# pos

id: cord-030254-eevqclsy
pos: NNP
token:
  www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected/unknown

lemma:
  www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected/unknown


id: cord-283440-8du0s33p
pos: NNP
token:
  www.who.int/publications-detail/global-surveillance-for-humaninfection-with-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov

lemma:
  www.who.int/publications-detail/global-surveillance-for-humaninfection-with-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov


# ent

id: cord-029547-9ei1ram3
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Safety Tolerability and Immunogenicity of bacTRL Spike Vaccine for Prevention of COVID 19 Vaccines Vaxart Announces Initiation


id: cord-029547-9ei1ram3
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Vaccine Adenovirus Vector CTII nCoV Immune Medical Institute Safety and Immunity of Covid 19 aAPC Vaccine Immunity and Safety of Covid 19 Synthetic Minigene Vaccine Covid


id: cord-254446-yxqbe1dj
type: ORG
entity:
  Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology T Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019


id: cord-254446-yxqbe1dj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID 19 a Systematic Review and Meta Analysis Active


id: cord-254446-yxqbe1dj
type: ORG
entity:
  the Coronavirus Disease Review of Emerging Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease SARS CoV


id: cord-268065-mxvbbkc4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  interleukin IL 1B IL 1RA IL 7 IL 8 IL 9 IL 10 basic fibroblast growth factor FGF granulocyte colony stimulating factor GCSF granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor GMCSF interferon gamma IFN


id: cord-029332-yn603pvb
type: GGP
entity:
  oxygen O 2 saturation 98 Table 1 lists the results of his initial laboratory testing including normal levels of ferritin procalcitonin interleukin IL 1


id: cord-263738-8g5ujfaf
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Practice of Extracorporeal Therapies for Septic Acute Kidney Injury Patients in Intensive Care Units


id: cord-256508-ce59ovan
type: GGP
entity:
  coronaviruses e g SARS CoV and MERS CoV 128 Six large studies are ongoing Table 3 Unfortunately remdesivir


id: cord-256508-ce59ovan
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  False Negative Tests for SARS CoV 2 Infection Challenges and Variation in False Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Based SARS CoV 2 Tests by Time


id: cord-256508-ce59ovan
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS CoV 2 in Singapore JAMA Epidemiological


id: cord-270019-er70ehk4
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  haemo globin white blood cells neutro phils lympho cytes platelets albumin creatinine blood urea nitrogen lactate dehydrogenase creatine kinase D dimer C reactive protein procalcitonin


id: cord-270019-er70ehk4
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ethics Committee of Wuhan Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China


id: cord-262104-oig3qrr7
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Economist Presymptomatic SARS CoV 2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility Airborne


id: cord-259229-e8m8m4ut
type: GGP
entity:
  angiotensin I converting enzyme ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme 2 ACEi ACE inhibitor AT1R angiotensin type 1 receptor AT2R angiotensin type 2 receptor ARBs angiotensin II type I receptor blockers cTnI cardiac troponin I MAS mitochondrial assembly receptor MRAs mineralocorticoid receptor


id: cord-259229-e8m8m4ut
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Urgent Guidance for Navigating and Circumventing the QTc Prolonging and Torsadogenic Potential of Possible Pharmacotherapies for Coronavirus Disease 19 COVID 19 Role of lopinavir


id: cord-274459-781by93r
type: ORG
entity:
  Overcome Coronavirus Emergencyle Proclamation on Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Persons


id: cord-277260-7se220oz
type: ORG
entity:
  the European Society of Medical Oncology ESMO American Society of Clinical Oncology National Comprehensive Cancer Network


id: cord-277260-7se220oz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  viral like upper respiratory illness 11 CoVs are enveloped positive single stranded RNA viruses that can infect both humans and animals Their spherical morphology with core shell and glycoprotein projections


id: cord-277260-7se220oz
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  NCT04251871 A p r o s p e c t i v e r a n d o m i z e d m u l t i c e n t e r s t u d y IMMUNONCOVID


id: cord-269909-1cso5cl4
type: ORG
entity:
  the Difficult Airway Society the Association of Anaesthetists the Intensive Care Society the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine


id: cord-268939-ws74xprt
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease Characteristics of ischaemic


id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CoV H CoV 229 E H CoV NL63 and H CoV HKU1 rhinovirus enterovirus metapneumovirus adenovirus Mycoplasma pneumoniae Streptococcus


id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease COVID 19 Pneumonia A Multicenter Study Clinical


id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Clinical


id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza seasonal CoV adenovirus bocavirus human metapneumovirus parainfluenza respiratory syncytial virus rhinovirus Bordetella pertussis


id: cord-274668-lh7c9izt
type: DNA
entity:
  macrophage marker CD68 Monoclonal mouse anti human CD68 clone KP1 1 100 Dako Omnis Agilent T lymphocyte marker CD3 Monoclonal rabbit anti human CD3 clone SP7 ready


id: cord-274668-lh7c9izt
type: DNA
entity:
  interleukin 6 polyclonal rabbit anti IL 6 human 1 250 abcam interleukin 10 IL 10 polyclonal rabbit anti human IL 10 1 300 abcam


id: cord-274668-lh7c9izt
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  human CD3 APC mouse anti human CD3 monoclonal antibody clone HIT3a BD Bioscience CD14 FITC mouse anti human CD14 monoclonal antibody clone RMO52 Beckman Coulter CD68 PE Cy7 mouse anti human CD68 monoclonal antibody clone Y1 82A Biolegend


id: cord-271504-t3y1w9ef
type: ORG
entity:
  Development of Reverse Transcription Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays Targeting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus


id: cord-279334-j0i9ozsz
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  MERS CoV EC 50 175 IU mL However toxicities are substantial including severe cytopenias hepatotoxicity including fatality neuropsychiatric events and risk of developing fatal or life threatening ischemia or infection particularly when combined with ribavirin


id: cord-283310-5wam14aa
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Coronaviridae family Orthocoronavirinae subfamily Betacoronavirus genus Sarbecovirus subgenus SARS coronavirus species 17 SARS CoV


id: cord-291687-kwu0otpi
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ACE 2 cell surface receptor 3 chymotrypsin like protease Spike RNA dependent RNA polymerase and papain like protease


id: cord-288500-ko4eda9w
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Effects of Stress Beliefs on Daily Affective Stress Responses Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers


id: cord-294136-e69ao8j0
type: ORG
entity:
  Singapore National Health Commission State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and


id: cord-293167-3bd3adip
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus causes multiple organ damage


id: cord-292002-g0v0xc21
type: ORG
entity:
  General Office of National Health Committee 2020 Office of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Notice


id: cord-292002-g0v0xc21
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza viruses parainfluenza virus adenovirus respiratory syncytial virus rhinovirus human metapneumovirus etc Table 4


id: cord-298899-lkrmg5qr
type: GPE
entity:
  the Republic of Korea Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia


id: cord-286298-pn9nwl64
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  China USA Japan Australia and Taiwan revealed 99 97 100 identity with 100 query coverage also confirmed by our phylogenetic analysis Figure 2


id: cord-286298-pn9nwl64
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The COVID 19 Pandemic A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy Genetics Epidemiology Diagnosis Treatment and Control date


id: cord-286298-pn9nwl64
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  lopinavir ritonavir arbidol interferon alpha favipiravir chloroquine phosphate darunavir cobicistat oseltamivir


id: cord-281281-knelqmzx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Function and Antigenicity of the SARS Structure Function and Antigenicity of the SARS CoV 2 Spike Glycoprotein Dysregulated Type


id: cord-279255-v861kk0i
type: DISEASE
entity:
  gastrointestinal tract abdominal cavity peritonitis respiratory tract and central nervous system 128 Canines


id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8
type: DNA
entity:
  Simona G Bin Jumah May N Abdel Daim Mohamed M Aleya Lotfi title nCOVID 19 Pandemic From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date 2020 07 10 journal Front Cell Dev Biol DOI 10 3389 fcell 2020 00616 sha 4252ee4473d8a8610d0f030be7a7fafd50d6143a doc_id 294800 cord_uid akr4f5p8


id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Reducing Hyperinflammation and Respiratory Distress in Patients With COVID 19 Infection Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID 19 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir GS


id: cord-299899-is815pol
type: ORG
entity:
  the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology Clinical Manifestation and Laboratory Characteristics of SARS CoV 2 Infection


id: cord-298639-v9yg80jw
type: DNA
entity:
  primer 5 CCCTGTGGGTTTTACACTTAA 3 reverse primer 5 ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA 3 probe 5ʹ VIC CCGTCTGCGGTATGTGGAAAGGTTATGG BHQ1 3ʹ


id: cord-303517-8971aq02
type: FAC
entity:
  Le Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires CEREDIH 80 Organization for Primary Immunodeficiencies


id: cord-303517-8971aq02
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID 19 Preliminary Report Improved Clinical Symptoms and Mortality on Severe Critical COVID 19 Patients Utilizing Convalescent Plasma Transfusion Convalescent


id: cord-303517-8971aq02
type: ORG
entity:
  Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cancer


id: cord-303517-8971aq02
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Trial of Lopinavir Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid 19 Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas Incidence


id: cord-303517-8971aq02
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Breathe Pharmacologic Treatment of Transplant Recipients Infected With SARS CoV 2 Considerations Regarding Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Drug Drug Interactions


id: cord-309302-n6cd2fc3
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nucleocapsid protein N protein Spike protein S protein small envelope glycoprotein E protein membrane glycoprotein M protein Hemagglutinin esterase dimer HE protein


id: cord-301771-43fl2gwp
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Decontamination and Reprocessing of Medical Devices for Health Care Facilities World Health Organization Physical


id: cord-304418-k9owyolj
type: FAC
entity:
  Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Main


id: cord-304418-k9owyolj
type: ORG
entity:
  COVID 19 Association of Renin Angiotensin System Inhibitors with Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease


id: cord-305856-xt3zxajf
type: GGP
entity:
  HCoVs SARS CoV 6 17 and MERS CoV 20 40 17 18 19 However by the 24 th of May 2020 many countries exhibited exponential rise in CFR 8 Table I Unlike SARS CoV the high percentage of SARS CoV 2


id: cord-311044-kjx0z1hc
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Handrub Formulations The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases Estimation and Application Covid 19 and the Digestive System Characteristics of and important


id: cord-332245-yfj1kkj7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Interferon alpha 2 sowie Lopinavir Ritonavir 31 In einer randomisiertkontrollierten Studie mit 199 Erwachsenen mit schwerem Verlauf zeigte Lopinavir Ritonavir jedoch keinen signifikanten Vorteil 33 Der


id: cord-332245-yfj1kkj7
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  durch Remdesivir auch wenn Patienten unter Remdesivir tendenziell eine kürzere Genesungszeit hatten 36 Daten zum Einsatz bei Kindern sind jedoch bisher nicht bekannt Hydroxy Chloroquin


id: cord-338979-ew046wcr
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  interleukin s IL 2 IL 7 granulocyte colony stimulating factor interferon alpha monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha


id: cord-338979-ew046wcr
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  China COVID 19 Presenting as acute ST elevation myocardial infarction Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan China Smell


id: cord-322087-gj5mfzxz
type: ORG
entity:
  Pneumonia Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Interim Guidelines for Collecting Handling and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons Under Investigation


id: cord-322087-gj5mfzxz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Korean Society of Epidemiology Korean Society for Antimicrobial Therapy Korean Society for Healthcare associated Infection Control and Prevention Report


id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g
type: ORG
entity:
  The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team The Epidemiological Characteristics


id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g
type: ORG
entity:
  National Health Commission State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol


id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g
type: ORG
entity:
  Guideline of Prevention and Control of Novel Coronavirus Infection Within Medical Facilities Chinese


id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome With Glucosteroids the Guangzhou Experience Hydrocortisone


id: cord-320632-369kax2m
type: ORG
entity:
  Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


id: cord-320632-369kax2m
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  carthamus tinctorius radix paeoniae rubra ligusticum wallichii salvia miltirrhiza and angelica sinensis


id: cord-319983-e4f2sfl4
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Open Label Non Randomized Clinical Trial Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome Retrospective comparison


id: cord-319983-e4f2sfl4
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Health Commission of the People s Republic of China on Revising the English Name of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Isolation


id: cord-319983-e4f2sfl4
type: ORG
entity:
  Government of India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services EMR Division 2020 Clinical Management of COVID 19


id: cord-340063-nmx91h0a
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Verbreitung strikte Reisebeschränkungen ab dem 23 Januar Schließung aller öffentlichen Einrichtungen und nicht systemrelevanten Produktionsstätten Verbot von Versammlungen


id: cord-340063-nmx91h0a
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zum Beginn einer Epidemie wenn Infektionsketten noch nachvollziehbar sind 35 Sobald sich der Erreger ausgebreitet hat bedarf es zusätzlicher Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Transmission diese variieren von


id: cord-340063-nmx91h0a
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  sinkt Rt bis auf einen Wert unter 1 14 R0 Werte können aber unter besonderen epidemiologischen Bedingungen


id: cord-340063-nmx91h0a
type: DISEASE
entity:
  MERS CoV aber auch von Influenza Viren unterscheidet 3 15 Die Übertragung erfolgt primär über Tröpfcheninfektion möglicherweise auch über Schmierinfektion


id: cord-340063-nmx91h0a
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  1 2 Tage vor Symptombeginn infektiös sind Zudem sind möglicherweise auch Erkrankungsverläufe mit nur milden Symptomen epidemiologisch relevant 15 Die Übertragung


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: ORG
entity:
  the Singapore Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Research T Epidemiologic Features and Clinical Course of Patients Infected With SARS CoV 2


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: ORG
entity:
  Genomic Characterization and Phylogenetic Classification of Bovine Coronaviruses Through Whole Genome Sequence


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Structure of SARS Coronavirus Spike Receptor Binding Domain Complexed with Receptor Structural Analysis


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
type: DISEASE
entity:
  dyspnea respiratory distress hemoptysis gastrointestinal infection liver central nervous system and lung damage


id: cord-350015-mg5wiihj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinic Influenza Virus Dealing with a Drifting and Shifting Pathogen Enhanced Viral Replication by Cellular Replicative Senescence Sex


id: cord-350015-mg5wiihj
type: ORG
entity:
  Influenza Virus Evolution Coagulation Abnormalities and Thrombosis in Patients Infected With SARS CoV 2


id: cord-350015-mg5wiihj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Molecular Mechanism for Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry Characteristics of Peripheral


id: cord-352030-hnm54k4r
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  creatine kinase lactose dehydrogenase alanine aminotransferase aspartate aminotransferase hemoglobin ferritin C reactive protein Amyloid A


id: cord-352030-hnm54k4r
type: ORG
entity:
  the Ethics of Committees of Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology


id: cord-352030-hnm54k4r
type: ORG
entity:
  The International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium ISARIC National Health Commission


id: cord-346389-gbmnoo84
type: GGP
entity:
  IL 2 IL 7 IL 10 tumor necrosis factor α TNF α C X C motif chemokine 10 CXCL 10 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 MCP 1


id: cord-351567-ifoe8x28
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Camostat Mesilate Pancrelipase and Rabeprazole Combination Therapy Improves Epigastric Pain in Early Chronic Pancreatitis


id: cord-354824-7fdcu2f0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae Lonicerae Japonicae Flos Fructus forsythia Atractylodis Rhizoma Radix platycodonis Agastache rugosa


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: GGP
entity:
  expansión y extensión Colombia reporta a la fecha actual 113 389 casos confirmados y 3984 nuevos casos de COVID 19 confirmados y cerca


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: GGP
entity:
  Ataque cerebrovascular agudo isquémico o hemorrágico con tazas de entre el 5 al 6 por lo que el examen neurológico debe realizarse para documentar


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: PERSON
entity:
  debido al riesgo potencial de contaminación del campo quirúrgico con el aire que sale de la válvula de exhalación


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  con el receptor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 ACE2 el hemograma puede revelar linfopenia y neutrofilia sin otras anormalidades significativas


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: PERSON
entity:
  además de recibir hidroxicloroquina lopinavir ritonavir y metilprednisolona fueron tratados con plasma


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Assessment of Self Contamination During Removal of Personal Protective Equipment for Ebola Patient Care


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Society European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline Mechanical Ventilation


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Prone Position Outside the Intensive Care Unit Use of Prone Positioning in Nonintubated Patients With COVID 19 and Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure First case


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  CT A Preliminary Study on the Ultrasonic Manifestations of Peripulmonary Lesions of Non Critical Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Effect of Focused Bedside Ultrasonography


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: EVENT
entity:
  Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System Viruses Neurological


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Acute Disease Quality Initiative ADQI 21 Workgroup Intravascular Volume Assessment in the Critically Ill Patient


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Dialysis Facilities Additional Guidance for Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Covid 19 medRxiv Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or Azithromycin With In Hospital Mortality in Patients


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Molecular Mechanism for Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Coronavirus Entry Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients With COVID 19 With Convalescent Plasma Effectiveness


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Treatment With Convalescent Plasma for Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  the Royal College of Anaesthetists Management of Difficult Tracheal Intubation A Closed Claims Analysis Difficult Airway Society


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Posterior Probability of Mortality Benefit in a Post


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  Ann Intensive Care Effect of Postextubation High Flow Nasal Cannula vs Noninvasive Ventilation on Reintubation and Postextubation Respiratory Failure in High Risk Patients A Randomized Clinical Trial High


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: ORG
entity:
  American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute lung injury acute respiratory distress syndrome Extravascular lung water and pulmonary arterial wedge pressure


# bib

id: cord-029547-9ei1ram3
title: The epidemiology and therapeutic options for the COVID-19
author: Li, Jingwei
date: 2020-05-28
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7376264/
doi: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa017
abstract:
  An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by a novel pneumonia virus, has affected over 200 countries and regions worldwide. With the increasing number of patients and deaths, WHO have declared it as a global pandemic currently, indicating a third large-scale epidemic coronavirus has appeared since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in the twenty-first century. Considering the great harm it has caused, researchers throughout the world have been chasing to exploit the pathophysiology, characteristics, and potential remedies for COVID-19 to better battle the outbreak. Therefore, the current study revisits advances of the virology, epidemiology, clinical features, therapeutic options, and prevention of COVID-19. The features of asymptomatic carriers are also been explored.


