Juan Bautista Alberdi - Wikipedia Juan Bautista Alberdi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Argentine political theorist and diplomat In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Alberdi and the second or maternal family name is Aráoz. Juan Bautista Alberdi Daguerreotype taken in Chile, dated between 1850 and 1853 Born (1810-08-29)August 29, 1810 San Miguel de Tucumán, United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata Died June 19, 1884(1884-06-19) (aged 73) Neuilly-sur-Seine, France Nationality Argentine Language Spanish Influences The Federalist Papers, Constitution of California, Generation of '37, Say, Bastiat, Tocqueville, Constant, Leroux, Bacon, Locke, Bentham, Smith, Volney, Holbach, Rousseau, Helvétius, Cabanis, Buffon, Pascal, La Bruyere, Montesquieu, Vico, Cousin, Guizot, Saint Simón, Lamartine, Destutt de Tracy, Hugo, Dumas, Courier, Chateaubriand, Staël, Lamennais, Kant, Merlin, Pothier, Pardessus, Troplong, Martínez de la Rosa, Donoso Cortés, Larra, Capmany Influenced Argentine Constitution of 1853, Generation of '37, Generation of '80, Bermejo, González, Milei, Espert, Álvarez, Justo, Bunge, López Murphy, Ocampo, García Hamilton, Sebreli, Alsogaray, Rodríguez Braun, Rosa, Grondona, Rodríguez Juan Bautista Alberdi (August 29, 1810 – June 19, 1884) was an Argentine political theorist and diplomat. Although he lived most of his life in exile in Montevideo, Uruguay and in Chile, he influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Civil war 1.3 Diplomacy 1.4 Late life 2 Legacy 3 Selected bibliography 4 References 4.1 Footnotes 4.2 Sources 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography[edit] Early life[edit] Juan Bautista Alberdi was born in San Miguel de Tucumán, capital city of the Tucumán Province, Argentina, on August 29, 1810. His father, Salvador Alberdi, was a Spanish Basque merchant; his mother, Josefa Aráoz y Balderrama, had been born into an Argentine family of Spanish descent. She died as a result of Juan Bautista's birth. Salvador Alberdi supported the patriots during the Argentine War of Independence, and had interviews with general Manuel Belgrano during the Second Upper Peru campaign that was fought in Tucumán and northern areas in 1812 and 1813.[1] His father died as well in 1822; as he was still a minor his siblings Felipe and Tránsita became his legal guardians.[2] He got a scholarship to the School of Moral sciences in Buenos Aires, along fellow Tucuman Marco Avellaneda. He studied alongside Vicente Fidel López and Esteban Echeverría. He could not endure the harsh discipline of the school, and briefly left his studies pretexting being sick. He became interested in music, but preferred to learn it through autodidacticism rather than through formal artistic education. He wrote his first book in 1832, El espíritu de la música (Spanish: The spirit of music). He got a job with Juan Maldes, a friend of his family, and continued the informal learning of his other studies. He resumed his formal studies in 1831, and moved to the University of Córdoba. He returned to his province for family business, and wrote Memoria descriptiva sobre Tucumán (Spanish: Descriptive report of Tucumán) at the request of governor Alejandro Heredia. He declined the governor's request to stay in Tucumán, and returned to Buenos Aires.[3][4] Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, he was a freemason.[5] Civil war[edit] The "Literary hall", meeting of members of the Generation of '37 Once in Buenos Aires, Alberdi became friends with Juan María Gutiérrez and Esteban Echeverría. They established the "Generation of '37", a group of liberal intellectuals that met at the Marcos Sastre literary hall. They criticized both factions of the Argentine Civil Wars, deeming the federalists too violent and the unitarians incapable to rule. They thought that both factions should end their disputes and work together. The governor Juan Manuel de Rosas forced Marcos Sastre to close the hall. Alberdi established then a women's magazine, "La Moda" (Spanish: The fashion), writing with the pseudonym "Figarillo". Despite of the main focus, the magazine contained political content as well. Alberdi was concerned about the legal system of Argentina as well, and wrote Fragmento preliminar al estudio del derecho (Spanish: Preliminary fragment of the study of law) to point problems and suggest solutions. The members of the Generation of '37 continued as a secret society, known as the "May Association" (in reference to the May Revolution), but the government discovered it. Most members emigrated to other countries; Alberdi emigrated to Uruguay in 1838.[6] Alberdi in his young age In this city he got a degree as lawyer: he had already finished his studies in Buenos Aires, but refused to make the oath under Rosas' government.[7] Alberdi thought that the real problem in Argentina was not specifically Rosas, but the society that supported him. As a result, he thought that the generation of '37 should understand the reasons of such popular support, and how to earn it for themselves.