Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 88 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6834 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 SARS 88 China 75 COVID-19 30 patient 15 CoV-2 13 covid-19 13 Wuhan 10 MERS 10 Coronavirus 8 clinical 7 RNA 5 disease 5 Health 4 infection 4 Disease 3 human 3 case 3 cancer 3 acute 3 ACE2 2 virus 2 que 2 health 2 figure 2 PCR 2 LPV 2 AKI 1 vitamin 1 uso 1 und 1 una 1 treatment 1 transmission 1 respiratory 1 recomienda 1 publication 1 pregnant 1 por 1 people 1 para 1 pandemic 1 pacientes 1 outbreak 1 novel 1 newborn 1 mother 1 mental 1 los 1 las 1 government Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5675 patient 3080 % 2753 coronavirus 2640 infection 2450 disease 2432 case 2058 study 1984 virus 1401 treatment 1236 transmission 1131 symptom 1051 cell 1031 pneumonia 993 risk 988 outbreak 982 syndrome 957 day 902 health 872 pandemic 777 protein 754 time 717 analysis 713 rate 686 drug 684 response 680 care 673 number 657 datum 622 therapy 620 lung 612 epidemic 603 country 579 vaccine 579 death 571 trial 568 mortality 543 use 537 receptor 533 system 530 characteristic 528 effect 526 review 518 hospital 509 people 507 level 491 host 487 result 486 group 466 antibody 455 evidence Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 5143 SARS 4729 COVID-19 3325 CoV-2 3156 de 1945 la 1919 China 1746 y 1625 el 1593 al 1004 et 988 CoV 971 Wuhan 954 los 932 que 875 . 791 Coronavirus 696 con 677 MERS 620 para 580 del 533 un 471 RNA 450 las 443 Health 441 ACE2 431 pacientes 422 una 420 CT 401 Disease 389 en 342 PCR 307 o 303 como 298 RT 288 por 280 Se 273 ARDS 247 es 232 Novel 215 uso 213 March 208 Italy 207 ICU 204 East 195 World 195 Middle 191 remdesivir 191 recomienda 191 Organization 190 Clinical Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1624 it 706 we 477 they 173 i 142 them 69 he 47 us 31 itself 22 you 21 themselves 21 one 20 she 8 me 6 ourselves 3 mg 2 ya 2 nsp7 2 il-6r 2 him 1 βcovs 1 yourself 1 to/ 1 theirs 1 nsp10 1 myself 1 hydroxychloroquine 1 her 1 covid-19 1 asc09f 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 16622 be 4159 have 1209 use 1027 include 1022 report 891 show 765 infect 719 associate 628 base 616 increase 600 confirm 582 cause 554 find 533 develop 493 suggest 441 do 438 treat 421 identify 411 reduce 391 covid-19 390 follow 383 consider 379 require 358 need 357 compare 350 provide 330 emerge 325 occur 320 relate 303 lead 300 spread 294 give 288 detect 287 hospitalize 286 make 281 present 281 indicate 278 receive 274 control 266 prevent 264 test 259 demonstrate 253 recommend 252 remain 252 bind 244 affect 239 accord 235 know 232 observe 230 become Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1951 clinical 1863 respiratory 1613 severe 1405 covid-19 1338 not 1282 high 1224 viral 1187 acute 1092 also 1087 novel 1030 other 923 - 908 more 811 human 802 such 723 however 691 early 613 first 557 low 548 most 545 asymptomatic 489 new 470 potential 459 well 437 antiviral 432 immune 413 positive 405 only 400 different 386 medical 376 specific 359 common 358 available 347 important 344 several 340 infected 340 effective 338 possible 336 as 326 many 309 public 307 mild 307 inflammatory 304 recent 297 further 285 non 284 therefore 284 large 283 therapeutic 283 current Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 143 most 74 high 71 Most 58 least 49 good 33 late 31 large 16 great 14 low 14 bad 9 close 8 early 8 big 6 common 4 new 4 long 4 fast 2 young 2 small 2 sick 2 easy 2 deadly 1 ® 1 weak 1 slow 1 short 1 severe 1 safe 1 old 1 hot 1 dark 1 crude 1 colonoscopy 1 cheap 1 S+ 1 Least Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 405 most 44 least 5 well 4 worst 3 highest 1 long 1 -detect Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 doi.org 5 orcid.org 3 www.dovepress.com 3 creativecommons.org 2 www.who.int 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.mphonline.org 1 zinc.docking.org 1 www.who 1 www.nytimes.com 1 www.nhi.gov.tw 1 www.nhc.gov.cn 1 www.ncbi 1 www.medrxiv.org 1 www.media.pa.gov 1 www.jalview.org 1 www.fda.gov 1 www.euronews.com 1 www.ecdc.europa.eu 1 www.ddgpharmfac.net 1 www.coro-navirus-monitor.ru 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.cdc 1 tools.iedb.org 1 tgx.elegans@invivobiosys 1 taiwa 1 rdvcu.gilead 1 news.psu.edu 1 mask.pdis.nat.gov.tw 1 m.economictimes.com 1 github.com 1 gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com 1 creat 1 arogya Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20059865 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118 2 http://www.who.int/ 2 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 2 http://doi.org/10 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/ 1 http://zinc.docking.org/ 1 http://www.who 1 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-nursing-homes.html] 1 http://www.nhi.gov.tw/Conte 1 http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/xxgzbd/gzbd_index.shtml 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/sars-cov-2-seqs/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank 1 http://www.ncbi 1 http://www.mphonline.org/worst-pandemicsin-history/ 1 http://www.mphonline.org/worst-pan 1 http://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04 1 http://www.media.pa.gov/pages/DHS_details.aspx?newsid=569 1 http://www.jalview.org/ 1 http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/emergency-useauthorizations 1 http://www.euronews.com/2020/03/31/ 1 http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/ 1 http://www.dovepress.com/risk-management-and-healthcare-policy-journal 1 http://www.ddgpharmfac.net/vaxijen/ 1 http://www.coro-navirus-monitor.ru 1 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e2.htm] 1 http://www.cdc 1 http://tools.iedb.org/conservancy/ 1 http://tgx.elegans@invivobiosys 1 http://taiwa 1 http://rdvcu.gilead 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9232-4875 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-1697Samideh 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9357-0229 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7996-845XMilad 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-1274Habib 1 http://news.psu.edu/story/630235/2020/09/01/penn-state-health-receives-grant-mitigate-covid-1 1 http://mask.pdis.nat.gov.tw/ 1 http://m.economictimes.com/ 1 http://github.com/SamuelBrand1/KenyaCoV 1 http://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ 1 http://creat 1 http://arogya Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 zlshi@wh.iov.cn 1 wangchaofu@126.com 1 george.collins@ucl.ac.uk 1 crjudy@126.com 1 caijun@shsmu.edu.cn 1 bianxiuwu@263.net Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 risk covid-19 wards 9 covid-19 is higher 7 cov-2 is