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(May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fernand Paul Achille Braudel Born (1902-08-24)24 August 1902 Luméville-en-Ornois, France Died 27 November 1985(1985-11-27) (aged 83) Cluses, France Nationality French Occupation Historian Fernand Braudel (French: [fɛʁnɑ̃ bʁodɛl]; 24 August 1902 – 27 November 1985) was a French historian and a leader of the Annales School. His scholarship focused on three main projects: The Mediterranean (1923–49, then 1949–66), Civilization and Capitalism (1955–79), and the unfinished Identity of France (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the Annales School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950. As the dominant leader of the Annales School of historiography in the 1950s and 1960s, he exerted enormous influence on historical writing in France and other countries. He was a student of Henri Hauser (1866-1946). Plaque Fernand Braudel, 59 rue Brillat-Savarin, Paris 13 Braudel has been considered one of the greatest of the modern historians who have emphasized the role of large-scale socioeconomic factors in the making and writing of history.[1] He can also be considered as one of the precursors of world-systems theory. In his works Braudel shows a revolutionary change of focus in the craft and analysis of history from individuals or events to world systems.[2] Contents 1 Biography 2 La Méditerranée 3 Capitalism 4 L'Identité de la France 5 Historiography 6 Recognition 7 Acknowledgement 8 Honorary degrees 9 Honours 10 Main publications 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Biography[edit] Braudel was born in Luméville-en-Ornois (as of 1943, merged with and part of Gondrecourt-le-Château), in the département of the Meuse, France.[3] His father, who was a natural mathematician, aided him in his studies. Braudel also studied a good deal of Latin and a little Greek. At the age of 7, his family moved to Paris. Braudel was educated at the Lycée Voltaire and the Sorbonne, where at the age of 20 he was awarded an agrégé in history. While teaching at the University of Algiers between 1923 and 1932, he became fascinated by the Mediterranean Sea and wrote several papers on the Spanish presence in Algeria in the 16th century. During this time, Braudel began his doctoral thesis on the foreign policy of King Philip II of Spain. From 1932 to 1935 he taught in the Paris lycées (secondary schools or high schools) of Pasteur, Condorcet, and Henri-IV.[3] By 1900, the French solidified their cultural influence in Brazil through the establishment of the Brazilian Academy of Fine Arts. São Paulo still lacked a university, however, and in 1934 francophile Julio de Mesquita Filho invited anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and Braudel to help establish one. The result was formation of the new University of São Paulo. Braudel later said that the time in Brazil was the "greatest period of his life."[4] In 1937, Braudel returned to Paris from Brazil. However, the journey was as significant as arriving at his destination; on his way, he met Lucien Febvre, who was the co-founder of the influential Annales journal. The two had booked passage on the same ship.[3] Braudel had started archival research on his doctorate on the Mediterranean when he fell under the influence of the Annales School around 1938. Also around this time he entered the École pratique des hautes études as an instructor in history.[3] He worked with Lucien Febvre, who would later read the early versions of Braudel's magnum opus and provide him with editorial advice. At the outbreak of war in 1939, he was called up for military service and in 1940 was taken prisoner by the Germans.[3] He was held at a POW camp in Mainz from 1940 to 1942 before being transferred to a POW camp near Lübeck, where he remained for the rest of the war. While in that camp, Braudel drafted his great work La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II), without access to his books or notes and relying only on his prodigious memory and a local library.[3] Braudel became the leader of the second generation of Annales historians after 1945. In 1947, with Febvre and Charles Morazé, Braudel obtained funding from the Rockefeller Foundation in New York and founded the noted Sixième Section for "Economic and social sciences" at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He received an additional $1 million from the Ford Foundation in 1960.