id: cord-030254-eevqclsy
title: Management of Coronavirus 2019
author: Mehta, Chitra
date: 2020-04-24
txt: ./txt/cord-030254-eevqclsy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030254-eevqclsy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7416204/
doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1710401
summary:
  A suspected case has been defined as a patient with acute onset respiratory infection with fever, cough, sore throat, and an epidemiological link in the form of a history of travel 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms to countries afflicted with COVID-19, or a close contact with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 14 days prior to symptom onset, or some acute respiratory infection requiring hospitalization with no other etiology fully explaining the clinical presentation, as per WHO guidelines. • In patients with severe COVID-19 infection requiring supplemental oxygen, lopinavir/ritonavir combination plus hydroxychloroquine plus favipiravir 1,600 mg (eight tablets) twice daily as a loading dose followed by 600 mg (three tablets) every 8 hours for 14 days is being used. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 disease is suspected.

abstract:
  Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease is the most recent global public health problem. It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus 2), which is a RNA virus with a high mutation rate, belonging to the genus Coronavirus . The objective of this communication is to provide an initial understanding regarding pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, management, and prevention of this devastating disease.


id: cord-032928-m0awip9y
title: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-respiratory involvement
author: Sobh, Eman
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-032928-m0awip9y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032928-m0awip9y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527290/
doi: 10.1186/s43168-020-00030-1
summary:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel single-strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 primary attacks the lower respiratory system causing viral pneumonia, but it may also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, liver, kidney, and central nervous system leading to multiple organ failure [3] . Other researchers found elevated serum troponin levels in many patients infected with COVID-19, and it was associated with more severe disease and poor prognosis [21] . The mechanism behind acute myocardial injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection might be related to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) [20] which are highly expressed in the heart [11] . The results of previous reports indicate that cardiac injury, arrhythmia, and venous thromboembolism should be considered in any suspected or confirmed COVID-19 case and the patient should undergo a prompt clinical evaluation.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging pandemic that affected millions of people worldwide caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The first cases reported suffered from respiratory symptoms. MAIN BODY: Various extrapulmonary manifestations were linked to COVID-19 in several reports including cardiovascular, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and skin. It is important that every clinician should be aware of these non-respiratory manifestations for early diagnosis and prompt management. This review aims to summarize the different extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 disease and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary care. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 is a disease of multi-organ involvement. Manifestations may vary depending on which organ is involved.


id: cord-033204-v17d98c9
title: Taiwan’s COVID‐19 Management: Developmental State, Digital Governance, and State‐Society Synergy
author: Yen, Wei‐Ting
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-033204-v17d98c9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033204-v17d98c9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7537052/
doi: 10.1111/aspp.12541
summary:
  The country''s success mainly lies in three factors: (1) reliance on the mask policy as the main disease prevention measure and the ability to quickly expand mask production capacity; (2) use of big data and technology to enhance effective implementation of disease prevention and detection measures; and (3) strong state‐society relations favoring transparency, communication, and collaboration. I then turn to the crisis management framework, discussing how the developmental state foundations and the democratic regime lead to Taiwan''s success on mask policy, digital governance, and strong state-society collaboration and communication. Moreover, the capacity of a government to define and communicate the uncertainty the crisis brings is also an essential element in an effective response because collective sense-making can help increase citizens'' voluntary compliance. Specifically, during COVID-19, digital governance helped improve disease detection through integrated databases of people''s health records and travel history, through more accurate contact tracing, and through active surveillance tracking for people under quarantine.

abstract:
  This article examines the reasons behind Taiwan’s effective COVID‐19 response. While some have argued that Taiwan’s success with COVID‐19 is based on its experience with SARS, I argue that we should not attribute Taiwan’s effective response solely to its SARS experience. The country’s success mainly lies in three factors: (1) reliance on the mask policy as the main disease prevention measure and the ability to quickly expand mask production capacity; (2) use of big data and technology to enhance effective implementation of disease prevention and detection measures; and (3) strong state‐society relations favoring transparency, communication, and collaboration. The first two factors can trace their roots to the country’s developmental state model. Democracy provides the institutional underpinning for a vibrant civil society and the synergy between state and civil society, strengthening Taiwan’s crisis governance legitimacy and increasing citizens’ voluntary compliance.


id: cord-252771-6kwfulqe
author: Yue, Jing-Li
date: 2020-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-252771-6kwfulqe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252771-6kwfulqe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33148347/
doi: 10.1017/s0033291720003888
summary:
  Group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological first aid, community-based psychosocial arts program, and other culturally adapted interventions were reported as being effective against the mental health impacts of COVID-19, Ebola, and SARS. Specifically, mental health professionals including psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and psychologists were deployed to provide psychological counseling and support for vulnerable populations (e.g. frontline healthcare workers, confirmed COVID-19 patients, suspected COVID-19 cases and their families) in China and for people in quarantine in South Korea. For example, group-based CBT (Waterman et al., 2018; Waterman et al., 2019) , PFA, PTL (Decosimo et al., 2019) , culturally adapted interventions such as SMART (Ng et al., 2006) , ultra-brief psychological interventions (Ping et al., 2020) and peer supports (Rastegar Kazerooni et al., 2020) have been reported to effectively mitigate the emotional impacts of COVID-19, EVD, and SARS outbreaks. Culturally-adapted and cost-effective mental health emergency systems based on evidence-based intervention methods integrated into public health emergency responses at the national and global levels are recommended to reduce the psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks, especially for COVID-19.

title:
  Mental health services for infectious disease outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review

abstract:
  The upsurge in the number of people affected by the COVID-19 is likely to lead to increased rates of emotional trauma and mental illnesses. This article systematically reviewed the available data on the benefits of interventions to reduce adverse mental health sequelae of infectious disease outbreaks, and to offer guidance for mental health service responses to infectious disease pandemic. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, WHO Global Research Database on infectious disease, and the preprint server medRxiv were searched. Of 4278 reports identified, 32 were included in this review. Most articles of psychological interventions were implemented to address the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, followed by Ebola, SARS, and MERS for multiple vulnerable populations. Increasing mental health literacy of the public is vital to prevent the mental health crisis under the COVID-19 pandemic. Group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological first aid, community-based psychosocial arts program, and other culturally adapted interventions were reported as being effective against the mental health impacts of COVID-19, Ebola, and SARS. Culturally-adapted, cost-effective, and accessible strategies integrated into the public health emergency response and established medical systems at the local and national levels are likely to be an effective option to enhance mental health response capacity for the current and for future infectious disease outbreaks. Tele-mental healthcare services were key central components of stepped care for both infectious disease outbreak management and routine support; however, the usefulness and limitations of remote health delivery should also be recognized.


id: cord-254446-yxqbe1dj
title: A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19
author: Ren, Yunzhao R.
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32469437/
doi: 10.1002/jcph.1673
summary:
  The disease name -COVID-19‖ and the associated virus name -SARS-CoV-2‖ were coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, respectively, on February 11 1, 2 . Interestingly, pharyngeal swab viral nucleic acid screening results of 2,510 patients between January 23 and February 25 from a hospital fever clinic in Hunan Province (a neighboring province of Hubei) demonstrated that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 (1.3%) was lower than that of Influenza A (2.3%) and Influenza B (3.3%) 42 . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial

abstract:
  This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive current summary of the pathogenesis, clinical features, disease course, host immune responses, and current investigational antiviral and immunomodulatory pharmacotherapies, in order to facilitate the development of future therapies and measures for prevention and control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


id: cord-256508-ce59ovan
title: COVID-19: discovery, diagnostics and drug development
author: Asselah, Tarik
date: 2020-10-08
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827820336758?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.09.031
abstract:
  An epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome (Covid-19) started in humans in Wuhan in 2019, and became a pandemic. Groups from China Identified and sequenced the virus responsible for COVID-19, named SARS-CoV-2, and determined that it was a novel coronavirus (CoV) that shared high sequence identity with bat- and pangolin-derived SARS-like CoVs, suggesting a zoonotic origin. SARS-CoV-2 is a member of Coronaviridae, a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect a broad range of vertebrates. The rapid release of the sequence of the virus has allowed the development of diagnostic tools (e.g., RT-PCR). Additionally, serological tests can allow identification of persons who have been infected. In humans, CoVs tend to cause mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections. The fatality rate is around 1-3% for infected persons. An acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) likely due to an uncontrolled immune activation (“cytokine storm”) occurs in patients with severe disease and poor prognosis. Risk factors for mortality include: advanced age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and other comorbidities. Drug repurposing has been used to rapidly identify potential treatment for COVID-19, which could move quickly to phase-3. Better knowledge of the virus, its enzymes, will be mandatory to develop more potent and specific direct-acting antiviral agents (DAA). In the long term, a vaccine to prevent infection would be crucial; however even if successful it might not be available before 2021-22. To date, with the exception of intravenous Remdesivir and dexamethasone, which have modest effects in moderate to severe COVID-19, no strong clinical evidence supports the efficacy and safety of any other drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this review is to provide insights on the discovery of SARS-CoV-2, its virology, the diagnostic tools, and the ongoing drug discovery effort.


id: cord-257556-lmws8eed
title: Three months of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
author: Rafiq, Danish
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-257556-lmws8eed.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257556-lmws8eed.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420674/
doi: 10.1002/rmv.2113
summary:
  2 While several other human coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 cause mild respiratory disease, others like the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV tend to have a higher fatality rate 6 (summarized in Table 1 ). Typical of respiratory viruses like influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2019 can spread through large droplets (with a transmission risk restricted tõ 6 ft from the patient). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: a data-driven Modelling analysis of the early outbreak Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak

abstract:
  The pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2019), reminiscent of the 2002‐SARS‐CoV outbreak, has completely isolated countries, disrupted health systems and partially paralyzed international trade and travel. In order to be better equipped to anticipate transmission of this virus to new regions, it is imperative to track the progress of the virus over time. This review analyses information on progression of the pandemic in the past 3 months and systematically discusses the characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2019 virus including its epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and clinical manifestations. Furthermore, the review also encompasses some recently proposed conceptual models that estimate the spread of this disease based on the basic reproductive number for better prevention and control procedures. Finally, we shed light on how the virus has endangered the global economy, impacting it both from the supply and demand side.


id: cord-259229-e8m8m4ut
title: Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies
author: Samidurai, Arun
date: 2020-09-16
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186790
doi: 10.3390/ijms21186790
abstract:
  The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease with severe acute respiratory syndrome, has now become a worldwide pandemic. Despite the respiratory complication, COVID-19 is also associated with significant multiple organ dysfunction, including severe cardiac impairment. Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. The proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial impairment include invasion of SARS-CoV-2 virus via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 to cardiovascular cells/tissue, which leads to endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, de-stabilization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, stent thrombosis, cardiac stress due to diminish oxygen supply and cardiac muscle damage, and myocardial infarction. Several promising therapeutics are under investigation to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients with high risk of cardiovascular impairment, nevertheless to date, none have shown proven clinical efficacy. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to highlight the current integrated therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 and we summarized the potential therapeutic options, currently under clinical trials, with their mechanisms of action and associated adverse cardiac events in highly infectious COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-262104-oig3qrr7
title: COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data
author: Brüssow, Harald
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262104-oig3qrr7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15118
doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.15118
summary:
  Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development.

abstract:
  In the absence of an efficient drug treatment or a vaccine, the control of the COVID‐19 pandemic relies on classic infection control measures. Since these means are socially disruptive and come with substantial economic loss for societies, a better knowledge of the epidemiology of the new coronavirus epidemic is crucial to achieve control at a sustainable cost, and within tolerable restrictions of civil rights. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-263738-8g5ujfaf
title: Acute Kidney Injury in the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
author: Qian, Jing-Yi
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-263738-8g5ujfaf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263738-8g5ujfaf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1159/000509086
doi: 10.1159/000509086
summary:
  COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease, with 80% of patients presenting mild like flu-like symptoms; however, 20% of patients may have a severe or critical clinical presentation, which likely causes multiple organ injuries (e.g., kidney, heart, blood, and nervous system). Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a newly discovered acute infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is mainly manifested as acute respiratory diseases characterized by acute interstitial and alveolar pneumonia and can affect multiple organs such as the kidneys, the heart, the digestive tract, and blood [1] . In another study of 99 patients with COVID-19, seven cases developed various degrees of kidney injury with elevated serum creatinine (Scr) and/or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, and 3 of them were diagnosed with AKI [4] . These results provide direct evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can directly infect the renal tubular epithelium and podocytes, which may induce AKI in COVID-19 patients [17] .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (CO­VID-19) is a newly defined serious infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The epidemic started in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019 and quickly spread to over 200 countries. It has affected 4,258,666 people, with 294,190 deaths worldwide by May 15, 2020. COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory disease, with 80% of patients presenting mild like flu-like symptoms; however, 20% of patients may have a severe or critical clinical presentation, which likely causes multiple organ injuries (e.g., kidney, heart, blood, and nervous system). Among them, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical complication due to its high incidence and mortality rate. Here we present a review of the current understanding of AKI in COVID-19. SUMMARY: CO­VID-19 is a catastrophic contagious disease caused by the coronavirus, and the AKI induced by COVID-19 significantly increases the mortality rate. In this review, we summarize the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 induced AKI by focusing on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. KEY MESSAGES: Multiple studies have shown that COVID-19 may involve the kidneys and cause AKI. This article reviews the characteristics of COVID-19-induced AKI largely based on up-to-date studies in the hope that it will be helpful in the current global fight against and treatment of COVID-19.


id: cord-266052-rcuzi70u
author: Liu, Lilong
date: 2020-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-266052-rcuzi70u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266052-rcuzi70u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720368145
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143283
summary:
  As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Another study showed that infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus were successfully isolated from 2 of 3 patients with viral RNA-positive, indicating that infectious virus in feces was a common manifestation of COVID-19 and confirmed the potential of fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory transmission (Xiao et al., 2020b) . Coupled with the fact that villagers usually use untreated excreta as agricultural fertilizer, we believe that the use of pit latrines in rural China and other low-income countries increases the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 contaminating the surrounding natural environment and ultimately harms human health. We proposed this hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-COV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts and then become a sustainable source of infection in rural China and other low-income countries.

title:
  Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19

abstract:
  According to the latest reports, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was successfully isolated from the excreta (stool and urine) of COVID-19 patients, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted through excreta contaminated water. As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Recently, bats have been widely recognized as the source of SARS-CoV-2. There were many possible intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including pangolin, snake, bird and fish, but which one was still not clear exactly. Here, we proposed a hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-CoV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts, thus becoming a sustainable source of infection in rural China. Therefore, we believe that abolishing pit latrines and banning the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer can improve the local living environment and effectively prevent COVID-19 and other potential waterborne diseases that could emanate from the excreta of infected persons. Although this study focused on rural areas in China, the results could also be applied to low-income countries, especially in Africa.


id: cord-268065-mxvbbkc4
author: Wei, Maoti
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-268065-mxvbbkc4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268065-mxvbbkc4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32418549/
doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.155
summary:
  Shortly after the virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, and an information storm occurred. Based on information of SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19, the components of the epidemic (the sources, the routes of infection, and the susceptible population) will be discussed, as well as the role of natural and social factors involved. S ince the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Recent results showed that SARS-CoV-2 persists longer with a higher viral load and peaks later in the respiratory tissue of patients with severe disease; this phenomenon highlights the need for the prevention and control of the epidemic. Some experts commented that people with mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were not identified by epidemic prevention measures, thus accelerating the spread of the disease.

title:
  Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

abstract:
  In December, 2019, an infectious outbreak of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, which attracted intense attention. Shortly after the virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out, and an information storm occurred. At that time, 2 important aspects, that is, the stages of spread and the components of the epidemic, were unclear. Answers to the questions (1) what are the sources, (2) how do infections occur, and (3) who will be affected should be clarified as the outbreak continues to evolve. Furthermore, components of the epidemic and the stages of spread should be explored and discussed. Based on information of SARS, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19, the components of the epidemic (the sources, the routes of infection, and the susceptible population) will be discussed, as well as the role of natural and social factors involved. Epidemiologic characteristics of patients will be traced based on current information.


id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i
title: Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19
author: da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274
doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274
summary:
  11 The causative agent was identified as a novel CoV, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, and the respiratory syndrome associated with the infection was designated as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). In direct tests, the clinical sample is examined directly for the presence of particles, virus antigens, or viral nucleic acids, whereas indirect methods detect the serological response against the infection (Figure 2 ). 11 Culture-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been used in research and public health laboratories in different parts of the world, but virus isolation is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure because it has low sensitivity, it is time-consuming, and it requires BSL-3 containment. 11 In addition to unequivocally confirming the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, regular sequencing of a percentage of patient samples from clinical cases can be used to monitor changes in the viral genome over time and trace transmission patterns.

abstract:
  [Image: see text] In December 2019, a novel beta (β) coronavirus eventually named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, causing an outbreak of severe and even fatal pneumonia in humans. The virus has spread very rapidly to many countries across the world, resulting in the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Clinically, the diagnosis of this unprecedented illness, called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), becomes difficult because it shares many symptoms with other respiratory pathogens, including influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Therefore, laboratory diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of patients and the implementation of disease control strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2 at clinical and population level. Here, we summarize the main clinical and imaging findings of COVID-19 patients and discuss the advances, features, advantages, and limitations of different laboratory methods used for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.


