUraliaa Mu~cral Industries Rnurc:h Associauon. Bulletin. fMtibou rnc:) FULL RECOlO O F HOLDI NGS IN CENTRAL SERIAL Jt.ECORD- 12·171208 [JSP 7l-29t] A. M. S. !ICC: Ame riun M•t .. c~nclk•l S odety; Amcric:a n M et toroloaica l Sot'if:ty, A M o•tevidu. 0<)Uoq:ha.lk. louis Moreau, 1829· 1869 . (S)rnphony. nca. 2) (1168?) score: (SJ pI 7l·lt;<91 (lNG 7H9) Aaron. Daniel. 19J2· Supervi;sioll :and C un-lcwlum De11elopmen 1. A. S. C. I. see Hylller•bN, 11\di:a. Admin.lscr • tl'e S taff Col~ae ol I-.4.1L A. s. 1. s. Stt AIDt:ric ... Soclelr r.,. t.r.r-.ati .. Sdctl«. ASIS Werlc,O.p ef C..,.t~r CDMposkioR, Washi•ston. D. c., \970. Prn.::ccdin &'· Edited by R o bert M. Lartd.au. Wu hina:to n , AtiUtican Society fnr T11rorm<1 1i on Scicnc:t [I 97 11 he., 2 58 p. illw. 24 em. BiblioJtllpl'ly: p. 249-l SO. 1l·l'161JO (JFE 72·1217) A. S. S. £. Me A.uricu S.C~ty of Sa-.itary ~ ... A. S. T. D . see AMeT~ S.Clety fer Tr ... ni"l Md J>e..-~lop•t•t. AS1Mt l£S/ AIAA Sptt:t Sinn1.lation Co,.ruc "c~, :zct. Philt delpllia. 1967. Tcchnk~l p.ap~r!l. ~~:~ri':.~h;~;)j~~219 ~~t~r. ~3' ~:.tin& •CCH.pon10rrd b y A..nmta.• S!IKiely for TtU.I'-1 •nd M I MriM. lm;ritlll:t of £nnm.-enut St-ienca (Md) J\llteri.:n lm.~itiMt of Auou.ckJ. md Ast~nt~Wtk:l.. • 7l...OJII10 [JS P 71·5 11] A., S ergio lllirliitR. ~c lll:irlien A •• Str&io. 1945· A. T . .1\. sc~: Great BrlU,fr~. Ait Tr:ansporl A~txiU•ry. A. T. £ E. M. ~e Asod.lciH T£cni~ Esp:aiol:1 lilt ESIYdi•s M ttallilrekos. A. T . L K C Acadttnit Tt ri:..SOpolita n 4e k tras. A·l' (FIGHTER·BOMBER J'l.ANf:SJ ••• MUSTANG (FIGHTE!li'LANES ) A llt rnpo y (uea:o! Mdn Stntos, Frllnci ~cn. Sa.ntia ao d e: Chile, 1970. 59 p. 72- 274U4 [ JFC 7:.695) A. V, H . sec: Hln&:M)'· Alla• •Ne\nU Hat6s.ic. AVR; allatllltilter Vlit.nt.tf·Rc-port.(N r.J I·; 1972· ticusetWamm. Gcrm.any. C URRENT Fig. 2. The NYPL Research Libraries Dictionary Catalog Supplement, November 1972: A- Z page 1. This catalog was produced in 6 and 7 pt. type set on 7 pt. body utilizing a three column format. Cap- tions are in 8 pt. type. THE MID-MANHATTAN UBR/tRY ..4pMi~ lAuis, li/J1·1 873. (cont.) ~~-~oflbt~ofl., ................ llkll!~ dte~ ...-L PlaCCI 1·14.,. ~ preaded .,. .. t.lwlti!.Ui ouul.lhwlqof ~,._.., ~ot irwse.autl• ......__,~,...CM66. rt4Ml'tln ,_~* .. a-at .. ._......., • aa... .. ....._ ~ NeucWW. 1o 24 )lilo.t JU7. 7J.JWIO Cd [551.312·A) AGASSIZ. LQUIS, 1117-1173. Luri&, Edward, 19l7· Loub Apssiz. Chieqo (cl960] 449p. 70.104Ut C.:3 [B·Apai .. t) Tharp, Louise (Hall) 1898· AdveniUJ"o\IJ alliance. Booton (el g$9] 354p. "'"'"' Cc3 [B·Apui&-T} "'-*• J- It•......, ll77•l!N7. Felaaieo and impromphll. Freeport, N .Y., 8oob for Ullraries Prasa [ 1967] :U8p. <-r - --) _ol ... ltUod. 71H1,.. C.:l [82+Apta) AGATBIAS, SCHOI.ASTICUS, D 512. Cam~, Averil Apthiu. Oxford [c l970) 168p. (t~;~;i't~ A.,.._, ~~oDor AluloJ, tHO- The na..t olllcer's alli. 70.100619 C.: Co4 [B·Apew-L) Manh, Robert, 1932· A,new, the une•aminod-. New York [e1967) 182p. 71· 111010 C.: Co4 [B-A-w·M] ..._. s. Y .... AlMa. s-..t J_,., , .... Fig. 3. The Mid·Manhattan Names Catalog, April 1972: A- CIT page 20. This is a divided catalog produced in a two column f01mat utilizing 6 and 8 pt. type set on 8 pt. body. 14 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 Beyond the ttable: state. NeW York. [<1971) 2·2S. p.; 71·591412 c.. (301.1.~5) Bcr_. t~w a*-'le tt.a.. Schon. Oo:n•ld. AP. New Yoct (ct971} 2-lS.C p.; Tl·S~I47l Q4 [l01.2 .. S) ...... - .... AMII. (eel.) Freeport, N.Y. (1971. df443}29tp. 12·210216 Co6 [94U31 .. A) a.,o~ ........ KrotJ'Iey, Herbert. New York [~1966} 209p. 7l·'89SO Cc4 (3tU41-K) n. 8.._041 Gila owl !U Eplld,. ol ra.L Sltiner, RudoU', 18.61·1925. Ntw Vo.-k [1971) 102 p. Tl·S919H Q4 (294.5924-S] Bbofn. o;.>wu, C. Od.mcpu, 19ll· N"' York.[cl969) )17, l26p. 70.4301S9 C:.4 [966.905.0] "he BUlle aMI dn: tade•t Nc• £Me. v,~,~,, P.ola.ad de, l91l3· Carden City, N.Y .• 1911. 21!4 p . 1l·1386S8 Cof [221-V] :BIBL£ ·COMMENT AlliES. Bisek, M&nhcw_ (~.} Peeke'a coml'l)tfttaJY on lhc Bib~e. (Loll.doa, e196l:U 116, »II) n:..~:=~. Th::' .. -ti~ 114'7·l9U. Detroit, 1961. Sv. 11·399610 Co6 [OIU7J.B) Blb ..... ~a '-' iaiU .. AMri GW.. Fig. 4. The Mid-Manhattan Titles Catalog Supplement, July 1972. This page was created as a test utilizing 4 pt. type on 4 pt. body. The actual supplement created for use by the public was created in 6 and 8 pt. type. Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/ MALINCONICO 15 processing step, we shall state the objectives which we set out to meet, and the constraints-generally economic-under which they were met. Method of Publication As it is economically impractical to publish the entire catalog on a very frequent basis, a cumulation/ supplement scheme was adopted. Two basic types of supplements are possible: ( l ) a supplement containing only new items for the period represented; or ( 2) a cumulative supplement contain- ing all items new to the system since the last appearance of a cumulation of the entire collection, automatically replacing all previous supplements. The latter is more costly than the former. The economic desirability of the former was eschewed in favor of convenience to the user. Under the scheme adopted, a user has, at any time, only three sources to consider- the retrospective catalog, the prospective cumulation, and the cumulative supplement. B We have derived several optimization formulae for reaccumulation schedules.19 Application of these formulae indicated a reaccumulation cycle of approximately one year, assuming that supplements would appear monthly. The formulae also indicated that a small premium would have to be paid for the administrative convenience of spreading the printing and processing load of the cumulation over the span of the entire reaccu- mulation period, compared to the cost of a complete printing at the begin- ning of each period. The adopted publication scheme calls for the publi- cation each month of *2 of the cumulation, together with a supplement containing all items which have not yet appeared in the cumulation and those which have been altered since their appearance in a cumulation. The division into twelve segments is table-controlled; the number of segments may be varied from one to sixteen. For example, in January a cumulation is published for the alphabetic span A-B; a supplement is published for the remaining letters of the alphabet. A similar situation would occur the following month, etc. Thus, at any given time the public is presented with a set of volumes representing the cumulated catalog and a supplement which contains all material not found in the former. The public is un- aware of the fact that the cumulation is being cyclically updated. They are only aware of the fact that they have no more than three sources to consult: ( 1) the old card catalog, ( 2) the basic cumulative book catalog, and ( 3) the cumulative supplement. The fact that entries are migrating from the supplement to the basic cumulation each month is of no conse- quence from the standpoint of catalog usage. The decision governing representation of an item in a cumulation or supplement is made on an entry by entry basis. For example, one of the n All material in the card catalog h as become known as the retrospective collection, and all material entered into the automated system after January 1972 has b ecome known as the prospective collection. 