Johan Rudolph Thorbecke - Wikipedia Johan Rudolph Thorbecke From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Dutch politician This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (April 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. 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His Excellency Johan Rudolph Thorbecke Portrait by Johan Heinrich Neuman, 1852 Prime Minister of the Netherlands In office 4 January 1871 – 4 June 1872 Monarch William III Preceded by Pieter Philip van Bosse Succeeded by Gerrit de Vries In office 1 February 1862 – 10 February 1866 Monarch William III Preceded by Schelto van Heemstra Succeeded by Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte In office 1 November 1849 – 19 April 1853 Monarch William III Preceded by Jacob de Kempenaer Succeeded by Floris Adriaan van Hall Minister of the Interior In office 4 January 1871 – 4 June 1872 Preceded by Cornelis Fock Succeeded by Pieter Philip van Bosse In office 1 February 1862 – 10 February 1866 Preceded by Schelto van Heemstra Succeeded by Johan Herman Geertsema Carelszoon In office 1 November 1849 – 19 April 1853 Preceded by Jacob de Kempenaer Succeeded by Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen Member of the House of Representatives In office 25 February 1868 – 4 January 1871 In office 19 November 1866 – 3 January 1868 In office 14 March 1866 – 1 October 1866 In office 27 June 1853 – 31 January 1862 In office 17 October 1848 – 31 October 1849 In office 21 May 1844 – 19 October 1845 Personal details Born Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (1798-01-14)14 January 1798 Zwolle, Netherlands Died 4 June 1872(1872-06-04) (aged 74) The Hague, Netherlands Nationality Dutch Spouse(s) Adelheid Solger (m. 1836–1870; her death) Children 4 sons and 2 daughters Alma mater Leiden University Occupation Politician civil servant jurist historian professor author Signature Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch liberal statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848, he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving less power to the king and more to the States General, and guaranteeing more religious, personal and political freedom to the people. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Early life and education[edit] Thorbecke's birthplace in Zwolle, nowadays known as the Thorbeckehuis Thorbecke was born in Zwolle. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina was born in the Lower Saxon Osnabrück. Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the anti-British policies of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education of Johan Rudolph and his younger brother.[1] Johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy decent education.[2] He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, and attended a Latin school back in Zwolle until 1814.[3] Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820.[4] Shortly after taking his doctorate, Thorbecke was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte.[5] He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually.[1][6] Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about the Law and the State"). The work managed to catch attention, and Thorbecke became professor of Political Science at Ghent University the following year,[5] a position he was forced to resign from due to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the Leiden University,[6] where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living a secluded life in his study.[2][6] Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of William I, Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with Aanteekening op de grondwet, literally "Annotation on the constitution". The climax of this series was Over het hedendaags burgerschap, literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable.[2][6] Political career[edit] Further information: Constitutional Reform of 1848 Statue of Thorbecke in The Hague On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected into the House of Representatives for South Holland.[3] In the House, he developed into the leader of the liberal opposition and, later that year, joined forces with eight like-minded members in a vain attempt to amend the constitution in the so-called Voorstel der Negenmannen ("Proposition of the Nine Men"). Four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848, William II agreed upon the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of this committee on 17 March. The changes were virtually all created by Thorbecke, as the other members of the committee did little but approve of his proposals. The drafted constitution was somewhat reluctantly approved by the States General, and was proclaimed on 3 November 1848.[6] The new constitution established civil rights and parliamentary competences, and introduced direct election of members of House of Representatives and ministerial responsibility, thus limiting the power of the King and turning the country into a complete constitutional monarchy.[7] Despite initial reluctance, William II appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, and his first cabinet took office on 13 November. In this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers, thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Thorbecke's first cabinet passed several acts of particular importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850, and the Municipality Act in the following year.[6][8] Despite these successes, Thorbecke's reforms were increasingly subjected to resistance, and he was criticised for his haughtiness and his strained relationship with the King. In 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, pastors and conservative notables showed resistance to this in an anti-papal movement known as the Aprilbeweging ("April Movement"). Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state, was accused of catholic sympathies, and he was forced to resign.[2] Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. He pleaded for neutrality in the Crimean War 1854, and opposed the religious nature of the Primary Education Act in 1857.[8] The collapse of the conservative cabinet in 1862 brought Thorbecke back in power. On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers.[3] Thorbecke's relationship with the King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted from politics to economics, and despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the Catholics. One of Thorbecke's first acts in his second term was the abolition of the governmental departments for religious services. Other notable achievements include the construction of several canals, the Secondary Education Act in May 1863, several acts on healthcare, and the municipal tax reform in 1865. The cabinet collapsed on 10 February 1866 and Thorbecke resigned after a conflict regarding criminal law in the Dutch East Indies.