I 93 I .] PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHO-PATHOLOGY. 235 A Case of Arlenio-venous Aneurysm within the Brain. (Brain, April, 1930.) Yates, A. G., and Paine, C. G. This case, which falls within a group of intracranial vascular abnormalities to which Dandy has called attention recently, is fully reported by the authors, and is discussed with particular reference to the embryological considerations involved. WM. MCWILLIAM. 2. Psychology and Psycho-Pathology. Arbeiten aus den Deut@chen Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatnie in München, vol. xv, November, 1928. This number contains the following articles: On the Effect of Several Pauses on Mental Work [ Ueber die Wirkung inehrfacher Arbeitspausen bei geistiger Anbeit]. Graf, Otto. Two pauses are allowed in two-hour periods of mental work (additions). The author finds the maximum efficiency when the first pause occurs after 40 minutes and lasts 2 minutes, the second after 8o minutes, lasting 4 minutes. The length of the optimum pauses are directly proportional to the duration of the preceding periodofwork. investigations into the Learning of Typewriting under Normal and Pathological Conditions [Untersuchungen über die Vorgange beim Erlernen des Maschinenschreibens unter normalen und krankhaften Bedingungen]. Langelüddeke, Albrecht. An investigation into the psychic processes associated with the learning of typewriting, the work curves obtained, effect of practice and sources of error, under normal conditions and in psychoses (manic-depressive insanity, schizophrenia and general paralysis) and alcoholicintoxication. On Readiness for Work [Ueber Arbeitsbeneitschaft}. Zimmer mann, W. An interruption of unknown duration (within limits of 10 minutes) in a given period of work causes a marked diminution in readiness as compared with that occurring after intervals of known duration. The influence of practice is increased after pauses of known duration, but lessened when the latter is unknown to the subject. On Handwriting in Manic-Depressive insanity [Ueben das Schreiben manisch depressiver Krankerj. Hirt, E. An exhaustive treatise, covering some 110 pages, on the pecu liarities of handwriting in manic-depressive insanity. The pressure curves are, on the whole, rigid and inflexible. Volitional tension varies more often and to a greater degree than in the normal. 236 EPITOME. [Jan., Psychomotor excitement has a marked effect, whilst the influence of inhibition is more rarely noticeable. Often peculiarities which usually signify a manic condition occur in depressed patients and, conversely, in manic patients features are frequently detected which one would rather expect in inhibition states. Psychological investigations in Post-encephalitic Parkinsonianism [Psychologische Untersuchungen an Kranken mit Par kinsonismus nach Encephalitis epidemicaJ. Schalten brand, G. Theauthorfinds a noticeable lack of susceptibility to the influence of practice and increased fatiguability during 10-minute periods of mental work (additions). The output of work was greatest in the first minute. Reaction times were prolonged and showed increased dependence on rhythm. After administration of hyoscine the results approximated to the average for normal persons. investigations on the Psychology of Work [Arbeitspsychologische Untersuchungen]. Graf, Otto. An inquiry into the relationship between fatigue, pauses, in citement and interest in the production of an ideal work-curve capable of practical application in manual work. On Time Estimations [ Ueber fortlaufende Zeitschatzungenj. Schulz, B. An investigation of the faculty of time estimation with a view to elucidating variations in conation and incitement occurring in the work-curve. The influence of Different Concentrations of Alcohol in Mental Work [Die Beeinflussung den geistigen Anbeit dunch ver schiedene Konzentrationen von Alkohol]. Gylys, A. The author concludes that the intellectual faculties (e.g., arith metical additions, comprehension, learning and quality of asso ciations) suffer more after administration of strong solutions, while the more markedly motor phenomena (reaction times, association times, etc.) are especially affected after weak solutions. The reason is to be sought in the pronounced motor excitement caused by strong solutions, which to some extent compensates for the intellectual defect. On the influence of Small Quantities of Food on intellectual Efficiency [Ueber den Einfluss kleiner Nahrungsmengen auf die geistige Leistungsfahigkeitj. Zech, 5@. The effect on the output of work of small amounts of carbohydrates and proteins taken during a pause in a work period was studied. The author found protein to have a very favourable influence which became noticeable twenty minutes after ingestion. Carbohydrate (sugar) had only a slight effect and took longer to act. I 93 I .] PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHO-PATHOLOGY. 