16 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 subject added entries may have migrated into the cumulation; hence, it will no longer appear in a supplement. However, the main, and all other added entries, falling into different filing ranges, will continue to appear in a supplement until they too can be absorbed into the cumulation. Sim- ilarly, alterations to a bibliographic record will cause only those entries whose text or sequencing is affected to reappear in a supplement. A change to or an addition of a subject tracing will cause only that subject added entry to be regenerated for inclusion in a supplement. The main, and all other added entry citations, which remain unaltered, need not reappear in a supplement (assuming they have previously migrated into the cumula- tion). Condensed Added Entries In order to keep printing costs to a minimum, all added entries are con- densed; title page extension, publisher, and bibliographic notes do not ap- pear under any of the added entries, the assumption being that the user who is interested in such data will take the trouble to refer to the main entry, which contains the complete bibliographic citation. This type of back-and-forth reference, while quite awkward in a card environment, is extremely simple in a book catalog. Economic considerations also led to the decision to suppress tracings from the main entry. The system was de- signed to allow these decisions not to be irreversible. The choice of data which are to appear with an entry is governed by a set of tables which may be readily altered should it be desired to change the format or context of an entry. Punctuation of condensed entries is accomplished automatically. This is not a trivial problem, and one that only a cataloger can truly appreciate. Consider, for a moment, the myriad ways in which bracketing may occur within the title or imprint statement, and the ways in which these may span the two fields. Add to these factors the rules which do not permit the appearance of double punctuation. We have found that punctuation of added entries is effected correctly in 98 percent of catalog entries. In those instances in which ALA punctua- tion rules are observed in the complete record, correct punctuation is as- sured (this is not true of cataloging obtained from European sources). Control of Cross-references It is in the realm of cross-references that the mindless consistency of the computer is most effectively employed. The goal to which we addressed ourselves was the absolute integrity of cross-referencing. Under no circum- stances-short of erasing a cross-reference from a previously published catalog-were cross-references to refer the user to a heading which did not have an associated bibliographic citation. All meaningful cross-refer- ences providing alternate access points to a citation must appear. By the same token, in order to minimize costs, cross-references which appear in a Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/MALINCONICO 17 cumulation available to the public are not to be repeated in a supplement. Cross-references to a heading would be considered valid entry points to the catalog when bibliographic citations appear under a subdivision of that heading. For example, the appearance of bibliographic citations under Ne- gro Art-Exhibitions would cause all cross-references to Negro Art to be generated (Figure 5). The same rules concerning appearance in supple- ments and cumulations are observed for these secondary cross-references. Alterations to cross-references which have appeared in a cumulation will cause the altered forms to reappear immediately in a supplement, provided the referenced heading is still in use in the catalog. Similarly, alteration of the referenced heading would cause the reference to the new form to be automatically generated. Nepi. Aatiat.o. I..a comunili estctica il> Kant. Bari, Adriatica, 1968. 399 p. 25 em. "2. edizione accresciuu: Includes biblioarephl~al rcrcrepces. 72-283171 [JFE 72-659) NOeriQM. Shapiro, Norman R. (comp) New York [1970) 247 p. 72-4010599 [JFD 72·5021) ne Necro ud J-.lea. Pim, Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan, 1826-1886. Freeport, N.Y., 1971. vii, 72 p. 12·3324'8 [HRC 72·749) ne Necro ocl doe • ....._ Bond, Frederick Weldon. College Park, Md. [1969, c1940] x, 213 p. 72-365267 [MWED 12·657) NEGRO ART • EXHIBITIONS. ~ Harlem Cultural Council. New blac~ts. [New York, 19691 [541 p. (chietry illus., ports.) 72-420544 [MCW 72-9il8] NEGRO ART • UNITED STATES. Harlem Cultural Council. New black artists. [New York, 1969] (S4] p. (chien.x. ~u .... , ports.) 72-420544 [MCW 72-908] NEGRO ART· UNITED STATES • HISTORY. Chase, Judith Wraag. Afro-American art and craft. New York [1971] 142 p. 72·363299 [3-MAMT 72-910] NEGRO ARTISTS· UNITED STATES. Fax, Elton C. Seventeen black artists. New York [1971] xiv, 306 p. 12·31l294 [MAMT 72·732) NEGRO ARTS • HARLEM, NEW YORK (CITY) HUJJins, Nathan Irvin. 1927- Harlem rcnatasance. New York, 1971. xi, 343 p. 12-173133 [JFD 12·3936] Afro-Americans. New York (19711 61 p. 12·261130 [JNF 72·6] NEGROES. . Black America. New York [1970] xv, 303 p . 72·296234 [IEC 72·1178) NEGROES· ADDRESSES, ESSAYS, LEctURES. Goldstein, Rhoda L. Black life and culture in the United States. New York [1971) xiii, 400 p. 12·240427 [IEC 72-1 Ul6] Necroes •d the ....,.t depl'essiotL Wolters, Raymond, 1938- Westport, Conn. [1970J.xvii, 398 p. 72-296828 [IEC 72-1260] NEGROES • ART. see NEGRO ART. + NEGROES AS BUSINESSMEN. Andreasen, Al~n R, 1934- Inner city business. New York [1971) xix, 238 p. 72-3371SS [JLE 72-977) Durham, Laird. Black capitalism. Washington [1970) vii, 71 p. 72-401063 [JLD 72-1931] Jones. Edward H. Blacks in busin.,.., New York (1971] 214 p. 72-4008520 [JLD 71-2200) NEGROES AS BUSINESSMEN • DIRECTORIES. National Minority Business Directories, inc. National Black business directory. (Minneapolis] FULL RECORD 01' HOLDINGS IN CENTRAL SERIAL RECORD. 12·406758 [JLM 12·221] NEGROES AS PHYSICIANS. sec NEGRO PHYSICIANS. Fig. 5. The NYPL Research Libraries Dictionary Catalog Supplement, October 1972: L - Z page 120 and 121. These pages demonstrate the generation of the cross reference Negroes- Art see Negro-Art even though only subdivisions of Negro-Art appear in the catalog. A further consideration extends to cross-references which have migrated into a cumulation. When a cumulation segment is updated, all cross-ref- erences which previously appeared in it should continue to appear if, and only if, the referenced heading is still in use in either the same segment of the cumulation, another segment of the cumulation, or a supplement; if not, its use is discontinued. Subsequent use of the referenced heading would then call up the cross-reference for reuse. Each of the above desid- _,. ...: ._______. - ··---· _ - - ~ 18 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 erata requires rather intricate logic when the cumulation is being produced in monthly installments, as any of the following is possible: 1. Cross-reference in a supplement, referenced heading in a supplement; 2. Cross-reference in a supplement, referenced heading in a cumulation; 3. Cross-reference in a cumulation, referenced heading in a supplement; 4. Cross-reference in a cumulation, referenced heading in a cumulation. In each case, the cross-reference must be suppressed whenever the refer- enced heading disappears from the catalog available to the public, but must be retained when it refers to a heading existing in any part of the catalog. The cross-reference and referenced heading may easily appear in catalog segments published as much as eleven months apart, making it ab- solutely essential that both the authority and book catalog subsystems maintain strict control of the cross-reference structure. Control of Hierarchies It was decided that the appearance of cataloging under a subdivision of a heading which contains associated notes should cause the higher level heading with its attendant notes to appear. Such a heading would be forced to appear regardless of whether or not it itself headed a biblio- graphic citation, under the assumption that notes concerning a heading might he valuable to a user interested in a subdivision of that heading (See Figure 6 for an example ). Acta symboJJc:a. v. I, no. 2·; fall, 197(). [Akron, Ohio] CURRENT ISSUES AVAILABLE IN PERIODICALS DIVISION. 