Habsburg Monarchy - Wikipedia Habsburg Monarchy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Former monarchy in Europe from 1282 to 1918 This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Habsburg Monarchy Habsburgermonarchie 1282–1918 Top: Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (until 1804) Bottom: Civil flag of the Habsburg monarchy (from 1804) Imperial Coat of arms (c. 1765–1790) The Habsburg Monarchy in 1789 Status Part of the Holy Roman Empire (partly) Personal union Capital Vienna (1440–1583; 1611–1804) Prague (1583–1611) Religion Official: Roman Catholic Recognized:[citation needed] Calvinism, Lutheranism, Orthodox Christianity, Judaism, Utraquisma Government Feudal Monarchy Monarch   • 1282–1308 Albert I of Germany and Rudolph II of Austria • 1916–1918 Charles I of Austria-Hungary State Chancellor   • 1753–1793 Wenzel Anton Historical era Early modern/Napoleonic • Diet of Augsburg assigns Duchy of Austria to the Habsburgs. December 1282 • Battle of Vienna 14 July 1683 • War of Succession 1740–1748 • Austro–Turkish War 1787–1791 • Treaty of Sistova 4 August 1791 • Austrian Empire declared 11 August 1804 • Ausgleich 29 May 1867 • Aster Revolution 31 October 1918 ^a Main religion of the Czech people, in the Kingdom of Bohemia recognized until 1627 when it was forbidden. ^b German replaced Latin as the official language of the Empire in 1784.[1] Habsburg Monarchy (German: Habsburgermonarchie) or Habsburg Empire is an umbrella term coined by historians to denote the numerous lands and kingdoms of the Habsburg dynasty, especially for those of the Austrian line. Although from 1438 to 1806 (with the exception of 1742 to 1745), a member of the House of Habsburg was also Holy Roman Emperor, the Holy Roman Empire itself, over which the emperor exercised only very limited authority, was not considered to be part of the Habsburg Monarchy. The formation of the Habsburg Monarchy began with the election of Rudolf I as King of Germany in 1273 and his acquisition of the Duchy of Austria for his house in 1282. In 1482, Maximilian I acquired the Netherlands through marriage. Both territories lay within the empire and passed to his grandson and successor, Charles V, who also inherited Spain and its colonies and ruled the Habsburg Empire at its greatest territorial extent. The abdication of Charles V in 1556 led to a broad division of the Habsburg holdings between his brother Ferdinand I, who was his deputy in the Austrian lands since 1521 and the elected king of Hungary and Bohemia since 1526, and his son Philip II of Spain. The Spanish branch (which held all of Iberia, the Netherlands, Burgundy, and lands in Italy) went extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which also had the imperial throne and ruled Hungary, Bohemia and all the crowns entailed to them) was itself divided between different branches of the family from 1564 to 1665 but thereafter it remained a single personal union. The Habsburg monarchy was thus a union of crowns, with no single constitution or shared institutions other than the Habsburg court itself, with territories inside and outside the Holy Roman Empire that were united only in the person of the monarch. The composite state became the most common dominant form of monarchies in the European continent during the early modern era.[2][3] The unification of the Habsburg monarchy took place in the early 19th century. The Habsburg Monarchy was formally unified from 1804 to 1867 as the Austrian Empire and from 1867 to 1918 as the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[4][5] It collapsed following defeat in the First World War. In historiography, the Habsburg Monarchy (of the Austrian branch) is often called "Austria" by metonymy. Around 1700, the Latin term monarchia austriaca came into use as a term of convenience.[6] Within the empire alone, the vast monarchy included the original hereditary lands, the Erblande, from before 1526; the lands of the Bohemian crown; the formerly Spanish Netherlands from 1714 until 1794; and some fiefs in Imperial Italy. Outside the empire, it encompassed all the lands of the crown of Hungary as well as conquests made at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. The dynastic capital was Vienna except from 1583 to 1611, when it was in Prague.[7] Contents 1 Origins and expansion 2 Austrian monarchy 2.1 Names 2.2 Territories 2.3 Characteristics 3 Other lines 4 Rulers 1508–1918 4.1 Habsburg-Lorraine 4.2 Family tree 5 In literature 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origins and expansion[edit] Silver medal by Scharff commemorating the 600th anniversary of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1882 (obverse) The first Habsburg who can be reliably traced was a certain Kanzelin, who died in the late 10th century; legend has the family name originating with the Habsburg Castle in modern Switzerland.[8] After 1279, they came to rule in Austria. The Duchy of Austria was part of the elective Kingdom of Germany within the Holy Roman Empire. King Rudolf I of Germany of the Habsburg family assigned the Duchy of Austria to his sons at the Diet of Augsburg (1282), thus establishing the "Austrian hereditary lands". From that moment, the Habsburg dynasty was also known as the House of Austria. Between 1438 and 1806, with few exceptions, the Habsburg Archduke of Austria was elected Holy Roman Emperor. The Habsburgs grew to European prominence as a result of the dynastic policy pursued by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian I married Mary of Burgundy, thus bringing the Burgundian Netherlands into the Habsburg inheritance. Their son, Philip the Handsome, married Joanna the Mad of Spain (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (son of Philip and Joanna) inherited the Habsburg Netherlands in 1506, Habsburg Spain and its territories in 1516, and Habsburg Austria in 1519. At this point, the Habsburg Empire was so vast that Charles V was constantly travelling throughout his dominions and therefore needed deputies and regents, such as Isabella of Portugal in Spain and Margaret of Austria in the Low Countries, to govern his various realms. At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Emperor Charles V came to terms with his younger brother Ferdinand. According to the Habsburg compact of Worms (1521), confirmed a year later in Brussels, Ferdinand was made Archduke, as a regent of Charles V in the Austrian hereditary lands.[9][10] Following the death of Louis II of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács against the Ottoman Turks, Archduke Ferdinand (who was his brother-in-law by virtue of an adoption treaty signed by Maximilian and Louis at the First Congress of Vienna) was also elected the next King of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526.[11][7] Bohemia and Hungary became hereditary Habsburg domains only in the 17th century: Following victory in the Battle of White Mountain (1620) over the Bohemian rebels, Ferdinand II promulgated a Renewed Constitution (1627) that established hereditary succession over Bohemia. Following the Battle of Mohács (1687), in which Leopold I reconquered almost all of Hungary from the Ottoman Turks, the emperor held a diet in Pressburg to establish hereditary succession in the Hungarian kingdom. Charles V divided the House in 1556 by ceding Austria along with the Imperial crown to Ferdinand (as decided at the Imperial election, 1531), and the Spanish empire to his son Philip. The Spanish branch (which also held the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Portugal between 1580 and 1640, and the Mezzogiorno of Italy) went extinct in 1700. The Austrian branch (which also ruled the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary and Bohemia) was itself divided between different branches of the family from 1564 until 1665, but thereafter it remained a single personal union. Austrian monarchy[edit] Around 1700 the term monarchia austriaca came into use as a term of convenience for the Habsburg territories.[6] Names[edit] Habsburg Monarchy (German Habsburgermonarchie): This was an unofficial umbrella term, but very frequent, name even during that time. The entity had no official name. It was also known as "Danubian Monarchy" (German Donaumonarchie) Austrian Empire (1804–1867): This was the official name. Note that the German version is Kaisertum Österreich, i.e. the English translation empire refers to a territory ruled by an emperor, not just to a "widespreading domain". Austria-Hungary (1867–1918): This name was commonly used in the international relations, though the official name (translated to English) was Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.[12][13][14][15] An unofficial popular name was the Danubian Monarchy (German: Donaumonarchie) also often used was the term Doppel-Monarchie ("Dual Monarchy") meaning two states under one crowned ruler. Crownlands or crown lands (Kronländer) (1849–1918): This is the name of all the individual parts of the Austrian Empire (1849–1867), and then of Austria-Hungary from 1867 on. The Kingdom of Hungary (more exactly the Lands of the Hungarian Crown) was not considered a "crownland" after the establishment of Austria-Hungary 1867, so that the "crownlands" became identical with what was called the Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council (Die im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder). The Hungarian parts of the Empire were called "Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen" or "Lands of Holy (St.) Stephen's Crown" (Länder der Heiligen Stephans Krone). The Bohemian (Czech) Lands were called "Lands of the St. Wenceslaus' Crown" (Länder der Wenzels-Krone). Names of some smaller territories: Austrian lands (Österreichische Länder) or "Archduchies of Austria" (Erzherzogtümer von Österreich) – Lands up and below the Enns (ober und unter der Enns) (996–1918): This is the historical name of the parts of the Archduchy of Austria that became the present-day Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich) on 12 November 1918 (after Emperor Charles I had abdicated the throne). Modern day Austria is a semi-federal republic of nine states (Bundesländer) that are: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Tyrol, Styria, Salzburg, Carinthia, Vorarlberg and Burgenland and the Capital of Vienna that is a state of its own. Burgenland came to Austria in 1921 from Hungary. Salzburg finally became Austrian in 1816 after the Napoleonic wars (before it was ruled by prince-archbishops of Salzburg as a sovereign territory). Vienna, Austria's capital became a state 1 January 1922, after being residence and capital of the Austrian Empire (Reichshaupt und Residenzstadt Wien) for the Habsburg monarchs for centuries. Upper and Lower Austria, historically, were split into "Austria above the Enns" and "Austria below the Enns" (the Enns river is the state-border between Upper- and Lower Austria). Upper Austria was enlarged after the Treaty of Teschen (1779) following the "War of the Bavarian Succession" by the so-called Innviertel ("Inn Quarter"), formerly part of Bavaria. Hereditary Lands (Erblande or Erbländer; mostly used Österreichische Erblande) or German Hereditary Lands (in the Austrian monarchy) or Austrian Hereditary Lands (Middle Ages – 1849/1918): In a narrower sense these were the "original" Habsburg Austrian territories, i.e. basically the Austrian lands and Carniola (not Galicia, Italian territories or the Austrian Netherlands). In a wider sense the Lands of the Bohemian Crown were also included in (from 1526; definitely from 1620/27) the Hereditary lands. The term was replaced by the term "Crownlands" (see above) in the 1849 March Constitution, but it was also used afterwards. The Erblande also included many small territories that were principalities, duchies or counties etc. some of them can namely be found in the reigning titles of the Habsburg monarchs like Graf (Earl/Count of) von Tyrol, etc. Territories[edit] Growth of the Habsburg Monarchy in Central Europe The Habsburg Monarchy at the time of Joseph II's death in 1790. The red line marks the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. The territories ruled of the Austrian monarchy changed over the centuries, but the core always consisted of four blocs: The Hereditary Lands, which covered most of the modern states of Austria and Slovenia, as well as territories in northeastern Italy and (before 1797) southwestern Germany. To these were added in 1779 the Inn Quarter of Bavaria and in 1803 the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen. The Napoleonic Wars caused disruptions where many parts of the Hereditary lands were lost, but all these, along with the former Archbishopric of Salzburg, which had previously been temporarily annexed between 1805 and 1809, were recovered at the peace in 1815, with the exception of the Vorlande. The Hereditary provinces included: Archduchy of Austria Upper Austria Lower Austria Inner Austria Duchy of Styria Duchy of Carinthia Duchy of Carniola The Adriatic port of Trieste Margraviate of Istria (although much of Istria was Venetian territory until 1797) Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca County of Tyrol (although the Bishoprics of Trent and Brixen dominated what would become the South Tyrol before 1803) Further Austria, mostly ruled jointly with Tyrol. Vorarlberg (actually a collection of provinces, only united in the 19th century) The Vorlande, a group of territories in Breisgau and elsewhere in southwestern Germany lost in 1801 (although the Alsatian territories (Sundgau) which had formed a part of it had been lost as early as 1648) Grand Duchy of Salzburg (only after 1805) Coronation of Maria Theresa in Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary, 1741 The Lands of the Bohemian Crown. The Bohemian Diet (Czech: zemský sněm) elected Ferdinand, later Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, as king in 1526. Initially consisting of the five lands: Kingdom of Bohemia Margraviate of Moravia Silesia, Most of Silesia was conquered by Prussia in 1740–1742 and the remnants which stayed under Habsburg sovereignty were ruled as Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (Austrian Silesia). Lusatia, was ceded to Saxony in 1635. Upper Lusatia Lower Lusatia The Kingdom of Hungary – two-thirds of the former territory that was administered by the medieval Kingdom of Hungary was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and the Princes of vassal Ottoman Transylvania, while the Habsburg administration was restricted to the western and northern territories of the former kingdom, which remained to be officially referred as the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1699, at the end of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, one part of the territories that were administered by the former medieval Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg administration, with some other areas being picked up in 1718 (some of the territories that were part of medieval kingdom, notably those in the south of the Sava and Danube rivers, remained under Ottoman administration). Kingdom of Croatia Europa regina, symbolizing a Habsburg-dominated Europe Soldiers of the Military Frontier against the incursions of the Ottoman Turks, 1756 Over the course of its history, other lands were, at times, under Austrian Habsburg rule (some of these territories were secundogenitures, i.e. ruled by other lines of Habsburg dynasty): Serbia occupation (1686–1691) Kingdom of Slavonia (1699–1868) Grand Principality of Transylvania, between 1699 (Treaty of Karlowitz) and 1867 (Ausgleich) Austrian Netherlands, consisting of most of modern Belgium and Luxembourg (1713–1792) Duchy of Milan (1713–1797) Duchy of Mantua (1713–1797) Kingdom of Naples (1713–1735) Kingdom of Sardinia (1713–1720) Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739) Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778) Banat of Craiova (1718–1739 de facto, 1716–1737) Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735) Duchy of Parma (1735–1748) Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, in modern Poland and Ukraine (1772–1918) Duchy of Bukovina (1774–1918) Serbia occupation (1788–1792) New Galicia, the Polish lands, including Kraków, taken in the Third Partition (1795–1809) Venetia (1797–1805) Kingdom of Dalmatia (1797–1805, 1814–1918) Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (1814–1859) Kraków, which was incorporated into Galicia (1846–1918) Serbian Vojvodina (1848–1849) de facto entity, officially unrecognized Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar (1849–1860) Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868–1918) Sanjak of Novi Pazar occupation (1878–1913) Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918) The boundaries of some of these territories varied over the period indicated, and others were ruled by a subordinate (secundogeniture) Habsburg line. The Habsburgs also held the title of Holy Roman Emperor between 1438 and 1740, and again from 1745 to 1806. Characteristics[edit] Within the early modern Habsburg Monarchy, each entity was governed according to its own particular customs. Until the mid 17th century, not all of the provinces were even necessarily ruled by the same person—junior members of the family often ruled portions of the Hereditary Lands as private apanages. Serious attempts at centralization began under Maria Theresa and especially her son Joseph II in the mid to late 18th century, but many of these were abandoned following large scale resistance to Joseph's more radical reform attempts, although a more cautious policy of centralization continued during the revolutionary period and the Metternichian period that followed. Another attempt at centralization began in 1849 following the suppression of the various revolutions of 1848. For the first time, ministers tried to transform the monarchy into a centralized bureaucratic state ruled from Vienna. The Kingdom of Hungary was placed under martial law, being divided into a series of military districts, the centralized neo-absolutism tried to as well to nullify Hungary's constitution and Diet. Following the Habsburg defeats in the Wars of 1859 and 1866, these policies were step by step abandoned. After experimentation in the early 1860s, the famous Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was arrived at, by which the so-called Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary was set up. In this system, the Kingdom of Hungary ("Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.") was an equal sovereign with only a personal union and a joint foreign and military policy connecting it to the other Habsburg lands. Although the non-Hungarian Habsburg lands were referred to as "Austria", received their own central parliament (the Reichsrat, or Imperial Council) and ministries, as their official name – the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". When Bosnia and Herzegovina was annexed (after a long period of occupation and administration), it was not incorporated into either half of the monarchy. Instead, it was governed by the joint Ministry of Finance. Austria-Hungary collapsed under the weight of the various unsolved ethnic problems that came to a head with its defeat in World War I. After its dissolution, the new republics of Austria (the German-Austrian territories of the Hereditary lands) and the First Hungarian Republic were created. In the peace settlement that followed, significant territories were ceded to Romania and Italy and the remainder of the monarchy's territory was shared out among the new states of Poland, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and Czechoslovakia. Other lines[edit] A junior line ruled over the Grand Duchy of Tuscany between 1765 and 1801, and again from 1814 to 1859. While exiled from Tuscany, this line ruled at Salzburg from 1803 to 1805, and in Grand Duchy of Würzburg from 1805 to 1814. Another line ruled the Duchy of Modena from 1814 to 1859, while Empress Marie Louise, Napoleon's second wife and the daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis, ruled over the Duchy of Parma between 1814 and 1847. Also, the Second Mexican Empire, from 1863 to 1867, was headed by Maximilian I of Mexico, the brother of Emperor Franz Josef of Austria. Rulers 1508–1918[edit] Main article: List of rulers of Austria The so-called "Habsburg monarchs" or "Habsburg emperors" held many different titles and ruled each kingdom with a different name and position. Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife Infanta Maria of Spain with their children Frederick III 1452-1493 Maximilian I 1493–1519 Charles V 1519–1556 Ferdinand I 1556–1564 Maximilian II 1564–1576 Rudolf II 1576–1612 Matthias 1612–1619 Ferdinand II 1619–1637 Ferdinand III 1637–1657 Leopold I 1657–1705 Joseph I 1705–1711 Charles VI 1711–1740 Maria Theresa 1740–1780 (German: Maria Theresia) Habsburg-Lorraine[edit] Joseph II (1780–1790), known as "the great Reformer" Leopold II (1790–1792), from 1765 to 1790 "Grandduke of Tuscany" Francis II (1792–1835), correctly written "Franz" (became Emperor Francis I of Austria in 1804, at which point numbering starts anew) Ferdinand I (1835–1848), known as "Ferdinand the Good" German: "Ferdinand der Gütige" Francis Joseph I (1848–1916), Brother of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico Charles I (1916–1918), last reigning Monarch of Austria-Hungary Otto von Habsburg, former Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and MEP for Germany 1979–1999 Karl von Habsburg, current Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and MEP for Austria 1996–1999 Family tree[edit] Habsburg family tree In literature[edit] The most famous memoir on the decline of the Habsburg Empire is Stefan Zweig's The World of Yesterday.[16] See also[edit] Universal monarchy Notes[edit] ^ "Smoldering Embers: Czech-German Cultural Competition, 1848–1948" by C. Brandon Hone. Utah State University. ^ Robert I. Frost (2018). The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania: Volume I: The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569, Oxford History of Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780192568144. ^ John Elliot (1992). The Old World and The New 1492-1650. Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 9780521427098. ^ Vienna website; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-23. Retrieved 2011-09-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Encyclopædia Britannica online article Austria-Hungary; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44386/Austria-Hungary ^ a b Hochedlinger 2013, p. 9. ^ a b "Czech Republic – Historic Centre of Prague (1992)" Heindorffhus, August 2007, HeindorffHus-Czech Archived 2007-03-20 at Archive.today. ^ Rady 2020, pp. 12, 14–5. ^ Kanski, Jack J. (2019). History of the German speaking nations. ISBN 9781789017182. ^ Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (30 June 2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]. ISBN 9781440848568. ^ "Ferdinand I". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ Kotulla 2008, p. 485. ^ Simon Adams (30 July 2005). The Balkans. Black Rabbit Books. pp. 1974–. ISBN 978-1-58340-603-8. ^ Scott Lackey (30 October 1995). The Rebirth of the Habsburg Army: Friedrich Beck and the Rise of the General Staff. ABC-CLIO. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-313-03131-1. ^ Carl Cavanagh Hodge (2008). Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914: A-K. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-0-313-33406-1. ^ Giorgio Manacorda (2010) Nota bibliografica in Roth La Marcia di Radetzky, Newton Classici quotation: Stefan Zweig, l'autore del più famoso libro sull'Impero asburgico, Die Welt von Gestern References[edit] Hochedlinger, Michael (2013) [2003]. Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-582-29084-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Kotulla, Michael (2008). Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-48705-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Rady, Martyn (2020). The Habsburgs: The Rise and Fall of a World Power. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-241-33262-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Further reading[edit] Bérenger, Jean. A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1273–1700 (Routledge, 2013) Bérenger, Jean. A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1700–1918 (Routledge, 2014) Evans, Robert John Weston. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700: An Interpretation (Oxford University Press, 1979) ISBN 0-19-873085-3 Evans, R. J. W. "Remembering the Fall of the Habsburg Monarchy One Hundred Years on: Three Master Interpretations" Austrian History Yearbook (May 2020) Vol. 51, pp 269–291; historiography Fichtner, Paula Sutter. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1490–1848: Attributes of Empire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) Henderson, Nicholas. "Joseph II" History Today (Sept 1955) 5#9 pp 613–621. Ingrao, Charles. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815 (2000) Ingrao, Charles. In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy (1979) Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History (2016) Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918 (University of California Press, 1974) Lieven, Dominic. Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals (Yale University Press, 2002), comparisons with Russian, British, & Ottoman empires. Macartney, Carlile Aylmer The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, New York, Macmillan 1969 McCagg, Jr., William O. A History of the Habsburg Jews, 1670–1918 (Indiana University Press, 1989) Mitchell, A. Wess. The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire (Princeton University Press, 2018) Oakes, Elizabeth and Eric Roman. Austria-Hungary and the Successor States: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present (2003) Sked, Alan The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918 (London: Longman, 1989) Stone, Norman. "The Last Days of the Habsburg Monarchy," History Today (Aug 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 8, pp 551–560; online Steed, Henry Wickham; et al. (1914). A short history of Austria-Hungary and Poland. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 145. Taylor, A. J. P. The Habsburg monarchy, 1809–1918: a history of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, (London: Penguin Books. 2nd ed. 1964) External links[edit] Habsburg in an email discussion list dealing with the culture and history of the Habsburg Monarchy and its successor states in central Europe since 1500, with discussions, syllabi, book reviews, queries, conferences; edited daily by scholars since 1994. v t e History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Christianity in late antiquity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianity in the Middle Ages Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Papal States Bulgarian Empire First Second Maritime republics Venice Genoa Pisa Amalfi Viking Age Kievan Rus' Crown of Aragon Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Republic of Florence Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Serbian Empire Late Middle Ages Black Death Hundred Years' War Kalmar Union Early modern Renaissance Christianity in the modern era Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Grand Duchy of Tuscany Thirty Years' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Cossack Hetmanate Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration COVID-19 pandemic See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of Christianity History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Authority control NKC: ge487180 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habsburg_Monarchy&oldid=998091875" Categories: Habsburg Monarchy Former empires in Europe Former monarchies of Europe Hungary under Habsburg rule States and territories established in 1526 1526 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 16th-century establishments in Austria States and territories disestablished in 1804 1804 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire 16th century in Europe 17th century in Europe 18th century in Europe 19th century in Europe Monarchy Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2019 All articles lacking in-text citations Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Articles containing Czech-language text CS1 maint: ref=harv Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân-lâm-gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча/tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 19:44 (UTC). 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