[8] He worked in antirosist publications, such as "El Grito Arjentino" (Spanish: The Argentine Cry) and "Muera Rosas" (Spanish: Death to Rosas). He also wrote theater plays, "La Revolución de Mayo" (Spanish: The May Revolution) and "El gigante Amapolas" (Spanish: The giant Poppies). The name of this last one was a word play with the last name of Rosas, as "Rosas" can be also understood in the Spanish language as the plural form of "Rosa", the Rose flower. Alberdi worked as well as secretary of Juan Lavalle, who made a military campaign against Rosas during the French blockade of the Río de la Plata, but left him for political disagreements. Manuel Oribe, president of Uruguay deposed during the Uruguayan Civil War and allied to Rosas, laid siege to Montevideo in 1840, so Alberdi left the city and moved to Europe, alongside Juan María Gutiérrez.[9] Alberdi met José de San Martín in Paris. The Argentine general of the war of independence was aged sixty-six at the time, Alberdi praised his modesty and vitality. Alberdi returned to the Americas in 1843. He tried to meet the former Argentine president Bernardino Rivadavia during his brief stay in Rio de Janeiro, to no avail. He settled in Valparaíso, Chile. He renewed his degree as lawyer, and worked both as a lawyer and journalist, again with the pseudonym "Figarillo". He studied the United States Constitution, seeking ideas that might work in Argentina, and wrote Sobre la conveniencia de un Congreso General Americano (Spanish: About the convenience of a General American Congress) in 1844. He established the newspaper El Comercio, and wrote the report La República Argentina 37 años después de su Revolución de Mayo (Spanish: The Argentine Republic 37 years after its May Revolution) in 1847, calling for an end to the disputes between parties. Rosas was finally defeated by Justo José de Urquiza in 1852, during the battle of Caseros.[10][11] Diplomacy[edit] Alberdi's book Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic) influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. With Rosas deposed, Urquiza called the San Nicolás Agreement and convened a constituent assembly. Alberdi supported the project and wrote Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic), a draft for the new constitution. It was published by the printing house of the El Mercurio newspaper. It is heavily influenced by the United States Constitution. Alberdi complemented this work with Elementos de derecho público provincial Argentino (Spanish: Elements of Argentine provincial civic law), a comparison between the Argentine Constitution of 1826 and the United States Constitution. He attributed most of the problems of Argentina to its low population density, as the country had a very small population for its huge size; he frequently described the countryside as a desert. His proposed solution was to promote an influx of European immigration. His most known quotation is "Gobernar es poblar" (Spanish: To govern is to populate). He proposed as well to improve the infrastructure in ports, roads and bridges, and introduce the recently invented telegraphy and rail transport in the country. He advocated as well for economic liberalism, rejecting the protectionism of Rosas' government.[12] Urquiza, the new president of Argentina under the 1853 constitution, supported Alberdi's work, and appointed him ambassador of the Argentine Confederation in Chile. By that time, Buenos Aires seceded from the Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. The writer Domingo Faustino Sarmiento opposed Urquiza, and extended his criticism to Alberdi. Sarmiento thought that Urquiza was just another caudillo similar to Rosas; and Alberdi thought that the State of Buenos Aires was keeping the policies of Rosas regarding the relations between Buenos Aires and the other provinces and the national organization. Alberdi's ideas on the issue were detailed in the Cartas Quillotanas, written from Quillota. Sarmiento wrote his answer in Las ciento y una.[13] Urquiza proposed Alberdi to be the minister of finances, he declined the offer. Urquiza gave him another appointment: move to Europe and seek recognition for the 1816 Argentine Declaration of Independence and its constitution, and prevent recognition for the state of Buenos Aires as a different country. Alberdi visited the United States in his way to Europe, and had an interview with the American president Franklin Pierce. He visited London, meeting Queen Victoria, and finally settled in Paris. He would stay in this city for 24 years.[14] Alberdi met the French emperor Napoleon III, who granted the French recognition to the Confederation. Alberdi convinced him as well to remove the French diplomat at the State of Buenos Aires, and send another to the Confederation instead. Alberdi began negotiations with the marquis Pedro José Pidal for the Spanish recognition of the Argentine independence in 1857. He proposed two treaties between both countries: in the first, Spain would decline further sovereignty claims over the Argentine territory, and the second opened the country to commerce. He proposed as well that the Confederation would take the international debt of the former Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, the predecessor State of Argentina under Spanish rule; excluding those belonging to Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay (who had also been part of the viceroyalty, but became different countries). The treaties were signed in 1857 and 1859, and ratified on February 26, 1860. The Spanish queen Isabella II confirmed the treaties. However, the governor of Buenos Aires Carlos Tejedor rejected Alberdi's negotiations.[15] He also met Rosas, who was living in Southampton since he left power. The Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires were reunified in 1861, which ceased Alberdi's work as ambassador. He opposed the War of the Triple Alliance, and began a controversy about it with president Bartolomé Mitre. In this time he began to write El crimen de la guerra, a book that he did not finish and was published posthumously in 1895.