Charles Fourier - Wikipedia Charles Fourier From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search French utopian socialist and philosopher For the French mathematician, see Joseph Fourier. Charles Fourier Born François Marie Charles Fourier (1772-04-07)7 April 1772 Besançon, Kingdom of France Died 10 October 1837(1837-10-10) (aged 65) Paris, Kingdom of France Era 19th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Utopian socialism Fourierism Main interests Political philosophy Economics Philosophy of desire Notable ideas Phalanstère "Attractive work" Influences Nicolas-Edme Rétif[1] Influenced Émile Armand, Walter Benjamin, Hakim Bey, Bob Black, André Breton, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Victor Prosper Considerant, Joseph Déjacque, Jean-Baptiste André Godin, Paul Goodman, David Harvey, Peter Kropotkin, Herbert Marcuse, Karl Marx, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, Raoul Vaneigem Part of a series on Socialism Development Age of the Enlightenment French Revolution History of socialism Revolutions of 1848 Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Commune (model of government) Economic democracy Economic planning Equal liberty Equal opportunity Free association Freed market Industrial democracy Input–output model Internationalism Labor-time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer‑to‑peer economics Production for use Sharing economy Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in one country Socialist mode of production To each according to his contribution/needs Workers' self-management Workplace democracy Models Communalism Participatory economics Democratic confederalism Market economy Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Socialist market economy Socialist-oriented market Planned economy Decentralized planning Inclusive Democracy OGAS Project Cybersyn Soviet-type Social ecology Variants 21st-century African Arab Agrarian Anarchism Authoritarian Blanquism Chinese Communism Democratic Ethical Ecological Feminist Fourierism Free-market Gandhian Guild Laissez-faire Liberal Libertarian Marhaenism Marxism Municipal Nationalist Owenism Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Saint-Simonianism Scientific Social democracy State Syndicalism Third World Utopian Zionist By country Argentina Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China Communist China Nationalist China Estonia Greece Hong Kong India Iran Italy Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka Tunisia United Kingdom United States Vietnam Yugoslavia People More Hall Saint-Simon Babeuf Owen Fourier Thompson Hodgskin Cabet Enfantin Proudhon Blanc Herzen Bakunin Marx Barmby Engels Lavrov Lassalle Morris Jones Kropotkin Bernstein Malatesta Kautsky Taylor Plekhanov Jaurès Dewey Barone Du Bois Goldman Lenin Luxemburg Blum Russell Pannekoek Recabarren Einstein Trotsky Keller Attlee Tawney Neurath Polanyi Makhno Bordiga Debs Cole Ho Tito Mao Nagy Pertini Gerhardsen Orwell Douglas Senghor Erlander Allende Hoxha Kreisky Mitterrand Nasser Mandela Crosland Bookchin Dubček Zinn Castoriadis Thompson Manley Castro Che Chomsky King Craxi Laclau Sanders Mouffe Ali Öcalan Žižek Corbyn Layton West Hedges Varoufakis Organizations First International Second International Third International Fourth International Fifth International Labour and Socialist International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement International Committee of the Fourth International Progressive Alliance Related topics Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism Economic calculation problem Economic system French Left Left-libertarianism Libertarianism List of socialists List of socialist economists Marxist philosophy Nanosocialism Progressivism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist calculation debate Socialist Party Socialist state Types of socialism  Economics portal  Politics portal  Socialism portal v t e François Marie Charles Fourier (/ˈfʊrieɪ, -iər/;[2]French: [ʃaʁl fuʁje]; 7 April 1772 – 10 October 1837) was a French philosopher, an influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism. Some of Fourier's social and moral views, held to be radical in his lifetime, have become mainstream thinking in modern society. For instance, Fourier is credited with having originated the word feminism in 1837.