Islamic fundamentalism - Wikipedia Islamic fundamentalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Muslims who seek to return to the fundamentals of the Islamic religion Part of a series on: Islamism Fundamentals Islam History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideologies Islamism Qutbism Salafi movement International propagation Shia Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Concepts Apostasy in Islam Takfir Caliphate Islamic democracy Islamic socialism Islamic state Islamic monarchy Islamic republic Islamization (of knowledge) Jihad Islamic terrorism Jihadism Pan-Islamism Political Islam aspects Post-Islamism Sharia Shura Two-nation theory Ummah Influences Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Islamic Golden Age Islamic revival Movements Scholastic Barelvi Dawat-e-Islami Ahl-i Hadith Deobandi Madkhalism Nurcu Sahwa movement Wahhabism International propagation Political Hizb ut-Tahrir Iranian Revolution Jamaat-e-Islami Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan List of Islamic political parties Militant Militant Islamism based in MENA region South Asia Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Key texts Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Iqbal 1930s) Principles of State and Government (Asad 1961) Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones") (Qutb 1965) Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist ("Velayat-e faqih") (Khomeini 1970) Heads of state Ali Khamenei Omar al-Bashir Muammar Gaddafi Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Ruhollah Khomeini Mohamed Morsi Mohammed Omar House of Saud House of Thani Zia-ul-Haq Key ideologues Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani Muhammad Asad Hassan al-Banna Rached Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Necip Fazıl Kısakürek Abul A'la Maududi Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani Yusuf al-Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al-Turabi Ahmed Yassin Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Criticism of Islamism Criticism of Islamism Criticism of Islam Liberal movements within Islam Khaled Abu al-Fadl Farag Foda Abdelwahab Meddeb Maryam Namazie Maajid Nawaaz Olivier Roy Related topics Islam and other religions Islamophobia Reform movements Modernity (Modernism)  Islam portal  Politics portal v t e Part of a series on Jihadism Jihad Mujahideen Istishhad Shahid Shahidka Inghimasi Martyrdom video Beheading video Islamic terrorism Suicide attack Jihadist flag Islamic fundamentalism Islamism Qutbism Salafism and Wahhabism International propagation Salafi jihadism Notable jihadist organisations Taliban Pakistani Taliban Al-Qaeda Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad Al-Shabaab Ansar al-Islam Ahrar al-Sham Islamic State of Iraq Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram Al-Nusra Front Hayat Tahrir al-Sham Jihadism in the East Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan Taliban insurgency East Turkestan Islamic Movement South Thailand insurgency Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan Army War in North-West Pakistan Moro insurgency in the Philippines Jihadism in the West Jihadist extremism in the United States Foreign fighters in Bosnia Bosnian mujahideen Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq ISIL foreign fighters Islamic terrorism in the Balkans Islamism in the United Kingdom Homegrown terrorism Jihadi tourism Boko Haram insurgency  Islam portal v t e Islamic fundamentalism has been defined as a movement of Muslims who are of the view that Muslim majority countries should return to the fundamentals of an Islamic state, which truly show the essence of the system of Islam, in terms of its socio-politico-economic system. Islamic fundamentalists favor "a literal and originalist interpretation" of the primary sources of Islam (the Quran and Sunnah),[1] seek to eliminate (what they perceive to be) "corrupting" non-Islamic influences from every part of their lives[2] and see "Islamic fundamentalism" as a pejorative term used by outsiders for Islamic revivalism and Islamic activism.[3] Contents 1 Definitions and descriptions 1.1 Differences with Islamism 1.2 Types 1.3 Controversy 1.3.1 Criticism of the term 1.3.2 Defense 1.4 Study 2 Origins 3 Interpretation of texts 4 Social and political goals 5 Conflicts with the secular state 6 Islamic fundamentalist states 7 Islamic fundamentalist groups 7.1 Islamic State 7.2 Caucasus Emirate 7.3 Al-Shabaab 7.4 Boko Haram 7.5 Ansar Dine 7.6 Ansar al-Sharia 8 Human rights controversy 9 Opinion polling 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Definitions and descriptions[edit] Part of a series on: Salafi movement Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia Ideology and influences Ahl al-Hadith Ibn Taymiyyah Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Al-Sindhi Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab Founders and key figures Muhammad Abduh Rashid Rida Syed Nazeer Husain Siddiq Hasan Khan Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz Ibn al Uthaymeen Nasiruddin Albani Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i List of Salafi scholars Notable universities Umm al-Qura University Islamic University of Madinah Related ideologies Islamism Islamic fundamentalism Madkhalism Qutbism Sahwa movement Salafi jihadism Wahhabism (Hazimism) Ahl-i Hadith movement Associated organizations Al-Nour Party Authenticity Party People Party Takfir wal-Higra al-Qaida  Politics portal  Islam portal v t e Definitions vary as to what Islamic fundamentalism exactly is and how, if at all, it differs from Islamism (or political Islam) or Islamic revivalism. The term fundamentalism has been deemed "misleading" by those who suggest that all mainstream Muslims believe in the literal divine origin and perfection of the Quran and are therefore "fundamentalists",[4] and others who believe it is a term that is used by outsiders in order to describe perceived trends within Islam.