72·218723 [Per. Di•.] ACflNG. Schreck, Everett M. PrinciJ:IIes and styles of acting. Reading, Mass. [1970) 354 p . 72·24IS44 [MWEQ 7:Z-t57] ACflON SONGS. see GAMES WITH MUSIC L'Actirite utistiq•e. Philippe, Marie Dominique. Paris (1969)1 v. 72· 272967 [JFD 72-1443] Actirities by v.no.s ceatraJ bllllks to pro-'Ote economic ud sod~ •elfue prop-aas [by Lester C. Thurow and others] A staff report prepared for the Committee on Banking and Currency, House of Representatives, 91st Congress, second session. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1971 .' vii, 332 p. 24 em. At head of title: Committee print Includes bibliographies. 72·288174 [.JLE 12·835] ACTORS. Here are entered works on actors .. including bolh men and women. Works about women actors alone or women as actors are entered under the heading Actresses. ACTORS, AMERICAN • BIOGRAPHY. Shaw, Dale, 1927- Titans of tbe American stage. Philadelphia [1971) 160 .P.· 72·313460 [MWER 12-524) Fig. 6. The NYPL Research Libraries Dictionary Catalog Supplement, August 1972: page 2. The heading Actors is caused to appear due to the presence of a scope note and the use of a subdivision of the heading. Automated Book Catalog Subsystemj MALINCONICO 19 Dictionary and Divided Catalogs The same system was required to serve two divisions of the New York Public Library, each of which has different traditions and philosophies of service to identifiably different users. Therefore, an additional flexibility was required of the system: the ability to produce both dictionary form and divided catalogs. The Research Libraries, which have traditionally used a dictionary fom1 of catalog, wished to continue that practice. The Branch Libraries, on the other hand, felt that their public could be better served by a divided cata- log, separated into Titles, Subjects, and Names. The system was designed in such a manner that the modification of a single parameter in the final sort would produce either form of catalog. BOOK CATALOG SUBSYSTEM-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION The entire subsystem consists of ten separate programs, each of which will be described below. The flow charts in figures 7, 8, and 9 depict the processing How of the subsystem. The system was designed to operate on an IBM 360 model 40 (which has since been replaced with a 370 model 145) with 256K bytes of core storage. The programs were written exclu- sively in BAL for a DOS configuration. A conversion to full OS has re- cently been completed. Each processing step described below is executed se- quentially. Significant peripheral devices required are: five tape drives, one disk drive in addition to those required by the operating system, and a line printer. Please refer to figures 7, 8, 9, and 10 for the programs and files refer- enced by symbols PI, Tl, Dl, etc. Entry Explosion and Construction-Program Pl This program serves as the driver for the entire subsystem. In this step entries are selected for inclusion in a supplement or cumulation segment. Requests for data required from the authority :file are initiated. The for- mat and data content of each entry are defined by this program via a set of tables. These tables may be altered at will, allowing redefinition of the format and content of any entry. The bibliographic master file is updated to indicate the appearance of an entry in a cumulation, preventing its sub- sequent appearance in a supplement. In addition, this program is charged with accepting communication of activity to the authority file and taking the appropriate action with respect to the bibliographic file. This activity may take several forms: alteration of a heading, change of delimiting, change to a filing form, posting or removal of a cross-reference or dual en- try, change of categorization, or the complete transfer of all cataloging from one valid heading to another. Evidence of activity to an authority heading is carried on the authority 1 bibliographic linkage file ( D0 ). When such activity has affected a head- 20 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 Fig. 7. Subsystem flow chart. Explode catalog entries Generate responses, select headings.and update x-reference linkage Pl Create requests for x-references, dual entries, &. higher level headings P3.1 Automated Book Catalog Subsystemj MALINCONICO 21 Format headings module Format headings module Fig. 8. Subsystem fiow chart. Eliminate duplicate heading requests P4 Locate higher le ve l headings, & dual entries PS 22 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 Create requests for secondary x-references, write headings P3.2 Locate x-references, update x-reference indicators P6 Fig. 9. Subsystem flow chart. Format headings module Format headings module Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/ MALINCONICO 23 Insert authority text data into skeleton catalog entries P7 Pagination P8 Fig. 10. Subsystem flow chart. 24 Journal of Library Automation Vol 6/ 1 March 1973 ing used by a bibliographic record as an authority field, the field is tagged for verification by the authority file in the next file update/ authority-in- terface run. The indicator for the field in question, denoting previous ap- pearance in a cumulation, is turned off. At the same time, the indicators for all other catalog tracings which require that authority field as data are turned off. When a transfer from one heading to another has occurred, the new linkage number is inserted into the authority directory of the bib· liographic record. This is not absolutely necessary, as the authority / biblio- graphic linkage file provides the link via a chain when a transfer has oc- curred. Nonetheless, the insertion of the true authority control number into the bibliographic file eliminates the necessity of a chained search in all future accesses of the tracing, space on the linkage file is conserved, and no additional indicators are required to make note of the fact that the entry has been caused to reappear in a supplement as a result of the transfer. In all cases of activity to an authority record, reverification is forced for the associated tracing field in order to guarantee correct usage of the altered authority. Each bibliographic record is examined to determine whether it will con- tribute to the .catalog. This is done on an entry by entry basis. Each field of the bibliographic record capable of defining a catalog entry is exam- ined. All fields which define a catalog entry (tags 1- - , 245, 4- -, &- -, 7- -) carry a set of indicators denoting appearance in the cumulation, and a number defining the cumulation segment into which the entry should file. An additional indicator for authority fields denotes the presence (or ab- sence) of an associated dual entry on the authority file. Appearance in the cumulation and filing segment number of the dual entry are also carried in the bibliographic record, allowing independent control of the dual en- try citation. As may be readily seen, the dual entry acts as a phantom trac- ing in the bibliographic record and will thus not be specifically mentioned in the discussion of selection criteria below. An entry is selected for construction on the basis of the following cri- teria: 1. The bibliographic record is in a valid status, i.e. has passed all editing tests, and sufficient time for proofreading has elapsed. 