id: cord-268939-ws74xprt
title: Neurosurgery Practice During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
author: Ozoner, Baris
date: 2020-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-268939-ws74xprt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268939-ws74xprt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1878875020311669
doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.195
summary:
  The increased burden has substantially impacted the neurosurgery practice and intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic activities. Operations of COVID-19 positive patients, and emergency cases, where screening can not be obtained, should be performed following level 3 protective measures. [5] [6] [7] In neurosurgery practice, intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, administration of inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic & educational activities. 26 A recent study from Wuhan City, China reported that some severe COVID-19 patients developed neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (5.7%), and impaired consciousness (14.8%). 76, 80 Also, a patient with a mass lesion in the sellar region that underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery in Neurosurgery Department, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan City, China was diagnosed with COVID-19 after surgery, and disease was confirmed in 14 healthcare professionals in the same clinic afterwards.

abstract:
  Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious, life-threatening condition with unprecedented impacts for worldwide societies and healthcare systems. Since the first detection in China, it has spread rapidly worldwide. The increased burden has substantially impacted the neurosurgery practice and intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic activities. In some systems, non-overlapping teams were created to minimize transmission among healthcare workers. In case of a massive burden, neurosurgeons may be needed to reassign to the COVID-19 wards, or teams from other regions may be needed to send to severely affected areas. In outpatient practice, if possible, appointments should be turned into telemedicine. All staff assigned in the non-COVID treatment unit should be clothed in level 1 personal protective equipment. If possible, postponement is recommended for operations that do not require urgent or emergent intervention. All patients indicated for surgery must receive a COVID-19 screening, including nasopharyngeal swab, and thorax computed tomography. Level 2 protection measures would be appropriate during COVID-19 negative patients' operations. Operations of COVID-19 positive patients, and emergency cases, where screening can not be obtained, should be performed following level 3 protective measures. During surgery, the use of high-speed drills and electrocautery should be reduced to minimize aerosol production. Screening is crucial in all patients since the surgical outcome is highly mortal in COVID-19 patients. All educational and academic conferences can be turned into virtual webinars.


id: cord-269283-jm18lj5t
author: Uddin, Md Bashir
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-269283-jm18lj5t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269283-jm18lj5t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134820302719?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104440
summary:
  Bioinformatics analysis, satellite derived imaging data and epidemiological attributes were employed to investigate origin, immunogenic resemblance and global threat of newly pandemic SARS-CoV-2 including Bangladesh perspective. The study also prioritized the temperature comparison through satellite imaging alongside compiling and analyzing the epidemiological outbreak information on the 2019 novel coronavirus based on several open datasets on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and discussed possible threats to Bangladesh. As the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19 [SARS-CoV-2]) is expanding rapidly, analysis of epidemiological data of COVID-19 is necessary to explore the measures of burden associated with the disease and to simultaneously gather information on determinants and interventions. Moreover, the conservancy study of immunogenic peptides predicted from the SARS-CoV-2 proteins was also compared against other human coronavirus strains (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1 and MERS-CoV). Cross-checked conservancy analysis of COVID-19 antigenic epitopes with SARS-CoV proteins showed that conservancy when crosschecked with other coronaviruses, including BufCoV-HKU26 of Bangladesh origin, was not significant ( Table 3) .

title:
  Ancestral origin, antigenic resemblance and epidemiological insights of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): Global burden and Bangladesh perspective

abstract:
  SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus strain responsible for COVID-19 has emerged in Wuhan City, China and still continuing its worldwide pandemic nature. Considering the severity of the disease, a number of studies are underway, and full genomic sequences have already been released in the last few weeks to enable the understanding of the evolutionary origin and molecular characteristics of this virus. Bioinformatics analysis, satellite derived imaging data and epidemiological attributes were employed to investigate origin, immunogenic resemblance and global threat of newly pandemic SARS-CoV-2 including Bangladesh perspective. Based on currently available genomic information, a phylogeny study was employed focusing four types of representative viral proteins (spike, membrane, envelope and nucleoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HKU1, MERS-CoV, HKU4, HKU5 and BufCoV-HKU26. The findings clearly demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 exhibited evolutionary convergent relation with previously reported SARS-CoV. It was also found that SARS-CoV-2 proteins were highly similar and identical to SARS-CoV proteins, though proteins from other coronaviruses showed lower level of similarity and identical patterns. The cross-checked conservancy analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes showed significant conservancy with antigenic epitopes derived from SARS-CoV. The study also prioritized the temperature comparison through satellite imaging alongside compiling and analyzing the epidemiological outbreak information on the 2019 novel coronavirus based on several open datasets on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and discussed possible threats to Bangladesh.


id: cord-269771-hffxb7bm
author: Cheung, Ka Shing
date: 2020-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-269771-hffxb7bm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269771-hffxb7bm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32251668/
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.065
summary:
  title: Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published gastrointestinal symptoms and detection of virus in stool, and also summarized data from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong. The proportion of patients with detectable stool viral RNA was higher among those with diarrhea than those without diarrhea Table 2 including the hospital admission period, places in which the patients were recruited, sample size, age, sex, disease severity, non-gastrointestinal symptoms (fever and respiratory symptoms) on presentation, and gastrointestinal symptoms (anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain/discomfort). In this meta-analysis of 4,243 COVID-19 patients from six countries, the pooled prevalence of all gastrointestinal symptoms (including anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain) was 17.6%. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

title:
  Gastrointestinal Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Virus Load in Fecal Samples from the Hong Kong Cohort and Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

abstract:
  Abstract Background & Aims Infection with SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which has been characterized by fever, respiratory, and gastrointestinal symptoms as well as shedding of virus RNA into feces. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published gastrointestinal symptoms and detection of virus in stool, and also summarized data from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Methods We collected data from the cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong (n=59; diagnosis from February 2 through Feb 29, 2020), and searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and three Chinese databases through March 11, 2020 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We analyzed pooled data on the prevalence of overall and individual gastrointestinal symptoms (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain or discomfort) using a random effects model. Results Among the 59 patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong, 15 patients (25.4%) had gastrointestinal symptoms and 9 patients (15.3%) had stool that tested positive for virus RNA. Stool viral RNA was detected in 38.5% and 8.7% among those with and without diarrhea, respectively (P=.02). The median fecal viral load was 5.1 log10cpm in patients with diarrhea vs 3.9 log10cpm in patients without diarrhea (P=.06). In a meta-analysis of 60 studies, comprising 4243 patients, the pooled prevalence of all gastrointestinal symptoms was 17.6% (95% CI, 12.3%–24.5%); 11.8% of patients with non-severe COVID-19 had gastrointestinal symptoms (95% CI, 4.1%–29.1%) and 17.1% of patients with severe COVID-19 had gastrointestinal symptoms (95% CI, 6.9%–36.7%). In the meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of stool samples that were positive for virus RNA was 48.1% (95% CI, 38.3%–57.9%); of these samples, 70.3% of those collected after loss of virus from respiratory specimens tested positive for the virus (95% CI, 49.6%–85.1%). Conclusions In an analysis of data from the Hong Kong cohort of patients with COVID-19 and a meta-analysis of findings from publications, we found that 17.6% of patients with COVID-19 had gastrointestinal symptoms. Virus RNA was detected in stool samples from 48.1% patients—even in stool collected after respiratory samples tested negative. Healthcare workers should therefore exercise caution in collecting fecal samples or performing endoscopic procedures in patients with COVID-19—even during patient recovery.


id: cord-269909-1cso5cl4
title: Management of newborns exposed to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19
author: Amatya, Shaili
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-269909-1cso5cl4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269909-1cso5cl4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-0695-0
doi: 10.1038/s41372-020-0695-0
summary:
  The unexpectedly high asymptomatic carrier rates reported from other institutions as well as prolonged face-to-face patient care required during labor and delivery drove this decision, allowing for judicious personal protective equipment (PPE) use and decreased potential exposure for both healthcare workers and newborns. Several reports, based on expert opinion, have recommended that DCC not be performed in neonates born to mothers with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 in order to reduce the risk of secondary transmission [15, 47, 49] . For resuscitation of premature, high-risk, and newborns with anomalies born to mothers with cinfirmed or suspected COVID-19, a fully donned neonatal resuscitation team enters the room upon delivery. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection Neonatal resuscitation and postresuscitation care of infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection

abstract:
  There is limited information about newborns with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Particularly in the hospital after delivery, clinicians have refined practices in order to prevent secondary infection. While guidance from international associations is continuously being updated, all facets of care of neonates born to women with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 are center-specific, given local customs, building infrastructure constraints, and availability of protective equipment. Based on anecdotal reports from institutions in the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic close to our hospital, together with our limited experience, in anticipation of increasing numbers of exposed newborns, we have developed a triage algorithm at the Penn State Hospital at Milton S. Hershey Medical Center that may be useful for other centers anticipating a similar surge. We discuss several care practices that have changed in the COVID-19 era including the use of antenatal steroids, delayed cord clamping (DCC), mother–newborn separation, and breastfeeding. Moreover, this paper provides comprehensive guidance on the most suitable respiratory support for newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also present detailed recommendations about the discharge process and beyond, including providing scales and home phototherapy to families, parental teaching via telehealth and in-person education at the doors of the hospital, and telehealth newborn follow-up.


id: cord-270019-er70ehk4
author: Yang, Kunyu
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-270019-er70ehk4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270019-er70ehk4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32479787/
doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30310-7
summary:
  title: Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study METHODS: We did a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study of 205 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and with a pathological diagnosis of a malignant tumour in nine hospitals within Hubei, China, from Jan 13 to March 18, 2020. Multivariable regression analysis showed that receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset (odds ratio [OR] 3·51 [95% CI 1·16–10·59]; p=0·026) and male sex (OR 3·86 [95% CI 1·57–9·50]; p=0·0033) were risk factors for death during admission to hospital. 5 In particular, male sex and receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset were identified as risk factors for death in patients with cancer who were diagnosed with COVID-19. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China

title:
  Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Patients with cancer are a high-risk population in the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cancer and COVID-19, and examined risk factors for mortality in this population. METHODS: We did a retrospective, multicentre, cohort study of 205 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and with a pathological diagnosis of a malignant tumour in nine hospitals within Hubei, China, from Jan 13 to March 18, 2020. All patients were either discharged from hospitals or had died by April 20, 2020. Clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and cancer histories were compared between survivors and non-survivors by use of χ(2) test. Risk factors for mortality were identified by univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. FINDINGS: Between Jan 13 and Mar 18, 2020, 205 patients with cancer and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled (median age 63 years [IQR 56–70; range 14–96]; 109 [53%] women). 183 (89%) had solid tumours and 22 (11%) had haematological malignancies. The median duration of follow-up was 68 days (IQR 59–78). The most common solid tumour types were breast (40 [20%] patients), colorectal (28 [14%]), and lung cancer (24 [12%]). 54 (30%) of 182 patients received antitumour therapies within 4 weeks before symptom onset. 30 (15%) of 205 patients were transferred to an intensive care unit and 40 (20%) died during hospital admission. Patients with haematological malignancies had poorer prognoses than did those with solid tumours: nine (41%) of 22 patients with haematological malignancies died versus 31 (17%) of 183 patients with solid tumours (hazard ratio for death 3·28 [95% CI 1·56–6·91]; log rank p=0·0009). Multivariable regression analysis showed that receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset (odds ratio [OR] 3·51 [95% CI 1·16–10·59]; p=0·026) and male sex (OR 3·86 [95% CI 1·57–9·50]; p=0·0033) were risk factors for death during admission to hospital. INTERPRETATION: Patients with cancer and COVID-19 who were admitted to hospital had a high case-fatality rate. Unfavourable prognostic factors, including receiving chemotherapy within 4 weeks before symptom onset and male sex, might help clinicians to identify patients at high risk of fatal outcomes. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China.


id: cord-271504-t3y1w9ef
author: Luo, Zichao
date: 2020-06-16
txt: ./txt/cord-271504-t3y1w9ef.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271504-t3y1w9ef.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32607499/
doi: 10.34133/2020/6925296
summary:
  A confirmed case should have at least one of the following criteria: (i) a positive result for 2019-nCoV nucleic acid, using real-time PCR tests from respiratory or blood samples; (ii) a high homogeneity between viral gene sequencing from respiratory or blood samples and known 2019-nCoV; and (iii) serum samples positive for IgM or IgG to 2019-nCoV, or seroconversion in IgG, or a fourfold or more significant increase in IgG antibody titer to 2019-nCoV in the recovery phase than in the acute phase [25] . Using blood samples taken from alleged COVID-19 patients, the researchers detected antibodies targeting the spike protein that prevented the virus from killing cells in laboratory tests. showed a promising in vitro inhibitory effect of this serine protease inhibitor in SARS-CoV and 2019-nCoV on human lung cells, showing potential as a viable option for COVID-19 treatment [113] . Given that antiviral drugs have previously demonstrated reasonable inhibition of coronaviruses and therapeutic efficacy against coronavirus outbreaks, umifenovir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin have been recommended in the latest guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, updated on 17 February 2020 [189] .

title:
  Combating the Coronavirus Pandemic: Early Detection, Medical Treatment, and a Concerted Effort by the Global Community

abstract:
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus, known as 2019-nCoV, a pandemic, as the coronavirus has now infected over 2.6 million people globally and caused more than 185,000 fatalities as of April 23, 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes a respiratory illness with symptoms such as dry cough, fever, sudden loss of smell, and, in more severe cases, difficulty breathing. To date, there is no specific vaccine or treatment proven effective against this viral disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 is thus critical to curbing its spread and improving health outcomes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is commonly used to detect the presence of COVID-19. Other techniques, such as recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and microfluidics, have allowed better disease diagnosis. Here, as part of the effort to expand screening capacity, we review advances and challenges in the rapid detection of COVID-19 by targeting nucleic acids, antigens, or antibodies. We also summarize potential treatments and vaccines against COVID-19 and discuss ongoing clinical trials of interventions to reduce viral progression.


id: cord-274459-781by93r
title: Comprehensive Overview on Multiple Strategies Fighting COVID-19
author: Khalifa, Shaden A. M.
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-274459-781by93r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274459-781by93r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165813
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165813
summary:
  Our review aims to evaluate strategies of the most affected countries from different continents all over the world (China, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, America, Canada, Brazil, UK, India, Japan, Singapore, Iran, Korea, and Australia) for confronting the epidemic as it explains the best practices that could help other countries to overcome current or any upcoming pandemic. Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] . Most countries were forced to announce emergency measures to protect vulnerable people and block ways of transmission due to the continuous increase in confirmed cases by time as reported in Figure 3 [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .

abstract:
  Lately, myriad of novel viruses have emerged causing epidemics such as SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, leading to high mortality rates worldwide. Thus, these viruses represented a challenging threat to mankind, especially considering the miniscule data available at our disposal regarding these novel viruses. The entire world established coordinative relations in research projects regarding drug and vaccine development on the external range, whereas on the internal range, all countries declared it an emergency case through imposing different restrictions related to their border control, large gatherings, school attendance, and most social activities. Pandemic combating plans prioritized all sectors including normal people, medical staff politicians, and scientists collectively shouldered the burden. Through planning and learning the previous lessons from SARS and MERS, healthcare systems could succeed in combating the viral spread and implications of these new pandemics. Different management strategies including social distance, social awareness and isolation represented successful ways to slow down the spread of the pandemic. Furthermore, pre-preparedness of some countries for emergencies is crucial to minimize the consequences of the crisis.


id: cord-274668-lh7c9izt
author: Wang, Chaofu
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-274668-lh7c9izt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274668-lh7c9izt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396420302085
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833
summary:
  BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to a serious of clinical symptoms and severe illness, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and fatal organ failure. INTERPRETATION: Infection of Alveolar macrophage by SARS-CoV-2 might be drivers of the "cytokine storm", which might result in damages in pulmonary tissues, heart and lung, and leading to the failure of multiple organs . One case report showed the pathological characteristics of a patient who died from severe infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by postmortem biopsies. Moreover, type II alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages in alveoli and pulmonary hilum lymphoid tissue were infected by SARS-CoV-2, as revealed by immunohistochemistry using Rp3-NP specific antibodies (Figs. [10] In the case of COVID-19, the viral infection of aggregated alveolar macrophages was obvious from early phase to the late stage, according to our study and the results in recent reports of pulmonary pathology [17, 20] .

title:
  Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of two severe COVID-19 patients

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to a serious of clinical symptoms and severe illness, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and fatal organ failure. We report the fundamental pathological investigation in the lungs and other organs of fatal cases for the mechanistic understanding of severe COVID-19 and the development of specific therapy in these cases. METHODS: The autopsy and pathological investigations of specimens were performed on bodies of two deceased cases with COVID-19. Gross anatomy and histological investigation by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stained were reviewed on each patient. Alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) staining and Masson staining were performed for the examinations of mucus, fibrin and collagen fiber in lung tissues. Immunohistochemical staining were performed on the slides of lung tissues from two patients. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the infection of SARS-CoV-2. Flow cytometry analyses were performed to detect the direct binding of S protein and the expression of ACE2 on the cell surface of macrophages. FINDINGS: The main pathological features in lungs included extensive impairment of type I alveolar epithelial cells and atypical hyperplasia of type II alveolar cells, with formation of hyaline membrane, focal hemorrhage, exudation and pulmonary edema, and pulmonary consolidation. The mucous plug with fibrinous exudate in the alveoli and the dysfunction of alveolar macrophages were characteristic abnormalities. The type II alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages in alveoli and pulmonary hilum lymphoid tissue were infected by SARS-CoV-2. S protein of SARS-CoV-2 directly bound to the macrophage via the S-protein-ACE2 interaction. INTERPRETATION: Infection of Alveolar macrophage by SARS-CoV-2 might be drivers of the “cytokine storm”, which might result in damages in pulmonary tissues, heart and lung, and leading to the failure of multiple organs . FUNDING: Shanghai Guangci Translational Medical Research Development Foundation, Shanghai, China


id: cord-277260-7se220oz
title: COVID-19 and Cancer: a Comprehensive Review
author: Gosain, Rohit
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-277260-7se220oz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277260-7se220oz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-020-00934-7
doi: 10.1007/s11912-020-00934-7
summary:
  Since the emergence of the first case in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, tremendous research efforts have been underway to understand the mechanisms of infectivity and transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a fatal virus responsible for abysmal survival outcomes. Data from China thus far have shown that cancer patients infected with COVID-19 are at 3.5 times the risk of requiring mechanical ventilation or ICU admission, compared to the general population [9•] . The CALAVI trial will be initiated as a randomized global clinical trial to assess the potential of acalabrutinib in the treatment of the cytokine storm associated with severely ill COVID-19 patients [86] . An exploratory meta-analysis of 32 studies showed evidence of reduced mortality after receiving various doses of convalescent plasma in patients with severe acute respiratory infections of viral etiology [92] . Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged to be the biggest global health threat worldwide, which has now infected over 1.7 million people and claimed more than 100,000 lives around the world. Under these unprecedented circumstances, there are no well-established guidelines for cancer patients. RECENT FINDINGS: The risk for serious disease and death in COVID-19 cases increases with advancing age and presence of comorbid health conditions. Since the emergence of the first case in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, tremendous research efforts have been underway to understand the mechanisms of infectivity and transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a fatal virus responsible for abysmal survival outcomes. To minimize the mortality rate, it becomes prudent to identify symptoms promptly and employ treatments appropriately. Even though no cure has been established, multiple clinical trials are underway to determine the most optimal strategy. Managing cancer patients under these circumstances is rather challenging, given their vulnerable status and the aggressive nature of their underlying disease. SUMMARY: In this comprehensive review, we discuss the impact of COVID-19 on health and the immune system of those affected, reviewing the latest treatment approaches and ongoing clinical trials. Additionally, we discuss challenges faced while treating cancer patients and propose potential approaches to manage this vulnerable population during this pandemic.


id: cord-277816-ncdy9qgb
author: Wang, Ji-gan
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-277816-ncdy9qgb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277816-ncdy9qgb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082472/
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74913-0
summary:
  title: Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid testing of children with 2019 coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis In order to understand the clinical manifestations and incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children and discuss the importance of fecal nucleic acid testing.We retrospectively analyzed studies on gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid detection in pediatric COVID-19 patients from January 1, 2020 to August 10, 2020, including prospective clinical studies and case reports. Stata12.0 software was used for meta-analysis.The results showed that the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in children with COVID-19 were vomiting and diarrhea, with a total incidence of 17.7% (95% Cl 13.9–21.5%). At present, there is no relevant study on whether there is a difference in the positive rate of fecal nucleic acid testing in COVID-19 children with and without diarrhea. Clinical features of 33 cases in children infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Anhui Province, China: a multi-center retrospective cohort study.

title:
  Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid testing of children with 2019 coronavirus disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  In order to understand the clinical manifestations and incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children and discuss the importance of fecal nucleic acid testing.We retrospectively analyzed studies on gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal nucleic acid detection in pediatric COVID-19 patients from January 1, 2020 to August 10, 2020, including prospective clinical studies and case reports. The results of fecal nucleic acid detection were analyzed systematically. Stata12.0 software was used for meta-analysis.The results showed that the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in children with COVID-19 were vomiting and diarrhea, with a total incidence of 17.7% (95% Cl 13.9–21.5%). However, the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in other countries (21.1%, 95% CI 16.5–25.7%) was higher compared to China (12.9%, 95% CI 8–17.7%). In Wuhan, the pooled prevalence was much higher (41.3%, 95% CI 3.2–79.4%) compared to areas outside Wuhan in China (7.1%, 95% CI 4.0–10.3%). The positive rate of fecal nucleic acid testing in COVID-19 children was relatively high at 85.8% (91/106). Additionally, 71.2% (52/73) were still positive for fecal nucleic acid after respiratory tract specimens turned negative. One and two weeks after the respiratory tract specimens turned nucleic acid-negative, 45.2% (33/73) and 34.2% (25/73) patients, respectively, remained fecal nucleic acid-positive. The longest interval between the respiratory tract specimens turning negative and fecal specimens turning negative exceeded 70 days. Conclusions and relevance: gastrointestinal symptoms in pediatric COVID-19 are relatively common. Attention should be paid to the detection of fecal nucleic acids in children. Fecal nucleic acid-negative status should be considered as one of the desegregation standards.


id: cord-279180-xad53zht
author: Kumaravel, Santhosh Kumar
date: 2020-08-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821645/
doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02382-3
title:
  Investigation on the impacts of COVID-19 quarantine on society and environment: Preventive measures and supportive technologies

abstract:
  The present outbreak of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, epicentered in China in December 2019, has spread to many other countries. The entire humanity has a vital responsibility to tackle this pandemic and the technologies are being helpful to them to a greater extent. The purpose of the work is to precisely bring scientific and general awareness to the people all around the world who are currently fighting the war against COVID-19. It's visible that the number of people infected is increasing day by day and the medical community is tirelessly working to maintain the situation under control. Other than the negative effects caused by COVID-19, it is also equally important for the public to understand some of the positive impacts it has directly or indirectly given to society. This work emphasizes the various impacts that are created on society as well as the environment. As a special additive, some important key areas are highlighted namely, how the modernized technologies are aiding the people during the period of social distancing. Some effective technological implications carried out by both information technology and educational institutions are highlighted. There are also several steps taken by the state government and central government in each country in adopting the complete lockdown rule. These steps are taken primarily to prevent the people from COVID-19 impact. Moreover, the teachings we need to learn from the quarantine situation created to prevent further spread of this global pandemic is discussed in brief and the importance of carrying them to the future. Finally, the paper also elucidates the general preventive measures that have to be taken to prevent this deadly coronavirus, and the role of technology in this pandemic situation has also been discussed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13205-020-02382-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-279255-v861kk0i
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19
author: Dhama, Kuldeep
date: 2020-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279255-v861kk0i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32580969/
doi: 10.1128/cmr.00028-20
summary:
  Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019.

abstract:
  In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.


id: cord-279334-j0i9ozsz
title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment: A Review of Early and Emerging Options
author: McCreary, Erin K
date: 2020-03-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa105
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa105
abstract:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has spread across the globe resulting in a pandemic. At the time of this review, COVID-19 has been diagnosed in more than 200 000 patients and associated with over 8000 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization). On behalf of the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists, we herein summarize the current evidence as of March 18, 2020 to provide guidance on potential COVID-19 treatment options. It is important to caution readers that new data emerges daily regarding clinical characteristics, treatment options, and outcomes for COVID-19. Optimized supportive care remains the mainstay of therapy, and the clinical efficacy for the subsequent agents is still under investigation. Antimicrobial stewardship programs, including infectious diseases pharmacists and physicians, are at the forefront of COVID-19 emergency preparedness. We encourage all readers to continue to assess clinical data as it emerges and share their experience within our community in a well-controlled, adequately powered fashion.


id: cord-279363-4almssg6
title: Pandemia COVID-19, la nueva emergencia sanitaria de preocupación internacional: una revisión
author: Crespo, Roland Mojica
date: 2020-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-279363-4almssg6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279363-4almssg6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1138359320301714?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.05.010
summary:
  En ese momento, a este nuevo coronavirus se le llamó 2019-nCoV (del inglés: 2019-novel coronavirus) y fue identificado por las autoridades sanitarias chinas como el agente causal de estos casos de neumonía atípica 1,3,4 . Hacia final de mes, el día 30 de enero la OMS declaró la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus como una emergencia de salud pública de preocupación internacional, ya que para aquel momento se habían reportado casos en todas las regiones de la OMS en solo un mes 9,11 . Concretamente la RNVE en su informe n°29 del día 7 de mayo enumera los principales síntomas presentados por el conjunto de la población española, hasta la fecha y a base de una muestra de 217,543 casos, de la siguiente manera: Entre estos hallazgos, es comúnmente observar la leucopenia y linfopenia, siendo esta última característica de COVID-19.

abstract:
  Resumen A finales de diciembre del 2019, se reportaron una serie de casos de neumonía atípica, en ese momento, de origen desconocido en Wuhan, China. Días más tarde se identificó al agente etiológico como un nuevo coronavirus. A este nuevo coronavirus, se le llamó SARS-CoV-2 y a la enfermedad que produce se le denominó COVID-19. El origen de este nuevo virus se presume zoonótico siendo los murciélagos su probable vector. Debido al acelerado número de contagios y muertes que se produjeron primero en China y posteriormente alrededor del mundo, la infección de este virus pasó rápidamente de ser un brote aislado en una región china, a convertirse en una emergencia sanitaria de preocupación internacional y posteriormente, en una pandemia. El propósito de esta revisión es estudiar la información más relevante y actual del patógeno, así como la epidemiología, patología, características clínicas, transmisión, prevención y tratamiento de la enfermedad. Abstract In late December 2019, some cases of atypical pneumonia, at that time of unknown origin, were reported in Wuhan, China. Days later, the etiologic agent was identified as a new coronavirus. This new coronavirus was called SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it produces was named COVID-19. The origin of this new virus is presumed zoonotic, with bats being its probable vector. Due to the rapid number of infections and deaths that occurred first in China and later around the world, the infection of this virus quickly went from being an isolated outbreak in a Chinese region to becoming a health emergency of international concern and later, a pandemic. The purpose of this review is to study the most relevant and current information on the pathogen, as well as epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, transmission, prevention, and treatment of the disease.


id: cord-280029-g1k3zlax
title: Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19
author: Gabutti, Giovanni
date: 2020-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-280029-g1k3zlax.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280029-g1k3zlax.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5
doi: 10.1007/s40121-020-00295-5
summary:
  The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS is caused by a virus that emerged in southern China in November 2002 and led to [ 8000 human infections and 774 deaths in 37 countries in the 2002-2003 period [3] ; MERS is related to a virus detected for the first time in Saudi Arabia in 2012, responsible for 2494 laboratoryconfirmed cases of infection and 858 deaths since September 2012 [4] . On January 11 and 12, 2020, the WHO received further details and information from the Chinese National Health Commission regarding the possible association of this epidemic with exposure in a fish market in Wuhan, and the Chinese authorities shared the genetic sequence of a new coronavirus, subsequently identified as SARS-CoV-2 [14] .

abstract:
  In December 2019, some cases of viral pneumonia were epidemiologically related to a new coronavirus in the province of Hubei, China. Subsequently, there has been an increase in infections attributable to this virus throughout China and worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has officially named the infection coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the virus has been classified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This appears to be a virus from Rhinolophus bats, but the intermediate host has not yet been identified. The mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2 is not yet known; it appears to have affinity for cells located in the lower airways, where it replicates. The interhuman transmission of coronaviruses mainly occurs through saliva droplets and direct and indirect contact via surfaces. As of March 10, 2020, the number of cases worldwide was 113,702. Along with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS), COVID-19 appears to cause a severe clinical picture in humans, ranging from mild malaise to death by sepsis/acute respiratory distress syndrome. The prognosis is worse in elderly patients with comorbidities. To date, there is no specific therapy for COVID-19. Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection implies strategies that limit the spread of the virus. WHO and other international and national bodies have developed continuously updated strategic objectives and provisions to contain the spread of the virus and infection.


id: cord-280970-gy0kfhy6
title: Management and Treatment of COVID-19: The Chinese Experience
author: Peng, Fujun
date: 2020-04-17
txt: ./txt/cord-280970-gy0kfhy6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280970-gy0kfhy6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010
doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010
summary:
  Since mid-December 2019, there has been a worldwide outbreak of COronaVIrus Disease 90 (COVID)-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV or and first detected in 91 Wuhan, China. 52 However, 421 a single-center in Wuhan shared that early, low-dose and short-term (1-2mg/kg/d for 5-7 days) 422 corticosteroids was associated with a faster improvement of clinical symptoms and absorption of 423 focal lung lesions in severe cases of COVID-19. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Early, low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China.

abstract:
  With over 1,800,000 cases and 110,000 deaths globally, COVID-19 is one of worst infectious disease outbreaks in history. The objective of this paper is to critically review the available evidence regarding the lessons learned from the Chinese experience regarding COVID-19 prevention and management. The steps that have led to a near disappearance of new cases in China included rapid sequencing of the virus to establish testing kits which allowed tracking of infected persons in and out of Wuhan. In addition, aggressive quarantine measures included the complete isolation of Wuhan and then later Hebei and the rest of the country, as well as closure of all schools and non-essential businesses. Other measures included the rapid construction of two new hospitals and the establishment of Fangcang shelter hospitals. In the absence of a vaccine, the management of COVID-19 included antivirals, high flow oxygen, mechanical ventilation, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, interferons, intravenous immunoglobulin and convalescent plasma infusions. These measures appeared to provide only moderate success. While some measures have been supported by weak descriptive data, their effectiveness is still unclear pending well-controlled clinical trials. In the end, it was the enforcement of drastic quarantine measures that stopped SARS-CoV-2 from spreading. The earlier the implementation, the less likely resources will be depleted. The most critical factors in stopping a pandemic are early recognition of infected individuals, carriers and contacts, and early implementation of quarantine measures with an organized, proactive and unified strategy at a national level. Delays result in significantly higher death tolls.


id: cord-281281-knelqmzx
author: Villas-Boas, Gustavo R.
date: 2020-09-07
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32906733/
doi: 10.3390/molecules25184086
title:
  The New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Comprehensive Review on Immunity and the Application of Bioinformatics and Molecular Modeling to the Discovery of Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents

abstract:
  On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the outbreak caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic. The rapid spread of the disease surprised the scientific and medical community. Based on the latest reports, news, and scientific articles published, there is no doubt that the coronavirus has overloaded health systems globally. Practical actions against the recent emergence and rapid expansion of the SARS-CoV-2 require the development and use of tools for discovering new molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 targets. Thus, this review presents bioinformatics and molecular modeling strategies that aim to assist in the discovery of potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Besides, we reviewed the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity, since understanding the structures involved in this infection can contribute to the development of new therapeutic targets. Bioinformatics is a technology that assists researchers in coping with diseases by investigating genetic sequencing and seeking structural models of potential molecular targets present in SARS-CoV2. The details provided in this review provide future points of consideration in the field of virology and medical sciences that will contribute to clarifying potential therapeutic targets for anti-SARS-CoV-2 and for understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis and virulence of SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-283152-wav0d0ws
title: Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents
author: Patel, Sanjay K. S.
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283152-wav0d0ws.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4
doi: 10.1007/s12088-020-00893-4
summary:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. The emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, renamed as COVID19) in 2019 from Wuhan, China has led to a global crisis and it has been declared as a pandemic emergency by World Health Organization (WHO) due to its fast rate of transmission among human beings [1, 2] . Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of genetically distinct viruses, which originated from broad ranges of hosts, including animal and bird species, and primarily cause respiratory and intestinal infections to humans and animals [1, [5] [6] [7] [8] . Transmission of COVID-19 possibly involved an adaptive evolution through an intermediate host (bat) before infecting humans. Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective

abstract:
  Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) known as COVID-19 has emerged as a major threat to human existence. COVID-19 seems to have undergone adaptive evolution through an intermediate host, most likely bats. The flu leads to severe pneumonia that causes respiratory and multi-organ failure. The absence of any known treatment procedures, drugs, or vaccines has created panic around the World. The need is to develop rapid testing kits, drugs and vaccines. However, these proposals are time-consuming processes. At present social distancing along with previously known traditional medicines can act as quick and short-term alternatives for treating this viral flu.


id: cord-283310-5wam14aa
title: The New Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection
author: Bevova, M. R.
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929302/
doi: 10.3103/s0891416820020044
summary:
  Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus. The estimation of the case-fatality rate (portion of deaths divided by the total number of cases) for the disease varies from 1 to 7% [24, 25] depending on the sex and age composition of the population; strategies of testing, diagnostics, and treatment; bureaucratic peculiarities of healthcare in a particular country; and congestion of healthcare systems. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  In December 2019, the first cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were found in Wuhan (China). Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. By March 11, 2020, when the virus had spread to 114 countries, the number of diagnosed patients had reached 118 thousand and the number of deaths was 4000, the WHO declared the outbreak of the disease a pandemic. In this review, we summarize the relevant information about the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2, its epidemiology and diagnostics, and the clinical course and treatment of COVID-19.


id: cord-283440-8du0s33p
title: COVID-19 in Children: An Ample Review
author: Ciuca, Ioana M
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283440-8du0s33p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s257180
doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s257180
summary:
  The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. It started at the end of 2019, when many adult patients with a new form of pneumonia that was frequently fatal were admitted to Chinese hospitals; this illness was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). [11] [12] [13] This study aimed to review the current data on SARS-CoV-2 infection in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including data on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series

abstract:
  The aim of this review was to describe the current knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) in children, from epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory perspectives, including knowledge on the disease course, treatment, and prognosis. An extensive literature search was performed to identify papers on COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 infection) in children, published between January 1, 2020 and April 1, 2020. There were 44 relevant papers on COVID-19 in children. The results showed that COVID-19 occurs in 0.39–12.3% of children. Clinical signs and symptoms are comparable to those in adults, but milder forms and a large percentage of asymptomatic carriers are found among children. Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with complications and linked to various co-infections. Chest computed tomography (CT) scans in children revealed structural changes similar to those found in adults, with consolidations surrounded by halos being somewhat specific for children with COVID-19. The recommended treatment includes providing symptomatic therapy, with no specific drug recommendations for children. The prognosis is much better for children compared to adults. This review highlights that COVID-19 in children is similar to the disease in the adult population, but with particularities regarding clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, chest imaging, and treatment. The prognosis is much better for children compared to adults, but with the progression of the pandemic; the cases in children might change in the future.


id: cord-283485-xit6najq
title: The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why?
author: Van Damme, Wim
date: 2020-07-27
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098
abstract:
  It is very exceptional that a new disease becomes a true pandemic. Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. However, in different countries, the COVID-19 epidemic takes variable shapes and forms in how it affects communities. Until now, the insights gained on COVID-19 have been largely dominated by the COVID-19 epidemics and the lockdowns in China, Europe and the USA. But this variety of global trajectories is little described, analysed or understood. In only a few months, an enormous amount of scientific evidence on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has been uncovered (knowns). But important knowledge gaps remain (unknowns). Learning from the variety of ways the COVID-19 epidemic is unfolding across the globe can potentially contribute to solving the COVID-19 puzzle. This paper tries to make sense of this variability—by exploring the important role that context plays in these different COVID-19 epidemics; by comparing COVID-19 epidemics with other respiratory diseases, including other coronaviruses that circulate continuously; and by highlighting the critical unknowns and uncertainties that remain. These unknowns and uncertainties require a deeper understanding of the variable trajectories of COVID-19. Unravelling them will be important for discerning potential future scenarios, such as the first wave in virgin territories still untouched by COVID-19 and for future waves elsewhere.


id: cord-284573-w0sk622m
title: What Went Wrong: Corona and the World after the Full Stop
author: Caduff, Carlo
date: 2020-07-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692890/
doi: 10.1111/maq.12599
abstract:
  This article examines the global response to the Covid‐19 pandemic. It argues that we urgently need to look beyond the virus if we want to understand the real seriousness of what is happening today. How did we end up in a space of thinking, acting, and feeling that has normalized extremes and is based on the assumption that biological life is an absolute value separate from politics? The author suggests that today's fear is fueled by mathematical disease modeling, neoliberal health policies, nervous media reporting, and authoritarian longings.


id: cord-286298-pn9nwl64
author: Helmy, Yosra A.
date: 2020-04-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32344679/
doi: 10.3390/jcm9041225
title:
  The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control

abstract:
  A pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified by the WHO as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), producing the disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The virus is closely related (96.3%) to bat coronavirus RaTG13, based on phylogenetic analysis. Human-to-human transmission has been confirmed even from asymptomatic carriers. The virus has spread to at least 200 countries, and more than 1,700,000 confirmed cases and 111,600 deaths have been recorded, with massive global increases in the number of cases daily. Therefore, the WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. In the beginning, the world public health authorities tried to eradicate the disease in China through quarantine but are now transitioning to prevention strategies worldwide to delay its spread. To date, there are no available vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs to treat the virus. There are many knowledge gaps about the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, leading to misinformation. Therefore, in this review, we provide recent information about the COVID-19 pandemic. This review also provides insights for the control of pathogenic infections in humans such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and future spillovers.


id: cord-288500-ko4eda9w
author: Zheng, Ruijun
date: 2020-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-288500-ko4eda9w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288500-ko4eda9w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0020748920302959
doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103809
summary:
  The results indicated that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and demographic characteristics were associated with depression, anxiety, and perceived health status. A study reported that health care workers at high risk of contracting SARS were more likely to have a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety, and develop post-traumatic stress during the SARS epidemic (McAlonan et al., 2007) . In this study, we hypothesize that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and perceived health status are associated with the risk of depression and anxiety. The questionnaire contained ten main items: unknown origin of COVID-19, fear of infection, lack of effective treatment, poor patient compliance, nursing workload, poor social support, parent-child relationship quality, couple relationship quality, relationship quality with other family members, and perceived health status. The main findings indicated that nurses experiencing COVID-19-related stress and poor relationship quality with family were more likely to develop depression and anxiety symptoms and have health concerns.

title:
  Prevalence and associated factors of depression and anxiety among nurses during the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern and has caused traumatic experience for nurses worldwide. However, the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in nurses, and how psychosocial factors influence nurses in this public crisis are unknown. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of COVID-19 on the mental health of nurses and the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms among nurses in China during the outbreak. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3,228 nurses in Sichuan Province and Wuhan City were selected by convenience sampling. All participants were invited to complete the questionnaire through WeChat from January 27 to February 3, 2020. METHODS: A self-reported questionnaire combining depression and anxiety scale was used to collect data anonymously. Binary and multivariate logistic regression was applied to measure the odds of psychosocial factors of anxiety and depression and perceived health, respectively. RESULTS: The total incidence of depression (34.3%) and anxiety (18.1%) during the COVID-19 outbreak was lower than that during the SARS outbreak; however, the rate of depression in our study (47.1%) was high and similar in a recent study (50.4%) about the health care workers exposed to COVID-19 in China. The results indicated that COVID-19-related stress, relationship quality with family, and demographic characteristics were associated with depression, anxiety, and perceived health status. Furthermore, the prevalence of depression was similar between nurses working in low-risk COVID-19 wards was as high as working in high-risk COVID-19 wards (OR, 1.078; 95% CI, 0.784–1.481). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed the high prevalence of depression and anxiety among nurses during the outbreak of COVID-19. COVID-19 factors and psychosocial factors were associated with mental health of nurses. The results suggest that hospitals should implement effective mental health promotion programs focused on occupational safety and family support to improve the well-being of nurses.


id: cord-291687-kwu0otpi
title: Cardiovascular Implications and Therapeutic Considerations in COVID-19 Infection
author: Judson, Gregory L.
date: 2020-06-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40119-020-00184-5
doi: 10.1007/s40119-020-00184-5
abstract:
  The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has profoundly impacted all fields of medicine. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome has multiorgan effects. The pandemic has united researchers from bench to bedside in attempts to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and define optimal treatment strategies. Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and a leading cause of death across gender, race, and ethnic groups. As the pandemic spreads, there is increasing concern about the cardiovascular effects of the viral infection and the interaction of infection with existing cardiovascular disease. Additionally, there are concerns about the cardiac effects of the numerous treatment agents under study. It will be essential for cardiologists to understand the interplay between underlying cardiac comorbidities, acute cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 disease, and adverse effects of new treatments. Here we describe emerging evidence of the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and underlying cardiovascular disease, the evidence for direct myocardial injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection, the specific presentations of cardiovascular involvement by SARS-CoV-2, and the cardiac effects of emerging treatments.


id: cord-292002-g0v0xc21
title: The role of imaging in 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)
author: Yang, Wenjing
date: 2020-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-292002-g0v0xc21.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292002-g0v0xc21.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32296940/
doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-06827-4
summary:
  Imaging features of multiple patchy areas of ground glass opacity and consolidation predominately in the periphery of the lungs are characteristic manifestations on chest CT and extremely helpful in the early detection and diagnosis of this disease, which aids prompt diagnosis and the eventual control of this emerging global health emergency. • Among the infected patients, characteristic findings on CT imaging include multiple, patchy, ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving pattern, and consolidation shadows, mainly distributed in the peripheral and subpleural areas of both lungs, which are very helpful for the frontline clinicians. The typical chest CT imaging characteristics of COVID-19 include multiple, peripheral, bilateral, patchy, sub-segmental, or segmental ground glass opacities and areas of consolidation, which are mostly distributed along the bronchovascular bundles and subpleural space. Furthermore, in the currently available reports, the most common chest CT findings in COVID-19 patients are the peripheral areas of ground glass opacity/consolidation (without subpleural sparing) which are bilateral in distribution [21] [22] [23] .

abstract:
  Almost the entire world, not only China, is currently experiencing the outbreak of a novel coronavirus that causes respiratory disease, severe pneumonia, and even death. The outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019 and is currently still ongoing. This novel coronavirus is highly contagious and has resulted in a continuously increasing number of infections and deaths that have already surpassed the SARS-CoV outbreak that occurred in China between 2002 and 2003. It is now officially a pandemic, announced by WHO on the 11th of March. Currently, the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can be identified by virus isolation or viral nucleic acid detection; however, false negatives associated with the nucleic acid detection provide a clinical challenge and thus make the imaging examination crucial. Imaging exams have been a main clinical diagnostic criteria for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China. Imaging features of multiple patchy areas of ground glass opacity and consolidation predominately in the periphery of the lungs are characteristic manifestations on chest CT and extremely helpful in the early detection and diagnosis of this disease, which aids prompt diagnosis and the eventual control of this emerging global health emergency. Key Points • In December 2019, China, an outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel, highly contagious coronavirus raised grave concerns and posed a huge threat to global public health. • Among the infected patients, characteristic findings on CT imaging include multiple, patchy, ground-glass opacity, crazy-paving pattern, and consolidation shadows, mainly distributed in the peripheral and subpleural areas of both lungs, which are very helpful for the frontline clinicians. • Imaging examination has become the indispensable means not only in the early detection and diagnosis but also in monitoring the clinical course, evaluating the disease severity, and may be presented as an important warning signal preceding the negative RT-PCR test results. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00330-020-06827-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-293127-c27qh5y7
author: Monteleone, Pedro AA
date: 2020
txt: ./txt/cord-293127-c27qh5y7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293127-c27qh5y7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20200030
doi: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200030
summary:
  In this review, we summarize the latest research progress related to COVID-19 epidemiology and the reported data of pregnant women, and discuss the current evidence of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy and its potential consequences for assisted reproductive treatments. The current outbreak of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China in December 2019 and subsequently spread to many other countries. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses known to cause symptoms ranging from a common cold to more severe diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syn A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments Pedro AA Monteleone 1,2 , Mayra Nakano 1,2 , Victor Lazar 1 , Alecsandra P Gomes 1 , (Drosten et al., 2003; Ksiazek et al., 2003) , and MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was the pathogen responsible for severe respiratory disease outbreaks in the Middle East in 2012 (Zaki et al., 2012) .

title:
  A review of initial data on pregnancy during the COVID-19 outbreak: implications for assisted reproductive treatments

abstract:
  The current outbreak of the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) started in China in December 2019 and has since spread to several other countries. On March 25, 2020, a total of 375,498 cases had been confirmed globally with 2,201 cases in Brazil, showing the urgency of reacting to this international public health emergency. While in most cases, mild symptoms are observed, in some cases the infection leads to serious pulmonary disease. As a result, the possible consequences of the COVID-19 outbreak for pregnant women and its potential effects on the management of assisted reproductive treatments, demand attention. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress related to COVID-19 epidemiology and the reported data of pregnant women, and discuss the current evidence of COVID-19 infections during pregnancy and its potential consequences for assisted reproductive treatments. Reported data suggest that symptoms in pregnant women are similar to those in other people, and that there is no evidence for higher maternal or fetal risks. However, considering the initial data and lack of comprehensive knowledge on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, human reproduction societies have recommended postponing the embryo transfers and do not initiate new treatment cycles. New evidence must be considered carefully in order to adjust these recommendations accordingly at any time and to guide assisted reproductive treatments.


id: cord-293167-3bd3adip
title: Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review
author: Nepal, Gaurav
date: 2020-07-13
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32660520/
doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z
abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the global spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Our understanding of the impact this virus has on the nervous system is limited. Our review aims to inform and improve decision-making among the physicians treating COVID-19 by presenting a systematic analysis of the neurological manifestations experienced within these patients. METHODS: Any study, released prior to May 20, 2020, that reported neurological manifestations in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 was systematically reviewed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic review and Meta-Analysis) statement. RESULTS: Our systematic review included data from 37 articles: twelve retrospective studies, two prospective studies, and the rest case reports/series. The most commonly reported neurological manifestations of COVID-19 were myalgia, headache, altered sensorium, hyposmia, and hypogeusia. Uncommonly, COVID-19 can also present with central nervous system manifestations such as ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, encephalo-myelitis, and acute myelitis, peripheral nervous manifestations such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and Bell’s palsy, and skeletal muscle manifestations such as rhabdomyolysis. CONCLUSION: While COVID-19 typically presents as a self-limiting respiratory disease, it has been reported in up to 20% of patients to progress to severe illness with multi-organ involvement. The neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are not uncommon, but our study found most resolve with treatment of the underlying infection. Although the timeliness of this review engages current challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, readers must not ignore the limitations and biases intrinsic to an early investigation.


id: cord-294136-e69ao8j0
title: COVID-19: Insight into the asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 infection and transmission
author: Han, Dongsheng
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-294136-e69ao8j0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294136-e69ao8j0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.48991
doi: 10.7150/ijbs.48991
summary:
  successfully isolated SARS-CoV-2 from throat swabs of two asymptomatic patients in a cell culture of Caco-2 cells, suggesting the potential for presymptomatic transmission [16] ; (5) Increasing studies show clear epidemiological evidence of human-to-human asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 (described in the following section); (6) Asymptomatic infection tends to be, but is not only, identified among young people (<20 years old) [14, 15, [17] [18] [19] ; And (7) the majority (>90%) of asymptomatic patients appears to have a milder clinical course during hospitalization [15] , but the severity of the symptoms of the secondary patients infected by SARS-COV-2 from asymptomatic patients varies based on their physical constitution [2, 20] . As the transmission of SARS-COV-2 may occur in the early course of infection and a high viral load in respiratory samples could be detected [13] , RT-PCR testing for this virus is more suitable for screening at earlier stages of infection in key populations, such as patients with obvious symptoms and close contacts of asymptomatic patients [35] .

abstract:
  The existence of a substantial but unclear number of asymptomatic SARS-COV-2 patients worldwide has raised concerns among global public health authorities. In this review, according to the published literature, we provided the evidence that asymptomatic infections can result in person-to-person transmission. Four studies suggested that the virus can be transmitted by asymptomatic patients for at least two consecutive generations, indicating its strong infectivity. Asymptomatic infection tends to be, but is not only, identified among young people (<20 years old). The majority of asymptomatic patients appear to have a milder clinical course during hospitalization, but the severity of the symptoms of the secondary patients infected by SARS-COV-2 from asymptomatic patients varies with their physical constitution. The proportion of asymptomatic individuals among all confirmed cases widely differed (from 1.95% to 87.9%) according to the study setting and the populations studied. The increasing large-scale tests are expected to give more information about the true number of asymptomatic infections in the population. In China and other countries, various guidelines for management of asymptomatic cases have been issued. Importantly, early detection, early reporting, early isolation and early treatment of asymptomatic patients require the joint efforts of policy makers, clinicians, technicians, epidemiologists, virologists and patients.


id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8
title: nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics
author: Kabir, Md. Tanvir
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754599/
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616
abstract:
  In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related epidemic was first observed in Wuhan, China. In 2020, owing to the highly infectious and deadly nature of the virus, this widespread novel coronavirus disease 2019 (nCOVID-19) became a worldwide pandemic. Studies have revealed that various environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and air pollution may also affect the transmission pattern of COVID-19. Unfortunately, still, there is no specific drug that has been validated in large-scale studies to treat patients with confirmed nCOVID-19. However, remdesivir, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), has appeared as an auspicious antiviral drug. Currently, a large-scale study on remdesivir (i.e., 200 mg on first day, then 100 mg once/day) is ongoing to evaluate its clinical efficacy to treat nCOVID-19. Good antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was not observed with the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Nonetheless, the combination of umifenovir and LPV/r was found to have better antiviral activity. Furthermore, a combination of hydroxychloroquine (i.e., 200 mg 3 times/day) and azithromycin (i.e., 500 mg on first day, then 250 mg/day from day 2–5) also exhibited good activity. Currently, there are also ongoing studies to evaluate the efficacy of teicoplanin and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the genetic diversity and molecular pathogenesis of nCOVID-19. We also present possible therapeutic options for nCOVID-19 patients.


id: cord-294831-pem059zk
title: Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
author: Zhang, Ling-Pu
date: 2020-06-11
url: https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0063
doi: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0063
abstract:
  A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was first discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of April 7, 2020, the new coronavirus has spread quickly to 184 countries and aroused the attention of the entire world. No targeted drugs have yet been available for intervention and treatment of this virus. The sharing of academic information is crucial to risk assessment and control activities in outbreak countries. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological, genetic and clinical characteristics of the virus as well as laboratory testing and treatments to understand the nature of the virus. We hope this review will be helpful to prevent viral infections in outbreak countries and regions.


id: cord-296692-t5p09le8
title: The changing landscape of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for the maternal-infant dyad
author: Elgin, T.G.
date: 2020-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-296692-t5p09le8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296692-t5p09le8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3233/npm-200460
doi: 10.3233/npm-200460
summary:
  In December of 2019 cases of an unknown viral pneumonia were reported from Wuhan, Hubei, China Although much uncertainty remains, regarding the natural history and demographics of COVID19 , the virus appears to primarily cause infection in adults over 51 with case fatality rates increasing dramatically with age [5] . There are, however, emerging case reports of pregnant mothers who test positive for COVID-19 infection and who remain either completely asymptomatic [23] and or manifest mild symptoms in the subsequent 24 hours following delivery. Although clinical evidence is lacking, the case numbers to date of COVID-19 in pregnancy remain very low [32] and case reports of two neonates who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 shortly after birth lends some credence to the concern. Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) from infected pregnant mothers to neonates: A review An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic represents the greatest challenge to date faced by the medical community in the 21st century. The rate of rapid dissemination, magnitude of viral contagiousness, person to person transmission at an asymptomatic phase of illness pose a unique and dangerous challenge for all patients, including neonatal and obstetric patients. Although scientific understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, nature of transmission, and efficacy of mitigation strategies is growing, neither a cure or vaccine have been developed. While COVID-19 is primarily a disease of older patients, infection is now seen across all age demographics with reports of illness in pregnant patients and infants. Altered hormone status and predominance of Th-2 immune helper cells may result in increased predisposition to SARS-CoV-2. Case reports of pregnant patients demonstrate a clinical presentation comparable to non-pregnant adults, but evidence of vertical transmission to the fetus is controversial. Neonatal reports demonstrate an inconsistent and non-specific phenotype, and it is often difficult to separate COVID-19 from the underlying conditions of prematurity or bacterial infection. The development of international registries to enable risk profiling of COVID-19 positive pregnant mothers and/or their offspring may facilitate the development of enhanced mitigation strategies, medical treatments and effective vaccinations.


id: cord-298056-svwtfshi
title: Early predictors of clinical outcomes of COVID-19 outbreak in Milan, Italy
author: Fabio, Ciceri
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-298056-svwtfshi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298056-svwtfshi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521661620304563?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108509
summary:
  Multivariable analysis showed older age, coronary artery disease, cancer, low lymphocyte count and high RALE score as factors independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of COVID-19 patients of European origin, main risk factors for mortality were older age, comorbidities, low lymphocyte count and high RALE. 14 In this report we describe the demographical, clinical, radiological and laboratory characteristics, as well as the clinical outcomes and the risk factors for mortality, of the first 500 patients with COVID-19 admitted to San Raffaele Scientific Institute, a tertiary care academic hospital in Milan, Italy. With a clinical observation longer than one months from the last patient admitted, w e were able to identify early predictors of mortality related to patient characteristics, radiological and laboratory findings at hospital admission for COVID-19.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: National health-system hospitals of Lombardy faced a heavy burden of admissions for acute respiratory distress syndromes associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Data on patients of European origin affected by COVID-19 are limited. METHODS: All consecutive patients aged ≥18 years, coming from North-East of Milan's province and admitted at San Raffaele Hospital with COVID-19, between February 25th and March 24th, were reported, all patients were followed for at least one month. Clinical and radiological features at admission and predictors of clinical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 500 patients admitted to the Emergency Unit, 410 patients were hospitalized and analyzed: median age was 65 (IQR 56–75) years, and the majority of patients were males (72.9%). Median (IQR) days from COVID-19 symptoms onset was 8 (5–11) days. At hospital admission, fever (≥ 37.5 °C) was present in 67.5% of patients. Median oxygen saturation (SpO2) was 93% (range 60–99), with median PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio, 267 (IQR 184–314). Median Radiographic Assessment of Lung Edema (RALE) score was 9 (IQR 4–16). More than half of the patients (56.3%) had comorbidities, with hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes and chronic kidney failure being the most common. The probability of overall survival at day 28 was 66%. Multivariable analysis showed older age, coronary artery disease, cancer, low lymphocyte count and high RALE score as factors independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSION: In a large cohort of COVID-19 patients of European origin, main risk factors for mortality were older age, comorbidities, low lymphocyte count and high RALE.


id: cord-298639-v9yg80jw
title: High SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Prevalence among Healthcare Workers Exposed to COVID-19 Patients
author: Chen, Yuxin
date: 2020-06-04
txt: ./txt/cord-298639-v9yg80jw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298639-v9yg80jw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32504745/
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.067
summary:
  Risk analysis revealed that wearing face mask could reduce the infection risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.017, 0.968), while when exposed to COVID-19 patients, doctors might have higher risk of seroconversion (OR, 346.837, 95% CI 8.924, 13479.434), compared with HCWs exposed to colleagues as well as nurses and general service assistants who exposed to patients. Our study revealed that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients. Briefly, 96-well plates were coated with 500 ng/mL of recombinant RBD or NP protein overnight, incubating with diluted were also collected and the nasopharyngeal swab samples from these patients have been repeatedly tested as negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at least twice at a two-day apart. Our study proved that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients.

abstract:
  The seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was examined among 105 healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to four patients who were laboratory confirmed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. These HCWs were immediately under quarantine for 14 days as soon as they were identified as close contacts. The nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected on the first and 14(th) day of the quarantine, while the serum samples were obtained on the 14(th) day of the quarantine. With the assay of enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and microneutralization assay, 17.14% (18/105) of HCWs were seropositive, while their swab samples were found to be SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative. Risk analysis revealed that wearing face mask could reduce the infection risk (odds ratio [OR], 0.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.017, 0.968), while when exposed to COVID-19 patients, doctors might have higher risk of seroconversion (OR, 346.837, 95% CI 8.924, 13479.434), compared with HCWs exposed to colleagues as well as nurses and general service assistants who exposed to patients. Our study revealed that the serological testing is useful for the identification of asymptomatic or subclinical infection of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts with COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-298899-lkrmg5qr
author: Xie, Yewei
date: 2020-08-31
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867706/
doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05371-2
title:
  Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world deeply, with more than 14,000,000 people infected and nearly 600,000 deaths. This review aimed to summarize the epidemiologic traits, clinical spectrum, CT results and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We scoped for relevant literatures published during 1st December 2019 to 16th July 2020 based on three databases using English and Chinese languages. We reviewed and analyzed the relevant outcomes. RESULTS: The COVID-19 pandemic was found to have a higher transmission rate compared to SARS and MERS and involved 4 stages of evolution. The basic reproduction number (R(0)) is 3.32 (95% CI:3.24–3.39), the incubation period was 5.24 days (95% CI:3.97–6.50, 5 studies) on average, and the average time for symptoms onset varied by countries. Common clinical spectrums identified included fever (38.1–39.0 °C), cough and fatigue, with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) being the most common complication reported. Body temperatures above 39.0 °C, dyspnea, and anorexia were more common symptoms in severe patients. Aged over 65 years old, having co-morbidities, and developing complications were the commonest high-risk factors associated with severe conditions. Leucopenia and lymphopenia were the most common signs of infection while liver and kidney damage were rare but may cause bad outcomes for patients. The bilateral, multifocal Ground-Glass Opacification (GGO) on peripheral, and the consolidative pulmonary opacity were the most frequent CT results and the tendency of mortality rates differed by region. CONCLUSIONS: We provided a bird’s-eye view of the COVID-19 during the current pandemic, which will help better understanding the key traits of the disease. The findings could be used for disease’s future research, control and prevention.


id: cord-299333-qu0bmov5
author: Reddy, Gireesh B.
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-299333-qu0bmov5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299333-qu0bmov5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11420-020-09775-3
doi: 10.1007/s11420-020-09775-3
summary:
  Since December 2019, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), a novel betacoronavirus strain responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , rapidly progressed from an isolated cluster of cases in the Hubei province of east central China to a pandemic, with significant global health and economic repercussions [4, 5, 10, 24, 25, 27, 28, 44, 58, 80, 91] . Early reports from Italy and China indicated that although pulmonary diseases including ARDS and diffuse pneumonia comprise the predominant lethal complications of COVID-19, patients have also presented with or developed significant cardiac signs and symptoms [50] . COVID-19 musculoskeletal and neurologic manifestations are being reported with increased frequency, particularly in patients with more severe respiratory disease, indicating coronavirus neurotropism possibly directly related with higher viral loads, which are now detectable in cerebrospinal fluid [20] .

title:
  Clinical Characteristics and Multisystem Imaging Findings of COVID-19: An Overview for Orthopedic Surgeons

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic holds widespread implications for global public health, economies, societies, and the practice of orthopedic surgery. As our knowledge of the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 and the symptomatology and management of COVID-19 expands, orthopedic surgeons must remain up to date on the latest medical evidence and surgical perspectives. While COVID-19 primarily manifests with pulmonary symptoms, cardiovascular, neurologic, and other major organ systems may also be affected and present with hallmark imaging findings. This article reviews initial and emerging literature on clinical characteristics and imaging findings of COVID-19. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11420-020-09775-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-299899-is815pol
author: He, Jingjing
date: 2020-07-21
txt: ./txt/cord-299899-is815pol.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299899-is815pol.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32691881/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.26326
summary:
  The pooled proportion of asymptomatic infection among 1152 COVID‐19 children from 11 studies is 27.7% (95% CI: 16.4–42.7%), which is much higher than patients from all aged groups. However, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 could also be asymptomatic, confirmed by positive Nucleic acid testing results during the illness. While a variety of studies on asymptomatic infection have been reported, the proportion of asymptomatic patients in confirmed COVID-19 cases is not well characterized. Original articles reporting asymptomatic infection in confirmed COVID-19 patients were included for meta-analysis. Noticeably, one study from Wuhan showed that 98/1021(9.6%) nucleic acid testing negative patients had lgG positive results, suggesting possible recovery from asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection 54 . Characteristics of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Jinan, China. Clinical features of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an analysis of 13 cases from Changsha, China. Epidemiological and clinical features of asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

title:
  Proportion of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): a systematic review and meta‐analysis

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: We aim to systematically review the characteristics of asymptomatic infection in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were electronically searched to identify original studies containing the rate of asymptomatic infection in COVID‐19 patients before 20 May 2020. Then mate‐analysis was conducted using R version 3.6.2. RESULTS: A total of 50155 patients from 41 studies with confirmed COVID‐19 were included. The pooled percentage of asymptomatic infection is 15.6% (95% CI: 10.1%‐23.0%). Ten included studies contain the number of pre‐symptomatic patients, who were asymptomatic at screening point and developed symptoms during follow‐up. The pooled percentage of pre‐symptomatic infection among 180 initially asymptomatic patients is 48.9% (95% CI: 31.6‐66.2%). The pooled proportion of asymptomatic infection among 1152 COVID‐19 children from 11 studies is 27.7% (95% CI: 16.4–42.7%), which is much higher than patients from all aged groups. Abnormal CT features are common in asymptomatic COVID‐19 infection. For 36 patients from 4 studies that CT results were available, 15 (41.7%) patients had bilateral involvement and 14 (38.9%) had unilateral involvement in CT results. Reduced white blood cell count, increased lactate dehydrogenase, and increased C‐reactive protein were also recorded. CONCLUSION: About 15.6% of confirmed COVID‐19 patients are asymptomatic. Nearly half of the patients with no symptoms at detection time will develop symptoms later. Children are likely to have a higher proportion of asymptomatic infection than adults. Asymptomatic COVID‐19 patients could have abnormal laboratory and radiational manifestations which can be used as screening strategies to identify asymptomatic infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-300608-eju7wnb9
author: Sheervalilou, Roghayeh
date: 2020-05-26
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29735
doi: 10.1002/jcp.29735
title:
  COVID‐19 under spotlight: A close look at the origin, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of the 2019‐nCoV disease

abstract:
  Months after the outbreak of a new flu‐like disease in China, the entire world is now in a state of caution. The subsequent less‐anticipated propagation of the novel coronavirus disease, formally known as COVID‐19, not only made it to headlines by an overwhelmingly high transmission rate and fatality reports, but also raised an alarm for the medical community all around the globe. Since the causative agent, SARS‐CoV‐2, is a recently discovered species, there is no specific medicine for downright treatment of the infection. This has led to an unprecedented societal fear of the newly born disease, adding a psychological aspect to the physical manifestation of the virus. Herein, the COVID‐19 structure, epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis, and therapy have been reviewed.


id: cord-300763-3ateeei3
title: Novel Coronavirus COVID-19: Current Evidence and Evolving Strategies
author: Vannabouathong, Christopher
date: 2020-05-06
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32379112/
doi: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00396
abstract:
  COVID-19 is a global pandemic that has currently infected &gt;300,000 globally. Fever and cough are the most common symptoms of the disease, and it is important to remember that the virus can even be transmitted by individuals who test positive for the disease but do not have any symptoms. Currently reported mortality rates vary because of the rapid spread of the disease and different approaches to calculating this estimate, but it is clear that the risk of death is associated with age and the presence of underlying conditions. Risk mitigation techniques (i.e., hand washing, social distancing, and self-isolation) have already been emphasized across major news outlets. It is essential that we continue these practices, as the outbreak is currently expected to last for many more months and we must be mindful of the lessons learned from past pandemics to prevent a second wave from occurring.


id: cord-300899-yi2mx91a
author: Kaur, Satinder
date: 2020-07-18
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00884-x
doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00884-x
title:
  Understanding COVID-19 transmission, health impacts and mitigation: timely social distancing is the key

abstract:
  COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, first identified in China and spread globally, resulting into pandemic. Transmission of virus takes place either directly through close contact with infected individual (symptomatic/asymptomatic) or indirectly by touching contaminated surfaces. Virus survives on the surfaces from few hours to days. It enters the human body through nose, eyes or mouth. Other sources of contamination are faeces, blood, food, water, semen etc. Parameters such as temperature/relative humidity also play an important role in transmission. As the disease is evolving, so are the number of cases. Proper planning and restriction are helping in influencing the trajectory of the transmission. Various measures are undertaken to prevent infection such as maintaining hygiene, using facemasks, isolation/quarantine, social/physical distancing, in extreme cases lockdown (restricted movement except essential services) in hot spot areas or throughout the country. Countries that introduced various mitigation measures had experienced control in transmission of COVID-19. Python programming is conducted for change point analysis (CPA) using Bayesian probability approach for understanding the impact of restrictions and mitigation methods in terms of either increase or stagnation in number of COVID-19 cases for eight countries. From analysis it is concluded that countries which acted late in bringing in the social distancing measures are suffering in terms of high number of cases with USA, leading among eight countries analysed. The CPA week in comparison with date of lockdown and first reported case strongly correlates (Pearson’s r = − 0.86 to − 0.97) to cases, cases per unit area and cases per unit population, indicating earlier the mitigation strategy, lesser the number of cases. The overall paper will help the decision makers in understanding the possible steps for mitigation, more so in developing countries where the fight against COVID-19 seems to have just begun.


id: cord-301771-43fl2gwp
title: The Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evaluation and Prevention
author: Ouassou, Hayat
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-301771-43fl2gwp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301771-43fl2gwp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32671115/
doi: 10.1155/2020/1357983
summary:
  The causative virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the World Health Organization (WHO) named the new epidemic disease Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Several coronaviruses can infect humans, like the globally endemic human coronaviruses HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-OC43 that tend to cause mild respiratory disease, and the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) that have a higher case fatality rate [2] . After the diagnosis of SARS-Cov2 infection was made, the prevention and quarantine are considered as the most way to stop the fast spreading of the virus, because there is no effective vaccine, drugs, or antiviral to prevent and treat this disease despite the great efforts made by the scientists and researchers around the world to develop vaccines and treatments of coronavirus.

abstract:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a major health problem causing severe acute respiratory illness in humans. It has spread rapidly around the globe since its first identification in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The causative virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the World Health Organization (WHO) named the new epidemic disease Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The incidence of COVID-19 continues to increase with more than three million confirmed cases and over 244,000 deaths worldwide. There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine against COVID-19. Therefore, in the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, the implementation of precautions and hygienic measures will be essential to control and to minimize human transmission of the virus. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, transmission, symptoms, and treatment of this disease, as well as future strategies to manage the spread of this fatal coronavirus.


id: cord-303517-8971aq02
title: SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression
author: Cajamarca-Baron, Jairo
date: 2020-10-16
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2173574320301295
doi: 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.08.001
abstract:
  Background It is not clear whether patients with some degree of immunosuppression have worse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared to healthy people. Objective To carry out a narrative review of the information available on infection by SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed patients, especially patients with cancer, transplanted, neurological diseases, primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Results Patients with cancer and recent cancer treatment (chemotherapy or surgery) and SARS-CoV-2 infection have a higher risk of worse outcomes. In transplant patients (renal, cardiac and hepatic), with neurological pathologies (multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMODS), myasthenia gravis (MG)), primary immunodeficiencies and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in association with immunosuppressants, studies have shown no tendency for worse outcomes. Conclusion Given the little evidence we have so far, the behaviour of SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunosuppressed patients is unclear, but current studies have not shown worse outcomes, except for patients with cancer.


id: cord-304321-y177sqee
author: Cho, Ryan H. W.
date: 2020-05-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40463-020-00427-4
doi: 10.1186/s40463-020-00427-4
title:
  Pearls of experience for safe and efficient hospital practices in otorhinolaryngology—head and neck surgery in Hong Kong during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

abstract:
  The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic originated in Wuhan, China and spread rapidly worldwide, leading the World Health Organization to declare an official global COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. In Hong Kong, clinicians and other healthcare personnel collaborated closely to combat the outbreak of COVID-19 and minimize the cross-transmission of disease among hospital staff members. In the field of otorhinolaryngology—head and neck surgery (OHNS) and its various subspecialties, contingency plans were required for patient bookings in outpatient clinics, surgeries in operating rooms, protocols in wards and other services. Infected patients may shed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) particles into their environments via body secretions. Therefore, otolaryngologists and other healthcare personnel in this specialty face a high risk of contracting COVID-19 and must remain vigilant when performing examinations and procedures involving the nose and throat. In this article, we share our experiences of the planning and logistics undertaken to provide safe and efficient OHNS practices over the last 2 months, during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that our experiences will serve as pearls for otolaryngologists and other healthcare personnel working in institutes that serve large numbers of patients every day, particularly with regard to the sharing of clinical and administrative tasks during the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-304418-k9owyolj
title: COVID-19 in clinical practice: a narrative synthesis
author: Le Maréchal, M.
date: 2020-09-29
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33007400/
doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.09.012
abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in the city of Wuhan, China. The disease rapidly spread to the rest of China, to Southern-East Asia, then to Europe, America, and on to the rest of the world. COVID-19 is associated with a betacoronavirus named SARS-CoV-2. The virus penetrates the organism through the respiratory tract, conveyed by contaminated droplets. The main cell receptor targeted is the surface-bound ACE-2. As of the 26th July 2020, 15,200,000 COVID-19 cases and 650,000 deaths were reported worldwide. The mortality rate is estimated between 1.3 and 18.3%. The reproductive rate without any public health intervention is estimated around 4-5.1 in France. Most hospitalized patients for COVID-19 present respiratory symptoms, which in some cases is associated with fever. Up to 86% of admissions to ICU are related to acute respiratory failure. To date, no anti-viral therapy has proven its efficacy considering randomized trials. Only immunomodulatory treatments such as corticosteroids have shown to cause significant improvement in patient outcome.


id: cord-305856-xt3zxajf
title: COVID-2019 – A comprehensive pathology insight
author: Shanmugam, Chandrakumar
date: 2020-09-18
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979742/
doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153222
abstract:
  Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. The lungs are the main organs affected leading to pneumonia and respiratory failure in severe cases that may need mechanical ventilation. Occasionally patient may present with gastro-intestinal, cardiac and neurologic symptoms with or without lung involvement. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. Other organs like liver and kidneys may be involved secondarily. Currently the treatment is principally symptomatic and prevention by proper use of personal protective equipment and other measures is crucial to limit the spread. In the midst of pandemic there is paucity of literature on pathological features including pathogenesis, hence in this review we provide the current pathology centered understanding of COVID-19. Furthermore, the pathogenetic pathway is pivotal in the development of therapeutic targets.


id: cord-309302-n6cd2fc3
title: Clinical management of lung cancer patients during the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic
author: Wang, Li
date: 2020-09-23
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-020-00322-7
doi: 10.1186/s13027-020-00322-7
abstract:
  The rapid growth of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan, China, at the early December 2019. COVID-19 spread all over the word just a few months. The outbreak of COVID-19 infection poses major threat to international health and economy. World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the new coronavirus was an international public health emergency on January 30, 2020. However, with the spread of COVID-19, the routine medical care of lung cancer patients was affected. Because lung cancer patients have low immunity after anti-tumor treatment, they should become the main targets for epidemic prevention. Lung cancer patients are increasingly concerned about the prevention of COVID-19. It is necessary to provide individualized medical treatment and management for lung cancer patients based on patients’ conditions and regional epidemic patterns.


id: cord-309970-jkmjiika
title: From SARS to COVID-19: What lessons have we learned?
author: Liu, Qin
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-309970-jkmjiika.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309970-jkmjiika.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.08.001
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.08.001
summary:
  On December 1, 2019, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was reported in Wuhan, China, and CoVs returned to public view. In this review, we systematically compare COVID-19 and SARS in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics and discuss the current treatment approaches, scientific advancements and Chinese experience in fighting the epidemic to combat the novel coronavirus pandemic. As the virus continued to spread, on March 11, 2020 , the WHO declared that COVID-19 is a pandemic disease, making this the first time that a coronavirus infection has been regarded as a global pandemic, in contrast to SARS in 2002, which did not reach this level. This paper summarizes the differences in the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of SARS and COVID-19 during the two outbreaks, summarizes the lessons learned, and provides a comprehensive reference for the global epidemic prevention and treatment of reported in China and resulted in a large number of infections.

abstract:
  Abstract After the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in November 2002, coronaviruses (CoVs) received worldwide attention. On December 1, 2019, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), was reported in Wuhan, China, and CoVs returned to public view. On December 30, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), and on March 11, 2020, the WHO classified COVID-19 as a pandemic disease. As of July 31, 2020, COVID-19 has affected 216 countries and regions, with 17,064,064 confirmed cases and 668,073 deaths, and the number of new cases has been increasing daily. Additionally, on March 19, 2020, there were no new confirmed cases in China, providing hope and valuable experience for the international community. In this review, we systematically compare COVID-19 and SARS in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical characteristics and discuss the current treatment approaches, scientific advancements and Chinese experience in fighting the epidemic to combat the novel coronavirus pandemic. We also discuss the lessons that we have learned from COVID-19 and SARS.


id: cord-311044-kjx0z1hc
title: COVID-19: key concepts for the surgeon
author: Rubio-Pérez, Inés
date: 2020-05-28
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2173507720301101
doi: 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.05.009
abstract:
  Abstract In view of the current pandemic by SARS-CoV-2 it deems essential to understand the key concepts about the infection: its epidemiological origin, presentation, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment (still experimental in many cases). The knowledge about the virus is still limited, but as the pandemic progresses and the physiopathology of the disease is understood, new evidence is being massively published. Surgical specialists are facing an unprecedented situation: they must collaborate in the ER or medical wards attending these patients, while still needing to make decisions about surgical patients with probable COVID-19. The present narrative review aims to summarize the most relevant aspects and synthetize concepts on COVID-19 for surgeons.


id: cord-312730-4ejjmab4
title: The SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak: an Epidemiological and Clinical Perspective
author: Wong, Rebecca S. Y.
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-312730-4ejjmab4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312730-4ejjmab4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33015553/
doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00546-z
summary:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak started with the detection of an increasing number of pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, China, since December 2019. In response to the rapidly growing number of confirmed cases and deaths, some measures taken by the Chinese authorities include the quarantine of millions of its citizens with the unprecedented lockdown of many cities, in an attempt to contain the virus and slow down the spread of the disease [3] . One study in China reported a young 22-year-old male who spread SARS-CoV-2 infection to his contacts (1 relative and 6 classmates, all of which were youngsters from 16 to 23 years) just after a few-hour contact during the incubation period, when he was totally asymptomatic [18] , suggesting that the disease is highly infectious during the incubation period.

abstract:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak started with the detection of an increasing number of pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, China, since December 2019. The disease caused by SAS-CoV-2 was subsequently named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a global health concern with more than 28.9 million confirmed cases, taking away the lives of more than 900,000 people worldwide. To prevent further spread of the disease, an understanding of the clinical characteristics and how the disease spread is essential, especially for an emerging disease like COVID-19. Individuals who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 show diverse clinical features, and the disease severity can range from asymptomatic to death. The disease has been shown to affect not just the respiratory system but also other systems of the body. This review will discuss the pulmonary and extra-pulmonary clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in general, as well as the clinical characteristics in different groups of patients such as children, the elderly, pregnant women, patients with comorbidities and those with a compromised immunity. It will also critically examine existing evidence from relevant studies and discuss the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak from an epidemiological perspective. With the easing of control measures in many countries after months of lockdown, it is important to revisit the lessons learnt from research, as the world enters a new normal with the coexistence of SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-314311-xbpb9nfi
title: The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19
author: Ge, Huipeng
date: 2020-04-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32291542/
doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z
abstract:
  In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. On 7 January 2020, a novel coronavirus, named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified in the throat swab sample of one patient. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced the epidemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, COVID-19 has spread widely around the world, affecting more than seventy countries. China, with a huge burden of this disease, has taken strong measures to control the spread and improve the curative rate of COVID-19. In this review, we summarized the epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding will help to control the disease.


id: cord-315058-t7bq4yqw
title: Forecasting the scale of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya
author: Brand, Samuel P C
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-315058-t7bq4yqw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315058-t7bq4yqw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20059865
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059865
summary:
  Key epidemiological characteristics such as the basic reproductive number and the age-specific rate of developing COVID-19 symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2, were adapted for the Kenyan setting from a combination of published estimates and analysis of the age distribution of cases observed in the Chinese outbreak. In the scenario with no transmission from asymptomatics the observed epidemic was dominated by cases among the working-age population (Figure 3 ), who we estimated as having high rates of assortative (i.e. within same age-group) mixing ( Figure 4 ) and a small but not negligible risk of developing symptoms of COVID-19 after infection. In this modelling study we have integrated existing data on the social structure, and mobility, of the Kenyan population with rapidly evolving estimates of the fundamental epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 so as to make the best possible prediction of the scale of the epidemic risk that Kenya faces from the first coronavirus pandemic.

abstract:
  Background The first COVID-19 case in Kenya was confirmed on March 13th, 2020. Here, we provide forecasts for the potential incidence rate, and magnitude, of a COVID-19 epidemic in Kenya based on the observed growth rate and age distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases observed in China, whilst accounting for the demographic and geographic dissimilarities between China and Kenya. Methods We developed a modelling framework to simulate SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Kenya, KenyaCoV. KenyaCoV was used to simulate SARS-CoV-2 transmission both within, and between, different Kenyan regions and age groups. KenyaCoV was parameterized using a combination of human mobility data between the defined regions, the recent 2019 Kenyan census, and estimates of age group social interaction rates specific to Kenya. Key epidemiological characteristics such as the basic reproductive number and the age-specific rate of developing COVID-19 symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2, were adapted for the Kenyan setting from a combination of published estimates and analysis of the age distribution of cases observed in the Chinese outbreak. Results We find that if person-to-person transmission becomes established within Kenya, identifying the role of subclinical, and therefore largely undetected, infected individuals is critical to predicting and containing a very significant epidemic. Depending on the transmission scenario our reproductive number estimates for Kenya range from 1.78 (95% CI 1.44 - 2.14) to 3.46 (95% CI 2.81-4.17). In scenarios where asymptomatic infected individuals are transmitting significantly, we expect a rapidly growing epidemic which cannot be contained only by case isolation. In these scenarios, there is potential for a very high percentage of the population becoming infected (median estimates: >80% over six months), and a significant epidemic of symptomatic COVID-19 cases. Exceptional social distancing measures can slow transmission, flattening the epidemic curve, but the risk of epidemic rebound after lifting restrictions is predicted to be high.


id: cord-315598-qwh72inx
author: Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0122726220300859?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004
summary:
  De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400).

title:
  ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19

abstract:
  Antecedentes y objetivos: La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Se identificó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en la ciudad de Wuhan, en los meses siguientes se expandió rápidamente a todos los continentes y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la reconoció como una pandemia global el 11 de marzo de 2020. La mayoría de los individuos son asintomáticos pero una baja proporción ingresan a cuidados intensivos con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Este consenso tiene como objetivo actualizar la declaratoria inicial emitida por la Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Crítica (AMCI) para el manejo del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19 dentro de las áreas críticas de las instituciones de salud. Métodos: Este estudio utilizó dos técnicas de consenso formal para construir las recomendaciones finales: Delphi modificada y grupos nominales. Se construyeron preguntas por la estrategia PICO. 10 grupos nominales desarrollaron recomendaciones para cada unidad temática. El producto del consenso fue evaluado y calificado en una ronda Delphi y se discutió de forma virtual por los relatores de cada núcleo y los representantes de sociedades médicas científicas afines al manejo del paciente con COID-19. Resultados: 80 expertos nacionales participaron en la actualización del consenso AMCI, especialistas en Medicina Critica y Cuidados Intensivos, Nefrología, Neurología, Neumología, bioeticistas, Medicina interna, Anestesia, Cirugía General, Cirugía de cabeza y cuello, Cuidados Paliativos, Enfermeras Especialistas en Medicina crítica, Terapeutas respiratorias especialistas en medicina crítica y Fisioterapia, con experiencia clínica en la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo. La declaratoria emite recomendaciones en los ámbitos más relevantes para la atención en salud de los casos de COVID-19 al interior de las unidades de cuidados intensivos en el contexto nacional de Colombia. Conclusiones: un grupo significativo multidisciplinario de profesionales expertos en medicina crítica emiten mediante técnicas de consenso formal recomendaciones sobre la mejor práctica para la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19. Las recomendaciones deben ser adaptadas a las condiciones específicas, administrativas y estructurales de las distintas unidades de cuidados intensivos del país. Background and objectives: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. In the following months it spread quickly to all continents and was recognised as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th, 2020. Most cases of infection remain asymptomatic, while a low proportion require intensive care, experiencing high morbidity and mortality. This consensus aims to update the initial statement issued by the Colombian Association of Critical Medicine (AMCI) for the management of the critically ill patient with COVID-19 within the critical areas of health institutions. Methods: This study used two formal consensus techniques to construct the final recommendations: modified Delphi and nominal groups. Questions were constructed using the PICO strategy. Recommendations for each thematic unit were developed by 10 nominal groups. The consensus product was evaluated and qualified in a Delphi round, and was discussed virtually by the speaker of each nucleus, as well as the representatives of scientific medical societies related to the management of the patient with COVID-19. Results: A total of 80 national experts participated in the update of the AMCI consensus, all specialists in Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Nephrologists, Neurologists, Chest physician, bioethicists, Internal medicine specialists, Anaesthetists, General Surgeons, head and neck surgery, palliative care, Nurses Specialised in Critical Medicine, Respiratory therapists specialised in critical medicine and Physiotherapy, with clinical experience in the care of critically ill patients. This update issues recommendations in the most relevant areas for health care of COVID-19 patients within the intensive care units, contextualised for Colombia. Conclusions: A significant multidisciplinary group of professionals, who are experts in critical medicine, reviewed and issued recommendations on best practice for the care of critically ill patients with COVID-19 through formal consensus techniques. Recommendations must be adapted to the specific, administrative, and structural conditions of the different intensive care units in the country.


id: cord-316647-jj8anf5g
author: Shang, You
date: 2020-06-06
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1
doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00689-1
title:
  Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic has swept all over the world, posing a great pressure on critical care resources due to large number of patients needing critical care. Statements from front-line experts in the field of intensive care are urgently needed. METHODS: Sixteen front-line experts in China fighting against the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan were organized to develop an expert statement after 5 rounds of expert seminars and discussions to provide trustworthy recommendation on the management of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Each expert was assigned tasks within their field of expertise to provide draft statements and rationale. Parts of the expert statement are based on epidemiological and clinical evidence, without available scientific evidences. RESULTS: A comprehensive document with 46 statements are presented, including protection of medical personnel, etiological treatment, diagnosis and treatment of tissue and organ functional impairment, psychological interventions, immunity therapy, nutritional support, and transportation of critically ill COVID-19 patients. Among them, 5 recommendations were strong (Grade 1), 21 were weak (Grade 2), and 20 were experts’ opinions. A strong agreement from voting participants was obtained for all recommendations. CONCLUSION: There are still no targeted therapies for COVID-19 patients. Dynamic monitoring and supportive treatment for the restoration of tissue vascularization and organ function are particularly important.


id: cord-319983-e4f2sfl4
title: The COVID-19: Current understanding
author: Tripathi, Shweta
date: 2020-09-26
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132617/
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1998-2005
abstract:
  In December 2019, China reported several cases of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The COVID-19 outbreak, which was initially limited to Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread worldwide. Infection of the disease occurs through exposure to the virus through inhalation of respiratory droplets or if a person touches a mucosal surface after touching an object with the virus on it. The common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, dyspnea (difficult or labored breathing), fatigue, chest pain, and myalgia (muscle pain), etc. Real-time polymerase chain reaction is used to detect the virus in sputum, throat, nasal swabs, and secretion of lower respiratory samples. Early diagnosis, isolation, and supportive care are necessary for the treatment of the patients. The present review aims to provide recent information on COVID-19 related to its epidemiology, clinical symptoms, and management. This article also summarizes the current understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and its history of origin.


id: cord-320632-369kax2m
author: Song, Yang
date: 2020-07-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32634603/
doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106080
title:
  COVID-19 Treatment: Close to a Cure? – A Rapid Review of Pharmacotherapies for the Novel Coronavirus

abstract:
  Currently, there is no approved therapy for COVID-19. The World Health Organization therefore endorse supportive care only. However, frontline clinicians and researchers have been experimenting with several virus-based and host-based therapeutics since the outbreak in China. China's National Health Commission has issued the first COVID-19 Treatment Guideline with therapy suggestions (7(th) edition attached) which inspired following clinical studies worldwide. Major therapeutics are evaluated in this review. Key evidence from in vitro researches, animal models and clinical researches in emerging coronaviruses are examined. Antiviral therapies remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir and umifenovir, if considered, could be initiated before the peak of viral replication for optimal outcomes. Ribavirin may be beneficial as an add-on therapy and is ineffective as a monotherapy. Corticosteroids use should be limited to indicating comorbidities. IVIG is not recommended due to lack of data in COVID-19. Xuebijing may benefit patients with complications of bacterial pneumonia or sepsis. The efficacy of interferon is unclear due to conflicting outcomes in coronavirus studies. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have shown in vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2, and the studies on clinical efficacy and whether the benefits outweigh the risk of dysrhythmias remain inconclusive. For patients who developed cytokine release syndrome, interleukin-6 inhibitors may be beneficial.


id: cord-322087-gj5mfzxz
author: de Sanctis, Vincenzo
date: 2020-05-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420943/
doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9543
title:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics

abstract:
  The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is defined as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, fatigue, cough, breathing difficulty that may lead to respiratory distress; a small population of patients may have diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. The highest infection rate occurs in adults; however, neonates, children, and adolescents can also be infected. As the outbreak continues to spread worldwide, attention has switched toward determinants of clinical manifestations and disease severity. The situation surrounding the outbreak is rapidly evolving and the information and recommendations are changing as new information becomes available. This paper summarises the current findings (April 3,2020) from a systematic literature review on the current knowledge of COVID-19 in adolescents (10-19 years according to the WHO definition) and reports the preliminary epidemiological data stated by the Italian National Institute of Health. (www.actabiomedica.it)


id: cord-327063-ea7a1xfl
author: Dhama, Kuldeep
date: 2020-08-02
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1477893920303264
doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830
title:
  SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus

abstract:
  Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2) of the family Coronaviridae, appeared in China in December 2019. This disease was declared as posing Public Health International Emergency by World Health Organization on January 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on February 29, and now having a pandemic status (March 11). COVID-19 has presently spread to more than 215 countries/territories while killing nearly 0.62 million humans out of cumulative confirmed infected asymptomatic or symptomatic cases accounting to almost 15 million as of July 22, 2020, within a short period of just a few months. Researchers worldwide are pacing with high efforts to counter the spread of this virus and to design effective vaccines and therapeutics/drugs. Few of the studies have shown the potential of the animal-human interface and zoonotic links in the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring the possible zoonosis and revealing the factors responsible for its initial transmission from animals to humans will pave ways to design and implement effective preventive and control strategies to counter the COVID-19. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, with emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARS- and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread, and highlights the new advances in diagnosis, vaccine and therapies, preventive and control measures, one health concept along with recent research developments to counter this pandemic disease.


id: cord-332245-yfj1kkj7
author: nan
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-332245-yfj1kkj7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332245-yfj1kkj7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32536725/
doi: 10.1007/s00608-020-00794-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  aktuell Infektiologie SARS-CoV-2 Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen Ein Literaturüberblick der AG Infektiologie der ÖGKJ 1 F Im Dezember 2019 kam es in der chinesischen Region Hubei zum gehäuften Auftreten von Pneumoniefällen unbekannter Ätiologie [1] . Allerdings waren in dieser Altersgruppe knapp 80 % der Fälle lediglich Verdachtsfälle (ohne SARS-CoV-2-Laborbestätigung), sodass die Autoren davon ausgehen, dass ein nicht unbeträchtlicher Teil dieser schweren Verläufe durch andere Viren (v. Jedoch zeigten sich in einer diesen Kohorten vermehrte fetale Komplikationen wie Frühgeburtlichkeit oder respiratorischer Stress, wobei der direkte Zusammenhang mit SARS-CoV-2 nicht geklärt ist. So muss natürlich auf neonatalen Intensivstationen damit gerechnet werden, dass aufgrund einer SARS-CoV-2-Erkrankung der Mutter eine prämature Entbindung indiziert wird und die Frühgeborenen behandelt werden müssen. Bei den wenigen detaillierten Berichten über spezifische Symptome bei Kindern mit COVID-19 wird Fieber in 40-100 % und Husten in 40-100 % der symptomatischen Fälle beschrieben [7, 8, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . Bisher gibt es keine zugelassenen Medikamente zur Therapie von COVID-19 bei Erwachsenen und Kindern [32] .

title:
  SARS-CoV-2 Infektion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen: Ein Literaturüberblick der AG Infektiologie der ÖGKJ1


id: cord-332268-x30svp5y
title: COVID-19: a primer for healthcare providers
author: Bearden, Donna M.
date: 2020-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-332268-x30svp5y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332268-x30svp5y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01678-x
doi: 10.1007/s00508-020-01678-x
summary:
  A viral genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, currently termed SARS-CoV‑2, with a disease process called COVID-19 was released 1 week later via online resources to obtain public health support in control of spread. Perhaps the most detailed study to date, shedding light on how patients may present and progress, is an analysis of the first 99 cases of confirmed novel corona pneumonia in Wuhan [12] . Nowak and Walkowiak, in a recently released review of five in vitro studies reporting on the effect of lithium in coronavirus infections, concluded that the drug does have antiviral activity and should be explored as a potential treatment or prophylaxis for COVID-19 [24] . The authors concluded "our work suggests that remdesivir may improve disease outcomes in coronavirus patients, serve to protect health care workers in area with endemic MERS-CoV and prove valuable in preventing future epidemics " [3] .

abstract:
  According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the China office was first notified of cases of atypical pneumonia in Wuhan City on 31 December 2019. A viral genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, currently termed SARS-CoV‑2, with a disease process called COVID-19 was released 1 week later via online resources to obtain public health support in control of spread. Since then, the virus rapidly evolved into a global pandemic. Therefore, healthcare providers need to be familiar with the clinical presentation of infected patients and measures to quickly isolate them. The prevention of nosocomial spread is paramount to proper control of COVID-19 and is reviewed. Currently, treatment is supportive. Researchers are working to develop vaccines and identify effective antiviral interventions. Those recently discussed in the literature are briefly reviewed.


id: cord-335768-ry5boej6
title: Comprehensive review of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
author: Chauhan, Shaylika
date: 2020-06-01
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2319417020300871
doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.023
abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province and has rapidly spread all over the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 and recognized it as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The number of people diagnosed with COVID-19 worldwide crossed the one million mark on April 2, 2020; two million mark on April 15, 2020; three million mark on April 27,2020 and the four million mark on May 9,2020. Despite containment efforts, more than 187 countries have been affected with more than 4, 178,346 cases in the world with maximum being in USA (1, 347,936) followed by 227,436 in Spain and 224, 422 in United Kingdom as of May, 2020. COVID-19 is the latest threat to face mankind cutting across geographical barriers in a rapidly changing landscape. This review provides an update on a rapidly evolving global pandemic. As we face the threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, this is a stark reminder to invest in population health, climate change countermeasures, a global health surveillance system and effective research into identifying pathogens, their treatment and prevention and effective health delivery systems.


id: cord-337302-fpz2jfuj
title: The Landscape of COVID-19 in Cancer Patients: Prevalence, Impacts, and Recommendations
author: Abdihamid, Omar
date: 2020-09-23
url: https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.s272008
doi: 10.2147/cmar.s272008
abstract:
  Cancer patients are susceptible groups to COVID-19, and risk-adjusted models show that most cancer patients have a 25–39% mortality risk if infected with COVID-19. The infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer patients in China was 0.79% (12 of 1524 patients; 95% CI, 0.31.2%). The case fatality rate of COVID-19 in the overall population ranges from 2.3 to 8.0%; among these, the case fatality rate for cancer patients is at 5.6%. In a retrospective cohort study of 28 COVID-19-infected cancer patients, a total of 15 (53.6%) patients had severe outcomes with a mortality rate of 28.6%. In a pooled analysis by Aakash et al, a 2% cancer prevalence was found among admitted patients with COVID-19. In Italy, a report shows that among the 3200 patients who died of SARS-CoV-2, 19.4% were patients with cancer. In New York, 61 (28%) cancer patients succumbed to COVID-19 with a case fatality rate of 37% (20/54) and 25% (41/164) for hematologic and solid malignancies, respectively. Impacts of COVID-19 in cancer care include interruptions of life-saving therapies, distraction effects, and diagnostic overshadowing that involve diverting attention to the pandemic rather than to cancer patients and disruptions of primary palliative care to patients due to forced quarantine. Herein, we review the landscape of COVID-19 in cancer care. We also briefly share our experience and the measures in place to protect cancer patients against COVID-19 in our center.


id: cord-337572-kx5hihnr
title: Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: A Brief Overview
author: Ludwig, Stephan
date: 2020-04-20
txt: ./txt/cord-337572-kx5hihnr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337572-kx5hihnr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000004845
doi: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004845
summary:
  The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 . Here we provide a short background on coronaviruses and their origin, and we describe in more detail the novel SARS-CoV-2 and the efforts thus far to identify effective therapies against COVID-19. The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). 19 SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS 2 At the end of December 2019, China reported the increasing occurrence of pneumonia in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome

abstract:
  In late December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown origin were reported from China, which in early January 2020 were announced to be caused by a novel coronavirus. The virus was later denominated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and defined as the causal agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite massive attempts to contain the disease in China, the virus has spread globally, and COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. Here we provide a short background on coronaviruses, and describe in more detail the novel SARS-CoV-2 and attempts to identify effective therapies against COVID-19.


id: cord-338979-ew046wcr
title: A review of pathophysiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19
author: Jasti, Madhu
date: 2020-06-03
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32494854/
doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09950-w
abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the most serious pandemics of the recent times. Since this pandemic began, there have been numerous reports about the COVID-19 involvement of the nervous system. There have been reports of both direct and indirect involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system by the virus. OBJECTIVE: To review the neuropsychiatric manifestations along with corresponding pathophysiologic mechanisms of nervous system involvement by the COVID-19. BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the disease in humans in the later part of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world with over 2,719,000 reported cases in over 200 countries [World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report-96.,]. While patients typically present with fever, shortness of breath, sore throat, and cough, neurologic manifestations have been reported, as well. These include the ones with both direct and indirect involvement of the nervous system. The reported manifestations include anosmia, ageusia, central respiratory failure, stroke, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), acute necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy, toxic–metabolic encephalopathy, headache, myalgia, myelitis, ataxia, and various neuropsychiatric manifestations. These data were derived from the published clinical data in various journals and case reports. CONCLUSION: The neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 are varied and the data about this continue to evolve as the pandemic continues to progress.


id: cord-340063-nmx91h0a
title: Epidemiologie und Kontrollmaßnahmen bei COVID-19
author: Müller, Olaf
date: 2020-04-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1162-1987
doi: 10.1055/a-1162-1987
abstract:
  The Coronavirus Disease Pandemic 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), started in December 2019 in China. SARS-CoV-2 is easily transmitted by droplet infection. After an incubation period of 1–14 days, COVID-19 shows a mild course in 80 % of observed cases and a severe course in 20 %, with a lethality rate of 0.3–5.8 %. Elderly people and people with underlying diseases have a higher risk of severe courses with mandatory ventilation. So far there are neither effective drugs nor vaccinations available, so only public health interventions such as physical distancing and hygiene measures on the one hand and targeted testing followed by isolation and quarantine measures on the other hand are available. China has shown that maximum use of these measures can control the epidemic. The further course and also the consequences for the global economy cannot be clearly predicted at present.


id: cord-343715-y594iewi
title: Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection
author: Gavriatopoulou, Maria
date: 2020-07-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32720223/
doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00648-x
abstract:
  Although COVID-19 presents primarily as a lower respiratory tract infection transmitted via air droplets, increasing data suggest multiorgan involvement in patients that are infected. This systemic involvement is postulated to be mainly related to the SARS-CoV-2 virus binding on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors located on several different human cells. Lung involvement is the most common serious manifestation of the disease, ranging from asymptomatic disease or mild pneumonia, to severe disease associated with hypoxia, critical disease associated with shock, respiratory failure and multiorgan failure or death. Among patients with COVID-19, underlying cardiovascular comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes and especially cardiovascular disease, has been associated with adverse outcomes, whereas the emergence of cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure and arrhythmias, has been associated with poor survival. Gastrointestinal symptoms are also frequently encountered and may persist for several days. Haematological complications are frequent as well and have been associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that over a third of infected patients develop a broad spectrum of neurological symptoms affecting the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscles, including anosmia and ageusia. The skin, the kidneys, the liver, the endocrine organs and the eyes are also affected by the systemic COVID-19 disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the organ-specific systemic manifestations of COVID-19.


id: cord-346389-gbmnoo84
title: The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19
author: Callender, Lauren A.
date: 2020-08-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903476/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991
abstract:
  Evidence from the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has clearly demonstrated that individuals with pre-existing comorbidities are at a much greater risk of dying from COVID-19. This is of great concern for individuals living with these conditions, and a major challenge for global healthcare systems and biomedical research. Not all comorbidities confer the same risk, however, many affect the function of the immune system, which in turn directly impacts the response to COVID-19. Furthermore, the myriad of drugs prescribed for these comorbidities can also influence the progression of COVID-19 and limit additional treatment options available for COVID-19. Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. We explore how underlying disease etiologies and common therapies used to treat these conditions exacerbate COVID-19 progression. Moreover, we discuss the long-term challenges associated with the use of both novel and repurposed therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing comorbidities.


id: cord-349313-2gupfqnl
title: Citation Network Analysis of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
author: Martinez-Perez, Clara
date: 2020-10-21
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33096796/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207690
abstract:
  Background: The first outbreaks of the new coronavirus disease, named COVID-19, occurred at the end of December 2019. This disease spread quickly around the world, with the United States, Brazil and Mexico being the countries the most severely affected. This study aims to analyze the relationship between different publications and their authors through citation networks, as well as to identify the research areas and determine which publication has been the most cited. Methods: The search for publications was carried out through the Web of Science database using terms such as “COVID-19” and “SARS-CoV-2” for the period between January and July 2020. The Citation Network Explorer software was used for publication analysis. Results: A total of 14,335 publications were found with 42,374 citations generated in the network, with June being the month with the largest number of publications. The most cited publication was “Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China” by Guan et al., published in April 2020. Nine groups comprising different research areas in this field, including clinical course, psychology, treatment and epidemiology, were found using the clustering functionality. Conclusions: The citation network offers an objective and comprehensive analysis of the main papers on COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-350015-mg5wiihj
title: Aging in COVID-19: Vulnerability, immunity and intervention
author: Chen, Yiyin
date: 2020-10-31
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205
doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101205
abstract:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, moved across the globe at an unprecedented speed, and has caused a profound and yet still unfolding health and socioeconomic impacts. SARS-CoV-2, a β-coronavirus, is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes a disease that has been termed the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical experience thus far indicates that COVID-19 is highly heterogeneous, ranging from being asymptomatic and mild to severe and causing death. Host factors including age, sex, and comorbid conditions are key determinants of disease severity and progression. Aging itself is a prominent risk factor for severe disease and death from COVID-19. We hypothesize that age-related decline and dysregulation of immune function, i.e., immunosenescence and inflammaging play a major role in contributing to heightened vulnerability to severe COVID-19 outcomes in older adults. Much remains to be learned about the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We need to begin partitioning all immunological outcome data by age to better understand disease heterogeneity and aging. Such knowledge is critical not only for understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis but also for COVID-19 vaccine development.


id: cord-351567-ifoe8x28
title: SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far
author: Rabi, Firas A.
date: 2020-03-20
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9030231
doi: 10.3390/pathogens9030231
abstract:
  In December 2019, a cluster of fatal pneumonia cases presented in Wuhan, China. They were caused by a previously unknown coronavirus. All patients had been associated with the Wuhan Wholefood market, where seafood and live animals are sold. The virus spread rapidly and public health authorities in China initiated a containment effort. However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and panic. Based on clinical criteria and available serological and molecular information, the new disease was called coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), and the novel coronavirus was called SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emphasizing its close relationship to the 2002 SARS virus (SARS-CoV). The scientific community raced to uncover the origin of the virus, understand the pathogenesis of the disease, develop treatment options, define the risk factors, and work on vaccine development. Here we present a summary of current knowledge regarding the novel coronavirus and the disease it causes.


id: cord-352030-hnm54k4r
author: Liu, Jie
date: 2020-03-13
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118
doi: 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118
title:
  Epidemiological, Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Medical Staff Infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Case Series Analysis

abstract:
  Backgrounds Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus epidemic has emerged in Wuhan city, China and then rapidly spread to other areas. As of 20 Feb 2020, a total of 2,055 medical staff confirmed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-Cov-2 in China had been reported. We sought to explore the epidemiological, clinical characteristics and prognosis of novel coronavirus-infected medical staff. Methods In this retrospective study, 64 confirmed cases of novel coronavirus-infected medical staff admitted to Union Hospital, Wuhan between 16 Jan, 2020 to 15 Feb, 2020 were included. Two groups concerned were extracted from the subjects based on duration of symptoms: group 1 (<= 10 days) and group 2 (>10 days). Epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed and compared across groups. The Kaplan-Meier plot was used to inspect the change in hospital discharge rate. The Cox regression model was utilized to identify factors associated with hospital discharge. Findings The median age of medical staff included was 35 years old. 64% were female and 67% were nurses. None had an exposure to Huanan seafood wholesale market or wildlife. A small proportion of the cohort had contact with specimens (5%) as well as patients in fever clinics (8%) and isolation wards (5%). Fever (67%) was the most common symptom, followed by cough (47%) and fatigue (34%). The median time interval between symptoms onset and admission was 8.5 days. On admission, 80% of medical staff showed abnormal IL-6 levels and 34% had lymphocytopenia. Chest CT mainly manifested as bilateral (61%), subpleural (80%) and ground-glass (52%) opacities. During the study period, no patients was transferred to intensive care unit or died, and 34 (53%) had been discharged. Higher body mass index (BMI) (HR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03-0.73), fever (HR 0.24; 95% CI 0.09-0.60) and higher levels of IL-6 on admission (HR 0.31; 95% CI 0.11-0.87) were unfavorable factors for discharge. Interpretation In this study, medical staff infected with COVID-19 have relatively milder symptoms and favorable clinical course, which may be partly due to their medical expertise, younger age and less underlying diseases. Smaller BMI, absence of fever symptoms and normal IL-6 levels on admission are favorable for discharge for medical staff. Further studies should be devoted to identifying the exact patterns of SARS-CoV-2 infection among medical staff.


id: cord-354658-v451z3jq
author: Rajagopal, Keshava
date: 2020-05-11
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358232/
doi: 10.1097/mat.0000000000001180
title:
  Advanced Pulmonary and Cardiac Support of COVID-19 Patients: Emerging Recommendations From ASAIO—A “Living Working Document”

abstract:
  The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 is an emerging viral pathogen responsible for the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID)-19 pandemic resulting in significant human morbidity and mortality. Based on preliminary clinical reports, hypoxic respiratory failure complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome is the leading cause of death. Further, septic shock, late-onset cardiac dysfunction, and multiorgan system failure are also described as contributors to overall mortality. Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and other modalities of mechanical cardiopulmonary support are increasingly being utilized in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure refractory to conventional management, their role and efficacy as support modalities in the present pandemic are unclear. We review the rapidly changing epidemiology, pathophysiology, emerging therapy, and clinical outcomes of COVID-19; and based on these data and previous experience with artificial cardiopulmonary support strategies, particularly in the setting of infectious diseases, provide consensus recommendations from ASAIO. Of note, this is a “living document,” which will be updated periodically, as additional information and understanding emerges.


id: cord-354824-7fdcu2f0
title: An Update on Current Therapeutic Drugs Treating COVID-19
author: Wu, Renyi
date: 2020-05-11
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7
doi: 10.1007/s40495-020-00216-7
abstract:
  The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has presented unprecedented challenges to the healthcare systems in almost every country around the world. Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus. Current clinical management includes infection prevention and control measures and supportive care including supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilatory support. Evolving research and clinical data regarding the virologic SARS-CoV-2 suggest a potential list of repurposed drugs with appropriate pharmacological effects and therapeutic efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients. In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. We hope that this review will provide useful and most updated therapeutic drugs to prevent, control, and treat COVID-19 patients until the approval of vaccines and specific drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-355528-y4a1g6km
title: COVID-19, Modern Pandemic: A Systematic Review From Front-Line Health Care Providers’ Perspective
author: Balla, Mamtha
date: 2020-03-30
url: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4142
doi: 10.14740/jocmr4142
abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused infection in 168,000 cases worldwide in about 148 countries and killed more than 6,610 people around the world as of March 16, 2020, as per the World Health Organization (WHO). Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, there is the rapid transmission, long incubation period, and disease containment is becoming extremely difficult. The main aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive clinical summary of all the available data from high-quality research articles relevant to the epidemiology, demographics, trends in hospitalization and outcomes, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment methods of COVID-19, thus increasing awareness in health care providers. We also discussed various preventive measures to combat COVID-19 effectively. A systematic and protocol-driven approach is needed to contain this disease, which was declared as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020, by the WHO.