[5] Some exemplary Islamic fundamentalists include Sayyid Qutb, Abul Ala Mawdudi,[6] and Israr Ahmed.[7] The Wahhabi movement and its funding by Saudi Arabia is often described as being responsible for the popularity of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism. From this specific regional context, islamic fundamentalism can be seen as a branch of the far-right.[8] Form of Islamism – Graham Fuller believes that Islamic fundamentalism is a subset of Islamism rather than a distinctive form of it, and to him, Islamic fundamentalists are "the most conservative element among Islamists." Its "strictest form" includes "Wahhabism, which is sometimes referred to as salafiyya. ... For fundamentalists the law is the most essential component of Islam, and it leads to an overwhelming emphasis upon jurisprudence, usually narrowly conceived."[9] Author Olivier Roy takes a similar line, describing "neo-fundamentalists", (i.e. contemporary fundamentalists) as being more passionate than earlier Islamists in their opposition to the perceived "corrupting influence of Western culture," avoiding Western dress, "neckties, laughter, the use of Western forms of salutation, handshakes, applause," discouraging but not forbidding other activities such as sports, ideally limiting the Muslim public space to "the family and the mosque."[10] In this fundamentalists have "drifted" away from the stand of the Islamists of the 1970s and 80s, such as [Abul A'la Maududi] who …didn't hesitate to attend Hindu ceremonies. Khomeini never proposed giving Iranian Christians and Jews the status of dhimmi (protected communities) as provided for in the sharia: the Armenians of Iran have remained Iranian citizens, are required to perform military service and pay the same taxes as Muslims, and have the right to vote (with separate electoral colleges). Similarly, the Afghan Jamaat, in its statutes, has declared it legal to employ non-Muslims as experts in the eyes of Islam.[2] Umbrella term – Another American observer, Robert Pelletreau, Jr., Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, believes it the other way around, Islamism being the subset of Muslims "with political goals ... within" the "broader fundamentalist revival".[11] American historian Ira Lapidus sees Islamic fundamentalism as "an umbrella designation for a very wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favourable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent."[12] Islamism in Pakistani scholar Husnul Amin's conceptualization is shaped by three main interconnected aspects: (a) political interpretation of the religious text and thus blurring of categories of collective obligation and personal obligation; (b) socio-political struggle to enforce sharia, pursuance of an Islamization program through the institutional arrangements of the state, and re-affirmation of Islam as a “blue-print” of socio-economic order; and (c) Islamists’ openness to adopt and deploy all modern forms of propaganda machinery, technology, print and electronic media, and other opportunities opened by the market and politics. “Islamists” refer to activists, leaders and intellectuals who subscribe to the ideology of Islamism.[13] Synonym – Still another, Martin Kramer, sees little difference between the two terms: "To all intents and purposes, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism have become synonyms in contemporary American usage."[14] Scriptural literalism – According to another academic, Natana J. Delong-Bas, the contemporary use of the term Islamic fundamentalism applies to Muslims who not seek not just "to return to the primary sources", but who use "a literal interpretation of those sources."[1] Use of ijtihad in Islamic law – According to academic John Esposito, one of the most defining features of Islamic fundamentalism is belief in the "reopening" of the gates of ijtihad ("independent reasoning" used in reaching a legal decision in Sunni law).[15] Differences with Islamism[edit] According to Roy distinctions between Fundamentalism and Islamism (or at least pre-1990 Islamism) are in the fields of: Politics and economics. Islamists often talk of "revolution" and they believe "that the society will only be Islamized through social and political action: it is necessary to leave the mosque ..." Fundamentalists are primarily interested in revolution, less interested in "modernity or Western models of politics or economics," and less willing to associate with non-Muslims.[16] Sharia. While both Islamists and fundamentalists are committed to implementing Sharia law, Islamists "tend to consider it more a project than a corpus."[17] Issue of women. "Islamists generally tend to favour the education of women and their participation in social and political life: the Islamist woman militates, studies, and has the right to work, but in a chador. Islamist groups include women's associations." While the fundamentalist preaches that women should return to their homes, Islamism believes that it is sufficient if "the sexes are separated in public."[18] Variety and diversity within Islamic social movements has been highlighted by Husnul Amin in his work by referring to plurality within these movements.