[5] In 1962, he and Gaston Berger used the Ford Foundation grant and government funds to create a new independent foundation, the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme (FMSH), which Braudel directed from 1970 until his death. It was housed in the building called "Maison des Sciences de l'Homme". FMSH focused its activities on international networking in order to disseminate the Annales approach to Europe and the world. In 1972 he gave up all editorial responsibility on the journal, although his name remained on the masthead. In 1962, he wrote A History of Civilizations as the basis for a history course, but its rejection of the traditional event-based narrative was too radical for the French ministry of education, which in turn rejected it.[6] A feature of Braudel's work was his compassion for the suffering of marginal people.[7] He articulated that most surviving historical sources come from the literate wealthy classes. He emphasized the importance of the ephemeral lives of slaves, serfs, peasants, and the urban poor, demonstrating their contributions to the wealth and power of their respective masters and societies. His work was often illustrated with contemporary depictions of daily life, rarely with pictures of noblemen or kings. In 1949, Braudel was elected to the Collège de France upon Febvre's retirement. He co-founded the academic journal, Revue économique, in 1950.[8][9] He retired in 1968. In 1983, he was elected to the Académie française. La Méditerranée[edit] His first book, La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II (1949) (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II) was his most influential and has been described as a "watershed".[10] For Braudel there is no single Mediterranean Sea. There are many seas—indeed a "vast, complex expanse" within which men operate. Life is conducted on the Mediterranean: people travel, fish, fight wars, and drown in its various contexts. And the sea articulates with the plains and islands. Life on the plains is diverse and complex; the poorer south is affected by religious diversity (Catholicism and Islam), as well as by intrusions – both cultural and economic – from the north. In other words, the Mediterranean cannot be understood independently from what is exterior to it. Any rigid adherence to boundaries falsifies the situation. The first level of time, geographical time, is that of the environment, with its slow, almost imperceptible change, its repetition and cycles. Such change may be slow, but it is irresistible. The second level of time comprises long-term social, economic, and cultural history, where Braudel discusses the Mediterranean economy, social groupings, empires and civilizations. Change at this level is much more rapid than that of the environment; Braudel looks at two or three centuries in order to spot a particular pattern, such as the rise and fall of various aristocracies. The third level of time is that of events (histoire événementielle). This is the history of individuals with names. This, for Braudel, is the time of surfaces and deceptive effects. It is the time of the "courte durée" proper and it is the focus of Part 3 of The Mediterranean which treats of "events, politics and people." Braudel's Mediterranean is centered on the sea, but just as important, it is also the desert and the mountains. The desert creates a nomadic form of social organization where the whole community moves; mountain life is sedentary. Transhumance — that is, the movement from the mountain to the plain, or vice versa in a given season — is also a persistent part of Mediterranean existence. Braudel's vast, panoramic view used insights from other social sciences, employed the concept of the longue durée, and downplayed the importance of specific events. It was widely admired, but most historians did not try to replicate it and instead focused on their specialized monographs. The book firmly launched the study of the Mediterranean and dramatically raised the worldwide profile of the Annales School. Capitalism[edit] After La Méditerranée, Braudel's most famous work is Civilisation Matérielle, Économie et Capitalisme, XVe-XVIIIe (Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century). The first volume was published in 1967, and was translated to English in 1973. The last of the three-volume work appeared in 1979.[11] The work is a broad-scale history of the pre-industrial modern world, presented in the minute detail demanded by the methodological school called cliometrics, and focusing on how regular people made economies work. Like all Braudel's major works, the book mixed traditional economic material with thick description of the social impact of economic events on various facets of everyday life, including food, fashion, and other social customs. The third volume, subtitled "The Perspective of the World", was strongly influenced by the work of German scholars like Werner Sombart. In this volume, Braudel traced the impact of the centers of Western capitalism on the rest of the world. Braudel wrote the series both as a way of explanation for the modern way and partly as a refutation of the Marxist view of history.