highly 7 symptoms included fever 6 coronavirus causing severe 6 cov-2 is also 6 cov-2 is not 6 covid-19 is highly 6 patients had bilateral 6 symptoms were fever 5 cases are asymptomatic 5 cov-2 is still 5 covid-19 does not 5 covid-19 is not 5 patients did not 5 patients had higher 5 studies did not 5 virus is not 4 % had mild 4 cases were asymptomatic 4 coronavirus causing pneumonia 4 covid-19 are fever 4 covid-19 is important 4 covid-19 is mainly 4 covid-19 is still 4 disease is highly 4 patients are more 4 patients were asymptomatic 4 patients were more 4 studies are necessary 4 studies have also 4 symptoms are fever 4 transmission is also 4 transmission is not 4 virus is more 4 virus was later 3 % were male 3 % were men 3 % were patients 3 % were severe 3 case report guillain 3 cells were not 3 cov has not 3 cov-2 infected rhesus 3 cov-2 is lower 3 cov-2 is plausible 3 cov-2 related coronaviruses 3 cov-2 was also 3 cov-2 was successfully 3 covid-19 are still Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 cov-2 is not yet 2 infection is not yet 1 % had no definite 1 cases are not readily 1 cases had no contact 1 cases is not well 1 cells were not as 1 cells were not only 1 china showed no benefit 1 coronavirus is not yet 1 cov-2 is not unexpected 1 covid-19 are not selective 1 covid-19 are not uncommon 1 covid-19 is not necessary 1 covid-19 is not routinely 1 covid-19 is not sufficient 1 covid-19 was not obvious 1 disease is not only 1 infection has not yet 1 infection showed no evidence 1 infection were not public 1 infections are not fully 1 infections have not yet 1 patient had no past 1 patient had no significant 1 patient showed no symptoms 1 patients are not easy 1 patients are not infectious 1 patients did not necessarily 1 patients found no association 1 patients had no fever 1 patients have no abnormalities 1 patients is not sufficient 1 patients reported no prior 1 patients show no symptoms 1 risk is not as 1 risk was not different 1 sars had no evidence 1 studies was not sufficiently 1 study found no differences 1 study found no significant 1 study had no role 1 study reported no effect 1 study showed no evidence 1 symptoms are not essentially 1 transmission are not yet 1 transmission has not yet 1 transmission is not clear 1 transmission is not complete 1 treatment did not significantly Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 69640 cord-315598-qwh72inx 23862 cord-279255-v861kk0i 14361 cord-271504-t3y1w9ef 9916 cord-268561-vq1uhj5i 7935 cord-252771-6kwfulqe 7568 cord-315058-t7bq4yqw 7118 cord-262104-oig3qrr7 6723 cord-254446-yxqbe1dj 6583 cord-033204-v17d98c9 6475 cord-312730-4ejjmab4 5926 cord-277260-7se220oz 5743 cord-266052-rcuzi70u 5636 cord-283440-8du0s33p 5552 cord-269909-1cso5cl4 5466 cord-274459-781by93r 5325 cord-296692-t5p09le8 5215 cord-294136-e69ao8j0 5181 cord-279363-4almssg6 5138 cord-268939-ws74xprt 5006 cord-280029-g1k3zlax 4812 cord-283310-5wam14aa 4797 cord-269771-hffxb7bm 4678 cord-288500-ko4eda9w 4642 cord-292002-g0v0xc21 4584 cord-274668-lh7c9izt 4508 cord-293127-c27qh5y7 4412 cord-299333-qu0bmov5 4409 cord-268065-mxvbbkc4 4268 cord-270019-er70ehk4 4032 cord-030254-eevqclsy 4021 cord-032928-m0awip9y 3866 cord-301771-43fl2gwp 3692 cord-332268-x30svp5y 3600 cord-277816-ncdy9qgb 3509 cord-263738-8g5ujfaf 3421 cord-309970-jkmjiika 3369 cord-298639-v9yg80jw 3319 cord-298056-svwtfshi 3195 cord-257556-lmws8eed 3094 cord-283152-wav0d0ws 2736 cord-269283-jm18lj5t 2668 cord-337572-kx5hihnr 2618 cord-280970-gy0kfhy6 2576 cord-299899-is815pol 2336 cord-332245-yfj1kkj7 cord-029332-yn603pvb cord-029547-9ei1ram3 cord-256508-ce59ovan cord-259229-e8m8m4ut cord-279180-xad53zht cord-279334-j0i9ozsz cord-281281-knelqmzx cord-283485-xit6najq cord-284573-w0sk622m cord-286298-pn9nwl64 cord-291687-kwu0otpi cord-293167-3bd3adip cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-294831-pem059zk cord-298899-lkrmg5qr cord-300608-eju7wnb9 cord-300763-3ateeei3 cord-300899-yi2mx91a cord-303517-8971aq02 cord-304321-y177sqee cord-304418-k9owyolj cord-305856-xt3zxajf cord-309302-n6cd2fc3 cord-311044-kjx0z1hc cord-314311-xbpb9nfi cord-316647-jj8anf5g cord-319983-e4f2sfl4 cord-320632-369kax2m cord-322087-gj5mfzxz cord-327063-ea7a1xfl cord-335768-ry5boej6 cord-337302-fpz2jfuj cord-338979-ew046wcr cord-340063-nmx91h0a cord-343715-y594iewi cord-346389-gbmnoo84 cord-349313-2gupfqnl cord-350015-mg5wiihj cord-351567-ifoe8x28 cord-352030-hnm54k4r cord-354658-v451z3jq cord-354824-7fdcu2f0 cord-355528-y4a1g6km Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 59.0 cord-279363-4almssg6 57.0 cord-268065-mxvbbkc4 56.0 cord-030254-eevqclsy 55.0 cord-332245-yfj1kkj7 54.0 cord-315598-qwh72inx 54.0 cord-337572-kx5hihnr 53.0 cord-033204-v17d98c9 53.0 cord-262104-oig3qrr7 53.0 cord-266052-rcuzi70u 53.0 cord-280029-g1k3zlax 53.0 cord-309970-jkmjiika 52.0 cord-283310-5wam14aa 52.0 cord-288500-ko4eda9w 51.0 cord-269771-hffxb7bm 51.0 cord-274459-781by93r 51.0 cord-298639-v9yg80jw 51.0 cord-312730-4ejjmab4 50.0 cord-257556-lmws8eed 50.0 cord-269283-jm18lj5t 50.0 cord-283152-wav0d0ws 49.0 cord-254446-yxqbe1dj 49.0 cord-263738-8g5ujfaf 49.0 cord-315058-t7bq4yqw 49.0 cord-332268-x30svp5y 48.0 cord-270019-er70ehk4 48.0 cord-277816-ncdy9qgb 48.0 cord-280970-gy0kfhy6 47.0 cord-268561-vq1uhj5i 47.0 cord-293127-c27qh5y7 47.0 cord-296692-t5p09le8 46.0 cord-268939-ws74xprt 46.0 cord-298056-svwtfshi 46.0 cord-299899-is815pol 45.0 cord-274668-lh7c9izt 45.0 cord-283440-8du0s33p 45.0 cord-292002-g0v0xc21 45.0 cord-301771-43fl2gwp 44.0 cord-269909-1cso5cl4 44.0 cord-279255-v861kk0i 43.0 cord-032928-m0awip9y 42.0 cord-271504-t3y1w9ef 42.0 cord-294136-e69ao8j0 41.0 cord-252771-6kwfulqe 39.0 cord-277260-7se220oz 37.0 cord-299333-qu0bmov5 cord-029332-yn603pvb cord-029547-9ei1ram3 cord-256508-ce59ovan cord-259229-e8m8m4ut cord-279180-xad53zht cord-279334-j0i9ozsz cord-281281-knelqmzx cord-283485-xit6najq cord-284573-w0sk622m cord-286298-pn9nwl64 cord-291687-kwu0otpi cord-293167-3bd3adip cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-294831-pem059zk cord-298899-lkrmg5qr cord-300608-eju7wnb9 cord-300763-3ateeei3 cord-300899-yi2mx91a cord-303517-8971aq02 cord-304321-y177sqee cord-304418-k9owyolj cord-305856-xt3zxajf cord-309302-n6cd2fc3 cord-311044-kjx0z1hc cord-314311-xbpb9nfi cord-316647-jj8anf5g cord-319983-e4f2sfl4 cord-320632-369kax2m cord-322087-gj5mfzxz cord-327063-ea7a1xfl cord-335768-ry5boej6 cord-337302-fpz2jfuj cord-338979-ew046wcr cord-340063-nmx91h0a cord-343715-y594iewi cord-346389-gbmnoo84 cord-349313-2gupfqnl cord-350015-mg5wiihj cord-351567-ifoe8x28 cord-352030-hnm54k4r cord-354658-v451z3jq cord-354824-7fdcu2f0 cord-355528-y4a1g6km Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- cord-029332-yn603pvb cord-029547-9ei1ram3 cord-030254-eevqclsy A suspected case has been defined as a patient with acute onset respiratory infection with fever, cough, sore throat, and an epidemiological link in the form of a history of travel 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms to countries afflicted with COVID-19, or a close contact with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 14 days prior to symptom onset, or some acute respiratory infection requiring hospitalization with no other etiology fully explaining the clinical presentation, as per WHO guidelines. • In patients with severe COVID-19 infection requiring supplemental oxygen, lopinavir/ritonavir combination plus hydroxychloroquine plus favipiravir 1,600 mg (eight tablets) twice daily as a loading dose followed by 600 mg (three tablets) every 8 hours for 14 days is being used. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 disease is suspected. cord-032928-m0awip9y Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel single-strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 primary attacks the lower respiratory system causing viral pneumonia, but it may also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, liver, kidney, and central nervous system leading to multiple organ failure [3] . Other researchers found elevated serum troponin levels in many patients infected with COVID-19, and it was associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis [21] . The mechanism behind acute myocardial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection might be related to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) [20] which are highly expressed in the heart [11] . The results of previous reports indicate that cardiac injury, arrhythmia, and venous thromboembolism should be considered in any suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case and the patient should undergo a prompt clinical evaluation. cord-033204-v17d98c9 The country''s success mainly lies in three factors: (1) reliance on the mask policy as the main disease prevention measure and the ability to quickly expand mask production capacity; (2) use of big data and technology to enhance effective implementation of disease prevention and detection measures; and (3) strong state‐society relations favoring transparency, communication, and collaboration. I then turn to the crisis management framework, discussing how the developmental state foundations and the democratic regime lead to Taiwan''s success on mask policy, digital governance, and strong state-society collaboration and communication. Moreover, the capacity of a government to define and communicate the uncertainty the crisis brings is also an essential element in an effective response because collective sense-making can help increase citizens'' voluntary compliance. Specifically, during COVID-19, digital governance helped improve disease detection through integrated databases of people''s health records and travel history, through more accurate contact tracing, and through active surveillance tracking for people under quarantine. cord-252771-6kwfulqe Group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological first aid, community-based psychosocial arts program, and other culturally adapted interventions were reported as being effective against the mental health impacts of COVID-19, Ebola, and SARS. Specifically, mental health professionals including psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and psychologists were deployed to provide psychological counseling and support for vulnerable populations (e.g. frontline healthcare workers, confirmed COVID-19 patients, suspected COVID-19 cases and their families) in China and for people in quarantine in South Korea. For example, group-based CBT (Waterman et al., 2018; Waterman et al., 2019) , PFA, PTL (Decosimo et al., 2019) , culturally adapted interventions such as SMART (Ng et al., 2006) , ultra-brief psychological interventions (Ping et al., 2020) and peer supports (Rastegar Kazerooni et al., 2020) have been reported to effectively mitigate the emotional impacts of COVID-19, EVD, and SARS outbreaks. Culturally-adapted and cost-effective mental health emergency systems based on evidence-based intervention methods integrated into public health emergency responses at the national and global levels are recommended to reduce the psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks, especially for COVID-19. cord-254446-yxqbe1dj The disease name -COVID-19‖ and the associated virus name -SARS-CoV-2‖ were coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, respectively, on February 11 1, 2 . Interestingly, pharyngeal swab viral nucleic acid screening results of 2,510 patients between January 23 and February 25 from a hospital fever clinic in Hunan Province (a neighboring province of Hubei) demonstrated that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 (1.3%) was lower than that of Influenza A (2.3%) and Influenza B (3.3%) 42 . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial cord-256508-ce59ovan cord-257556-lmws8eed 2 While several other human coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 cause mild respiratory disease, others like the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV tend to have a higher fatality rate 6 (summarized in Table 1 ). Typical of respiratory viruses like influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2019 can spread through large droplets (with a transmission risk restricted tõ 6 ft from the patient). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: a data-driven Modelling analysis of the early outbreak Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak cord-259229-e8m8m4ut cord-262104-oig3qrr7 Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development. cord-263738-8g5ujfaf COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease, with 80% of patients presenting mild like flu-like symptoms; however, 20% of patients may have a severe or critical clinical presentation, which likely causes multiple organ injuries (e.g., kidney, heart, blood, and nervous system). Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered acute infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is mainly manifested as acute respiratory diseases characterized by acute interstitial and alveolar pneumonia and can affect multiple organs such as the kidneys, the heart, the digestive tract, and blood [1] . In another study of 99 patients with COVID-19, seven cases developed various degrees of kidney injury with elevated serum creatinine (Scr) and/or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and 3 of them were diagnosed with AKI [4] . These results provide direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can directly infect the renal tubular epithelium and podocytes, which may induce AKI in COVID-19 patients [17] . cord-266052-rcuzi70u As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Another study showed that infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus were successfully isolated from 2 of 3 patients with viral RNA-positive, indicating that infectious virus in feces was a common manifestation of COVID-19 and confirmed the potential of fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory transmission (Xiao et al., 2020b) . Coupled with the fact that villagers usually use untreated excreta as agricultural fertilizer, we believe that the use of pit latrines in rural China and other low-income countries increases the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contaminating the surrounding natural environment and ultimately harms human health. We proposed this hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-COV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts and then become a sustainable source of infection in rural China and other low-income countries. cord-268065-mxvbbkc4 Shortly after the virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, and an information storm occurred. Based on information of SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19, the components of the epidemic (the sources, the routes of infection, and the susceptible population) will be discussed, as well as the role of natural and social factors involved. S ince the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Recent results showed that SARS-CoV-2 persists longer with a higher viral load and peaks later in the respiratory tissue of patients with severe disease; this phenomenon highlights the need for the prevention and control of the epidemic. Some experts commented that people with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were not identified by epidemic prevention measures, thus accelerating the spread of the disease. cord-268561-vq1uhj5i 11 The causative agent was identified as a novel CoV, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, and the respiratory syndrome associated with the infection was designated as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). In direct tests, the clinical sample is examined directly for the presence of particles, virus antigens, or viral nucleic acids, whereas indirect methods detect the serological response against the infection (Figure 2 ). 11 Culture-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been used in research and public health laboratories in different parts of the world, but virus isolation is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure because it has low sensitivity, it is time-consuming, and it requires BSL-3 containment. 11 In addition to unequivocally confirming the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, regular sequencing of a percentage of patient samples from clinical cases can be used to monitor changes in the viral genome over time and trace transmission patterns. cord-268939-ws74xprt The increased burden has substantially impacted the neurosurgery practice and intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic activities. Operations of COVID-19 positive patients, and emergency cases, where screening can not be obtained, should be performed following level 3 protective measures. [5] [6] [7] In neurosurgery practice, intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, administration of inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic & educational activities. 26 A recent study from Wuhan City, China reported that some severe COVID-19 patients developed neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (5.7%), and impaired consciousness (14.8%). 76, 80 Also, a patient with a mass lesion in the sellar region that underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery in Neurosurgery Department, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan City, China was diagnosed with COVID-19 after surgery, and disease was confirmed in 14 healthcare professionals in the same clinic afterwards. cord-269283-jm18lj5t Bioinformatics analysis, satellite derived imaging data and epidemiological attributes were employed to investigate origin, immunogenic resemblance and global threat of newly pandemic SARS-CoV-2 including Bangladesh perspective. The study also prioritized the temperature comparison through satellite imaging alongside compiling and analyzing the epidemiological outbreak information on the 2019 novel coronavirus based on several open datasets on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and discussed possible threats to Bangladesh. As the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19 [SARS-CoV-2]) is expanding rapidly, analysis of epidemiological data of COVID-19 is necessary to explore the measures of burden associated with the disease and to simultaneously gather information on determinants and interventions. Moreover, the conservancy study of immunogenic peptides predicted from the SARS-CoV-2 proteins was also compared against other human coronavirus strains (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1 and MERS-CoV). Cross-checked conservancy analysis of COVID-19 antigenic epitopes with SARS-CoV proteins showed that conservancy when crosschecked with other coronaviruses, including BufCoV-HKU26 of Bangladesh origin, was not significant ( Table 3) . cord-269771-hffxb7bm title: Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published gastrointestinal symptoms and detection of virus in stool, and also summarized data from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong. The proportion of patients with detectable stool viral RNA was higher among those with diarrhea than those without diarrhea Table 2 including the hospital admission period, places in which the patients were recruited, sample size, age, sex, disease severity, non-gastrointestinal symptoms (fever and respiratory symptoms) on presentation, and gastrointestinal symptoms (anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain/discomfort). In this meta-analysis of 4,243 COVID-19 patients from six countries, the pooled prevalence of all gastrointestinal symptoms (including anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain) was 17.6%. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series cord-269909-1cso5cl4 The unexpectedly high asymptomatic carrier rates reported from other institutions as well as prolonged face-to-face patient care required during labor and delivery drove this decision, allowing for judicious personal protective equipment (PPE) use and decreased potential exposure for both healthcare workers and newborns. Several reports, based on expert opinion, have recommended that DCC not be performed in neonates born to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 in order to reduce the risk of secondary transmission [15, 47, 49] . For resuscitation of premature, high-risk, and newborns with anomalies born to mothers with cinfirmed or suspected COVID-19, a fully donned neonatal resuscitation team enters the room upon delivery. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection Neonatal resuscitation and postresuscitation care of infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection cord-270019-er70ehk4 title: Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study METHODS: We did a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study of 205 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and with a pathological diagnosis of a malignant tumour in nine hospitals within Hubei, China, from Jan 13 to March 18, 2020. Multivariable regression analysis showed that receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset (odds ratio [OR] 3·51 [95% CI 1·16–10·59]; p=0·026) and male sex (OR 3·86 [95% CI 1·57–9·50]; p=0·0033) were risk factors for death during admission to hospital. 5 In particular, male sex and receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset were identified as risk factors for death in patients with cancer who were diagnosed with COVID-19. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China cord-271504-t3y1w9ef A confirmed case should have at least one of the following criteria: (i) a positive result for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid, using real-time PCR tests from respiratory or blood samples; (ii) a high homogeneity between viral gene sequencing from respiratory or blood samples and known 2019-nCoV; and (iii) serum samples positive for IgM or IgG to 2019-nCoV, or seroconversion in IgG, or a fourfold or more significant increase in IgG antibody titer to 2019-nCoV in the recovery phase than in the acute phase [25] . Using blood samples taken from alleged COVID-19 patients, the researchers detected antibodies targeting the spike protein that prevented the virus from killing cells in laboratory tests. showed a promising in vitro inhibitory effect of this serine protease inhibitor in SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV on human lung cells, showing potential as a viable option for COVID-19 treatment [113] . Given that antiviral drugs have previously demonstrated reasonable inhibition of coronaviruses and therapeutic efficacy against coronavirus outbreaks, umifenovir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin have been recommended in the latest guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, updated on 17 February 2020 [189] . cord-274459-781by93r Our review aims to evaluate strategies of the most affected countries from different continents all over the world (China, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, America, Canada, Brazil, UK, India, Japan, Singapore, Iran, Korea, and Australia) for confronting the epidemic as it explains the best practices that could help other countries to overcome current or any upcoming pandemic. Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . cord-274668-lh7c9izt BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to a serious of clinical symptoms and severe illness, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and fatal organ failure. INTERPRETATION: Infection of Alveolar macrophage by SARS-CoV-2 might be drivers of the "cytokine storm", which might result in damages in pulmonary tissues, heart and lung, and leading to the failure of multiple organs . One case report showed the pathological characteristics of a patient who died from severe infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by postmortem biopsies. Moreover, type II alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages in alveoli and pulmonary hilum lymphoid tissue were infected by SARS-CoV-2, as revealed by immunohistochemistry using Rp3-NP specific antibodies (Figs. [10] In the case of COVID-19, the viral infection of aggregated alveolar macrophages was obvious from early phase to the late stage, according to our study and the results in recent reports of pulmonary pathology [17, 20] . cord-277260-7se220oz Since the emergence of the first case in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, tremendous research efforts have been underway to understand the mechanisms of infectivity and transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a fatal virus responsible for abysmal survival outcomes. Data from China thus far have shown that cancer patients infected with COVID-19 are at 3.5 times the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation or ICU admission, compared to the general population [9•] . The CALAVI trial will be initiated as a randomized global clinical trial to assess the potential of acalabrutinib in the treatment of the cytokine storm associated with severely ill COVID-19 patients [86] . An exploratory meta-analysis of 32 studies showed evidence of reduced mortality after receiving various doses of convalescent plasma in patients with severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology [92] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China cord-277816-ncdy9qgb title: Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid testing of children with 2019 coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis In order to understand the clinical manifestations and incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children and discuss the importance of fecal nucleic acid testing.We retrospectively analyzed studies on gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid detection in pediatric COVID-19 patients from January 1, 2020 to August 10, 2020, including prospective clinical studies and case reports. Stata12.0 software was used for meta-analysis.The results showed that the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in children with COVID-19 were vomiting and diarrhea, with a total incidence of 17.7% (95% Cl 13.9–21.5%). At present, there is no relevant study on whether there is a difference in the positive rate of fecal nucleic acid testing in COVID-19 children with and without diarrhea. Clinical features of 33 cases in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Anhui Province, China: a multi-center retrospective cohort study. cord-279180-xad53zht cord-279255-v861kk0i Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. cord-279334-j0i9ozsz cord-279363-4almssg6 En ese momento, a este nuevo coronavirus se le llamó 2019-nCoV (del inglés: 2019-novel coronavirus) y fue identificado por las autoridades sanitarias chinas como el agente causal de estos casos de neumonía atípica 1,3,4 . Hacia final de mes, el día 30 de enero la OMS declaró la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus como una emergencia de salud pública de preocupación internacional, ya que para aquel momento se habían reportado casos en todas las regiones de la OMS en solo un mes 9,11 . Concretamente la RNVE en su informe n°29 del día 7 de mayo enumera los principales síntomas presentados por el conjunto de la población española, hasta la fecha y a base de una muestra de 217,543 casos, de la siguiente manera: Entre estos hallazgos, es comúnmente observar la leucopenia y linfopenia, siendo esta última característica de COVID-19. cord-280029-g1k3zlax The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS is caused by a virus that emerged in southern China in November 2002 and led to [ 8000 human infections and 774 deaths in 37 countries in the 2002-2003 period [3] ; MERS is related to a virus detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia in 2012, responsible for 2494 laboratoryconfirmed cases of infection and 858 deaths since September 2012 [4] . On January 11 and 12, 2020, the WHO received further details and information from the Chinese National Health Commission regarding the possible association of this epidemic with exposure in a fish market in Wuhan, and the Chinese authorities shared the genetic sequence of a new coronavirus, subsequently identified as SARS-CoV-2 [14] . cord-280970-gy0kfhy6 Since mid-December 2019, there has been a worldwide outbreak of COronaVIrus Disease 90 (COVID)-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV or and first detected in 91 Wuhan, China. 52 However, 421 a single-center in Wuhan shared that early, low-dose and short-term (1-2mg/kg/d for 5-7 days) 422 corticosteroids was associated with a faster improvement of clinical symptoms and absorption of 423 focal lung lesions in severe cases of COVID-19. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Early, low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China. cord-281281-knelqmzx cord-283152-wav0d0ws Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, renamed as COVID19) in 2019 from Wuhan, China has led to a global crisis and it has been declared as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its fast rate of transmission among human beings [1, 2] . Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of genetically distinct viruses, which originated from broad ranges of hosts, including animal and bird species, and primarily cause respiratory and intestinal infections to humans and animals [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] . Transmission of COVID-19 possibly involved an adaptive evolution through an intermediate host (bat) before infecting humans. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective cord-283310-5wam14aa Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus. The estimation of the case-fatality rate (portion of deaths divided by the total number of cases) for the disease varies from 1 to 7% [24, 25] depending on the sex and age composition of the population; strategies of testing, diagnostics, and treatment; bureaucratic peculiarities of healthcare in a particular country; and congestion of healthcare systems. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China cord-283440-8du0s33p The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. It started at the end of 2019, when many adult patients with a new form of pneumonia that was frequently fatal were admitted to Chinese hospitals; this illness was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [11] [12] [13] This study aimed to review the current data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including data on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series cord-283485-xit6najq cord-284573-w0sk622m cord-286298-pn9nwl64 cord-288500-ko4eda9w The results indicated that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and demographic characteristics were associated with depression, anxiety, and perceived health status. A study reported that health care workers at high risk of contracting SARS were more likely to have a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety, and develop post-traumatic stress during the SARS epidemic (McAlonan et al., 2007) . In this study, we hypothesize that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and perceived health status are associated with the risk of depression and anxiety. The questionnaire contained ten main items: unknown origin of COVID-19, fear of infection, lack of effective treatment, poor patient compliance, nursing workload, poor social support, parent-child relationship quality, couple relationship quality, relationship quality with other family members, and perceived health status. The main findings indicated that nurses experiencing COVID-19-related stress and poor relationship quality with family were more likely to develop depression and anxiety symptoms and have health concerns. cord-291687-kwu0otpi cord-292002-g0v0xc21 Imaging features of multiple patchy areas of ground glass opacity and consolidation predominately in the periphery of the lungs are characteristic manifestations on chest CT and extremely helpful in the early detection and diagnosis of this disease, which aids prompt diagnosis and the eventual control of this emerging global health emergency. • Among the infected patients, characteristic findings on CT imaging include multiple, patchy, ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving pattern, and consolidation shadows, mainly distributed in the peripheral and subpleural areas of both lungs, which are very helpful for the frontline clinicians. The typical chest CT imaging characteristics of COVID-19 include multiple, peripheral, bilateral, patchy, sub-segmental, or segmental ground glass opacities and areas of consolidation, which are mostly distributed along the bronchovascular bundles and subpleural space. Furthermore, in the currently available reports, the most common chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients are the peripheral areas of ground glass opacity/consolidation (without subpleural sparing) which are bilateral in distribution [21] [22] [23] . cord-293127-c27qh5y7 In this review, we summarize the latest research progress related to COVID-19 epidemiology and the reported data of pregnant women, and discuss the current evidence of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy and its potential consequences for assisted reproductive treatments. The current outbreak of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread to many other countries. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses known to cause symptoms ranging from a common cold to more severe diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syn A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments Pedro AA Monteleone 1,2 , Mayra Nakano 1,2 , Victor Lazar 1 , Alecsandra P Gomes 1 , (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003) , and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in the Middle East in 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012) . cord-293167-3bd3adip cord-294136-e69ao8j0 successfully isolated SARS-CoV-2 from throat swabs of two asymptomatic patients in a cell culture of Caco-2 cells, suggesting the potential for presymptomatic transmission [16] ; (5) Increasing studies show clear epidemiological evidence of human-to-human asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 (described in the following section); (6) Asymptomatic infection tends to be, but is not only, identified among young people (<20 years old) [14, 15, [17] [18] [19] ; And (7) the majority (>90%) of asymptomatic patients appears to have a milder clinical course during hospitalization [15] , but the severity of the symptoms of the secondary patients infected by SARS-COV-2 from asymptomatic patients varies based on their physical constitution [2, 20] . As the transmission of SARS-COV-2 may occur in the early course of infection and a high viral load in respiratory samples could be detected [13] , RT-PCR testing for this virus is more suitable for screening at earlier stages of infection in key populations, such as patients with obvious symptoms and close contacts of asymptomatic patients [35] . cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-294831-pem059zk cord-296692-t5p09le8 In December of 2019 cases of an unknown viral pneumonia were reported from Wuhan, Hubei, China Although much uncertainty remains, regarding the natural history and demographics of COVID19 , the virus appears to primarily cause infection in adults over 51 with case fatality rates increasing dramatically with age [5] . There are, however, emerging case reports of pregnant mothers who test positive for COVID-19 infection and who remain either completely asymptomatic [23] and or manifest mild symptoms in the subsequent 24 hours following delivery. Although clinical evidence is lacking, the case numbers to date of COVID-19 in pregnancy remain very low [32] and case reports of two neonates who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 shortly after birth lends some credence to the concern. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: A review An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes cord-298056-svwtfshi Multivariable analysis showed older age, coronary artery disease, cancer, low lymphocyte count and high RALE score as factors independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of COVID-19 patients of European origin, main risk factors for mortality were older age, comorbidities, low lymphocyte count and high RALE. 14 In this report we describe the demographical, clinical, radiological and laboratory characteristics, as well as the clinical outcomes and the risk factors for mortality, of the first 500 patients with COVID-19 admitted to San Raffaele Scientific Institute, a tertiary care academic hospital in Milan, Italy. With a clinical observation longer than one months from the last patient admitted, w e were able to identify early predictors of mortality related to patient characteristics, radiological and laboratory findings at hospital admission for COVID-19. cord-298639-v9yg80jw Risk analysis revealed that wearing face mask could reduce the infection risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.017, 0.968), while when exposed to COVID-19 patients, doctors might have higher risk of seroconversion (OR, 346.837, 95% CI 8.924, 13479.434), compared with HCWs exposed to colleagues as well as nurses and general service assistants who exposed to patients. Our study revealed that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. Briefly, 96-well plates were coated with 500 ng/mL of recombinant RBD or NP protein overnight, incubating with diluted were also collected and the nasopharyngeal swab samples from these patients have been repeatedly tested as negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at least twice at a two-day apart. Our study proved that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. cord-298899-lkrmg5qr cord-299333-qu0bmov5 Since December 2019, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), a novel betacoronavirus strain responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , rapidly progressed from an isolated cluster of cases in the Hubei province of east central China to a pandemic, with significant global health and economic repercussions [4, 5, 10, 24, 25, 27, 28, 44, 58, 80, 91] . Early reports from Italy and China indicated that although pulmonary diseases including ARDS and diffuse pneumonia comprise the predominant lethal complications of COVID-19, patients have also presented with or developed significant cardiac signs and symptoms [50] . COVID-19 musculoskeletal and neurologic manifestations are being reported with increased frequency, particularly in patients with more severe respiratory disease, indicating coronavirus neurotropism possibly directly related with higher viral loads, which are now detectable in cerebrospinal fluid [20] . cord-299899-is815pol The pooled proportion of asymptomatic infection among 1152 COVID‐19 children from 11 studies is 27.7% (95% CI: 16.4–42.7%), which is much higher than patients from all aged groups. However, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 could also be asymptomatic, confirmed by positive Nucleic acid testing results during the illness. While a variety of studies on asymptomatic infection have been reported, the proportion of asymptomatic patients in confirmed COVID-19 cases is not well characterized. Original articles reporting asymptomatic infection in confirmed COVID-19 patients were included for meta-analysis. Noticeably, one study from Wuhan showed that 98/1021(9.6%) nucleic acid testing negative patients had lgG positive results, suggesting possible recovery from asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 54 . Characteristics of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Jinan, China. Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha, China. Epidemiological and clinical features of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection cord-300608-eju7wnb9 cord-300763-3ateeei3 cord-300899-yi2mx91a cord-301771-43fl2gwp The causative virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the World Health Organization (WHO) named the new epidemic disease Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Several coronaviruses can infect humans, like the globally endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 that tend to cause mild respiratory disease, and the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that have a higher case fatality rate [2] . After the diagnosis of SARS-Cov2 infection was made, the prevention and quarantine are considered as the most way to stop the fast spreading of the virus, because there is no effective vaccine, drugs, or antiviral to prevent and treat this disease despite the great efforts made by the scientists and researchers around the world to develop vaccines and treatments of coronavirus. cord-303517-8971aq02 cord-304321-y177sqee cord-304418-k9owyolj cord-305856-xt3zxajf cord-309302-n6cd2fc3 cord-309970-jkmjiika On December 1, 2019, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was reported in Wuhan, China, and CoVs returned to public view. In this review, we systematically compare COVID-19 and SARS in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics and discuss the current treatment approaches, scientific advancements and Chinese experience in fighting the epidemic to combat the novel coronavirus pandemic. As the virus continued to spread, on March 11, 2020 , the WHO declared that COVID-19 is a pandemic disease, making this the first time that a coronavirus infection has been regarded as a global pandemic, in contrast to SARS in 2002, which did not reach this level. This paper summarizes the differences in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of SARS and COVID-19 during the two outbreaks, summarizes the lessons learned, and provides a comprehensive reference for the global epidemic prevention and treatment of reported in China and resulted in a large number of infections. cord-311044-kjx0z1hc cord-312730-4ejjmab4 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak started with the detection of an increasing number of pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, China, since December 2019. In response to the rapidly growing number of confirmed cases and deaths, some measures taken by the Chinese authorities include the quarantine of millions of its citizens with the unprecedented lockdown of many cities, in an attempt to contain the virus and slow down the spread of the disease [3] . One study in China reported a young 22-year-old male who spread SARS-CoV-2 infection to his contacts (1 relative and 6 classmates, all of which were youngsters from 16 to 23 years) just after a few-hour contact during the incubation period, when he was totally asymptomatic [18] , suggesting that the disease is highly infectious during the incubation period. cord-314311-xbpb9nfi cord-315058-t7bq4yqw Key epidemiological characteristics such as the basic reproductive number and the age-specific rate of developing COVID-19 symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2, were adapted for the Kenyan setting from a combination of published estimates and analysis of the age distribution of cases observed in the Chinese outbreak. In the scenario with no transmission from asymptomatics the observed epidemic was dominated by cases among the working-age population (Figure 3 ), who we estimated as having high rates of assortative (i.e. within same age-group) mixing ( Figure 4 ) and a small but not negligible risk of developing symptoms of COVID-19 after infection. In this modelling study we have integrated existing data on the social structure, and mobility, of the Kenyan population with rapidly evolving estimates of the fundamental epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 so as to make the best possible prediction of the scale of the epidemic risk that Kenya faces from the first coronavirus pandemic. cord-315598-qwh72inx De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). cord-316647-jj8anf5g cord-319983-e4f2sfl4 cord-320632-369kax2m cord-322087-gj5mfzxz cord-327063-ea7a1xfl cord-332245-yfj1kkj7 aktuell Infektiologie SARS-CoV-2 Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Ein Literaturüberblick der AG Infektiologie der ÖGKJ 1 F Im Dezember 2019 kam es in der chinesischen Region Hubei zum gehäuften Auftreten von Pneumoniefällen unbekannter Ätiologie [1] . Allerdings waren in dieser Altersgruppe knapp 80 % der Fälle lediglich Verdachtsfälle (ohne SARS-CoV-2-Laborbestätigung), sodass die Autoren davon ausgehen, dass ein nicht unbeträchtlicher Teil dieser schweren Verläufe durch andere Viren (v. Jedoch zeigten sich in einer diesen Kohorten vermehrte fetale Komplikationen wie Frühgeburtlichkeit oder respiratorischer Stress, wobei der direkte Zusammenhang mit SARS-CoV-2 nicht geklärt ist. So muss natürlich auf neonatalen Intensivstationen damit gerechnet werden, dass aufgrund einer SARS-CoV-2-Erkrankung der Mutter eine prämature Entbindung indiziert wird und die Frühgeborenen behandelt werden müssen. Bei den wenigen detaillierten Berichten über spezifische Symptome bei Kindern mit COVID-19 wird Fieber in 40-100 % und Husten in 40-100 % der symptomatischen Fälle beschrieben [7, 8, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Bisher gibt es keine zugelassenen Medikamente zur Therapie von COVID-19 bei Erwachsenen und Kindern [32] . cord-332268-x30svp5y A viral genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, currently termed SARS-CoV‑2, with a disease process called COVID-19 was released 1 week later via online resources to obtain public health support in control of spread. Perhaps the most detailed study to date, shedding light on how patients may present and progress, is an analysis of the first 99 cases of confirmed novel corona pneumonia in Wuhan [12] . Nowak and Walkowiak, in a recently released review of five in vitro studies reporting on the effect of lithium in coronavirus infections, concluded that the drug does have antiviral activity and should be explored as a potential treatment or prophylaxis for COVID-19 [24] . The authors concluded "our work suggests that remdesivir may improve disease outcomes in coronavirus patients, serve to protect health care workers in area with endemic MERS-CoV and prove valuable in preventing future epidemics " [3] . cord-335768-ry5boej6 cord-337302-fpz2jfuj cord-337572-kx5hihnr The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 . Here we provide a short background on coronaviruses and their origin, and we describe in more detail the novel SARS-CoV-2 and the efforts thus far to identify effective therapies against COVID-19. The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 19 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 At the end of December 2019, China reported the increasing occurrence of pneumonia in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome cord-338979-ew046wcr cord-340063-nmx91h0a cord-343715-y594iewi cord-346389-gbmnoo84 cord-349313-2gupfqnl cord-350015-mg5wiihj cord-351567-ifoe8x28 cord-352030-hnm54k4r cord-354658-v451z3jq cord-354824-7fdcu2f0 cord-355528-y4a1g6km