[19] Types[edit] Islamic fundamentalism (at least among Sunni Muslims) traditionally tends to fall into "traditionalist" and "reformist" tendencies: Traditionalists accept "the continuity" between the founding Islamic "texts"—the Quran and the Sunnah—and their commentaries. Traditionalists take "imitation" (taqlid), accepting what was said before and refusing to innovate (bidah), as a "basic principle, They follow one of the great schools of religious jurisprudence (Shafi'i, Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali). Their vision of the sharia is essentially legalistic and used to determine what is religiously right or wrong for Enjoining good and forbidding wrong. Traditionalists are sometimes connected to the popular forms of Sufism such as the Barelvi school in Pakistan)."[20] "reformist" fundamentalism, in contrast, "criticizes the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices" (Maraboutism, the cult of saints), "deviations, and superstitions"; it aims to purify Islam by returning to the Quran and the Sunnah. 18th-century examples are Shah Waliullah Dehlawi in India and Abdul Wahhab in the Arabian Peninsula. This reformism is often "developed in response to an external threat" such as "the influence of Hinduism on Islam". In the late 19th century salafiyya was developed in the Arab countries, "marking a phase between Fundamentalism and Islamism."[20] Controversy[edit] Criticism of the term[edit] The term "Islamic fundamentalism" has been criticized by Bernard Lewis, Khaled Abou El Fadl, Eli Berman, John Esposito, among others. Many have proposed substituting another term, such as "puritanical", "Islamic revivalism" or "activism", and "radical Islam". Lewis, a leading historian of Islam, believes that although "the use of this term is established and must be accepted": It remains unfortunate and can be misleading. "Fundamentalist" is a Christian term. It seems to have come into use in the early years of last century, and denotes certain Protestant churches and organizations, more particularly those that maintain the literal divine origin and inerrancy of the Bible. In this they oppose the liberal and modernist theologians, who tend to a more critical, historical view of Scripture. Among Muslim theologians there is as yet no such liberal or modernist approach to the Qur'an, and all Muslims, in their attitude to the text of the Qur'an, are in principle at least fundamentalists. Where the so-called Muslim fundamentalists differ from other Muslims and indeed from Christian fundamentalists is in their scholasticism and their legalism. They base themselves not only on the Qur'an, but also on the Traditions of the Prophet, and on the corpus of transmitted theological and legal learning.[21] John Esposito has attacked the term for its association "with political activism, extremism, fanaticism, terrorism, and anti-Americanism," saying "I prefer to speak of Islamic revivalism and Islamic activism."[3] Khaled Abou El Fadl of UCLA, a critic of those called Islamic Fundamentalists, also finds fault with the term because: [M]any liberal, progressive, or moderate Muslims would describe themselves as usulis, or fundamentalist, without thinking that this carries a negative connotation. In the Islamic context, it makes much more sense to describe the fanatical reductionism and narrow-minded literalism of some groups as puritanical (a term that in the West invokes a particular historical experience)[22] Eli Berman argues that "radical Islam" is a better term for many post-1920s movements starting with the Muslim Brotherhood, because these movements are seen to practice "unprecedented extremism", thus not qualifying as return to historic fundamentals.[23] Defense[edit] In contrast, American author Anthony J. Dennis accepts the widespread usage and relevance of the term and calls Islamic fundamentalism "more than a religion today, it is a worldwide movement." He notes the intertwining of social, religious and political goals found within the movement and states that Islamic fundamentalism "deserves to be seriously studied and debated from a secular perspective as a revolutionary ideology."[24] At least two Muslim academics, Syrian philosopher Sadiq Jalal al-Azm and Egyptian philosopher Hassan Hanafi, have defended the use of the phrase. Surveying the doctrines of the new Islamic movements, Al-Azm found them to consist of "an immediate return to Islamic 'basics' and 'fundamentals'. ... It seems to me quite reasonable that calling these Islamic movements 'Fundamentalist' (and in the strong sense of the term) is adequate, accurate, and correct."[25] Hassan Hanafi reached the same conclusion: "It is difficult to find a more appropriate term than the one recently used in the West, 'fundamentalism,' to cover the meaning of what we name Islamic awakening or revival."[26] Study[edit] In 1988, the University of Chicago, backed by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, launched The Fundamentalism Project, devoted to researching fundamentalism in the worlds major religions, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism. It defined fundamentalism as "approach, or set of strategies, by which beleaguered believers attempt to preserve their distinctive identity as a people or group ... by a selective retrieval of doctrines, beliefs, and practices from a sacred past."[27] A 2013 study by Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung finds that Islamic fundamentalism is widespread among European Muslims with the majority saying religious rules are more important than civil laws and three quarters rejecting religious pluralism within Islam.[28] A recent study shows that some European Muslims perceive Western governments as inherently hostile towards Islam as a source of identity. This perception, however, declined significantly after the emergence of ISIS, especially among young and educated European Muslims. [29] Origins[edit] The modern Islamic fundamentalist movements have their origins in the late 19th century.