[12] Braudel discussed the idea of long-term cycles in the capitalist economy that he saw developing in Europe in the 12th century. Particular cities, and later nation-states, follow each other sequentially as centers of these cycles: Venice in the 13th through the 15th centuries (1250–1510); Antwerp and Genoa in the 16th century (1500–1569 and 1557–1627, respectively), Amsterdam in the 16th through 18th centuries (1627–1733); and London (and England) in the 18th and 19th centuries (1733–1896). He used the word "structures" to denote a variety of social structures, such as organized behaviours, attitudes, and conventions, as well as physical structures and infrastructures. He argued that the structures established in Europe during the Middle Ages contributed to the successes of present-day European-based cultures. He attributed much of this to the long-standing independence of city-states, which, though later subjugated by larger geographic states, were not always completely suppressed—probably for reasons of utility. Braudel argued that capitalists have typically been monopolists and not, as is usually assumed, entrepreneurs operating in competitive markets. He argued that capitalists did not specialize and did not use free markets, thus diverging from both liberal (Adam Smith) and Marxian interpretations. In Braudel's view, the state in capitalist countries has served as a guarantor of monopolists rather than a protector of competition, as it is usually portrayed. He asserted that capitalists have had power and cunning on their side as they have arrayed themselves against the majority of the population.[13] An agrarian structure is a long-term structure in the Braudelian understanding of the concept. On a larger scale the agrarian structure is more dependent on the regional, social, cultural and historical factors than on the state's undertaken activities.[14] L'Identité de la France[edit] Braudel's last and most personal book was L'Identité de la France (The Identity of France), which was unfinished at the time of his death in 1985.[12] Unlike many of Braudel's other books, he made no secret of his profound love of his country, remarking at the beginning that he had loved France as if she were a woman. Reflecting his interest with the longue durée, Braudel's concern in L'Identité de la France was with the centuries and millennia instead of the years and decades. Braudel argued that France was the product not of its politics or economics but rather of its geography and culture, a thesis Braudel explored in a wide-ranging book that saw the bourg and the patois: historie totale integrated into a broad sweep of both the place and the time. Unlike Braudel's other books, L'Identité de la France was much colored by a romantic nostalgia, as Braudel argued for the existence of la France profonde, a "deep France" based upon the peasant mentalité that despite all of the turmoil of French history and the Industrial Revolution had survived intact right up to the present.[12] Historiography[edit] According to Braudel, before the Annales approach, the writing of history was focused on the courte durée (short span), or on histoire événementielle (a history of events). His followers admired his use of the longue durée approach to stress the slow and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past.[15] The Annales historians, after living through two world wars and massive political upheavals in France, were very uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history. They preferred to stress inertia and the longue durée, arguing that the continuities in the deepest structures of society were central to history. Upheavals in institutions or the superstructure of social life were of little significance, for history, they argued, lies beyond the reach of conscious actors, especially the will of revolutionaries. They rejected the Marxist idea that history should be used as a tool to foment and foster revolutions.