[2][8] Thorbecke returned to being leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. In 1868, he formed the Van Bosse-Fock cabinet, but did not take part in the cabinet himself. Three years later, after this cabinet had collapsed over foreign policy, the 73-year old Thorbecke did not hesitate to start his third term.[8] In December 1871 fell ill, and never fully recovered. Thorbecke died at his home in The Hague on 4 June 1872, at the age of 74.[6] Hated by some (he was not a man of concessions), he is nowadays considered a towering figure in Dutch parliamentary history.[citation needed] There are three statues of Thorbecke (one in Amsterdam, one in The Hague and one in Zwolle) and a room in the Dutch parliament building is named after him.[citation needed] Thorbecke wrote many articles on history and several newspaper articles (especially in the Journal de La Haye) on topics of the day. He published a study on the philosophy of history (in German). All of his speeches in parliament have been published.[citation needed] References[edit] ^ a b Blessing, Maurice (July 2010). "Thorbecke: Romantisch liberaal". Historisch Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ a b c d e Van der List, Gerry (4 September 2008). "Thorbecke, de belangrijkste van allemaal". Elsevier (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ a b c "Dr.Mr. J.R. Thorbecke". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ See his PhD thesis links in External Links section below which has MDCCCXX on front matter. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b c d e f g Stevens, Harm (13 March 1998). "Een stijf Hollands heertje". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ Turpijn, Jouke (January 2009). "De Tweede Kamer en de grondwet van 1848". Historisch Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015. ^ a b c d Molhuysen, P.C.; Blok, P.J. (1918). Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 4 [New Dutch biographic dictionary. Part 4] (in Dutch). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff. Further reading[edit] J. Drentje: Thorbecke: een filosoof in de politiek. Amsterdam, 2004. C.H.E. de Wit: Thorbecke en de wording van de Nederlandse natie. Nijmegen, 1980. J.C. Boogman: Rondom 1848. Bussum 1978. J.B.Manger: Thorbecke en de historie. 1938. Second edition with a preface by H. te Velde: Utrecht, 1986. J. Brandt-van der Veen: Thorbecke-Archief (3 volumes). Contains Thorbecke's letters up until September 1830. Utrecht, 1955, Groningen, 1962, Utrecht, 1967. G.J. Hooykaas e.a.: De Briefwisseling van J.R. Thorbecke (7 delen). Contains Thorbecke's letters as of October 1830 until his death. These volumes appeared between 1975 en 2002. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johan Rudolf Thorbecke. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Google Books Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Archive dot Org Political offices Preceded by Jacob de Kempenaer Minister of the Interior 1849–1853 Succeeded by Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1849–1853 Succeeded by Baron van Hall Preceded by Baron van Heemstra Minister of the Interior 1862–1866 Succeeded by Johan Herman Geertsema Czn. Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1862–1866 Succeeded by Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte Preceded by Cornelis Fock Minister of the Interior 1871–1872 Succeeded by Pieter Philip van Bosse Preceded by Pieter Philip van Bosse Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1871–1872 Succeeded by Gerrit de Vries v t e Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Schimmelpenninck De Kempenaer Thorbecke Van Hall Van der Brugghen Rochussen Van Hall Ja. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt Van Heemstra Thorbecke Fransen van de Putte Ju. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt Van Bosse Thorbecke De Vries J. Heemskerk Kappeyne van de Coppello Van Lynden van Sandenburg J. Heemskerk Mackay Van Tienhoven Roëll Pierson Kuyper De Meester T. Heemskerk Cort van der Linden Ruijs de Beerenbrouck Colijn De Geer Ruijs de Beerenbrouck Colijn De Geer Gerbrandy Schermerhorn Beel Drees Beel De Quay Marijnen Cals Zijlstra De Jong Biesheuvel Den Uyl Van Agt Lubbers Kok Balkenende Rutte List (age ◌ education ◌ religion) v t e Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Gogel Van Stralen Mollerus Van Leyden van Westbarendrecht Twent van Raaphorst Van der Capellen Van Stralen Röell De Coninck Van Gobbelschroy De la Coste Van Doorn van Westcapelle De Kock Schimmelpenninck van der Oye Van der Heim van Duivendijke Vollenhoven Van Randwijck Van der Heim van Duivendijke Luzac De Kempenaer Thorbecke Van Reenen Simons Van Rappard Van Tets van Goudriaan Van Heemstra Thorbecke J. Geertsema J. Heemskerk Fock Thorbecke Van Bosse J. Geertsema J. Heemskerk Kappeyne van de Coppello Six Pijnacker Hordijk J. Heemskerk Mackay De Savornin Lohman Tak van Poortvliet Van Houten Goeman Borgesius Kuyper Rink T. Heemskerk Cort van der Linden De Beerenbrouck De Geer Kan De Beerenbrouck De Wilde Boeijen Burger Van Boeijen Beel Witteman Van Maarseveen Van Schaik Teulings Van Maarseveen Teulings Beel Van Oven Suurhoff Struycken Toxopeus Smallenbroek Samkalden Verdam Beernink M. Geertsema De Gaay Fortman Wiegel Van Thijn Rood Rietkerk Korthals Altes De Korte Van Dijk De Koning Van Dijk Dales Hirsch Ballin Van Thijn De Graaff-Nauta Dijkstal Peper Van Boxtel De Vries Remkes Ter Horst Hirsch Ballin Donner Spies Plasterk Blok Plasterk Ollongren Knops Ollongren Authority control BIBSYS: 90770822 BNF: cb119483055 (data) BPN: 00376149 GND: 118622285 ISNI: 0000 0000 8145 5912 LCCN: n79120680 NTA: 06830983X RKD: 444242 SELIBR: 199841 SUDOC: 074758381 VcBA: 495/263374 VIAF: 66475528 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79120680 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Rudolph_Thorbecke&oldid=998850513" Categories: 1798 births 1872 deaths Dutch civil servants Dutch jurists Dutch legal scholars Dutch legal writers Dutch political writers Dutch education writers Dutch educators Dutch historians Dutch historians of philosophy Dutch people of German descent International relations scholars Philosophy academics Philosophy writers Infectious disease deaths in the Netherlands Deaths from pneumonia Evangelical Lutheran Church Christians from the Netherlands Leiden University alumni Leiden University faculty Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) Ministers of the Interior of the Netherlands Ministers of State (Netherlands) People from Zwolle Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Politicians who died in office 19th-century Lutherans Hidden categories: CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2020 Articles to be expanded from April 2020 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020 Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Plattdüütsch Polski Русский Simple English Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2021, at 08:50 (UTC). 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