[3] Fourier's social views and proposals inspired a whole movement of intentional communities. Among them in the United States were the community of Utopia, Ohio; La Reunion near present-day Dallas, Texas; Lake Zurich, Illinois; the North American Phalanx in Red Bank, New Jersey; Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts; the Community Place and Sodus Bay Phalanx in New York State; Silkville, Kansas, and several others. In Guise, France, he influenced the Familistery of Guise [fr; de; pt]. Fourier later inspired a diverse array of revolutionary thinkers and writers. Contents 1 Life 2 Ideas 2.1 Attack on civilization 2.2 Work and liberated passions 2.3 Women's rights 2.4 Children and education 3 Influence 4 In Popular Culture 5 Fourier's works 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 On Fourier and his works 8.2 On Fourierism and his posthumous influence 9 External links Life[edit] Fourier was born in Besançon, France on 7 April 1772.[4] The son of a small businessman, Fourier was more interested in architecture than in his father's trade.[4] He wanted to become an engineer, but the local military engineering school accepted only sons of noblemen.[4] Fourier later said he was grateful that he did not pursue engineering, because it would have consumed too much of his time and taken away from his true desire to help humanity.[5] When his father died in 1781, Fourier received two-fifths of his father's estate, valued at more than 200,000 francs.[6] This inheritance enabled Fourier to travel throughout Europe at his leisure. In 1791 he moved from Besançon to Lyon, where he was employed by the merchant M. Bousquet.[7] Fourier's travels also brought him to Paris, where he worked as the head of the Office of Statistics for a few months.[4] From 1791 to 1816 Fourier was employed in Paris, Rouen, Lyon, Marseille, and Bordeaux.[8] As a traveling salesman and correspondence clerk, his research and thought was time-limited: he complained of "serving the knavery of merchants" and the stupefaction of "deceitful and degrading duties." He took up writing, and his first book was published in 1808 but it only sold few copies. Surprisingly, after six years the book fell into the hands of Monsieur Just Muiron who eventually became Fourier's patron. Fourier produced most of his writings between 1816 and 1821. In 1822, he tried to sell his books again but with no success.[9][self-published source?] Fourier died in Paris in 1837.[7][10] Ideas[edit] Fourier declared that concern and cooperation were the secrets of social success. He believed that a society that cooperated would see an immense improvement in their productivity levels. Workers would be recompensed for their labors according to their contribution. Fourier saw such cooperation occurring in communities he called "phalanxes," based upon structures called Phalanstères or "grand hotels". These buildings were four-level apartment complexes where the richest had the uppermost apartments and the poorest had a ground-floor residence. Wealth was determined by one's job; jobs were assigned based on the interests and desires of the individual. There were incentives: jobs people might not enjoy doing would receive higher pay. Fourier considered trade, which he associated with Jews, to be the "source of all evil" and advocated that Jews be forced to perform farm work in the phalansteries.[11] By the end of his life, Fourier advocated the return of Jews to Palestine with the assistance of the Rothschilds.[12] John K. Roth and Richard L. Rubenstein have seen Fourier as motivated by economic and religious antisemitism, rather than the racial antisemitism that would emerge later in the century.[13] Attack on civilization[edit] Fourier characterized poverty (not inequality) as the principal cause of disorder in society, and he proposed to eradicate it by sufficiently high wages and by a "decent minimum" for those who were not able to work.[14] Fourier used the word civilization in a negative sense and as such "Fourier's contempt for the respectable thinkers and ideologies of his age was so intense that he always used the terms philosopher and civilization in a pejorative sense. In his lexicon civilization was a depraved order, a synonym for perfidy and constraint ... Fourier's attack on civilization had qualities not to be found in the writing of any other social critic of his time."[15] Work and liberated passions[edit] For Herbert Marcuse "The idea of libidinal work relations in a developed industrial society finds little support in the tradition of thought, and where such support is forthcoming it seems of a dangerous nature. The transformation of labor into pleasure is the central idea in Fourier's giant socialist utopia."[16]:217 Fourier insists that this transformation requires a complete change in the social institutions: distribution of the social product according to need, assignment of functions according to individual faculties and inclinations, constant mutation of functions, short work periods, and so on. But the possibility of "attractive labor" (travail attrayant) derives above all from the release of libidinal forces . Fourier assumes the existence of an attraction industrielle which makes for pleasurable co-operation. It is based on the attraction passionnée in the nature of man, which persists despite the opposition of reason, duty, prejudice. This attraction passionnée tends toward three principal objectives: the creation of "luxury, or the pleasure of the five senses"; the formation of libidinal groups (of friendship and love); and the establishment of a harmonious order, organizing these groups for work in accordance with the development of the individual "passions" (internal and external "play" of faculties).[16]:217 He believed that there were twelve common passions which resulted in 810 types of character, so the ideal phalanx would have exactly 1620 people.[17] One day there would be six million of these, loosely ruled by a world "omniarch", or (later) a World Congress of Phalanxes. He had a concern for the sexually rejected; jilted suitors would be led away by a corps of fairies who would soon cure them of their lovesickness, and visitors could consult the card-index of personality types for suitable partners for casual sex. He also defended homosexuality as a personal preference for some people. Anarchist Hakim Bey describes Fourier's ideas as follows: In Fourier's system of Harmony all creative activity including industry, craft, agriculture, etc. will arise from liberated passion—this is the famous theory of "attractive labor." Fourier sexualizes work itself—the life of the Phalanstery is a continual orgy of intense feeling, intellection, & activity, a society of lovers & wild enthusiasts.[18] Women's rights[edit] Fourier was also a supporter of women's rights in a time period when influences like Jean-Jacques Rousseau were prevalent. Fourier believed that all important jobs should be open to women on the basis of skill and aptitude rather than closed on account of gender. He spoke of women as individuals, not as half the human couple. Fourier saw that "traditional" marriage could potentially hurt woman's rights as human beings and thus never married.[19] Writing before the advent of the term 'homosexuality', Fourier held that both men and women have a wide range of sexual needs and preferences which may change throughout their lives, including same-sex sexuality and androgénité. He argued that all sexual expressions should be enjoyed as long as people are not abused, and that "affirming one's difference" can actually enhance social integration.[20] Fourier's concern was to liberate every human individual, man, woman, and child, in two senses: education and the liberation of human passion.[21] Children and education[edit] On education, Fourier felt that "civilized" parents and teachers saw children as little idlers.[22] Fourier felt that this way of thinking was wrong. He felt that children as early as age two and three were very industrious. He listed the dominant tastes in all children to include, but not limited to: Rummaging or inclination to handle everything, examine everything, look through everything, to constantly change occupations; Industrial commotion, taste for noisy occupations; Aping or imitative mania. Industrial miniature, a taste for miniature workshops. Progressive attraction of the weak toward the strong.[22] Fourier was deeply disturbed by the disorder of his time and wanted to stabilize the course of events which surrounded him. Fourier saw his fellow human beings living in a world full of strife, chaos, and disorder.[23] Fourier is best remembered for his writings on a new world order based on unity of action and harmonious collaboration.[4] He is also known for certain Utopian pronouncements, such as that the seas would lose their salinity and turn to lemonade, and a coincidental view of climate change, that the North Pole would be milder than the Mediterranean in a future phase of Perfect Harmony.