[16] A proponent of historical materialism, Braudel rejected Marxist materialism, stressing the equal importance of infrastructure and superstructure, both of which reflected enduring social, economic, and cultural realities. Braudel's structures, both mental and environmental, determine the long-term course of events by constraining actions on, and by, humans over a duration long enough that they are beyond the consciousness of the actors involved. Recognition[edit] Binghamton University in New York has a Fernand Braudel Center, and there is an Instituto Fernand Braudel de Economia Mundial in São Paulo, Brazil. In a 2011 poll by History Today magazine, Fernand Braudel was picked as the most important historian of the previous 60 years.[17] Acknowledgement[edit] Member of the Académie française Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities Member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Honorary degrees[edit] Université libre de Bruxelles University of Cambridge University of Chicago University of Cologne University of Geneva Leiden University University of Oxford University of Padua Complutense University of Madrid Université de Montréal University of Warsaw Yale University Honours[edit] Commander of the Legion of Honour Main publications[edit] La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen a l'époque de Philippe II, 3 vols. (originally appeared in 1949; revised several times) vol. 1: La part du milieu ISBN 2-253-06168-9 vol. 2: Destins collectifs et mouvements d'ensemble ISBN 2-253-06169-7 vol. 3: Les événements, la politique et les hommes ISBN 2-253-06170-0 The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II. 2 vols., 2nd rev. ed., transl. 1972 and 1973 by Sian Reynolds, excerpt and text search vol 1; excerpt and text search vol 2 Ecrits sur l'Histoire (1969) ISBN 2-08-081023-5 Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme, XVe-XVIIIe siècle vol. 1: Les structures du quotidien (1967) ISBN 2-253-06455-6 vol. 2: Les jeux de l'échange (1979) ISBN 2-253-06456-4 vol. 3: Le temps du monde (1979) ISBN 2-253-06457-2 Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, translated by Siân Reynolds, 3 vols. (1979) vol. 1: The Structures of Everyday Life ISBN 0-06-014845-4 vol. 2: The Wheels of Commerce ISBN 0-06-015091-2 vol. 3: The Perspective of the World ISBN 0-06-015317-2 On History (1980; English translation of Ecrits sur l'Histoire by Siân Reynolds) La Dynamique du Capitalisme (1985) ISBN 2-08-081192-4 L'Identité de la France (1986) The Identity of France (1988–1990) vol. 1: History and Environment ISBN 0-06-016021-7 vol. 2: People and Production ISBN 0-06-016212-0 Ecrits sur l'Histoire II (1990) ISBN 2-08-081304-8 Out of Italy, 1450–1650 (1991) A History of Civilizations (1995) Les mémoires de la Méditerranée (1998) The Mediterranean in the Ancient World (UK) and Memories of the Mediterranean (USA; both 2001; English translation of Les mémoires de la Méditerranée by Siân Reynolds) Personal Testimony Journal of Modern History, vol. 44, no. 4. (December 1972) See also[edit] Biography portal World-systems theory Arnold J. Toynbee Oswald Spengler Carroll Quigley References[edit] ^ i.e. Fernand Braudel, "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996) ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 54. ^ a b c d e f Marnie Hughes-Warrington, Fifty Key Thinkers on History (London: Routledge, 2000), 17. ^ Thomas E. Skidmore, "Lévi-Strauss, Braudel and Brazil: a Case of Mutual Influence." Bulletin of Latin American Research 2003 22(3): 340–349. ISSN 0261-3050 Full text: Ebsco ^ Francis X. Sutton, "The Ford Foundation's Transatlantic Role and Purposes, 1951–81." Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 2001 24(1): 77–104. ISSN 0147-9032 ^ Richard Mayne, "Translator's Introduction" in Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilization, (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. xxvi–xxvii. ^ Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilizations, translated by Richard Mayne (New York: Penguin Books, 1993). ^ Revue économique official web site ^ Braudel, Fernand. "Pour une économie historique." Revue économique, Vol. 1, No. 1 (May, 1950), pp. 37-44. ^ Lee, Alexander. "Twilight of the History Gods: Jacques Le Goff, 1924-2014 | History Today". History Today. Retrieved 2020-11-04. "The appearance of Ferdinand Braudel’s magisterial La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l’Epoque de Philippe II (1949) marked a watershed and it is a rare historian today who has not glanced through its pages to find himself feeling a little like Keats on first looking into Chapman’s Homer." ^ Alan Heston, "Review Essay on Fernand Braudel's Civilization and Capitalism", EH.net, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-16.