[16] Late life[edit] Alberdi returned to Argentina in 1879, after more than forty years living abroad. He had been appointed representative for Tucuman, but was rejected during the rebellion of Carlos Tejedor against Julio Argentino Roca. The civil war ended in 1880 with the federalization of Buenos Aires. Alberdi had received a number of recognitions by this time. The village of Alberdi in Santa Fe Province (which was later incorporated to Rosario as Barrio Alberdi) was named after him, and President Roca sent a bill to Congress to have all of Alberdi's works published. The newspaper La Nación, established by Mitre, criticized those recognitions. Alberdi was sent to Europe, he had a stroke during the journey. His health rapidly declined, and he died near Paris on June 19, 1884.[17] Legacy[edit] His political as well as his economic projects are supported by contemporary Argentine liberal and libertarian economists such as Javier Milei, José Luis Espert, Agustín Etchebarne, Roberto Cachanosky among others.[18] Selected bibliography[edit] El espíritu de la música – 1832 Memoria descriptiva sobre Tucumán – 1834 Fragmento preliminar al estudio del derecho – 1837 Sobre la conveniencia de un Congreso General Americano – 1844 Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina – 1852 Elementos de derecho público provincial Argentino – 1852 References[edit] Footnotes[edit] ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, p. 8. ^ Lojo, p. 9. ^ Lojo, pp. 9–10. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 8–9. ^ The list includes Juan Bautista Alberdi, Manuel Alberti, Carlos María de Alvear, Miguel de Azcuénaga, Antonio González de Balcarce, Manuel Belgrano, Antonio Luis Beruti, Juan José Castelli, Domingo French, Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid, Francisco Narciso de Laprida , Juan Larrea, Juan Lavalle, Vicente López y Planes, Bartolomé Mitre, Mariano Moreno, Juan José Paso, Carlos Pellegrini, Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Justo José de Urquiza; José de San Martín is known to have been a member of the Lautaro Lodge, but whether that lodge was truly masonic has been debated: Denslow, William R. (1957). 10,000 Famous Freemasons. 1–4. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 9–11. ^ Lojo, p. 10. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 11–12. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, p. 12. ^ Lojo, p. 10. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 12–16. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 16–19. ^ Lojo, pp. 10–11. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 19–22. ^ Luqui-Lagleyze, pp. 22–23. ^ Lojo, p. 11. ^ Lojo, pp. 11–12. ^ Quieren que el Partido Liberal Libertario tenga candidato en 2019", Visión Liberal, Retrieved 17 February 2018 (in Spanish) Sources[edit] Luqui-Lagleyze, Julio Mario (2010). Grandes biografías de los 200 años: Juan Bautista Alberdi. Argentina: Clarín. ISBN 978-987-07-0842-1. Lojo, María Rosa (2009). El pensamiento de Juan Bautista Alberdi [The thought of Juan Bautista Alberdi]. Argentina: El Ateneo. ISBN 978-950-02-0478-1. Further reading[edit] Alberdi y su tiempo, Jorge M. Mayer, Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1963. Las ideas políticas en la Argentina, José Luis Romero, Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1975. Vida de un Ausente, José Ignacio Garcia Hamilton, Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 1993. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juan Bautista Alberdi. Spanish Wikisource has original text related to this article: Juan Bautista Alberdi Works by or about Juan Bautista Alberdi at Internet Archive Free scores by Juan Bautista Alberdi at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Newspaper clippings about Juan Bautista Alberdi in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control autores.uy: 2486 BNE: XX1648215 BNF: cb108798560 (data) CANTIC: a11540989 GND: 118644254 ISNI: 0000 0001 0884 7466 LCCN: n50043482 MBA: cbda8f49-4935-452e-9bae-fecad027b4eb NKC: jo2015889370 NLA: 35909419 NLG: 167787 NLK: KAC201849504 NTA: 073727121 PLWABN: 9810534040305606 SELIBR: 175066 SNAC: w65t3qk3 SUDOC: 028788893 Trove: 1141605 VIAF: 32016466 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50043482 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Bautista_Alberdi&oldid=997926803" Categories: Juan Bautista Alberdi Ambassadors of Argentina to Chile Ambassadors of Argentina to France Ambassadors of Argentina to the Holy See Ambassadors of Argentina to Spain Ambassadors of Argentina to the United Kingdom Unitarianists (Argentina) Argentine political writers Argentine male writers People from San Miguel de Tucumán Argentine people of Basque descent Argentine emigrants to France Argentine classical liberals 1810 births 1884 deaths Argentine Freemasons Hidden categories: Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters Articles containing Spanish-language text Commons link from Wikidata Articles with Internet Archive links Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with autores.uy identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano Қазақша مصرى Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 22:42 (UTC). 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