[failed verification] [22] Perspective view of Fourier's Phalanstère Influence[edit] Part of a series on Libertarian socialism Political concepts Anti-authoritarianism Anti-Leninism Anti-Stalinist left Anti-statism Class conflict Classless society Community centre Consensus democracy Commune Decentralization Direct democracy Dual power Egalitarian community Free association Free love Free school General strike Libertarian possibilism Mutual aid Post-leftism Prefigurative politics Proletarian internationalism Refusal of work State capitalism Stateless society Squatting Ultra-leftism Wage slavery Workers' control Workers' council Economics Anarchist economics Anti-capitalism Anti-consumerism Cooperative Common ownership Common-pool resource Cost the limit of price Decentralized planning Economic democracy Free market Freed market Gift economy Give-away shop Guilds Inclusive Democracy Industrial democracy Laissez-faire Market abolitionism Really Really Free Market Social economy Social enterprise Socialization Socialist economics Use value Worker cooperative People Albert Andrews Avrich Bakunin Berkman Boggs Bonanno Bookchin Breton Camus Castoriadis Chomsky Czolgosz Dauvé Day Debord Dunayevskaya Durruti Fanelli Federici Ferrer Fotopoulos Fourier Godwin Goldman Goodman Graeber Greene Gorz Guattari Guérin Herzen Heywood (Angela) Heywood (Ezra) Hodgskin Hoffman Holloway James Korsch Kropotkin Landauer Lefort Liebknecht Lorenzo Lubbe Luxemburg Magón Makhno Malatesta Marcos Marcuse Margall Marx Mattick Michel Montseny Morris Negri Öcalan Pallis Pankhurst Pannekoek Parsons (Albert) Parsons (Lucy) Perlman Petrichenko Proudhon Reich Rocker Rühle Sacco Santillán Sartre Spooner Tolstoy Thompson Tucker Vaneigem Vanzetti Varoufakis Ward Warrem Wilde Zerzan Zinn Philosophies and tendencies Anarchist tendencies Anarchism Green Primitivism Individualism Egoism Free-market Organisational Insurrectionism Platformism Mutualism Syndicalism Synthesism Philosophical Social Collectivism Communism Magonism Pacifism Religious Christian Muslim Jewish Marxist tendencies Marxism Classical Marxism Libertarian Marxism Autonomism Chaulieu–Montal tendency De Leonism Johnson–Forest tendency Left communism Bordigism Communization Council communism Lettrism Situationism Marxist humanism Western Marxism Frankfurt School Freudo-Marxism Other tendencies Cantonalism Communalism Democratic confederalism Dialectical naturalism Libertarian municipalism Social ecology Democratic socialism Eco-socialism Guild socialism Inclusive Democracy Market socialism Left-wing laissez-faire Left-wing market anarchism Neozapatismo New Left Participism Utopian socialism Fourierism Significant events Diggers Enragés Paris Commune Haymarket affair Assassination of William McKinley Strandzha Commune Russian Revolution Bavarian Soviet Republic German Revolution of 1918–1919 Biennio Rosso Ukrainian War of Independence Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks (Kronstadt rebellion) Escuela moderna Mexican Revolution Reichstag fire Spanish Revolution of 1936 Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Hungarian Revolution of 1956 May 1968 events in France Prague Spring Left communism in China Hippie movement Autonomia Operaia Chiapas conflict 1999 Seattle WTO protests Argentinazo Occupy movement Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015 rebellion) Iran–PJAK conflict Rojava conflict Related topics Anarchism Anarchism and socialism Communism Left-libertarianism Libertarianism Marxism Social democracy Socialism Syndicalism  Anarchism portal  Socialism portal  Politics portal v t e The influence of Fourier's ideas in French politics was carried forward into the 1848 Revolution and the Paris Commune by followers such as Victor Considerant. Numerous references to Fourierism appear in Dostoevsky's political novel Demons first published in 1872[24] Fourier's ideas also took root in America, with his followers starting phalanxes throughout the country, including one of the most famous, Utopia, Ohio. Petr Kropotkin, in the preface to his book The Conquest of Bread, considered Fourier to be the founder of the libertarian branch of socialist thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of Babeuf and Buonarroti.[25] In the mid-20th century, Fourier's influence began to rise again among writers reappraising socialist ideas outside the Marxist mainstream. After the Surrealists had broken with the French Communist Party, André Breton returned to Fourier, writing Ode à Charles Fourier in 1947. Walter Benjamin considered Fourier crucial enough to devote an entire "konvolut" of his massive, projected book on the Paris arcades, the Passagenwerk, to Fourier's thought and influence. He writes: "To have instituted play as the canon of a labor no longer rooted in exploitation is one of the great merits of Fourier", and notes that "Only in the summery middle of the nineteenth century, only under its sun, can one conceive of Fourier's fantasy materialized." Herbert Marcuse in his influential work Eros and Civilization praised Fourier saying that "Fourier comes closer than any other utopian socialist to elucidating the dependence of freedom on non-repressive sublimation."[16]:218 In 1969, Raoul Vaneigem quoted and adapted Fourier's Avis aux civilisés relativement à la prochaine métamorphose sociale in his text Avis aux civilisés relativement à l'autogestion généralisée.[26] North American Phalanx building in New Jersey Fourier's work has significantly influenced the writings of Gustav Wyneken, Guy Davenport (in his work of fiction Apples and Pears), Peter Lamborn Wilson, and Paul Goodman. In Whit Stillman's film Metropolitan, the idealistic Tom Townsend describes himself as a Fourierist, and debates the success of social experiment Brook Farm with another of the characters. Bidding him goodnight, Sally Fowler says, "Good luck with your furrierism." [sic] David Harvey, in the appendix to his book Spaces of Hope, offers a personal utopian vision of the future in cities citing Fourier's ideas. Libertarian socialist and environmentalist thinker Murray Bookchin wrote that "The Greek ideal of the rounded citizen in a rounded environment — one that reappeared in Charles Fourier’s utopian works — was long cherished by the anarchists and socialists of the last century...The opportunity of the individual to devote his or her productive activity to many different tasks over an attenuated work week (or in Fourier’s ideal society, over a given day) was seen as a vital factor in overcoming the division between manual and intellectual activity, in transcending status differences that this major division of work created, and in enhancing the wealth of experiences that came with a free movement from industry through crafts to food cultivation."[27] Nathaniel Hawthorne in Chapter 7 of his novel The Blithedale Romance gently mocks Fourier, saying "When, as a consequence of human improvement", said I, "the globe shall arrive at its final perfection, the great ocean is to be converted into a particular kind of lemonade, such as was fashionable at Paris in Fourier's time. He calls it limonade a cedre. It is positively a fact! Just imagine the city docks filled, every day, with a flood tide of this delectable beverage!"[28] Writers of the post-left anarchy tendency have praised the writings of Fourier. Bob Black in his work The Abolition of Work advocates Fourier's idea of attractive work as a solution to his criticisms of work conditions in contemporary society.[29] Hakim Bey manifested that Fourier "lived at the same time as De Sade & (William) Blake, & deserves to be remembered as their equal or even superior. Those other two apostles of freedom & desire had no political disciples, but in the middle of the 19th century literally hundreds of communes (phalansteries) were founded on fourierist principles".[18] In Popular Culture[edit] In the movie Metropolitan, the one of the main characters, Tom Townsend mentions "I favor the socialist model developed by the 19th century french social critic Charles Fourier". Fourier's works[edit] Fourier, Charles. Théorie des quatre mouvements et des destinées générales .(Theory of the four movements and the general destinies), appeared anonymously in Lyon in 1808.[30] Fourier, Charles. Le Nouveau Monde amoureux. Written 1816–18, not published widely until 1967. Fourier, Ch. Œuvres complètes de Ch. Fourier. 6 tomes. Paris: Librairie Sociétaire, 1841-1848. Fourier, Charles. La Fausse Industrie Morcelée, Répugnante, Mensongère, et L'Antidote, L'Industrie Naturelle, Combinée, Attrayante, Vérdique, donnant quadruple produit (False Industry, Fragmented, Repugnant, Lying and the Antidote, Natural Industry, Combined, Attractive, True, giving four times the product, Paris: Bossange. 1835. Fourier, Charles. Oeuvres complètes de Charles Fourier. 12 vols. Paris: Anthropos, 1966–1968. Jones, Gareth Stedman, and Ian Patterson, eds. Fourier: The Theory of the Four Movements. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Fourier, Charles. Design for Utopia: Selected Writings. Studies in the Libertarian and Utopian Tradition. New York: Schocken, 1971. ISBN 0-8052-0303-6 Poster, Mark, ed. Harmonian Man: Selected Writings of Charles Fourier. Garden City: Doubleday. 1971. Beecher, Jonathan and Richard Bienvenu, eds. The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier: Selected Texts on Work, Love, and Passionate Attraction. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. Wilson, Peter Lamborn, Escape from the Nineteenth Century and Other Essays. Brooklyn: Autonomedia, 1998. See also[edit] Biography portal Alphadelphia Association Alphonse Toussenel, a disciple of Fourier American Union of Associationists Brook Farm Decent work List of Fourierist Associations in the United States Society of the Friends of Truth References[edit] ^ Suratteau, Jean-René. "Restif (de la Bretonne) Nicolas Edme". In Albert Soboul (ed.). Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française (2nd ed.). Paris: PUF, 1989; Quadrige, 2005. pp. 897–898. ^ "Fourier". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. ^ Goldstein 1982, p. 92. ^ a b c d e Serenyi 1967, p. 278. ^ Pellarin 1846, p. 14. ^ Pellarin 1846, p. 7. ^ a b Pellarin 1846, p. 235. ^ Pellarin 1846, pp. 235–236. ^ Wilson, Pip (2006). Faces in the Street. Lulu.com. ISBN 9781430300212.[self-published source] ^ Pellarin 1846, p. 213. ^ Roberts, Richard H. (1995). Religion and the Transformations of Capitalism: Comparative Approaches. Routledge. p. 90. ^ Rubenstein, Richard L., and John K. Roth. Approaches to Auschwitz: The Legacy of the Holocaust. London: SCM, 1987, p.71 ^ Rubenstein, Richard L., and John K. Roth. Approaches to Auschwitz: The Legacy of the Holocaust. London: SCM, 1987, p.71 ^ Cunliffe 2001, p. 461. ^ Beecher, Johnathan (1986). Charles Fourier: The Visionary and His World. University of California Press. pp. 195–196. ^ a b c Marcuse, Herbert (1955). Eros and Civilization. Boston: Beacon Press. ^ Fourier, Charles (1971). Beecher, Jonathan; Bienvenu, Richard (eds.). The Utopian Vision of Charles Fourier Selected Texts on Work, Love and Passionate Attraction. Beacon Press. p. 220. ISBN 9780807015384. ^ a b Bey, Hakim (1991). "The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times". Retrieved January 16, 2017. ^ Denslow 1880, p. 172. ^ Fourier, Charles (1967). Le Nouveau Monde amoureux. Paris: Éditions Anthropos. pp. 389, 391, 429, 458, 459, 462, and 463. written 1816–18, not published widely until 1967. ^ Goldstein 1982, p. 98. ^ a b c Charles Fourier, 1772-1837 -- Selections from his Writings Retrieved November 25, 2007. ^ Serenyi 1967, p. 279. ^ Postoutenko, Kirill (2009). "The Influence of Anxiety: Figures of Absolute Evil in French Socialists and Dostoevsky". academia.edu. Retrieved 22 August 2016. ^ Kropotkin, Peter (1906). The Conquest of Bread. New York and London: Putnam. ^ Fourier, Charles. "Notice to the Civilized Concerning Generalized Self-Management". ^ Bookchin, Murray (1990). "The Meaning of Confederalism". ^ Hawthorne, p. 166. ^ Black, Bob (1985). "The Abolition of Work". The secret of turning work into play, as Charles Fourier demonstrated, is to arrange useful activities to take advantage of whatever it is that various people at various times in fact enjoy doing. To make it possible for some people to do the things they could enjoy it will be enough just to eradicate the irrationalities and distortions which afflict these activities when they are reduced to work. ^ "Recent French Social Philosophy—Oranization of Labour". The North British Review. Edinburgh: W.P. Kennedy (XVII): 126. May 1848. OCLC 908317665. Retrieved 2020-05-01. Further reading[edit] On Fourier and his works[edit] Beecher, Jonathan (1986). Charles Fourier: the visionary and his world. Berkeley: U of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05600-0. Burleigh, Michael (2005). Earthly powers : the clash of religion and politics in Europe from the French Revolution to the Great War. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-058093-3. Calvino, Italo (1986). The Uses of Literature. San Diego: Harcourt Brace & Company. ISBN 0-15-693250-4. pp. 213–255 Cunliffe, J (2001). "The Enigmatic Legacy of Charles Fourier: Joseph Charlier and Basic Income", History of Political Economy, vol.33, No. 3. Denslow, V (1880). Modern Thinkers Principally Upon Social Science: What They Think, and Why, Chicago, 1880 Goldstein, L (1982). "Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians and Fourier", Journal of the History of Ideas, vol.43, No. 1. Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1899). The Blythedale Romance. London: Service and Paton. p. 59 Lloyd-Jones, I D."Charles Fourier, The Realistic Visionary " History Today 12#1 (1962): pp198–205. Pellarin, C (1846). The Life of Charles Fourier, New York, 1846.Internet Archive Retrieved November 25, 2007 « Portrait : Charles Fourier (1772-1837) ». La nouvelle lettre, n°1070 (12 mars 2011): 8. Serenyi, P (1967). "Le Corbusier, Fourier, and the Monastery of Ema", The Art Bulletin, vol.49, No. 4. On Fourierism and his posthumous influence[edit] Barthes, Roland Sade Fourier Loyola. Paris: Seuil, 1971. Bey, Hakim (1991). "The Lemonade Ocean & Modern Times". Retrieved January 16, 2017. Brock, William H. Phalanx on a Hill: Responses to Fourierism in the Transcendentalist Circle. Diss., Loyola U Chicago, 1996. Buber, Martin (1996). Paths in Utopia. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0421-1. Davis, Philip G. (1998). Goddess unmasked : the rise of neopagan feminist spirituality. Dallas, Tex.: Spence Pub. ISBN 0-9653208-9-8. Desroche, Henri. La Société festive. Du fouriérisme écrit au fouriérismes pratiqués. Paris: Seuil, 1975. Engels, Frederick. Anti-Dühring. 25:1-309. Marx, Karl, and Frederick Engels. Karl Marx, Frederick Engels: Collected Works [MECW]. 46 vols. to date. Moscow: Progress, 1975. Guarneri, Carl J. (1991). The utopian alternative : Fourierism in nineteenth-century America. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-2467-4. Heider, Ulrike (1994). Anarchism : left, right, and green. San Francisco: City Lights Books. ISBN 0-87286-289-5. Kolakowski, Leszek (1978). Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-824547-5. Jameson, Fredric. "Fourier; or; Ontology and Utopia" at Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions. London & New York: Verso. 2005. External links[edit] Wikisource has original works written by or about: Charles Fourier Wikiquote has quotations related to: Charles Fourier Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Fourier. Works by or about Charles Fourier at Internet Archive Works by Charles Fourier at Open Library "Charles Fourier Prefigures Our Total Refusal" by Don LaCoss Selections from the Works of Fourier a 1901 collection Charles Fourier Archive at marxists.org Charles Fourier at Find a Grave Texts on Wikisource: "Fourierism". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. "Fourier, François Charles Marie". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. "Fourier, François Marie Charles". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Fourierism". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Authority control BIBSYS: 90087018 BNE: XX931619 BNF: cb11903258f (data) CANTIC: a10086870 GND: 118534572 ISNI: 0000 0001 2095 5646 LCCN: n83073878 LNB: 000069950 NDL: 00439925 NKC: jn19990002364 NLA: 35096612 NLG: 86430 NLI: 000048186 NSK: 000294688 NTA: 06838176X PLWABN: 9810566605205606 RERO: 02-A000064633 SELIBR: 187278 SNAC: w6sf3263 SUDOC: 026870894 Trove: 825560 ULAN: 500069988 VcBA: 495/18618 VIAF: 9846308 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n83073878 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fourier&oldid=998705431" Categories: 1772 births 1837 deaths 18th-century French writers 18th-century philosophers 19th-century French non-fiction writers 19th-century philosophers Burials at Montmartre Cemetery Cultural critics Feminist philosophers Free love advocates French ethicists French feminists French humanists French humanitarians French male non-fiction writers French male writers French philosophers French socialists Fourierists History of ideas Libertarian socialists Male feminists Moral philosophers People from Besançon Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of love Philosophers of sexuality Political philosophers Sex-positive feminists Social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Socialist economists Socialist feminists Theorists on Western civilization Utopists Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with self-published sources Articles with self-published sources from February 2020 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2016 Commons link is on Wikidata Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID different from Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages العربية Aragonés Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 17:22 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement