Historic conservatism in New Zealand - Wikipedia Historic conservatism in New Zealand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is part of a series on Conservatism in New Zealand Factions Liberal conservatism Social conservatism Centrism Populism Principles Economic liberalism Law and order Property rights Protectionism historical Rule of law Small government Tradition Figures Frederick Whitaker Harry Atkinson William Russell William Massey Francis Bell Gordon Coates George Forbes Adam Hamilton Albert Davy John Ormond Thomas Hislop Sidney Holland Keith Holyoake Jack Marshall Robert Muldoon Jim Bolger Bob McCoskrie Ruth Richardson Jenny Shipley Cameron Slater Bill Birch Gordon Copeland Bill English Richard Lewis Don Brash John Key Parties National Party New Zealand First National Front New Conservative Party Historical Continuous Ministry Reform Party United Party Democrat Party New Zealand Legion People's Movement New Zealand Party Christian Heritage Party Conservative Party Christian Democrats Progressive Greens Destiny New Zealand The Kiwi Party Focus NZ The Family Party Organisations & media Auckland Future Bluegreens Citizens' Association Communities and Residents Coalition of Concerned Citizens Investigate Monarchy New Zealand Young Nationals  Conservatism portal v t e Part of a series on Conservatism Variants Cultural Fiscal Green Liberal Libertarian National Neo New Right One-nation Paleo Paternalistic Progressive Reactionary Social Traditionalist Concepts Familism Family values Private property Rule of law Communitarianism Civil Society Solidarity People Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Louis de Bonald François-René de Chateaubriand Samuel Taylor Coleridge Klemens von Metternich Adam Müller Benjamin Disraeli Michael Oakeshott Russell Kirk William F. Buckley George Will Roger Scruton Organizations Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe European People's Party International Democrat Union Religious conservatism Christian Democracy (in Europe) Christian right Christian fundamentalism Jewish right Islamic fundamentalism Traditionalist Catholic National variants Australia Canada China Colombia Germany Conservative Revolution State Socialism Hong Kong India New Zealand Pakistan Serbia South Korea Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics Aristocracy Capitalism Centre-right politics Corporatism Counter-revolutionary Fascism Liberalism Monarchism Neoliberalism Old Right (United States) Radical centrism Radical right Europe United States Reactionary Right-wing politics Toryism  Conservatism portal  Politics portal v t e Conservatism in New Zealand, though related to its counterparts in other Western countries, developed uniquely over time. Advocates followed a political ideology that emphasised the preservation of traditional beliefs, institutions and practices. Contents 1 History 2 Leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading History[edit] Initially conservatism was a philosophy used by the "men in possession" of a new country, but most of all it espoused the spirits of individualism akin to Herbert Spencer's theories. Prior to the mid-1870s, New Zealand's political factions were based less on ideologies and more on provincial allegiances.[1] This was to change however, with members of parliament becoming more identifiable as one of two groups—"Conservative" or "Liberal"—akin to Britain. The labels often walked hand in hand with each MP's stance on land policy. Nearly all those calling themselves conservatives supported freehold policy, while those labelled as liberals advocated for leasehold legislature.[2] From 1876 to 1890 the conservative factions dominated the House of Representatives. The so-called "Continuous Ministry" governed almost this whole period, with two breaks from October 1877 to October 1879 and August 1884 to October 1887, when "Liberal" ministries were formed under George Grey and Robert Stout, respectively. The Continuous Ministry was governing once again in 1887–88, the worst years of the Long Depression, when Premier Harry Atkinson became very unpopular, even with the wealthy his erstwhile supporters. The ensuing election in 1890 was a disaster. An ailing Atkinson resigned and a new ministry was formed under John Ballance and his recently formed Liberal Party. The beginning of party politics in New Zealand was a setback for conservative-oriented politicians, worsened by the accession of the immensely popular Richard Seddon to the premiership. His opponents struggled to set up an equivalent full-scale organisation in competition to the Liberal Party. Conservative politicians operated under various banners in this period such as the Political Reform Association (1887–91), the National Association (1891–99) and the Political Reform League (1905), with Leader of the Opposition William Massey accepting endorsement from the latter in the 1905 and 1908 elections.[3] The conservatives struggled to contrast with appeal against Seddon and his Liberal political vehicle. William Pember Reeves, when asked of what differentiated the Conservatives from the Liberals in parliament, phrased them as "parties of resistance and progress" respectively.[4] Atkinson had some respite, stacking the Legislative Council with fellow conservatives, to control the Liberals from the upper house (often compared to the period 1906–11 in Britain where the Liberal government was blocked by peers in the House of Lords). Ballance eventually got his way with the Governor General by limiting the term of a MLC from life to seven years. However, the Liberals were not able to fully claim the upper house from the Conservatives until 1899.[5] The beginning of the 1900s was the weakest point in New Zealand conservatism. Helped by jingoism in the Second Boer War, Seddon was at the height of his power, reigning supreme over parliament. By contrast, the Conservatives were disorganised, demoralised and, by 1901, leaderless. In 1902 a Sydney newspaper said of the Conservatives: They have hardly [in 12 years] carried even a snatch division on a question about a culvert on a back country road. They could hardly remember how to draft a bill now, and they have forgotten what success looks like.[6] The Conservatives began to improve, with many initial supporters of the Liberals now defecting upon having now received the reforms they wanted in the 1890s. In the election of 1908 election, the Conservatives improved remarkably, gaining ten seats. Of further aid to the Conservative cause was the emergence of independent Labour parties who were leeching away supporters from the Liberals, particularly in cities.[7] In February 1909 Massey announced the formation of the Reform Party, New Zealand's first true right-wing political party, in his attempts to establish a credible vision to there being a possible alternative government to challenge the long established Liberal dominance. The name "Reform" was not new, but it served its purpose to efface the "Conservative" branding and party-image with which Massey's supporters were viewed.[3] The plan worked and following the 1911 election, the Liberals were ousted from power in a no-confidence motion, 41 votes to 33 on 5 July 1912.[8] Massey became Prime Minister and formed the first non-Liberal government in 21 years. Leaders[edit] Below is a list of the leading figures among the right wing members of parliament from the forming of the Continuous Ministry until the establishment of the Reform Party. Key   Conservatives   Liberals   Liberal Party No. Name Portrait Term of Office Prime Minister 1 Harry Atkinson 1 September 1876 1878 Atkinson 1876–77 Grey 1877–79 2 John Hall 1878 21 April 1882 Hall 1879–82 3 Frederick Whitaker 21 April 1882 25 September 1883 Whitaker 1882–83 (1) Harry Atkinson 25 September 1883 24 January 1891 Atkinson 1883–84 Stout 1884–87 Atkinson 1887–91 4 John Bryce 23 January 1891 31 August 1891 Ballance 1891–93 5 William Rolleston 31 August 1891 8 November 1893 Seddon 1893–1906 6 William Russell 26 June 1894 3 July 1901 7 William Massey 11 September 1903 11 February 1909 Hall-Jones 1906 Ward 1906–12 See also[edit] Conservatism portal New Zealand portal Historic liberalism in New Zealand History of New Zealand Politics of New Zealand List of political parties in New Zealand Notes[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conservatism in New Zealand. ^ Sinclair 1988, p. 108-9. ^ Sinclair 1988, p. 164-5. ^ a b Gardner 1966. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGardner1966 (help) ^ Sinclair 1988, p. 169. ^ Sinclair 1988, p. 170. ^ Sinclair 1988, p. 190. ^ Sinclair 1988, p. 206-7. ^ Bassett 1982, p. 3-14. References[edit] Sinclair, Keith (1988). A History of New Zealand. Pelican Books. Gardner, William James. "Reform Party". In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 21 November 2015. Bassett, Michael (1982). Three Party Politics in New Zealand 1911–1931. Auckland: Historical Publications. ISBN 0-86870-006-1. Further reading[edit] Bassett, Judith (1975). Sir Harry Atkinson. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 0-19-647934-7. Bassett, Judith (1968), "Sir Harry Atkinson and the Conservative Faction in New Zealand Politics, 1879–90", New Zealand Journal of History, 2 (2): 130–147 Dalziel, Raewyn (1987), "The 'Continuous Ministry' revisited", New Zealand Journal of History, 21 (1): 46–61 v t e Reform Party Party leaders William Massey (1909–1925) Francis Bell (interim 1925) Gordon Coates (1925–1936) Deputy leaders James Allen (1909–1920) Francis Bell (1920–1925) William Nosworthy (1925–1928) William Downie Stewart (1928–1933) Governments First Coalition Related articles United Party National Party Historic conservatism in New Zealand v t e Conservatism Timeline Schools International Christian democracy Corporatism Cultural Green Liberal National Paternalistic Progressive Social Traditionalist American Compassionate Fusionism Libertarian Traditionalist Social Neo Old Right Paleo Reaganism Rockefeller Republicans British Andism High Tory One-nationism Powellism Thatcherism Canadian Blue Tory Clerico-nationalism French Canadian nationalism Red Tory French Bonapartism Gaullism Legitimism Neo-Bonapartism Orléanism Ultra-royalism German Conservative Revolution State Socialism Greek Metaxism Spanish Carlism Turkish Democracy Erdoğanism Concepts Family values Free markets Natural law Organic society Private property Protectionism Social hierarchy Social norm Social order Subsidiarity Tradition National variants Australia Canada China Colombia Germany Hong Kong India New Zealand Pakistan Russia Serbia South Korea Taiwan Turkey United Kingdom United States Thinkers Antonio Aparisi Guijarro Jacques Bainville Maurice Barrès Augustin Barruel Hilaire Belloc Louis de Bonald William F. Buckley Jr. Edmund Burke François-René de Chateaubriand Samuel Taylor Coleridge Juan Donoso Cortés Louis de Bonald Chantal Delsol Julius Evola Robert Filmer Friedrich von Gentz Nicolás Gómez Dávila George Grant Lionel Groulx Jaime Guzmán Karl Ludwig von Haller David Hume Nicolae Iorga Edgar Julius Jung Ernst Jünger Mikhail Katkov Russell Kirk Paul de Lagarde Konstantin Leontiev Joseph de Maistre Henri Massis Juan Vázquez de Mella Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo Adam Müller Michael Oakeshott Víctor Pradera Larumbe Konstantin Pobedonostsev George Santayana Carl Schmitt Roger Scruton Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Oswald Spengler Leo Strauss Sergey Uvarov Peter Viereck Eric Voegelin Richard M. Weaver Politicians Shinzo Abe Konrad Adenauer Giulio Andreotti Silvio Berlusconi Otto von Bismarck George H. W. Bush Winston Churchill John Diefenbaker Benjamin Disraeli Maurice Duplessis Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Charles de Gaulle Barry Goldwater Stephen Harper Helmut Kohl John A. 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