Egalitarianism - Wikipedia Egalitarianism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "Equalist" redirects here. For the antagonists in The Legend of Korra, see The Equalists. Trend of thought that favors equality for all people This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (August 2020) Egalitarianism (from French égal 'equal'), or equalitarianism,[1][2] is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds from the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.[3] Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status.[4] Egalitarianism is the doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly equal rights.[5] The term egalitarianism has two distinct definitions in modern English,[6] either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social and civil rights,[7] or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as equality reflecting the natural state of humanity.[8][9][10] Contents 1 Forms 1.1 Legal egalitarianism 1.1.1 Equality of person 1.1.2 Equality of men and women in rights and responsibilities 1.1.3 Gender equality 1.2 Social egalitarianism 1.2.1 Economic 1.3 Egalitarianism and non-human animals 1.4 Religious and spiritual egalitarianism 1.4.1 Islam 1.4.2 Christianity 1.5 Modern egalitarianism theory 2 Reception 2.1 Marxism 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Forms[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Some specifically focused egalitarian concerns include communism, legal egalitarianism, luck egalitarianism, political egalitarianism, gender egalitarianism, racial equality, equality of outcome and Christian egalitarianism. Common forms of egalitarianism include political and philosophical. Legal egalitarianism[edit] Further information: Equality before the law Part of a series on Liberalism History Age of Enlightenment List of liberal theorists (contributions to liberal theory) Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Democratic capitalism Economic freedom Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez-faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative/positive liberty Non-aggression Principle Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Schools of thought Anarcho-capitalism Classical liberalism Radical liberalism Left-libertarianism Geolibertarianism Right-libertarianism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal autocracy Liberal Catholicism Liberal conservatism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal nationalism Liberal socialism Social democracy Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism National liberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism Third Way Whiggism People Acton Alain Alberdi Alembert Arnold Aron Badawi Barante Bastiat Bentham Berlin Beveridge Bobbio Brentano Bright Broglie Burke Čapek Cassirer Chicherin Chu Chydenius Clinton Cobden Collingdood Condorcet Constant Croce Cuoco Dahrendorf Decy Dewey Dickens Diderot Dongsun Dunoyer Dworkin Einaudi Emerson Eötvös Flach Friedman Galbraith Garrison George Gladstone Gobetti Gomes Gray Green Gu Guizot Hayek Herbert Hobbes Hobhouse Hobson Holbach Hu Humboldt Jefferson Jubani Kant Kelsen Kemal Keynes Korais Korwin-Mikke Kymlicka Lamartine Larra Lecky Li Lincoln Locke Lufti Macaulay Madariaga Madison Martineau Masani Michelet Mill (father) Mill (son) Milton Mises Molteno Mommsen Money Montalembert Montesquieu Mora Mouffe Naoroji Naumann Nozick Nussbaum Obama Ohlin Ortega Paine Paton Popper Price Priestley Prieto Quesnay Qin Ramírez Rathenau Rawls Raz Renan Renouvier Renzi Ricardo Röpke Rorthy Rosmini Rosselli Rousseau Ruggiero Sarmiento Say Sen Earl of Shaftesbury Shklar Sidney Sieyès Şinasi Sismondi Smith Soto Polar Spencer Spinoza Staël Sumner Tahtawi Tao Thierry Thorbecke Thoreau Tocqueville Tracy Troeltsch Turgot Villemain Voltaire Ward Weber Wollstonecraft Zambrano Organizations Africa Liberal Network Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Arab Liberal Federation Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats European Democratic Party European Liberal Youth European Party for Individual Liberty International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Federation of Liberal Youth Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Regional variants Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Arizona School Classical Modern Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics Bias in academia Bias in the media  Liberalism portal  Politics portal v t e One argument is that liberalism provides democratic societies with the means to carry out civic reform by providing a framework for developing public policy and providing the correct conditions for individuals to achieve civil rights.