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b c Gwynne Lewis, "Braudel, Fernand," in The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, edited by Kelly Boyd (Chicago: FitzRoy Dearborn, 1999) 114. ^ Wallerstein, Immanuel (1991), "Braudel on Capitalism, or Everything Upside Down", Journal of Modern History, 63 (2): 354–361, doi:10.1086/244319, ISSN 0022-2801, JSTOR 2938489. ^ M. Pietrzak, D. Walczak, The Analysis of the Agrarian Structure in Poland with the Special Consideration of the Years 1921 and 2002, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol 20, No 5, pp. 1025, 1038. ^ See Wallerstein, "Time and Duration" (1997) ^ Olivia Harris, "Braudel: Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity." History Workshop Journal (2004) (57): 161–174. ISSN 1363-3554 Fulltext: OUP ^ "Top Historians: The Results | History Today". History Today. 2011-11-16. Retrieved 2020-11-06. Further reading[edit] Library resources about Fernand Braudel Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Fernand Braudel Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Aurell, Jaume. "Autobiographical Texts as Historiographical Sources: Rereading Fernand Braudel and Annie Kriegel." Biography 2006 29(3): 425–445. ISSN 0162-4962 Fulltext: Project Muse Burke, Peter. The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929–89, (1990), excerpt and text search Carrard, Philippe (1988). "Figuring France: The Numbers and Tropes of Fernand Braudel". Diacritics. 18 (3): 2–19. doi:10.2307/465251. JSTOR 465251. Carrard, Philippe. Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier, (1992) Pierre Daix, Braudel, (Paris: Flammarion, 1995) Dosse, Francois. New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales, (1994, first French edition, 1987) excerpt and text search Giuliana Gemelli, Fernand Braudel (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1995) Harris, Olivia. "Braudel: Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity." History Workshop Journal 2004 (57): 161–174. ISSN 1363-3554 Fulltext: OUP Hexter, J. H. "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien," Journal of Modern History, 1972, vol. 44, pp. 480–539 in JSTOR Hufton, Olwen. "Fernand Braudel", Past and Present, No. 112. (Aug., 1986), pp. 208–213. in JSTOR Hunt, Lynn (1986). "French History in the Last Twenty Years: the Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm". Journal of Contemporary History. 21 (2): 209–224. doi:10.1177/002200948602100205. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260364. S2CID 162297581. Kaplan, Steven Laurence. "Long-Run Lamentations: Braudel on France," The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 63, No. 2, A Special Issue on Modern France. (Jun., 1991), pp. 341–353. in JSTOR Kinser, Samuel (1981). "Annaliste Paradigm? The Geo-historical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel". American Historical Review. 86 (1): 63–105. doi:10.2307/1872933. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1872933. Lai, Cheng-chung (2000). "Braudel's Concepts and Methodology Reconsidered". The European Legacy. 5 (1): 65–86. doi:10.1080/108487700115134. ISSN 1084-8770. S2CID 145622440. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. Lai, Cheng-chung. Braudel's Historiography Reconsidered, Maryland: University Press of America, 2004. Book PDF file Moon, David. "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School" online edition Santamaria, Ulysses; Bailey, Anne M. (1984). "A Note on Braudel's Structure as Duration". History and Theory. 23 (1): 78–83. doi:10.2307/2504972. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2504972. Stoianovich, Traian. French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm, (1976) Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Time and Duration: The Unexcluded Middle" (1997) online version External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Fernand Braudel Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fernand Braudel. Professor David Moon, "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School" (lecture 2005) Braudel, Colonialism and the Rise of the West Fernand Braudel:Mediterranean studies:Annales school Fernand Braudel Center Instituto Fernand Braudel de Economia Mundial Fernand Braudel and the Annales School by Dr David Moon Annales School, Fernand Braudel bio Fernand Braudel at Find a Grave Fernand Braudel, father of the modern pop-history genre - by blaqswans.org Macfarlane, Alan (7 March 2013). "Fernand Braudel and Global History - Alan Macfarlane 1996". YouTube. Prof Alan Macfarlane - Ayabaya. "Fernand Braudel et l'histoire". YouTube. François Antaya. 