2. All authority fields required for construction of the entry have been verified against the authority file in the weekly bibliographic file up- date/ intedace production runs. 3. It files in the segment being produced that month. 4. The indicator denoting appearance in the cumulation is NOT set. Thus, any alteration to the content of a bibliographic record, war- ranting immediate reappearance of an entry, may be communicated to the book catalog subsystem by the extinction of the cumulation in- dicator. Both cumulation and supplement entries are created in the same run. The entries are separately collated by causing the highest level of the final Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/ MALINCONICO 25 sort to be a code denoting supplement or cumulation. It will prove fruitful at this point to draw a distinction between a cata- log entry-the printed bibliographic citation-and the machine record which is created by the system prior to phototypesetting. The machine rec- ord is nothing more than a highly organized print record. The final merg- ing of such print records from various processing steps completely define the text, typography, and sequencing of the final printed catalog. The ma- chine print records created by the system up to step P8 will be referred to as Text Entry ( TE) records. When an entry is to be included in a particular month's catalog segment or supplement, a table for the particular type of entry is consulted in or- der to determine the data and the typographic commands which will gov- ern the entry's format. At this point only a skeleton Text Entry record is constructed, as all authority data will be obtained from the authority file. The sequencing information is contained in the sort key of each TE record, which defines six levels of sorting: 1. Collation-catalog or supplement. This is further refined when a di- vided catalog is being produced. 2. Level I sort, and sort code. 3. Level II sort, and sort code. 4. Level III sort, and sort code. 5. Publication date. 6. Publisher. In the case of certain series entries, level II and III may be split into two half-size levels by the program in order to further refine the sort sequence. As an example of the use of sort levels I, II, and III, we might consider a subject added entry. In that case, the level I sort is defined by the filing form of the subject tracing, level II by the filing form of the author's name and level III by the filing form of the title of the work. The sort codes are used to separate entries which would result in the same sort keys but are conceptually different, e.g. a name which might simultaneously de- fine a title added entry, a main entry, and a subject added entry. A similar situation exists at the second sort level where conventional titles are to be separated from titles or subject title entries. Sort key levels, as all other data elements required in a TE record, will be directly inserted into the record under construction if they consist of nonauthority data, and will be identified by linkage codes for later inser- tion when the filing form data is returned from the authority file. The final TE record will not be completed until step P7, to be described below. Following construction of the sort key (or indications to complete a sort key) typographic commands and text data are inserted into the TE record. The typographic commands are contained as binary bit settings in a record directory. The directory also defines the location and length of each data element, or gives a linkage code when the data are to be obtained from the authority file, and hence cannot be inserted until program P7. The order 26 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/1 March 1973 of entries in the directory defines the printing sequence of text data. Thus, when text data are available, true locations and lengths are provided in the record. When they are not, linkage codes replace them in the direc- tory. These linkage codes are simply replaced by true locations and lengths when the authority text is added to the end of the record by another pro- gram (P7). It will suffice at this point to mention that all typographic commands are present in the record. The function of the commands will be discussed in detail below when the pagination program ( P8) is discussed. Having constructed a set of skeleton TE records, the program initiates requests to the authority file for authority text data and filing forms. Re- quests are also made to the authority file for headings which are to print above the bibliographic citations. These headings will be constructed in the same manner as catalog enbies, i.e. as TE records. They will then be merged with the respective TE records as citation entries. These heading requests also initiate a sequence of processing steps culminating in the lo- cation and formatting of all relevant cross-references. The necessary cross- references are formatted into TE records, and are likewise merged to form the complete catalog. When an entry is chosen for inclusion in a cumulation segment, indica- tors to that effect are set in the bibliographic master record; it is then writ- ten onto the updated bibliographic master file. Locate Authority Data and Select Headings-Program P2 All inquiries to the authority file are sorted into authority sort key se- quence and matched with the authority file. All inquiries will result in a match to a valid authority record. A match for each inquiry is assured by the weekly file updatej intetface processing programs. Inquiries to the authority file result in any combination of the follow- ing actions: ( 1) authority text and filing data are supplied, via a response record, to program P7 for the completion of TE records created by pro- gram Pl; (2) authority records are selected to serve as headings above bib- liographic citations (these same records will also cause cross-references to be selected); ( 3) authority records are selected in order to initiate a search for the associated dual entry, as per instructions contained in the inquiry record. The selected headings consist of complete authority records with in- structions regarding their eventual use and routing. Headings are routed, via a collation code, into cumulation segments or supplements. Since a sin- gle authority heading may appear as both a main entry and subject head- ing, indicators are set defining its eventual use as one, the other, or both. These indicators will be called usage indicators. Usage decisions made by Pl are passed to this step as part of the inquiry records. The results of these decisions are then transmitted as a set of codes inserted into the se~ lected authority records. Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/MALINCONICO 27 This program is further charged with the responsibility of keeping cur- rent the catalog status indicators for cross-references by maintaining two binary indicators with every cross-reference. A cross-reference record with multiple see fields will have a pair of indicators for each see field. The first binary indicator denotes prior appearance of a cross-reference in a cumulation segment. The second indicates that the referenced heading cur- rently appears in some part of the catalog. In passing through the entire authority file, this program will note that a heading which falls in the cur- rent month's filing range has had no requests for its use lodged against it. When this is the case, transactions are created for every cross-reference, de- fined by see froms in the heading record, extinguishing the second binary indicator described above. The cross-reference will then not be used again until it is required. The need for this operation will become more evident when we discuss program P6. The maintenance of the physical linkage between cross-references and headings is performed by the authority file update subsystem. This sub- system guarantees that the linkage is kept current regardless of alterations to headings and cross-references. Hence, all see froms are guaranteed to re- fer to a cross-reference (direct see) record on the file. Explode Hierarchies, Cross-references and Dual Entries-Program P3.1 The selected authority records are examined for the presence of see from fields. If any are found, they are used to create further inquiries to the authority file for cross-references. A similar operation is performed for dual entries with the exception that the dual entry inquiry is not cre- ated unless it was requested by program Pl. The request is passed via in- dicators in the inquiry record (as discussed above in the description of program P2). All records which are subdivisions of headings, e.g. Sculpture-Tech- nique, will cause inquiries for all significant higher level headings ( Sculp- ture in this case) to be created. Higher level headings will supply addition- al entry points via cross-references to them, or may themselves appear if they contain notes. Cros.'i-reference requests are separated for later processing. They will be processed with requests for secondary cross-references to be generated by program P3.2 below. Exclude Duplicate Headings and Separate Inquiries-Program P4 This program is nothing more than a sort with exits. The input tape of selected headings and higher level heading requests is sorted, and if a re- quest for a higher level heading has already been filled by a heading se- lected in 'P2, the request is dropped. All usage information carried by the request is logically added to the matching heading. When multiple requests for the same higher level heading are discovered, all but the first are 28 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 dropped. Usage information from all duplicates is added to the retained request by a logical OR operation. The authority records which were selected by P2 for use as headings are formatted into complete text entry (TE) records for later input to the pagination program. TE heading records are formatted by a single module invoked by this step and again in P5. The surviving hierarchy requests, and all dual entry requests are separat- ed for processing in the next step. Format Headings Module All heading records selected for print are processed by this module, which converts the input text and filing data of authority recmds into TE records. At times quasi-duplicates of the TE record are constructed with different filing and typography codes for use as main entry and subject headings. At times portions of the data are encoded as nonprinting because it is lmown that the print data will be provided by other heading records. This is the case with author/ conventional title records. The author head- ing is assured because of the explosion of higher level headings; hence, a simple method is provided for insuring its appearance only once regardless of the number of associated conventional titles. When a subject heading record is created, the heading is made to appear twice in the record, once in upper case for printing, and once in its normal upper and lower case form, encoded as nonprinting, for possible use as a dictionary heading by the pagination program. The conversion to upper case is effected via a translate table, because of the presence of control in- formation within the text for floating diacritics. Also, diacritics and many special characters do not have a simple upper case equivalent due to the use of the complete ALA character set. Punctuation of cross-references is effected in this module. The com- plexities by no means approach those encountered in punctuating con- densed added entries; nonetheless, they do exist. For example, terminal periods in headings referenced in a cross-reference must be replaced with semicolons when more than one heading is referenced, a blank mus l be in- serted following the hyphen and preceding the semicolon in open ended dates, the final referenced heading in a string must end in a period unless it terminates with a hyphen, quote mark, exclamation point, question mark, parenthesis, etc. Typographic codes which apply to headings, notes associated with head- ings, and phrases in cross-references are inserted by this program when TE records are created. Locate Hierarchies and Dual Entries-Program P5 All heading requests are applied to the authority master file. When the heading corresponding to a request is located, the entire authority record is written onto an output file for further processing. This process is sim- Automated Book Catalog Subsystem/ MALINCONICO 29 ilar to that executed when the original heading requests were processed in program P2. Higher level headings are encoded for use in accordance with their categorization and filing form. When a requested dual entry heading is located, a TE record is written for later processing by the pagination program. A response record contain- ing the filing form of the dual entry is also written onto an indexed se- quential disk file. A direct access file is necessary since the catalog record contains only a link to the primary heading, and all requests for the dual entry come via a request against the primary heading in program P2. Rath- er than attempting a complex scheme for keeping track of all bibliograph- ic items requiring the dual entry data, only one copy of the dual entry re- sponse is isolated and indexed by the control number of the primary head- ing. It is then retrieved on that basis when needed. Explode Secondary Cross-references, Separate and Select Hierarchical Headings-Program P3.2 This program is simply a phase of program P3.1 described above. The major difference lies in its handling of the authority records which it ac- cepts as input. They are written out as TE records, but only if they meet one of two conditions: if the authority record matching the heading re- quest contains notes, it is selected for eventual formatting into a heading; or if it represents an author, required of an author/conventional title combination. In all other instances higher level headings are not selected for printing. The Format Headings module is invoked by this step for all higher level headings selected for print. If secondary cross-references are not desired, the explosion module which creates the requests is simply by- passed. Similarly, higher level headings may be suppressed. No further attempt is made to generate higher level headings, as they have all been exploded in P3.1. The exploded cross-reference requests are separated in this program, just as they were in P3.1. Locate Cross-references-Program P6 Prior to execution of this step tapes T3.1, T3.2, T3.3 are sort/merged into a single tape T3.4 (Figure 9). T3.4 now contains all of the transac- tions generated by program P2, and all cross-reference requests. Recall that P2 has created transactions extinguishing the indicator carried by cross-ref- erence headings, denoting that the referenced heading appears somewhere in the catalog. The sort causes all of these transactions to be applied be- fore any cross-reference requests are processed. It might appear a bit para- doxical that a request should be made to a cross-reference whose refer- enced heading was not selected in P2; however, recall that a cross-reference may be invoked as the result of the use of a subdivision of the refer- enced heading (secondary cross-reference). At this point some discussion of the cross-reference record is in order. A cross-reference may point to several headings simultaneously, e.g. Ani- 30 Journal of Libraty Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 mals see Aardvarks/ Bears/ Cats/ ... Zebras. Each referenced heading is controlled individually. Only the required references are extracted as need- ed. In the example above, if Aardvarks and Cats appeared in the catalog those two references would have been selected, and no others. Hence, the discussion which follows will be greatly simplified if we con- sider each cross-reference transaction to apply to only a single reference. This is effected operationally by carrying the control number of the head- ing which gave rise to the cross-reference request within the request. Following the application of transactions, if any, to extinguish indica- tors, the selection fm· print logic is executed. Cross-references are selected for printing when the indicator specifies that the cross-referenced heading appears somewhere in the catalog available to the public, regardless of whether there is a specific request for it, and the cross-reference is filed in the segment being produced. A request for a cross-reference which already appears in a cumulation segment currently in use is ignored. A request for a cross-reference which is not already in the catalog is honored. The actual logic is somewhat complex; however, the end result is as described above. Cross-references to be printed are routed to either a supplement or cum- ulation installment depending upon the filing range in which they fall. When a divided catalog is being produced cross-references are further routed into the appropriate catalog on the basis of categorization. Follow- ing the selection of, or refusal to select, a heading, the indicators denoting prior appearance in the catalog and linkage to a heading in use are up- dated. Continuing integrity of the cross-reference structure for future printings of the catalog is thus assured. Complete Citation Text Entry Records-Program P7 Prior to execution of this processing step, response records emanating from P2 are sorted into bibliographic item number sequence. Sequencing is necessary since the skE-leton TE records are in the same sequence as the bibliographic master file. Identification of authority response data re- quired by a TE record is via bibliographic item number and a sequence number assigned to each authority field within a bibliographic record. Sub- fields of a response record are identified by delimiter. Response records are matched to skeleton TE records bearing the same item number. Following the match, all required data are inserted into the skeleton TE record. Codes are carried in the TE record directing this pro- gram to perform certain formatting functions not possible in step Pl. These functions include insertion of certain combinations of parentheses and brackets required by series notes, addition of a series note to certain call numbers, and the replacement of the author portion of an author- title combination se1·ies note with His:, Her:, In His:, In Her:, etc. None of the above could have been accomplished in a typographically accept- able manner in program Pl. Dual entry data are obtained from the indexed sequential file ( Dl). The Automated Book Catalog SubsystemjMALINCONICO 31 identification of such data is via the authority control number of the pri- mary LC subject heading carried in the bibliographic record. This number is used to access file Dl for the required text and filing data. Pagination-Program P8 Prior to execution of this step a set of page initialization records is cre- ated for the particular type of catalog being produced. These records are prepared by a program not shown in the subsystem flow. Initialization rec- ords govern the overall format of the book to be produced. There are six such initialization records, all of which must appear at the beginning of the input tape. They may also appear embedded anywhere among the TE records in various combinations. The first initialization record, known as a Page Dimension ( PD) record, defines the physical dimensions of the page to be printed. Parameters car- ried in this record also determine the dimensions of inner and outer page margins, head and foot margins (independently for recto and verso pages), number and width of columns, body size on which to set type, and spacing between entries. When an embedded PD record is encountered the program will terminate any page cun-ently being formatted, begin a new page, and continue formatting in accordance with the redefined dimen- sions. The second initialization record defines the starting page number, and indicates whether paging is to start with a recto or verso page. The pagina- tion program may also be directed via this record to place a black square at the edge of a page, at a location defined by the record, to serve as a thumb index. This record may also appear anywhere else on the tape. When it does appear as an embedded record it commands the program to terminate the page being formatted at that point, to begin a new page, and possibly provide a number of blank pages. This allows volumes to be broken at predefined sort points. In this manner we may separate alpha- betic segments, the various volumes of a divided catalog, or cumulation and supplement volumes, and move the thumb index. Subsequently four records define caption and legend text (independent- ly for recto and verso pages). Any one or combination of these records may also occur elsewhere on the tape. When they do occur as embedded records, the program terminates the page currently being formatted, alters the appropriate caption and/ or legend text, and continues to format text. Interfiling of these records with TE records allows captions to be changed automatically between volumes of a divided catalog, or between supple- ment and cumulation volumes, or at any other desired sort point. The six records described above control those aspects of page format which are common to a large class of entries. Individual TE records carry typographic commands which are specific to the entry, or to an element of the entry. A code carried by each TE record (Entry Fo1'mat Code) defines typographical rules for the entry as a whole. This code is used to identify 32 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 data to be used in the formation of dictionary and column headings when page breaks occur. Certain widow rules affecting the entire entry are speci- fied, e.g. entry may not span columns, entry may not form the last line of a column, etc. Line advance commands, defining the amount of space (if any) to be left between enbies, are carried in this code. Data elements within an entry may require different typographic rules. Format codes for each such element are carried within a record directory. The directory also serves to identify the location and length of text data to be typeset in accordance with the typography specified by Element For- mat Codes. Element Format Codes consist of 32 bit fullwords. Groups of bits within the word define separate typographic rules. These bits may be set in any combination, defining a complete spectrum of typography. The major typographic parameters governed by these bit settings are: 1. Starting indention ("continue on the previously used line" is includ- ed). 2. Overflow indention to be used if the element must be continued onto another line. 3. Space to be left on a line before adding any additional text to a pre- viously used line. 4. Justification-left, right, center of column, and center of page. 5. Type size height. 6. Type size width relative to height. 7. Type face-bold or light. 8. Type style-Roman or Italic. 9. Element widow rules-restrictions which do not allow text to : span columns, form the first line of a column, span from a verso to a recto page, or span from a recto to a verso page. 10. Line break-indicating whether lines may be broken at blanks only, or may be broken at blanks and certain special characters. Line break decisions observe a hierarchy of rules, e.g. if the indicator is set to break at blanks only and no blanks are found within the entire line, the program automatically reverts to the second option (break at blanks and special characters ); should that also fail, the line will be broken arbitrarily at the last character which fits on the line. 11. Hyphenation indicator-due to the great number of foreign lan- guages used in the NYPL catalog no hyphenation routine is em- ployed. Allowance has been made, however, for the inclusion of a hyphenation module should it be desired in the future and an indi- cator provided in order to invoke it. Other rules of lesser importance exist, but space does not warrant their discussion. The entire ALA character set plus several additional characters specified by NYPL may be typeset via this program on an III Videocomp. Diacritics are floated onto the characters they accent. The coding structure adopted by NYPL consists of two unique codes preceding a pair of characters to be Automated Book Catalog Subsystem / MALINCONICO 33 overprinted. The first code indicates to all processing programs that the data to follow must be interpreted in a unique manner. The second de- fines the unique treatment to be accorded. We currently employ only two such functions codes; both imply a form of overprint. Coding in this manner allows unlimited expansion of the character set. A function code has been assigned but not yet utilized for overprinting of triplets. This would be necessary in handling doubly accented characters, such as are found in Vietnamese. Functions codes have been assigned defining escapes to nonroman alphabets. The character set includes two blanks in addition to the normal word space. One of these will provide a word space on printed output but will fail line break tests. Such a character is of great utility as a separator in abbreviations and as a word space preceding such terminal characters as a close parenthesis. Conversion of the NYPL data base to utilize this super blank will be effected following definition of sufficiently reliable rules for its automatic generation at input. The second blank is a zero set width character. This character, when present in a machine record, is assigned a null width by the phototypesetting device. Its utility lies in areas in which it is required to remove only one or two characters from a record, but it is not desired to expend the programming or processing time in restructuring the record. All of the input text data and format codes are translated into com- mands to an III Videocomp 830 and written onto a driver tape. The driver tape is then delivered to a photocomposition vendor who mounts it on a Videocomp to produce camera ready copy for catalog pages. The camera ready copy is then delivered to a printer who produces multilith plates, and thence, pages which are bound into monthly supplements and cumulation segments. CONCLUSION Photocomposed book catalogs have been in use at NYPL since January 1971. The effectiveness of the system can, perhaps, best be judged by the only adve rse reaction received thus far: in the case of material which must pass through the bindery after cataloging, entries appear in the catalog be- for e the materials reach the shelves, thereby causing annoyance to users. Judged by more serious criteria, the system has been proven to be an op- erational success. The processing budget for the Research Libraries is now insignificantly higher than it was under the manual system, but cataloging volwnes have increased dramatically: 7,500 titles/ mo. cataloged vs. 5,500 titles/ mo. under the old manual system. The increase in productivity can- not be solely attributed to the automated system. Some of it is attributable to the revision, by the head of Preparation Services, of manual procedures. E xpansion of Book Catalog Coverage The entire bibliographic system is currently in the final stages of revi- 34 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/1 March 1973 sion for production of a multimedia catalog of the Dance Collection of the Research Library of the Performing Arts. 20 The organization of cita~ tions referring to material in diverse media will be accomplished by pr~ viding separate sequences under appropriate headings, denoting: Works by, Works about, Visual works, Music, Audio materials. Listed under each of these headings will be the following types of materials: 1. Works by-Written works by an author. 2. Works about-Written works about an author, performer, etc. (The subheading is not used under topical subjects.) 3. Visual works-Photographs (original and indexed), prints and orig* inal designs, motion pictures and videotapes, filmstrips and slides. 4. Music-Music scores. 5. Audio Materials-Phono records and phonotape. These headings are not as specific as those suggested by Riddle, et al., however, they do provide the early warning function discussed by Virginia Taylor.zl, zz This catalog is due for publication in early 197 4. Pending the success of this venture, a study will be made of the means of extending the scope of the Research Libraries' catalog to include nonbook materials. In late fall 1973, an extremely exciting and bold step will be taken by the Jewish Division of the Research Libraries. They will begin data input of material in Hebrew, using the recently defined ANSI correspondence scheme for Hebrew characters. 23 Within this scheme roman and special keyboard characters have been assigned to each character of the Hebrew alphabet. Book catalog display of Hebrew text will utilize these characters in a left to right print mode until such time as development money is found for the digitization of Hebrew character fonts, and for modifica- tions to the pagination program in order to display mixed roman and He~ brew text. All Hebrew entries will be filed in accordance with conventions for sequencing Hebrew text. The Hebrew entries will be interfiled with entries in romanized forms by conceptually assuming the sequencing al- phabet to contaln 57 characters: blank, A, B, ... , Z, 0, 1, . .. , 9, N , !l , ... , .n . If we have an author who has written several titles in roman al~ phabet languages, and others in Hebrew, we would create a sequence of main entries under his name interfiled according to the alphabetic se- quence shown above. All Hebrew or variant title added entries would be found in a sequence starting at the end of the roman alphabet. The primary reasons for adopting such a scheme as opposed to the more traditional romanization are: 1. A nationally endorsed correspondence schedule has been provided by ANSI. 2. It is desired to enter this data into the automated system and end the manual operation at the earliest possible time. 3. It is desired not to have to revise all cataloging when true Hebrew text may be economically displayed. It is virtually impossible to re- Auto1Mted Book Catalog SubsystemjMALINCONlCO 35 cover the true form of nonroman text from its romanized form. These two areas, nonroman alphabet display and inclusion of nonbook materials, represent the only areas in which further development of the book catalog system is planned. Future efforts will be directed to conver~ sion of the batch-oriented processing system to one with on-line file main- tenance capability. It should be stressed again that the primary aim of the bibliographic system is not production of book catalogs. The system was designed to cre- ate a highly controlled data base which could be used in conjunction with whatever display medium it; technologically and economically feasible. On- line access to the catalog will require extreme control of the data, as au- tomated retrieval techniques require very precise definition of access points. The problems of data organization become greatly magnified when CRT display devices are used, as the visual scan range produced is severely limited. The extensive development effort to produce book catalogs was under- taken at NYPL since it was felt that for at least the next decade book cata- logs in printed or microform would provide the only economically viable form of access to the collection. Book catalogs will, no doubt, also serve as backup forms of display for a considerable time after introduction of electronic access techniques. REFERENCES 1. Seoud Makram Matta, The Card Catawg in a Large Research Library: Present Conditions and Future Possibilities in The New York Public Library, Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Library Science. (New York: Columbia University, School of Library Service, 1965). 2. I. A. Warheit, "Automation of Libraries-Some Economic Considerations," Pre- sented to: Canadian Association of Infornuition Science, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 27 May 1971. 3. James W. Henderson and Joseph A. Rosenthal, eds., Library Catalogs: Their Preservation and Maintenance by Photographic and Automated Techniques (MIT Report No. 14.) (Cambridge, Mass .: MIT Press, 1968). 4. Margaret C. Brown, "A Book Catalog at Work (Free Library of Philadelphia)," Library Resources and Technical Services 8:349-58 (Fall1964). 5. Richard De Gennaro, "Harvard University's Widener Library Shelflist Conversion and Publication Program," College & Research Libraries 31:318-33 (September 1970). 6. Richard D. Johnson, "A Book Catalog at Stanford," Journal of Library Automation 1:13-50 (March 1968). 7. Paula Kieffer, "The Baltimore County Public Library Book Catalog," Library Re- sources and T echnical Services 10:133--41 (Spring 1966). 8. Hilda Feinberg, "Sample Book Catalogs and Their Characteristics." In: Book Catalogs by Maurice F . Tauber and Hilda Feinberg. (Metuchen, N.J.: The Scare- crow Press, 1971) p.381-511. 9. Paul J. Fasana and Heike Kordisb, The Columbia University Libraries Integrated Technical Services System. Part II: Acquisitions. (a) Introduction. (New York: Columbia University Libraries Systems Office, 1970). 62 p. 10. Gerry D. Guthrie, "An On-line Remote Access and Circulation System." In: Amer- 36 Journal of Library Automation Vol. 6/ 1 March 1973 ican Society for Infor11Ultion Science. Annual Meeting. 34th, Denver, Colorado, 7-11 November 1971. Proceedings 8:305- 9, Communications for decision-makers. (Greenwood Publishing Corp.: Westport, Connecticut, 1971). 11. Ralph M. Shoffner, "Some Implications of Automatic Recognition of Bibliographic Elements," Journd of the American Society for Infor11Ultion Science 22:275-82 (July/ August 1971) . 12. Frederick C . .Kilgour, "Initial Design for the Ohio College Library Center: A Case History." In : Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing, 1968. Proceedings (Urbana: University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library Science, 1969) , p. 54-78. 13. Maurice F. Tauber and Hilda S. Feinberg, Book Catalogs (Metuchen, N. J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1971). 14. Catherine 0. MacQuarrie, "Library Catalogs: A Comparison," Hawaii Library Association ]ournal21:18-24 (August 1965). 15. Irwin H. Pizer, "Book Catalogs Versus Card Catalogs," Medical Library Association Bulletin 53: 225-38 (April 1965). 16. Kieffer, "The Baltimore County Public Library," p.l33--41. 17. James A. Rizzolo, "The NYPL Book Catalog System: General Systems Flow," The LARC Reports 3:87-103 ( Falll970). 18. Edward Duncan, "Computer Filing at The New York Public Library," The LARC R eports 3:66-72 (Fall1970). 19. S. Michael Malinconico, "Optimization of Publication Schedules for an Automated Book Catalog," The LARC Reports 3:81- 85 (Fall 1970) . 20. Dorothy Lourdou, "The Dance Collection Automated Book Catalog," The LARC Reports 3: 17- 38 (Fall 1970). 21. Jean Riddle, Shirley Lewis, and Janet Macdonald, N on-book Materials: The Or- ganization of Integrate d Collections. Prelim. ed. (Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Library Association, 1970). 22. Virginia Taylor, "Media Designators," Library Resources and Technical Services 1:60-65 (Winter 1973) . 23. Edward A. Goldman, et al., "Transliteration and a 'Computer-Compatible' Semitic Alphabet," Hebrew Union College Annual 42:251-78 (1971).