[11] Equality of person[edit] The English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the United States Constitution use only the term person in operative language involving fundamental rights and responsibilities, except for (a) a reference to men in the English Bill of Rights regarding men on trial for treason; and (b) a rule of proportional Congressional representation in the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. As the rest of the Constitution, in its operative language the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution uses the term person, stating that "nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws". Equality of men and women in rights and responsibilities[edit] An example of this form is the Tunisian Constitution of 2014 which provides that "men and women shall be equal in their rights and duties". Gender equality[edit] The motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" was used during the French Revolution and is still used as an official motto of the French government. The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen French Constitution is framed also with this basis in equal rights of mankind. The Declaration of Independence of the United States is an example of an assertion of equality of men as "All men are created equal" and the wording of men and man is a reference to both men and women, i.e. mankind. John Locke is sometimes considered the founder of this form. Many state constitutions in the United States also use the rights of man language rather than rights of person since the noun man has always been a reference to and an inclusion of both men and women.[citation needed] Feminism is greatly informed by egalitarian philosophy, being a gender-focused philosophy of equality. Feminism is distinguished from egalitarianism by also existing as a political and social movement.[12] Social egalitarianism[edit] Part of a series on Socialism Development Age of the Enlightenment French Revolution History of socialism Revolutions of 1848 Socialist calculation debate Socialist economics Ideas Calculation in kind Collective ownership Cooperative Common ownership Commune (model of government) Economic democracy Economic planning Equal liberty Equal opportunity Free association Freed market Industrial democracy Input–output model Internationalism Labor-time calculation Labour voucher Material balance planning Peer‑to‑peer economics Production for use Sharing economy Social dividend Social ownership Socialism in one country Socialist mode of production To each according to his contribution/needs Workers' self-management Workplace democracy Models Communalism Participatory economics Democratic confederalism Market economy Market socialism Lange model Mutualism Socialist market economy Socialist-oriented market Planned economy Decentralized planning Inclusive Democracy OGAS Project Cybersyn Soviet-type Social ecology Variants 21st-century African Arab Agrarian Anarchism Authoritarian Blanquism Chinese Communism Democratic Ethical Ecological Feminist Fourierism Free-market Gandhian Guild Laissez-faire Liberal Libertarian Marhaenism Marxism Municipal Nationalist Owenism Reformism Religious Revolutionary Ricardian Saint-Simonianism Scientific Social democracy State Syndicalism Third World Utopian Zionist By country Argentina Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China Communist China Nationalist China Estonia Greece Hong Kong India Iran Italy Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka Tunisia United Kingdom United States Vietnam Yugoslavia People More Hall Saint-Simon Babeuf Owen Fourier Thompson Hodgskin Cabet Enfantin Proudhon Blanc Herzen Bakunin Marx Barmby Engels Lavrov Lassalle Morris Jones Kropotkin Bernstein Malatesta Kautsky Taylor Plekhanov Jaurès Dewey Barone Du Bois Goldman Lenin Luxemburg Blum Russell Pannekoek Recabarren Einstein Trotsky Keller Attlee Tawney Neurath Polanyi Makhno Bordiga Debs Cole Ho Tito Mao Nagy Pertini Gerhardsen Orwell Douglas Senghor Erlander Allende Hoxha Kreisky Mitterrand Nasser Mandela Crosland Bookchin Dubček Zinn Castoriadis Thompson Manley Castro Che Chomsky King Craxi Laclau Sanders Mouffe Ali Öcalan Žižek Corbyn Layton West Hedges Varoufakis Organizations First International Second International Third International Fourth International Fifth International Labour and Socialist International Socialist International World Federation of Democratic Youth International Union of Socialist Youth World Socialist Movement International Committee of the Fourth International Progressive Alliance Related topics Anarchism Capitalism Communist society Criticism of capitalism Criticism of socialism Economic calculation problem Economic system French Left Left-libertarianism Libertarianism List of socialists List of socialist economists Marxist philosophy Nanosocialism Progressivism Socialism and LGBT rights Socialist calculation debate Socialist Party Socialist state Types of socialism  Economics portal  Politics portal  Socialism portal v t e At a cultural level, egalitarian theories have developed in sophistication and acceptance during the past two hundred years. Among the notable broadly egalitarian philosophies are socialism, communism, social anarchism, libertarian socialism, left-libertarianism and progressivism, some of which propound economic egalitarianism. Whether any of these ideas have been significantly implemented in practice remains a controversial question. Anti-egalitarianism[13] or elitism[14] is opposition to egalitarianism. Economic [edit] A very early example of equality of what might be described as outcome economic egalitarianism is the Chinese philosophy of agriculturalism which held that the economic policies of a country need to be based upon egalitarian self-sufficiency.[15] In socialism, social ownership of means of production is sometimes considered to be a form of economic egalitarianism because in an economy characterized by social ownership the surplus product generated by industry would accrue to the population as a whole as opposed to a class of private owners, thereby granting each individual increased autonomy and greater equality in their relationships with one another. Although the economist Karl Marx is sometimes mistaken to be an egalitarian, Marx eschewed normative theorizing on moral principles altogether. Marx did have a theory of the evolution of moral principles concerning specific economic systems.[16] The American economist John Roemer has put forth a new perspective of equality and its relationship to socialism. Roemer attempts to reformulate Marxist analysis to accommodate normative principles of distributive justice, shifting the argument for socialism away from purely technical and materialist reasons to one of distributive justice. Roemer argues that according to the principle of distributive justice, the traditional definition of socialism based on the principle that individual compensation is proportional to the value of the labor one expends in production ("To each according to his contribution") is inadequate. Roemer concludes that egalitarians must reject socialism as it is classically defined in order for equality to be realized.[17] Egalitarianism and non-human animals[edit] Many philosophers, including Ingmar Persson,[18] Peter Vallentyne,[19] Nils Holtug,[20] Catia Faria[21] and Lewis Gompertz,[22] have argued that egalitarianism implies that the interests of non-human animals must be taken into account as well. Philosopher Oscar Horta has further argued that "[e]galitarianism implies rejecting speciesism, and in practice, it prescribes ceasing to exploit nonhuman animals" and that we should aid animals suffering in nature.[23] Furthermore, Horta argues that "because [nonhuman animals] are worse off in comparison to humans, egalitarianism prescribes giving priority to the interests of nonhuman animals".[23] Religious and spiritual egalitarianism[edit] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2020) Islam[edit] The Quran states: "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted".[24] Muhammad echoed these egalitarian sentiments, sentiments that clashed with the practices of the pre-Islamic cultures. In a review of Louise Marlow's Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought, Ismail Poonawala wrote: "With the establishment of the Arab-Muslim Empire, however, this egalitarian notion, as well as other ideals, such as social justice and social service, that is, alleviating suffering and helping the needy, which constituted an integral part of the Islamic teaching, slowly receded into the background. The explanation given for this change generally reiterates the fact that the main concern of the ruling authorities became the consolidation of their power and the administration of the state rather than upholding and implementing those Islamic ideals nurtured by the Qur'an and the Prophet."[25] Christianity[edit] The Bible states: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus."[26] In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. cited the passage in a pamphlet oppositing racial segregation in the United States. He wrote, "Racial segregation is a blatant denial of the unity which we all have in Christ."[27] He also alluded to the verse at the end of his "I have a dream" speech.[28] Considered in its entirety, the verse is cited to support an egalitarian interpretation of Christianity.[29] According to Jakobus M. Vorster, the central question debated by theologians "is whether the statement in Galatians 3:28 about ecclesiastical relationships can be translated into a Christian-ethical norm for all human relationships".[30] Vorster argues that it can, and that the verse provides a Christian foundation for the promotion of human rights and equality, in contrast to "patriarchy, racism and exploitation" which in his opinion are caused by human sinfulness.[30] According to Karin Neutel, "Contemporary interpreters have updated Paul’s statement and added pairs to the three original ones: 'neither gay nor straight,' 'neither healthy nor disabled,' and 'neither black nor white.'... [The original] three pairs must have been as relevant in the first century, as the additional categories are today." She argues that the verse points to a utopian, cosmopolitan community.[28] Modern egalitarianism theory[edit] Modern egalitarianism is a theory that rejects the classic definition of egalitarianism as a possible achievement economically, politically and socially. Modern egalitarianism theory, or new egalitarianism, outlines that if everyone had the same opportunity cost,[clarification needed] then there would be no comparative advances and no one would gain from trading with each other. In essence, the immense gains people receive from trading with each other arise because they are unequal in characteristics and talents—these differences may be innate or developed so that people can gain from trading with each other.[31] Reception [edit] The cultural theory of risk holds egalitarianism, with fatalism termed as its opposite,[32] as defined by a negative attitude towards rules and principles; and a positive attitude towards group decision-making.[32] The theory distinguishes between hierarchists, who are positive towards both rules and groups; and egalitarianists, who are positive towards groups, but negative towards rules.[32] This is by definition a form of anarchist equality as referred to by Alexander Berkman. Thus, the fabric of an egalitarianist society is held together by cooperation and implicit peer pressure rather than by explicit rules and punishment. Thompson et al. theorize that any society consisting of only one perspective, be it egalitarianist, hierarchist, individualist, fatalist or autonomist, will be inherently unstable as the claim is that an interplay between all these perspectives are required if each perspective is to be fulfilling. Although an individualist according to cultural theory is aversive towards both principles and groups, individualism is not fulfilling if individual brilliance cannot be recognized by groups, or if individual brilliance cannot be made permanent in the form of principles.[32] Accordingly, egalitarianists have no power except through their presence, unless they (by definition, reluctantly) embrace principles which enable them to cooperate with fatalists and hierarchists. They will also have no individual sense of direction in the absence of a group. This could be mitigated by following individuals outside their group, namely autonomists or individualists. Berkman suggests that "equality does not mean an equal amount but equal opportunity. [...] Do not make the mistake of identifying equality in liberty with the forced equality of the convict camp. True anarchist equality implies freedom, not quantity. It does not mean that every one must eat, drink, or wear the same things, do the same work, or live in the same manner. Far from it: the very reverse in fact. [...] Individual needs and tastes differ, as appetites differ. It is an equal opportunity to satisfy them that constitutes true equality. [...] Far from leveling, such equality opens the door for the greatest possible variety of activity and development. For human character is diverse."[33] Marxism[edit] Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believed that an international proletarian revolution would bring about a socialist society which would then eventually give way to a communist stage of social development which would be a classless, stateless, moneyless, humane society erected on common ownership of the means of production and the principle of "From each according to their ability, to each according to their needs". Marxism rejected egalitarianism in the sense of greater equality between classes, clearly distinguishing it from the socialist notion of the abolition of classes based on the division between workers and owners of productive property. Marx's view of classlessness was not the subordination of society to a universal interest such as a universal notion of equality, but it was about the creation of the conditions that would enable individuals to pursue their true interests and desires, making Marx's notion of communist society radically individualistic.[34] Marx was a proponent of two principles, with the first ("To each according to his contribution") being applied to socialism and the second ("To each according to their needs") to an advanced communist society. Although his position is often confused or conflated with distributive egalitarianism in which only the goods and services resulting from production are distributed according to a notional equality, Marx eschewed the entire concept of equality as abstract and bourgeois in nature, preferring to focus on more concrete principles such as opposition to exploitation on materialist grounds and economic logic.[35] See also[edit] "All men are created equal" Anarchism Basic income Deep ecology Discrimination Elitism Equal consideration of interests Equal opportunity Equality of outcome Feminism Same-sex marriage Gift economy Inequity aversion Left-wing politics Meritocracy Mutualism Prioritarianism Reciprocal altruism Redistributive justice Social equality Speciesism References[edit] ^ "Definition of equalitarianism". The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. ^ "equalitarianism". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "egalitarian". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ^ "Egalitarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab. Stanford University. 2019. ^ Robertson, David (2007). The Routledge Dictionary of Politics. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-415-32377-2. ^ "Egalitarianism". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. ^ "Wgalitarianism". American Heritage Dictionary. 2003. ^ Gowdy, John (1998). Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economics and the Environment. St Louis, MO: Island Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-1-55963-555-4. ^ Dahlberg, Frances (1975). Woman the Gatherer. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02989-5. ^ Erdal, D.; Whiten, A. (1996). "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution". In Mellars, P.; Gibson, K. (eds.). Modeling the Early Human Mind. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series. ^ Rosales, José María (12 March 2010). Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy. 20th World Contress on Philosophy: Political Philosophy. ^ Fiss, Owen (1994). "What is feminism". Arizona State Law Journal. 26: 413–428 – via HeinOnline. ^ Sidanius, Jim; et al. (2000). "Social dominance orientation, anti-egalitarianism and the political psychology of gender: An extension and cross-cultural replication". European Journal of Social Psychology. 30 (1): 41–67. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(200001/02)30:1<41::aid-ejsp976>3.0.co;2-o. ^ "Antonyms for egalitarian". English Thesaurus. Retrieved 28 September 2018. ^ Denecke, Wiebke (2011). The Dynamics of Masters Literature: Early Chinese Thought from Confucius to Han Feizi. Harvard University Press. p. 38. ^ "Egalitarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 16 August 2002. Retrieved 20 November 2013. ^ Roemer, John (2008). "Socialism vs Social Democracy as Income-Equalizing Institutions". Eastern Economic Journal. 34 (1): 14–26. doi:10.1057/palgrave.eej.9050011. ^ Persson, I. (1993). "A basis for (interspecies) equality". In Cavalieri, P.; Singer, P. (eds.). The Great Ape Project. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press. pp. 183–193. ^ Vallentyne, P. (2005). "Of mice and men: Equality and animals". Journal of Ethics. 9 (3–4): 403–433. doi:10.1007/s10892-005-3509-x. hdl:10355/10183. S2CID 13151744. ^ Holtug, N. (2007). "Equality for animals". In Ryberg, J.; Petersen, T.S.; Wolf, C. (eds.). New Waves in Applied Ethics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–24. ^ Faria, C. (2014). "Equality, priority and nonhuman animals". Dilemata: International Journal of Applied Ethics. 14: 225–236. ^ Gompertz, L. (1997 [1824]) Moral inquiries on the situation of man and of brutes, London: Open Gate. ^ a b Horta, Oscar (25 November 2014). "Egalitarianism and Animals". Between the Species. 19 (1). ^ "The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation". corpus.quran.com. Retrieved 30 December 2019. ^ Poonawala, Ismail (Summer 1999). "Reviewed Work: Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Islamic Thought by Louise Marlow". Iranian Studies. 32 (3): 405–407. JSTOR 4311272. ^ "(NIV) - Galatians 3:28 NIV - Biblia.com". biblia.com. Retrieved 4 October 2020. ^ ""For All . . . A Non-Segregated Society," A Message for Race Relations Sunday". The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. 10 February 1957. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ a b Neutel, Karin (19 May 2020). "Galatians 3:28—Neither Jew nor Greek, Slave nor Free, Male and Female". Biblical Archaeology Society. Retrieved 22 August 2020. ^ Buell, Denise Kimber; Hodge, Caroline Johnson (2004). "The Politics of Interpretation: The Rhetoric of Race and Ethnicity in Paul". Journal of Biblical Literature. 123 (2): 235. doi:10.2307/3267944. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 3267944. ^ a b Vorster, Jakobus M. (2019). "The Theological-Ethical Implications of Galatians 3:28 for a Christian Perspective on Equality as a Foundational Value in the Human Rights Discourse". In die Skriflig / In Luce Verbi. 53 (1): 8. doi:10.4102/ids.v53i1.2494. ^ Whaples, Robert M. (2017). "Egalitarianism: Fair and equal? New thinking on egalitarianism". The Independent Review. Retrieved 26 October 2017.[dead link] Alt URL ^ a b c d Thompson; et al. (1990). Cultural Theory.[full citation needed] ^ Berkman, Alexander. What is Anarchism?. pp. 164–165.[full citation needed] ^ Woods, Allen (2014). "Karl Marx on Equality". The Free Development of Each: Studies on Freedom, Right, and Ethics in Classical German Philosophy (PDF). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199685530.001.0001. ISBN 9780199685530. Marx thinks the idea of equality is actually a vehicle for bourgeois class oppression, and something quite different from the communist goal of the abolition of classes. [...] A society that has transcended class antagonisms, therefore, would not be one in which some truly universal interest at last reigns, to which individual interests must be sacrificed. It would instead be a society in which individuals freely act as the truly human individuals they are. Marx's radical communism was, in this way, also radically individualistic. ^ Nielsen, Kai (August 1987). "Rejecting Egalitarianism". Political Theory. SAGE Publications. 15 (3): 411–423. doi:10.1177/0090591787015003008. JSTOR 191211. S2CID 143748543. External links[edit] Look up egalitarian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up egalitarianism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Egalitarianism Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Egalitarianism". Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2016. "Moral Egalitarianism". Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Arneson, Richard (2002). Egalitarianism. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Gosepath, Stefan (2007). Equality. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Arneson, Richard (2002). Equality of opportunity. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Lepowsky, Maria (1993). Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society. New York: Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. "The Equality Studies Centre". "Twin Oaks Intentional Community". "Federation of Egalitarian Communities". 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