21 March 2013. v t e Annales school Historians First generation Marc Bloch Lucien Febvre Second generation Fernand Braudel Pierre Chaunu Georges Duby Pierre Goubert Ernest Labrousse Robert Mandrou Third generation Philippe Ariès Marc Ferro Jacques Le Goff Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie Pierre Nora Fourth generation André Burguière [fr] Roger Chartier Bernard Lepetit [fr] Jacques Revel [fr] Concepts History from below History of mentalities Longue durée New history Journal Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales v t e Historians of Europe T. C. W. Blanning Fernand Braudel Norman Davies Elizabeth Eisenstein Richard J. Evans Julia P. Gelardi Eric Hobsbawm Tony Judt Ian Kershaw John Lukacs Henri-Jean Martin Mark Mazower Effie Pedaliu Henri Pirenne Walter Alison Phillips Andrew Roberts John Roberts J. Salwyn Schapiro Paul W. Schroeder Jonathan Sperber Norman Stone Adam Zamoyski Charlotte Zeepvat Belgium Henri Pirenne Sophie de Schaepdrijver Bosnia and Herzegovina İbrahim Peçevi Antun Knežević Bono Benić Hamdija Kreševljaković Smail Balić Enver Redžić Marko Vego Mustafa Imamović Salmedin Mesihović England and Britain Donald Adamson Robert C. Allen Perry Anderson Leonie Archer Karen Armstrong Gerald Aylmer Bernard Bailyn Onyeka Bede Brian Bond Asa Briggs Herbert Butterfield Angus Calder J.C.D. Clark Linda Colley Patrick Collinson Maurice Cowling John Davies Susan Doran Eamon Duffy Harold James Dyos Geoffrey Rudolph Elton Charles Harding Firth Antonia Fraser William Gibson Samuel Rawson Gardiner Andrew Gordon Geoffrey of Monmouth Edward Hasted Max Hastings J. H. Hexter Christopher Hill Gertrude Himmelfarb Eric Hobsbawm David Hume Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon John Edward Lloyd Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay John Morrill Lewis Bernstein Namier Kenneth Morgan Andrew Roberts A. L. Rowse Dominic Sandbrook John Robert Seeley Jack Simmons Paul Slack David Starkey Lawrence Stone Keith Thomas E. P. Thompson George Macaulay Trevelyan Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton Retha Warnicke Andy Wood Daniel Woolf Cicely Veronica Wedgwood Perez Zagorin British Empire Richard Drayton Gerald S. Graham Vincent T. Harlow Wm. Roger Louis P. J. Marshall David Quinn D. M. Schurman Archibald Paton Thornton Glyndwr Williams Croatia Johannes Lucius Pavao Ritter Vitezović Franjo Rački Tadija Smičiklas Vjekoslav Klaić Ferdo Šišić Nada Klaić Mirjana Gross Trpimir Macan Ivo Banac Radoslav Katičić Finland Kesar Ordin Mikhail Borodkin France Marc Bloch Jean-Jacques Becker Vincent Cronin Natalie Zemon Davis Georges Duby Lucien Febvre Alistair Horne Julian T. Jackson Douglas Johnson Simon Kitson Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie Michael Marrus John M. Merriman Jules Michelet Roland Mousnier Robert Roswell Palmer Robert Paxton Pierre Renouvin Andrew Roberts John C. 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Pavlowitch Catherine Samary Stephen Schwartz Jozo Tomasevich Authority control BIBSYS: 90051874 BNC: 000040397 BNE: XX1722047 BNF: cb11893813t (data) CANTIC: a11779172 CiNii: DA00239184 GND: 119022311 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\011875 ISNI: 0000 0001 2120 0771 LCCN: n80014791 LNB: 000021847 NDL: 00434220 NKC: jn20000600993 NLA: 35021440 NLG: 60899 NLI: 000024218 NLK: KAC199603312 NLP: A11849484 NSK: 000006527 NTA: 068380569 PLWABN: 9810624628805606 RERO: 02-A000022656 SNAC: w6cn8pqh SUDOC: 026750236 TDVİA: braudel-fernand Trove: 795605 ULAN: 500215142 VcBA: 495/76535 VIAF: 9843788 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n80014791 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Braudel&oldid=991557025" Categories: 1902 births 1985 deaths People from Meuse (department) University of Paris faculty Historians of France Economic historians World system scholars Theories of history Theorists on Western civilization Members of the Académie Française French military personnel of World War II Collège de France faculty University of São Paulo faculty Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Binghamton University buildings French prisoners of war in World War II 20th-century French historians French male non-fiction writers Lycée Henri-IV teachers Lycée Condorcet teachers Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles with disproportional geographic scope from May 2019 Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2019 All articles with style issues Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNC identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers AC with 29 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية Asturianu Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 18:01 (UTC). 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