237 On incitement during Mental Work [ Ueber Willensantniebe bei geistiger Arbeit]. Aunin, H. An investigation into the factors which determine the variations in incitement during mental work. On the influence of Pauses in Work under Varying Degrees of Volitional Strain [ Ueber Pausenwirkung bei Arbeit mit verschiedenen Willensspannung]. Graf, Otto. A study of the effect on efficiency of pauses during periods of mental work under high, medium and low degrees of volitional tension. The Effect of Cocaine and Psicaine on Elementary Psychic Processes [Ueber die Beeinflussung einfacher psychischer Vorgange durch Cocain und Psicainl. Gnaf, 0. The author studied the effect of these two drugs on mental work (arithmetical additions), type-writing, judgment and reaction time. In general the results showed decreased efficiency and prolonged reaction times, as compared with the normal average. No essential difference existed between the action of the two drugs. On the Effects of a Single and of Divided Doses of Akohol on Elementary Psychic Processes [ Ueber die Winkungen einmaliger und geteilter Alkoholgaben auf einfache psy chische Leistungenj. Enkling, 3'. On the Action of Alcohol in School-Children [ Ueben Alkohol wirkung bei SchulkindernJ. Erlacher, K. Even very small amounts (10 grm.) have a conspicuous effect on the general behaviour and reduce efficiency of work about 30%. The effect is more pronounced in the younger children. On impressionabilityand Alcohol[Ueber Merkfahigkeitund Alkoholj. Hahn, G. An inquiry into the effect of alcohol on impressionability in memory experiments. Kraepelin as Psychological Research Worker [Knaepelins psy chologische Forschertatigkeitj. Weygandt, Prof. W. Prof. Weygandt here gives an admirable survey and appreciation of Kraepelin's research activities in the field of experimental psy chology. During thirty-three years Kraepelin published over one hundred scientific papers, almost exclusively of an experimental nature. RecentExperimentson the ComparativeMeasurement of the Action of Alcohol [Neue Vensuche zur vergleichenden Mes sung der Alkoholwirkungj. Haas, @,and Lange, 7. This paper deals with the medico-legal aspects of alcohol. The author carried out investigations in chronic alcoholism, cerebral 2 3 8 EPITOME. [Jan., trauma, psychopathic types and experimental intoxication. The method of Goring was adopted. Pending further investigations no conclusions could be reached. The Alteration in Action of Alcohol during Simultaneous in gestion of Fats or Proteins [Die Veranderung den Alkohol wirkung bei gleichzeitigen Aufnahme von Fett- oder Eiweiss nahrung]. Schottky, 7. The administration of food lessens the action of alcohol. Proteins have a more pronounced effect than fats. On the Effect on the Mind of Dicodid and Dilaudid [Ueber die Beeinflussung des Seelenlebens durch Dicodid und Dilaudid]. Römmelt, W. These drugs are derivatives of codeine and morphine respectively. Under their influence, the power of imagination is heightened, but the intellectual faculties suffer thereby. Self-control is diminished and the lower motor centres are rendered more excitable. The tendency to habit-formation is slight. Psychological Experiments on 20-year-old Subjects [Psychologische Untersuchungen an Zwanzigjdhrigen]. Graf, 0. An exhaustive inquiry into the practical value of experimental methods in determining the general intelligence of young persons. The Rest Pause in Theory and Practice [Die Arbeitspause in Theorie und Praxis]. Graf, 0. A detailed consideration of the theory of the rest pause, its psychological significance and applicability to practical life. A lengthy review on the literature of the subject is appended. R. STROM-OLSEN. The Principal Sinistral Types. (Arch. of Neur. and Psyc hi at., 7uly, 1930.) Quinan, C. The author in the first instance studied 1,000 university students and found 26% to be sinistrals, i.e., individuals using either the left hand or the left eye, or both. In a group of 315 Chinese school-children the author found approximately the same percen tage. There appeared to be a marked tendency for sinistrals to concentrate on certain of the a@sthetic vocations. From the examination of 815 students it was found that sinistrals are definitely more musical than dextrals. 693 patients with nervous and mental disorders were examined, and it was found that in dementia pr@cox and most other forms of mental disorder the percentage of sinistrals was 30. In a mixed group with constitu tional psychopathic states the average percentage was 54. The author thinks that sinistrals, especially those who are left-eyed, tend to show signs of constitutional instability. G. W. T. H. FLEMING.