[30] The Wahhabi movement, an Arabian fundamentalist movement that began in the 18th century, gained traction and spread during the 19th and 20th centuries.[31] During the Cold War following World War II, some NATO governments, particularly those of the United States and the United Kingdom, launched covert and overt campaigns to encourage and strengthen fundamentalist groups in the Middle East and southern Asia. These groups were seen as a hedge against potential expansion by the Soviet Union, and as a means to prevent the growth of nationalistic movements that were not necessarily favorable toward the interests of the Western nations.[32] By the 1970s, the Islamists had become important allies in supporting governments, such as Egypt, which were friendly to U.S. interests. By the late 1970s, however, some fundamentalist groups had become militaristic leading to threats and changes to existing regimes. The overthrow of the Shah in Iran and rise of the Ayatollah Khomeini was one of the most significant signs of this shift.[33] Subsequently, fundamentalist forces in Algeria caused a civil war, caused a near-civil war in Egypt, and caused the downfall of the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan.[34] In many cases the military wings of these groups were supplied with money and arms by the U.S. and U.K. Muslim critics of Islamic fundamentalism often draw a parallel between the modern fundamentalist movement and the 7th century Khawarij sect. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shia Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to Takfir, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.[35][36][37] Interpretation of texts[edit] Islamic fundamentalists, or at least "reformist" fundamentalists, believe that Islam is based on the Qur'an, Hadith and Sunnah and "criticize the tradition, the commentaries, popular religious practices (maraboutism, the cult of saints), deviations, and superstitions. They aim to return to the founding texts."[20] Examples of individuals who adhere to this tendency are the 18th-century Shah Waliullah in India and Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab in the Arabian Peninsula.[20] This view is commonly associated with Salafism today. Social and political goals[edit] As with adherents of other fundamentalist movements,[38] Islamic fundamentalists hold that the problems of the world stem from secular influences. Some scholars of Islam, such as Bassam Tibi, believe that, contrary to their own message, Islamic fundamentalists are not actually traditionalists. He refers to fatwahs issued by fundamentalists such as "every Muslim who pleads for the suspension of the shari'a is an apostate and can be killed. The killing of those apostates cannot be prosecuted under Islamic law because this killing is justified" as going beyond, and unsupported by, the Qur'an. Tibi asserts, "The command to slay reasoning Muslims is un-Islamic, an invention of Islamic fundamentalists".[39][40] Conflicts with the secular state[edit] Islamic fundamentalism's push for sharia and an Islamic state has come into conflict with conceptions of the secular, democratic state, such as the internationally supported Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Anthony J. Dennis notes that "Western and Islamic visions of the state, the individual and society are not only divergent, they are often totally at odds."[41] Among human rights[42] disputed by fundamentalist Muslims are: Freedom from religious police Equality issues between men and women[43] Separation of religion and state[44] Freedom of speech[45] Freedom of religion[46][47][48][49][50][51][52] Islamic fundamentalist states[edit] The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran is seen by some scholars[who?] as a success of Islamic fundamentalism.[53][54][55] Some scholars[who?] argue that Saudi Arabia is also largely governed by fundamentalist principles (see Wahhabi movement)[56] but Johannes J.G. Jansen disagrees, arguing that it is more akin to a traditional Muslim state, where a power separation exists between "princes" (umarā) and "scholars" (ulama).[57] In contrast, Jansen argues Khomeini came to power advocating a system of Islamic government where the highest authority is the hands of the ulamā (see Wilayat al Faqih).[58] Islamic fundamentalist groups[edit] Islamic fundamentalist groups include Al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf, Ansar al-Islam, Armed Islamic Group of Algeria, Army of Islam, Boko Haram, Taliban, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Jemaah Islamiyah, Hamas, Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Indian Mujahideen, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, among many others.[citation needed] Islamic State[edit] Further information: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Caucasus Emirate[edit] Main article: Caucasus Emirate Caucasus Emirate is a fundamentalist Islamic terrorist group residing primarily in the North Caucasus of Russia. Created from the remnants of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (ChRI) in October 2007, it adheres to an ideology of Salafist-takfiri jihad[59] that seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate within the North Caucasus and Volga region (primarily the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan). Many of their fighters are also present in jihadist battlegrounds such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, and throughout Central Asia. Many plots involving Chechen and other indigenous ethnic groups of the North Caucasus have also been thwarted in Europe over the recent years. Al-Shabaab[edit] Main article: Al-Shabaab (militant group) Al-Shabaab, meaning "the Youth", is a Somalia-based cell of the militant Islamist group al-Qaeda, formally recognized in 2012.[60] Al-Shabaab is designated as a terrorist group by countries including Australia, Canada, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[61] and the United States. Boko Haram[edit] Main article: Boko Haram This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Congregation of the People of Tradition for Proselytism and Jihad (Arabic: جماعة اهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد Jamā'a Ahl al-sunnah li-da'wa wa al-jihād), better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram (pronounced [bōːkòː hàrâm], "Western education is sinful"), is a jihadist militant organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. It is an Islamist movement which strongly opposes man-made laws and westernization. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001, the organization seeks to establish sharia law in the country. The group is also known for attacking Christians and bombing Mosques and churches. The movement is divided into three factions. In 2011, Boko Haram was responsible for at least 450 killings in Nigeria. It was also reported that they had been responsible for over 620 deaths over the first 6 months of 2012. Since its founding in 2001, the jihadists have been responsible for between 3,000 and 10,000 deaths. The group became known internationally following sectarian violence in Nigeria in July 2009, which left over 1000 people dead. They do not have a clear structure or evident chain of command. Moreover, it is still a matter of debate whether Boko Haram has links to terror outfits outside Nigeria and its fighters have frequently clashed with Nigeria's central government. A US commander stated that Boko Haram is likely linked to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), although professor Paul Lubeck points out that no evidence is presented for any claims of material international support. Ansar Dine[edit] Main article: Ansar Dine Ansar Dine is an Islamist militant group in the country of Mali that wants Shariah law in Mali.[62][63] It opposes Sufi shrines.[64] Its main support comes from the Ifora tribe of Tuaregs.[65] The group is connected to Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.[63] It took part in the 2012 Tuareg Rebellion.[66] They destroyed the tomb of a Sufi saint which was a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[67] It managed to take control of Northern Mali,[68] and they formed a pact with the MNLA forming the Islamic Republic of Azawad.[69] It is designated a terrorist group by the United States Department of State[70] and the United Nations Security Council.[71] Ansar al-Sharia[edit] This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013) Human rights controversy[edit] Further information: Sharia § Contemporary issues Some states and movements that are perceived or claimed to be islamic fundamentalists have been criticized for their human rights record by international organizations. The acceptance of international law on human rights has been somewhat limited even in Muslim countries that are not seen as fundamentalist. Ann Elizabeth Mayer writes that states with a predominantly Muslim population, even when they adopt laws along European lines, are influenced by Islamic rules and precepts of sharia, which cause conflict with international law on human rights. According to Mayer, features found in conflict include severe deficiencies in criminal procedure, harsh criminal penalties causing great suffering, discrimination against women and non-Muslims, and prohibition against abandoning the Islamic religion. In 1990, under Saudi leadership, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, a group representing all Muslim majority nations, adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, which substantially diverges from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The Cairo declaration lacks provisions for democratic principles, protection for religious freedom, freedom of association and freedom of the press, as well as equality in rights and equal protection under the law. Further it stipulates that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic shari'a".[72] The Cairo declaration followed years of limited acceptance of the Universal declaration by predominantly Muslim states. As an example, in 1984, Iran's UN representative, Said Raja'i Khorasani, said the following amid allegations of human rights violations, "[Iran] recognized no authority ... apart from Islamic law.... Conventions, declarations and resolutions or decisions of international organizations, which were contrary to Islam, had no validity in the Islamic Republic of Iran.... The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which represented secular understanding of the Judaeo-Christian tradition, could not be implemented by Muslims and did not accord with the system of values recognized by the Islamic Republic of Iran; this country would therefore not hesitate to violate its provisions."[72] These departures, both theoretical and practical, have resulted in a multitude of practices and cases criticized by international human rights groups. See human rights in Iran, human rights in Saudi Arabia, and Taliban treatment of women for specific examples. Opinion polling[edit] Main article: Opinion polling and analysis about Islamic fundamentalism In a 2005 Lowy Institute for International Policy Poll 57% of Australians indicated they are worried about the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.[73][74][75] Amos N. Guiora noted that this is equivalent to the number of Australians who perceived American Foreign Policy as a threat, he further noted that not just Muslim countries have an unfavourable opinion of the United States but a large number of western countries such as: France, Germany, Great Britain and Spain and concluded that Australia was not an outlier on this regard.[76] The Lowly Institute claimed that the result "raised eyebrows." A New York Times poll found that 33% of Americans think that Muslim Americans were more "sympathetic to terrorists than other Citizens" Rik Coolsaet analysed this as indicating a high level of distrust directed at the American Muslim community.[77] The Times did this survey during the Park51 Ground Zero Mosque incident. The Times called the findings "appalling" and also analysed the data as showing a very high level of distrust of Muslim Americans and robust disapproval of the Park51 Mosque proposal.[78] The New Republic stated that it does not trust the poll carried out by the New York Times and that the figures would be higher than 33%. They further claimed that New York residents are tolerant and if the figures were 33% in New York then "non-New Yorker fellow citizens are far more deeply biased and warped than the Gotham locals".[79] See also[edit] Islam portal 2009 Diyala Province Bombing Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah (organisation) Anwar al-Awlaki Forced conversion in Islam Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Mona Mahmudnizhad Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi Muslim Patrol Salafi Wahhabi movement Deobandi movement Notes[edit] ^ a b DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 228. ISBN 0-19-516991-3. ^ a b Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: p. 215 ^ a b John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), p. 8. ^ Bernard, Lewis, Islam and the West, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ^ " 'The Green Peril': Creating the Islamic Fundamentalist Threat," Leon T. Hadar, Policy Analysis, Cato Institute, August 27, 1992. ^ "Islamic fundamentalism". Muslimphilosophy.com. Retrieved 2013-05-16. ^ Esposito, Voices of Resurgent Islam ISBN 0-19-503340-X ^ Islamic Radicalism: Its Wahhabi Roots and Current Representation| islamicsupremecouncil.org ^ Fuller, Graham E., The Future of Political Islam, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 48 ^ Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: p. 83 ^ Remarks by Robert H. Pelletreau, Jr., Middle East Policy Council, May 26, 1994, "Symposium: Resurgent Islam in the Middle East," Middle East Policy, Fall 1994, p. 2. ^ Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 823. ISBN 9780521779333. Retrieved 23 December 2015. ^ Amin, Husnul (2019). Observing Variants of POST-ISLAMISM: Intellectual Discourses and Social Movements. Islamabad: IRD. p. 4. ISBN 978-969-7576-57-9. ^ Coming to Terms, Fundamentalists or Islamists? Martin Kramer originally in Middle East Quarterly (Spring 2003), pp. 65–77. ^ Esposito, John, Voices of Resurgent Islam ISBN 0-19-503340-X ^ Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: pp. 82–3, 215 ^ Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: p. 59 ^ Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: pp. 38, 59 ^ Amin, Husnul (2014). "Making Sense of Islamic Social Movements: A Critical Review of Major Theoretical Approaches". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. ^ a b c d Roy, Failure of Political Islam, 1994: pp. 30–31 ^ Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 117, n. 3. ^ abou el Fadl, The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists, Harper San Francisco, 2005, p. 19 ^ Eli Berman, Hamas, Taliban and the Jewish Underground: An Economist's View of Radical Religious Militias, UC San Diego National Bureau of Economic Research. August 2003, p. 4 ^ Dennis, Anthony J. The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996), p. i. ^ Sadik J. al-Azm, "Islamic Fundamentalism Reconsidered: A Critical Outline of Problems, Ideas and Approaches", South Asia Bulletin, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 1 and 2 (1993), pp. 95–7. ^ Quoted by Bassam Tibi, "The Worldview of Sunni Arab Fundamentalists: Attitudes toward Modern Science and Technology," in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 85. ^ Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, "Introduction," in Martin and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 3. ^ "Islamic fundamentalism is widely spread". Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung. December 9, 2013. ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas J. (2019). "Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education". The British Journal of Sociology. n/a (n/a): 2133–2165. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12673. ISSN 1468-4446. PMID 31004347. ^ Dreyfuss (2006), p. 2 Cooper (2008), p. 272 ^ Cooper (2008), p. 272 ^ Dreyfuss (2006), pp. 1–4 ^ Dreyfuss (2006), p. 4 ^ Dreyfuss (2006), p. 5 ^ "Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'". The Globe and Mail. ^ Mohamad Jebara More Mohamad Jebara. "Imam Mohamad Jebara: Fruits of the tree of extremism". Ottawa Citizen. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-02. Retrieved 2015-11-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Matthews, Terry L. "Fundamentalism". Lectures for Religion 166: Religious Life in the United States. Wake Forest University. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved August 29, 2009. ^ Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism: Political Islam and the New World Disorder. Updated Edition. Los Angeles, University of California Press: 2002. Excerpt available online as The Islamic Fundamentalist Ideology: Context and the Textual Sources Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine at Middle East Information Center. ^ Douglas Pratt, "Terrorism and Religious Fundamentalism: Prospects for a Predictive Paradigm", Marburg Journal of Religion, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Volume 11, No. 1 (June 2006) ^ Dennis, Anthony J. The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996) p. 26 ^ See Dennis, Anthony J. "Fundamentalist Islam and Human Rights" pp. 36–56 in The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat of the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996). ^ See Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Women's Rights" pp. 40–44 in The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996). ^ See Dennis, Anthony J. "Strange Bedfellows: Fundamentalist Islam and Democracy" pp. 31–33 in The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996). ^ See Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Freedom of Expression" pp. 47–56 in The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat of the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996). ^ See Dennis, Anthony J. "The Attack on Other Religions" pp. 44–47 in The Rise of the Islamic Empire and the Threat to the West (Ohio: Wyndham Hall Press, 1996) ^ "Murtad", Encyclopedia of Islam ^ Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali Montazeri: "Not Every Conversion is Apostasy", by Mahdi Jami, In Persian, BBC Persian, February 2, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2006. ^ What Islam says on religious freedom, by Magdi Abdelhadi, March 27, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2006. ^ Fatwa on Intellectual Apostasy Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine, Text of the fatwa by Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi ^ S. A. Rahman in "Punishment of Apostasy in Islam", Institute of Islamic Culture, Lahore, 1972, pp. 10–13 ^ The punishment of apostasy in Islam Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, View of Dr. Ahmad Shafaat on apostasy. ^ Appleby (1993) p. 342 ^ Ahmed (1993), p. 94 ^ Gary Ferraro (2007). Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective. Cengage Learning. p. 362. ISBN 978-0495100089. Retrieved November 14, 2010. ^ Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past. Emerald Group Publishing. 2008. p. 272. ISBN 9780444532435. Retrieved November 14, 2010. ^ Johannes J. G. Jansen (1997). The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism. Cornell University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780801433382. Retrieved November 14, 2010. ^ Jansen, The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 69 ^ Darion Rhodes, Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate Archived 2014-04-21 at the Wayback Machine, International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, March 2014 ^ "Al-Shabaab joining al Qaeda, monitor group says – CNN.com". CNN. February 10, 2012. ^ "Somali group to be banned in UK". BBC News. March 1, 2010. ^ Armed Islamist group claims control in northeast Mali, AFP ^ a b "Islamist fighters call for Sharia law in Mali". Agence France-Presse. 13 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012. ^ Mali crisis: 'Timbuktu joy after life of fear' retrieved 17 January 2013 ^ Ian Black (January 16, 2013). "Mali militants: who's who among Islamist rebels". The Guardian. ^ Couamba Sylla (4 April 2012). "Tuareg-jihadists alliance: Qaeda conquers more than half of Mali". middle-east-online.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012. ^ "Rebels burn Timbuktu tomb listed as U.N. World Heritage site". CNN. 6 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012. ^ Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (28 June 2012). "Islamists declare full control of Mali's north". Reuters. Retrieved 29 June 2012. ^ "Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Sharia state". BBC News. 26 May 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2012. ^ "Terrorist Designations of Ansar al-Dine". United States Department of State. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ "Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities QE.A.135.13. ANSAR EDDINE". United Nations. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013. ^ a b Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islamic Law and Human Rights: Conundrums and Equivocations, chapter 14 in Carrie Gustafson, Peter H. Juviler (eds.), Religion and human rights: competing claims?, Columbia University seminar series, M.E. Sharpe, 1999, ISBN 0-7656-0261-X ^ Guiora, Amos N. (2008-09-04). Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007. p. 406. ISBN 9780195376586. ^ The Economist, Volume 375, Issues 8420–8428. 2005. p. 58. ^ The Lowy Institute Poll Australians Speak 2005 ^ Guiora, Amos N. (2008-09-04). Top Ten Global Justice Law Review Articles 2007. p. 406. ISBN 9780195376586. ^ Coolsaet, Professor Dr Rik (2013-04-28). Jihadi Terrorism and the Radicalisation Challenge: European and American ... p. 113. ISBN 9781409476450. ^ Mistrust and the Mosque ^ The New York Times Laments "A Sadly Wary Misunderstanding of Muslim-Americans." But Really Is It "Sadly Wary" Or A "Misunderstanding" At All? References[edit] Ahmed, Akbar S.; Donnan, Hastings (1994). Islam, globalization, and postmodernity – Google Books. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415093668. Appleby, R. Scott (1993). Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226508818. Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008). Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past. Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780444532435. Dreyfuss, Robert (2006). Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam. Macmillan. ISBN 9780805081374. Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674291416. Ariel Francais, Islam radical et nouvel ordre impérial, L'Harmattan, 2007. Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674291416. Retrieved 2 April 2015. Further reading[edit] Sikand, Yoginder Origins and Development of the Tablighi-Jama'at (1920–2000): A Cross-Country Comparative Study, ISBN 81-250-2298-8 Shepard, William. "What is 'Islamic Fundamentalism'?" Studies in Religion. Winter 1988. Malik, S. K. (1986). The Quranic Concept of War (PDF). Himalayan Books. ISBN 81-7002-020-4. Swarup, Ram (1982). Understanding Islam through Hadis. Voice of Dharma. ISBN 0-682-49948-X. Trifkovic, Serge (2006). Defeating Jihad. Regina Orthodox Press, USA. ISBN 1-928653-26-X. Phillips, Melanie (2006). Londonistan: How Britain is Creating a Terror State Within. Encounter books. ISBN 1-59403-144-4. External links[edit] Look up Islamic, fundamental, fundamentalism, or Islamic fundamentalism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up islamic fundamentalism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Islamic fundamentalism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic fundamentalism. Fundamentalist Islam at the Wayback Machine (archived October 27, 2009) Islamic Fundamentalism: A Brief Survey v t e Islamism Outline Islamism Qutbism Salafism Salafi jihadism Shia Islamism Concepts Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists Islamic democracy Islamic socialism Islamic state Islamic monarchy Islamic republic Islamistan Islamization of knowledge Pan-Islamism Post-Islamism Sharia Shura Turkish model Two-nation theory Ummah Movements Socio-political Deobandi Hizb ut-Tahrir in Britain in Central Asia Islamic Defenders Front Jamaat-e-Islami Millî Görüş Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in Syria Political parties Freedom and Justice Party Green Algeria Alliance Ennahda Movement Hadas Hezbollah Islamic Salvation Front Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Jamiat-e Islami Justice and Construction Party Justice and Development Party (Morocco) National Congress National Iraqi Alliance Malaysian Islamic Party Prosperous Justice Party Al Wefaq Welfare Party Fatah Alliance State of Law Coalition Islamic Action Front Related Ennahda Movement Gülen movement Islamic Modernism Justice and Development Party (Turkey) Political leaders Muhammad Abduh Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī Qazi Hussain Ahmad Muhammad Asad Hassan al-Banna Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Necmettin Erbakan Muammar Gaddafi Rached Ghannouchi Safwat Hegazi Muhammad Iqbal Alija Izetbegović Ali Khamenei Ruhollah Khomeini Abul A'la Maududi Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani Yusuf al-Qaradawi Sayyid Qutb Tariq Ramadan Ata Abu Rashta Rashid Rida Navvab Safavi Ali Shariati Haji Shariatullah Hassan Al-Turabi Malcolm X Ahmed Yassin Zia-ul-Haq Ziaur Rahman Salafi movement Movements Scholastic Ahl-i Hadith Madkhalism Sahwa movement Wahhabism Political Al Asalah Authenticity Party Al-Islah Al-Nour Party Islamist Bloc People Party Young Kashgar Party Major figures Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Nasiruddin Albani Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i Safar Al-Hawali Rabee al-Madkhali Muhammad Al-Munajjid Zakir Naik Salman al-Ouda Ali al-Tamimi Ibn al Uthaymeen Related International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism Islamic religious police Petro-Islam Sufi–Salafi relations Militant Islamism/Jihadism Ideology Qutbism Salafi jihadism Movements Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Militant Islamism based in MENA region Egyptian Islamic Jihad Fatah al-Islam Hamas Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant South Asia Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Southeast Asia Abu Sayyaf Sub-Saharan Africa Boko Haram al-Shabaab al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula in Iraq in North Africa Major figures Anwar al-Awlaki Abdullah Yusuf Azzam Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi Osama bin Laden Mohammed Omar Juhayman al-Otaybi Omar Abdel-Rahman Ayman al-Zawahiri Related Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism Jihad Slavery Talibanization Worldwide caliphate Other topics Texts Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s) Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940) Principles (Asad, 1961) Milestones (Qutb, 1964) Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970) Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970) The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975) Historical events Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization Iranian Revolution Grand Mosque seizure Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Popular Arab and Islamic Congress Algerian Civil War Faith campaign September 11 attacks War on Terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Influences Anti-imperialism Anti-Zionism Contemporary Islamic philosophy Islamic response to modernity Islamic revival by region Balkans Gaza Strip United Kingdom Related topics Criticism Political aspects of Islam Political Islam Islamism in South Asia · North Africa Authority control BNF: cb119618774 (data) LCCN: sh87005404 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_fundamentalism&oldid=998609917" Categories: Islamic fundamentalism Islam and politics Islam-related controversies Islamism Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020 Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from February 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from February 2013 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 05:37 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement