Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 1535 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5542 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 63 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 528 Wikipedia 306 University 306 ISBN 252 Press 162 Philosophy 147 John 121 God 118 article 103 Hume 95 history 91 New 59 Google 52 United 48 David 44 Party 43 category 43 York 41 War 40 World 39 ethic 38 german 33 religion 33 Oxford 33 France 31 Revolution 31 Europe 30 theory 30 philosophy 30 James 30 Christianity 29 England 26 social 25 London 25 Jean 25 Islam 25 Church 25 Charles 24 christian 24 Thomas 24 Paris 24 August 24 April 23 January 22 islamic 22 french 22 States 22 October 22 March 22 Cambridge 21 moral Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 23046 article 16753 p. 13699 history 12184 philosophy 10954 identifier 10001 ^ 9741 theory 9601 page 8911 century 8395 view 8216 work 7408 link 7150 religion 6939 time 6538 philosopher 6528 term 6097 science 5978 book 5935 life 5876 idea 5857 state 5749 ethic 5610 world 5602 law 5353 category 5275 text 5224 year 4946 people 4526 part 4407 man 4258 b 4190 government 4034 source 3982 belief 3958 right 3923 form 3895 nature 3890 knowledge 3870 language 3817 art 3803 statement 3711 way 3689 argument 3640 power 3592 original 3573 society 3515 system 3490 reason 3461 example 3354 mind Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 28537 ^ 19630 Wikipedia 16061 University 15813 ISBN 13380 Press 10405 John 10362 Hume 10099 pp 10024 New 9013 God 8412 Philosophy 7167 David 6818 de 5475 Oxford 5417 Retrieved 5201 York 5161 London 5052 William 5018 ed 4869 James 4798 Cambridge 4686 Thomas 4242 United 4190 World 4088 Charles 4083 War 4035 George 4023 J. 3850 Robert 3694 January 3685 Islam 3614 March 3587 December 3581 May 3562 April 3485 England 3480 June 3479 Paul 3431 Europe 3422 France 3407 English 3349 July 3335 al 3335 PDF 3332 Church 3302 October 3298 August 3253 b 3117 November 3102 History Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 29908 he 26998 it 9636 they 9595 i 7553 we 6473 you 5199 him 4559 them 3282 us 2139 she 2059 itself 1959 himself 1555 one 1491 me 1329 themselves 595 her 254 ourselves 252 myself 176 oneself 113 herself 108 yourself 52 yours 38 tt 36 thee 34 his 27 mine 26 theirs 26 ours 22 2017|last1 19 на 19 ''s 15 thyself 15 em 13 ’s 9 je 7 hume- 6 с 6 з 6 ye 6 au 5 p 5 hers 4 ya 4 o 3 τη 3 www.montpelier.org 3 www.bbc.co.uk 3 pg 3 hg 3 dilthey Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 166253 be 37441 have 11414 do 9104 see 7580 use 7227 retrieve 7044 make 6644 write 5971 include 5776 become 5363 say 5299 know 4655 argue 4563 take 4563 give 4561 edit 4234 publish 4088 call 3911 believe 3824 need 3755 find 3627 follow 3607 accord 3554 relate 3471 lead 3330 consider 3135 read 3032 think 2945 hold 2934 come 2861 learn 2832 base 2747 describe 2696 die 2619 begin 2541 exist 2527 change 2441 apply 2349 go 2265 create 2254 develop 2213 contain 2165 live 2086 mean 2068 cite 2064 establish 2062 provide 2022 agree 2018 show 2007 leave Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 25926 not 11681 also 10957 other 8722 more 8510 - 7970 such 7756 first 7108 political 6861 only 6468 early 6177 most 5501 social 5404 many 5211 religious 4846 well 4803 human 4750 free 4743 moral 4730 modern 4470 new 4460 so 4380 archived 4155 great 4128 non 4116 as 3926 however 3823 german 3681 then 3504 later 3477 even 3421 good 3304 own 3255 same 3154 economic 3148 christian 3099 last 3049 natural 3004 jewish 2956 scientific 2902 different 2883 personal 2881 much 2873 main 2864 portal 2831 french 2783 philosophical 2710 very 2677 upload 2658 often 2616 american Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1761 most 1058 good 881 least 675 great 478 Most 468 early 444 large 418 high 225 old 131 bad 118 strong 90 late 82 eld 81 low 69 close 54 big 44 young 43 fine 40 small 34 deep 29 simple 27 rich 25 poor 25 long 25 full 24 manif 24 fit 23 near 21 broad 19 noble 17 wide 17 slight 15 happy 15 f 14 pure 12 fast 11 wise 11 wealthy 11 weak 11 new 10 clear 9 sure 9 short 9 free 9 busy 8 tall 8 safe 8 c'' 7 www.bbc.co.uk 7 true Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4416 most 424 well 206 least 10 oldest 8 worst 7 goethe 7 early 6 highest 5 long 5 greatest 4 fast 2 qu’est 2 hard 2 fest 1 realism[5][3 1 orthodoxy,[citation 1 lang|he|text 1 innermost 1 hidest 1 hermeneutic[edit 1 farthest 1 close 1 brightest 1 +154‎ Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1252 en.wikipedia.org 348 books.google.com 97 web.archive.org 91 plato.stanford.edu 70 archive.org 43 wikidata.org 31 doi.org 30 www.iep.utm.edu 30 www.britannica.com 26 www.davidhume.org 24 www.academia.edu 16 davidhume.org 15 creativecommons.org 13 www.jstor.org 9 www.accesstoinsight.org 9 books.google.ca 8 www.youtube.com 8 www.humesociety.org 7 www.theguardian.com 6 oll.libertyfund.org 6 muse.jhu.edu 5 www.peterkreeft.com 5 www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk 5 www.marxists.org 5 viaf.org 5 rajyasabha.nic.in 5 quod.lib.umich.edu 5 commons.wikimedia.org 4 www.royalsoced.org.uk 4 www.pdcnet.org 4 www.nytimes.com 4 www.newadvent.org 4 www.gutenberg.org 4 www.google.co.uk 4 www.english.upenn.edu 4 www.eh.net 4 www.earlymoderntexts.com 4 www.bbc.co.uk 4 www.ams.org 4 usm-md.academia.edu 4 ssrn.com 4 proffrankmcdonough.com 4 historicalapologetics.org 4 hdl.handle.net 4 gallica.bnf.fr 4 en.wikisource.org 4 eh.net 4 edwardfeser.blogspot.com 4 data.bnf.fr 4 academic.oup.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" 10 http://www.iep.utm.edu/ 9 http://web.archive.org/web/20180710222300/http://www.davidhume.org/texts/emp.html 9 http://books.google.com/books?id=6ECxW_2tAf0C 8 http://archive.org/details/lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|title=The 8 http://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02burtgoog/page/n410 7 http://web.archive.org/web/20180712120258/http://www.davidhume.org/texts/thn.html 7 http://books.google.com/books?id=gB9liJb5o7UC 7 http://archive.org/stream/historyenglandf00humegoog#page/n21/mode/2up 6 http://www.davidhume.org/papers/millican/1996PhD.pdf 6 http://web.archive.org/web/20171020020313/http://www.davidhume.org/papers/millican/1996PhD.pdf 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&oldid=999389927 6 http://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/full 6 http://books.google.com/books?id=vZRtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=hume+presume+that+there+is+some+ambiguity&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3zSMVOvlJYnyULWZhPgP&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hume%20presume%20that%20there%20is%20some%20ambiguity&f=false 6 http://books.google.com/books?id=LLq-4rxR5ncC 6 http://books.google.com/books?id=1faeMedY8k8C 5 http://www.iep.utm.edu/hume/ 5 http://books.google.com/books?id=BMjrs7-gk9oC 4 http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/2.html|title=The 4 http://www.google.co.uk/search?tbm=bks&hl=en&q=canongate+theatre&gws_rd=ssl#hl=en&tbm=bks&q=canongate+theatre+hume+fieser 4 http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/hume.superstition.html 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20170517005711/http://www.iep.utm.edu/hume-rel/ 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20160305154616/http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&context=ssl 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20160115092006/http://www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk/manuscripts/html_output/2.html|archive-date=15 4 http://web.archive.org/web/20150226004822/http://www.oliveschreinerletters.ed.ac.uk/StanleyHumePersona.pdf 4 http://usm-md.academia.edu/IgorCasu 4 http://proffrankmcdonough.com/ 4 http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/704#Hume_0059_254 4 http://historicalapologetics.org/campbell-george/|author=Huitt 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Dissertations&oldid=995611480" 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hume&oldid=999389927" 4 http://davidhume.org/texts/empl1/se 4 http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908035f 4 http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/PDMCreative 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=vv5ERpFQBCoC&pg=PA31&dq=hume+abstract+author&hl=en&sa=X&ei=70ODVLXoM4r_UIDpgNgP&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=hume%20abstract%20author&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=vqcRAAAAYAAJ&q=Nairne+intitle:Evidences+inauthor:William+inauthor:Paley 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=ntygPAezQJUC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=%22but+he+did+not+rule+out+all+concepts+of+deity%22&source=bl&ots=ulLs4-GWED&sig=XcJNdJXP3jP-N0ynFZ8wroDbAUg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CtwmVd-BKueP7AbA14CYDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22but%20he%20did%20not%20rule%20out%20all%20concepts%20of%20deity%22&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA454&dq=hume++fishwives&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wi3KU6jOGMaM7AaRoIDYBQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hume%20%20fishwives&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=i1tNI9646Q4C&pg=PA620&dq=hume++anthropic+principle&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4zXKU_nGCqaw7Aa-w4GAAg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=hume%20%20anthropic%20principle&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=fC3-d89f7qoC&dq=hume+miracle+criticism&q=%22hume+with+a+glaring%22#v=snippet&q=%22hume%20with%20a%20glaring%22&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=ddsOAAAAIAAJ 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=Y4UNAAAAQAAJ&q=douglas+the+criterion+miracles&pg=PR1 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=UKSZeRnuyjAC&pg=PA150&dq=teleological+god+hume+darwin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FvrIU4uBMYOu7AaV1oGQCw&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=teleological%20god%20hume%20darwin&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rt9JAAAAMAAJ&q=intitle:View+intitle:Principal+intitle:Deistical+inauthor:Leland 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=MkTSD5UHu8AC&pg=PA272&dq=dark+hume+Michael+Ignatieff&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YEuIVIzbEseqUbzng_gP&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=dark%20hume%20Michael%20Ignatieff&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=7HXJAqqNl4QC&pg=PA378&dq=annandale+lunatic+hume&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bxWIVPykIYHtUtevgvAI&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=annandale%20lunatic%20hume&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=6ECxW_2tAf0C&pg=PA118&dq=companion+hume+observe+neither+God+nor+other+universes&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z0OMVMfjJob1UvykgLAN&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=companion%20hume%20observe%20neither%20God%20nor%20other%20universes&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=1faeMedY8k8C&pg=PA175&dq=An+Abstract+of+a+Book+lately+Published;+Entitled&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XRryVP6yCYX6ygPViYDABg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=An%20Abstract%20of%20a%20Book%20lately%20Published%3B%20Entitled&f=false 4 http://books.google.com/books?id=-PCV11VQ8PYC&pg=PA104&dq=%22Understanding+Philosophy+of+Religion%22+hume&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6qs4Vbe4EofXPeywgbgN&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Understanding%20Philosophy%20of%20Religion%22%20hume&f=false 4 http://books.google.ca/books/about/Reason_Grace_and_Sentiment_Volume_2_Shaf.html?id=VSqj2pyBN3sC&redir_esc=y Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 50 stewards@wikimedia.org 4 administrator@eh.net 3 muse@press.jhu.edu 2 wmorris@iwu.edu 2 paul.russell@ubc.ca 2 no-reply@cambridge.org 2 clorkows@kent.edu 1 www.millar-project@ed.ac.uk 1 wrighljp@cmich.edu 1 web@humesociety.org 1 scanner-shenzhen-david@archive.org 1 prussell@interchange.ubc.ca 1 pollocrc@gmail.com 1 onlinebooks@pobox.upenn.edu 1 msmckenna@u.arizona.edu 1 jonathan.cottrell@wayne.edu 1 jfieser@utm.edu 1 gracyk@mnstate.edu 1 ehreview@eh.net 1 donate@wikimedia.org 1 djcoates@uh.edu 1 associate-maryrose-estose@archive.org 1 associate-jovelyn-comilang@archive.org 1 anders.kraal@ubc.ca 1 ali-hasan@uiowa.edu 1 admin@eh.net Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1262 page was last 1243 views read edit 354 articles needing additional 162 god is not 106 articles needing clarification 92 article needs additional 90 articles needing page 66 views read view 60 god does not 34 article has multiple 33 articles using small 31 articles needing factual 29 pages needing cleanup 26 philosophy related articles 24 ^ see also 23 hume does not 21 hume did not 21 hume is not 19 articles needing expert 15 god is dead 15 religion is not 15 theory does not 14 ^ see e.g. 14 god did not 13 god is also 13 pages needing factual 12 articles needing translation 12 god is good 11 god is omnipotent 11 hume was also 11 pages using infobox 11 philosophy is not 11 theory is not 10 article does not 9 god is perfect 9 link is locally 9 pages using sister 8 article is part 8 hume is right 8 hume was critical 8 science does not 8 work was favourably 7 articles needing cleanup 7 hume says hume 7 hume was extremely 7 hume was plainly 7 hume was well 7 religions are dangerous 7 science is not 7 term is not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 hume had no source 6 hume is not so 4 god is not omnipotent 3 god is not non 3 wikipedia is not disclaimer 2 god had no part 2 god is not absolutely 2 god is not existent 2 god is not ignorant 2 philosophy is not necessarily 2 religion is no vague 2 religion is not necessary 2 religion is not reason 2 religion is not universal 2 term has no cognitive 2 term has no idea 2 time are not infinitely 1 ^ making no commitment 1 century was not moral 1 god are not irrational 1 god are not parts 1 god are not specific 1 god does not arbitrarily 1 god does not factually 1 god does not now 1 god has no accidental 1 god has no counterpart 1 god has no essential 1 god has no interest 1 god has no spatial 1 god has no temporal 1 god is no longer 1 god is not anthropomorphic 1 god is not compatible 1 god is not composite 1 god is not distinct 1 god is not existence 1 god is not great 1 god is not identical 1 god is not inherent 1 god is not literally 1 god is not logically 1 god is not material 1 god is not necessarily 1 god is not nonexistent 1 god is not only 1 god is not part 1 god is not pleased 1 god is not possible 1 god is not prerequisite Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 199798 archive-org-8357 75579 davidhume-org-7711 42522 en-wikipedia-org-2247 41118 en-wikipedia-org-5985 39680 eh-net-2453 36615 en-wikipedia-org-6454 34629 en-wikipedia-org-492 33533 en-wikipedia-org-9366 32842 en-wikipedia-org-580 30920 en-wikipedia-org-6626 30263 en-wikipedia-org-2279 30194 plato-stanford-edu-1685 29361 en-wikipedia-org-1987 28252 en-wikipedia-org-6489 27470 en-wikipedia-org-7906 26719 en-wikipedia-org-6290 26663 en-wikipedia-org-6021 25694 en-wikipedia-org-4726 25480 en-wikipedia-org-6744 24737 en-wikipedia-org-4204 24684 en-wikipedia-org-418 24477 en-wikipedia-org-7801 24202 en-wikipedia-org-2465 23575 en-wikipedia-org-2534 23122 en-wikipedia-org-3885 23118 en-wikipedia-org-8864 22625 en-wikipedia-org-9919 22170 en-wikipedia-org-5547 22093 en-wikipedia-org-5952 22091 en-wikipedia-org-3719 21841 plato-stanford-edu-1016 21818 plato-stanford-edu-6410 21243 en-wikipedia-org-331 20956 en-wikipedia-org-7769 20711 en-wikipedia-org-9877 20232 en-wikipedia-org-1281 20148 en-wikipedia-org-9716 20138 en-m-wikipedia-org-1933 19863 en-wikipedia-org-6033 19836 en-wikipedia-org-7032 19802 en-wikipedia-org-9249 19769 en-wikipedia-org-2080 19764 en-wikipedia-org-6197 19036 en-wikipedia-org-2820 19023 en-wikipedia-org-4034 18885 en-wikipedia-org-2223 18788 en-wikipedia-org-8228 18785 en-wikipedia-org-2747 18781 en-wikipedia-org-6210 18302 en-wikipedia-org-4718 17916 en-wikipedia-org-3784 17812 en-wikipedia-org-9053 17606 en-wikipedia-org-5242 17597 en-wikipedia-org-5595 17479 en-wikipedia-org-3566 17441 en-wikipedia-org-3673 17394 en-wikipedia-org-1307 17135 en-wikipedia-org-1726 17135 en-wikipedia-org-2605 16912 www-iep-utm-edu-6818 16483 en-wikipedia-org-6519 16362 en-wikipedia-org-1701 16304 en-wikipedia-org-5184 16186 en-wikipedia-org-1574 16156 en-wikipedia-org-6982 15878 en-wikipedia-org-8917 15768 en-wikipedia-org-7140 15702 en-wikipedia-org-4008 15555 plato-stanford-edu-6160 15277 en-wikipedia-org-4475 15225 en-wikipedia-org-7919 14992 en-wikipedia-org-6872 14936 en-wikipedia-org-6048 14799 en-wikipedia-org-3398 14473 en-wikipedia-org-1085 14272 en-wikipedia-org-2156 14272 en-wikipedia-org-7217 14202 en-wikipedia-org-3066 14164 en-wikipedia-org-6765 14149 en-wikipedia-org-6413 14148 en-wikipedia-org-9290 14109 plato-stanford-edu-8923 14010 en-wikipedia-org-8359 13971 en-wikipedia-org-8533 13928 en-wikipedia-org-6633 13777 en-wikipedia-org-1078 13721 en-wikipedia-org-677 13614 en-wikipedia-org-9119 13605 en-wikipedia-org-847 13549 en-wikipedia-org-2749 13504 en-wikipedia-org-852 13395 en-wikipedia-org-4006 13370 en-wikipedia-org-3855 13353 en-wikipedia-org-2810 13297 en-wikipedia-org-1581 13294 en-wikipedia-org-1312 13236 en-wikipedia-org-619 13187 en-wikipedia-org-1672 13016 en-wikipedia-org-2355 12822 en-wikipedia-org-9111 12529 en-wikipedia-org-9550 12524 en-wikipedia-org-9882 12317 en-wikipedia-org-5304 12279 ar-wikipedia-org-8575 11990 onlinebooks-library-upenn-edu-5263 11970 en-wikipedia-org-5095 11944 en-wikipedia-org-9643 11903 en-wikipedia-org-3446 11899 en-wikipedia-org-1643 11681 en-wikipedia-org-8708 11638 en-wikipedia-org-2601 11576 en-wikipedia-org-6939 11483 www-iep-utm-edu-7923 11415 en-wikipedia-org-6438 11402 en-wikipedia-org-4524 11389 en-wikipedia-org-9981 11382 en-wikipedia-org-8719 11353 en-wikipedia-org-640 11073 en-wikipedia-org-6353 11058 en-wikipedia-org-7900 10962 en-wikipedia-org-7936 10927 en-wikipedia-org-2182 10886 en-wikipedia-org-3249 10856 en-wikipedia-org-9766 10846 en-wikipedia-org-6396 10759 en-wikipedia-org-3927 10568 en-wikipedia-org-8177 10496 en-wikipedia-org-5597 10415 en-wikipedia-org-8576 10395 en-wikipedia-org-8653 10250 en-wikipedia-org-1718 10113 en-wikipedia-org-4067 10099 en-wikipedia-org-9599 10049 en-wikipedia-org-7661 10030 en-wikipedia-org-6074 9982 en-wikipedia-org-1487 9978 en-wikipedia-org-4844 9960 en-wikipedia-org-1480 9918 en-wikipedia-org-1300 9868 en-wikipedia-org-235 9836 en-wikipedia-org-8315 9757 en-wikipedia-org-1458 9719 en-wikipedia-org-5933 9689 en-wikipedia-org-8138 9661 en-wikipedia-org-4438 9652 en-wikipedia-org-7536 9590 en-wikipedia-org-6948 9489 en-wikipedia-org-4161 9397 en-wikipedia-org-1199 9368 en-wikipedia-org-1403 9353 en-wikipedia-org-673 9350 en-wikipedia-org-6689 9343 en-wikipedia-org-8344 9313 en-wikipedia-org-6434 9296 en-wikipedia-org-1717 9274 en-wikipedia-org-4732 9265 en-wikipedia-org-9566 9253 en-wikipedia-org-6647 9157 en-wikipedia-org-7836 9102 en-wikipedia-org-6531 9035 en-wikipedia-org-2222 8966 en-wikipedia-org-1442 8764 en-wikipedia-org-3741 8757 en-wikipedia-org-7981 8745 en-wikipedia-org-9558 8665 en-wikipedia-org-3572 8648 en-wikipedia-org-3455 8570 en-wikipedia-org-9180 8521 de-wikipedia-org-1942 8514 en-wikipedia-org-6195 8471 en-wikipedia-org-6484 8450 en-wikipedia-org-4972 8316 en-wikipedia-org-3718 8283 en-wikipedia-org-1943 8186 en-wikipedia-org-9951 8139 en-wikipedia-org-7683 8004 en-wikipedia-org-2367 7924 en-wikipedia-org-1962 7905 en-wikipedia-org-8913 7896 en-wikipedia-org-2120 7865 en-wikipedia-org-5972 7838 en-wikipedia-org-7950 7801 en-wikipedia-org-8922 7782 en-wikipedia-org-886 7778 en-wikipedia-org-9125 7772 en-wikipedia-org-6083 7735 en-wikipedia-org-9115 7724 en-wikipedia-org-8944 7687 ast-wikipedia-org-4582 7626 en-wikipedia-org-6665 7618 en-wikipedia-org-3402 7576 en-wikipedia-org-7131 7450 en-wikipedia-org-7654 7420 en-wikipedia-org-4316 7414 en-wikipedia-org-4218 7374 en-wikipedia-org-7783 7330 en-wikipedia-org-7701 7316 en-wikipedia-org-7226 7293 en-wikipedia-org-5199 7247 en-wikipedia-org-3782 7163 en-wikipedia-org-5732 7160 en-wikipedia-org-5634 7088 en-wikipedia-org-3652 7083 en-wikipedia-org-2350 7076 en-wikipedia-org-5910 6995 en-wikipedia-org-6217 6940 en-wikipedia-org-2858 6932 en-wikipedia-org-4946 6872 en-wikipedia-org-6709 6751 en-wikipedia-org-5562 6750 en-wikipedia-org-5971 6716 en-wikipedia-org-6915 6704 en-wikipedia-org-6098 6678 en-wikipedia-org-8581 6627 en-wikipedia-org-394 6538 en-wikipedia-org-2315 6491 en-wikipedia-org-8215 6468 en-wikipedia-org-4678 6456 en-wikipedia-org-8970 6444 en-wikipedia-org-1926 6345 en-wikipedia-org-6352 6336 en-wikipedia-org-5786 6288 en-wikipedia-org-3139 6273 en-wikipedia-org-1211 6153 en-wikipedia-org-9187 6130 en-wikipedia-org-4242 6119 en-wikipedia-org-3825 6074 en-wikipedia-org-5714 6074 en-wikipedia-org-7952 6057 en-wikipedia-org-7378 6010 en-wikipedia-org-2619 5997 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Heading Hume, David, 1711-1776 Seen from Hume, Dawid, 1711-1776 Biogr./Hist. data Britský filozof, historik, esejista a ekonom. Source NKC Social contract / with an introduction by Sir Ernest Barker Pressman, S.: Encyklopedie nejvýznamnějších ekonomů Biografické údaje BNF LC (Names) More info Wikipedie (David Hume) Permalink http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000059894&local_base=AUT More info: © 2014 Ex Libris, NL CR am-wikipedia-org-1653 an-wikipedia-org-9435 api-semanticscholar-org-1210 api-semanticscholar-org-6471 [PDF] Causal and Logical Necessity in Malebranche''s Occasionalism | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 55643409Causal and Logical Necessity in Malebranche''s Occasionalism title={Causal and Logical Necessity in Malebranche''s Occasionalism}, One of Malebranche''s well-known arguments for occasionalism, known as, the ''no necessary Citation Type Citation Type Sort by Most Influenced Papers Sort by Citation Count Sort by Recency Necessary Connections and Continuous Creation: Malebranche''s Two Arguments for Occasionalism View 11 excerpts, references background and methods Occasionalism and mechanism: Fontenelle''s objections to malebranche Malebranche and Occasional Causes Malebranche on Causation View 1 excerpt, references background View 1 excerpt, references background View 1 excerpt, references background View 1 excerpt, references background View 1 excerpt, references background Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License api-semanticscholar-org-7151 api-semanticscholar-org-8726 ar-wikipedia-org-8575 ينظر هيوم إلى كل معرفة تخص الإنسان على أنها فلسفة أخلاقية بما فيها نظرية المعرفة ومبحث السياسة والدين والاقتصاد. ومعنى هذا أن ما يفهمه هيوم من مصطلح "الفلسفة الأخلاقية ليس مقتصرًا على ما يُفهم عادة منه أنه يخص مبحث الأخلاق فحسب هيوم تنقسم المعارف البشرية إلى فلسفة طبيعية تضم كل معارفنا عن الطبيعة بالمعنى الفيزيائي والكيميائي والأحيائي والرياضي، وفلسفة أخلاقية تضم كل ما يخص الإنسان، ولأن المعرفة ظاهرة إنسانية هي والسياسة والاقتصاد والدين، فقد نظر إليها هيوم على أنها تنتمي إلى الفلسفة الأخلاقية. ويعطي هيوم الأولوية للذاكرة في العمليات العقلية الأكثر رقياً وتعقيداً، مثل إدراك التوالي أو التتابع، والاستدلال والحكم.[36] والحقيقة أنه أخطأ في ذلك، لأن هذه العمليات العقلية تعتمد على الأفكار المجردة وعلى الكليات، وهذه ليست من إنتاج المخيلة بل من إنتاج الفهم، ومعنى هذا أن إدراك العلاقة بين فكرة وأخرى وإدراك السببية والقيام بفعل الحكم لا يمكن أن يعتمد على الذاكرة وحدها بل على المخيلة، ذلك لأنها هي القدرة على استحضار علاقات بين انطباعات ليست موجودة في الحواس، وهذا الاستحضار للعلاقات في المخيلة هو في الحقيقة ليس استحضاراً لشئ كان موجوداً أمام الحواس وغاب عنها كي تستعيده الذاكرة، بل هو إنتاج لهذه العلاقات التي لم يعيها الإدراك الحسي منذ البداية. archive-org-1336 archive-org-1529 archive-org-200 An essay in answer to Mr. Hume''s Essay on miracles : Adams, William, 1706-1789 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive An illustration of an open book. An illustration of an audio speaker. An illustration of two photographs. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Advanced Search Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for University of California Libraries srlf_ucla:LAGE-473037 Collection-library Evidence reported by james-hixon for item essayinanswertom00adamiala on January 11, 2007: no visible notice of copyright; stated date is 1767. Copyright-evidence-date Copyright-evidence-operator Identifier-ark NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT plus-circle Add Review DOWNLOAD OPTIONS ABBYY GZ download FULL TEXT download ITEM TILE download KINDLE download PDF download SINGLE PAGE PROCESSED JP2 ZIP download SINGLE PAGE RAW JP2 ZIP download TORRENT download download 10 Original California Digital Library archive-org-2115 archive-org-2410 archive-org-3984 Walpole, and Mr. D''Alembert, relative to this extraordinary affair : Hume, David, 1711-1776 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive An illustration of an open book. An illustration of an audio speaker. An illustration of two photographs. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for Identifier-ark plus-circle Add Review DOWNLOAD OPTIONS ABBYY GZ download DAISY download EPUB download FULL TEXT download ITEM TILE download KINDLE download PDF download PDF download SINGLE PAGE ORIGINAL JP2 TAR download SINGLE PAGE PROCESSED JP2 ZIP download TORRENT download download 19 Files download 19 Files download 19 Files download 19 Files download 19 Files download 19 Files download 11 Original Princeton Theological Seminary Library Princeton Theological Seminary Library Princeton Theological Seminary Library archive-org-4239 Alfred Ayer Language, Truth and Logic : Alfred Ayer : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive See what''s new with book lending at the Internet Archive An illustration of an open book. An illustration of an audio speaker. An illustration of text ellipses. Search text contents Search archived websites Share or Embed This Item EMBED (for wordpress.com hosted blogs and archive.org item tags) Flag this item for Alfred Ayer Language, Truth and Logic Alfred Ayer Language, Truth and Logic Identifier-ark plus-circle Add Review Language, Truth and Logic A.J. Ayer What can one say about one of the great books of analytic philosophy? Nevertheless, I have now reread the book a number of times and find his insights into analytic philosophy invaluable, especially for a good understanding of logical empiricism. ABBYY GZ download FULL TEXT download PDF download PDF WITH TEXT download TORRENT download archive-org-426 archive-org-6073 Internet Archive BookReader An essay in answer to Mr. Hume''s Essay on miracles An essay in answer to Mr. Hume''s Essay on miracles The BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser supports JavaScript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. You can also try one of the other formats of the book. archive-org-7041 Internet Archive BookReader The History of England: From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688 The History of England: From the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution of 1688 The BookReader requires JavaScript to be enabled. Please check that your browser supports JavaScript and that it is enabled in the browser settings. You can also try one of the other formats of the book. archive-org-7760 archive-org-8357 Dr. Percy ; a nonsensical passage in the Hisiory; Captain Brydone ; complaints of ill-treatment ; proposed continuation of the History; England sunk in barbarism ; Stuart''s Letters to Lord Mansfield . 1757, the day after the date of Hume''s letter in the text, supported their brothers in Edinburgh in the following manner : — On Dec. 18, 1759, Hume writing to Millar about the History of the Tudors, says : — '' I think that an Index will be very proper, Remarks on Mr. David Hume''s Essay on the Natural History of Religion, by a Gentleman of Cambridge, in a Letter to the Rev. '' The Author of the annexed printed Letter, is an Irish Gentleman, who is highly concerned, that so great a Man as Mr. Hume Hume having sold the copyright of his History to London booksellers could not publish a rival edition in Great Britain. archive-org-8428 archive-org-8906 arz-wikipedia-org-1867 ast-wikipedia-org-4582 David Hume (Edimburgu, 7 de mayu de 1711 – ibidem, 25 d''agostu de 1776)[16] foi un filósofu, economista, sociólogu ya historiador escocés y constitúi una de les figures más importantes de la filosofía occidental y de la Ilustración escocesa. Los historiadores consideren que la filosofía de Hume nun ye válida como una profundización nel escepticismu, anque esta visión foi aldericada argumentando que''l naturalismu tien un pesu comparable nel so pensamientu. Pero, como Hume comenta, esta xustificación fai usu del razonamientu circular nun intentu de xustificar la inducción por aciu la reiteración, lo que nos devuelve al puntu de partida. Hume decatar de que munchu escritores falaben sobre lo que tendría de ser partiendo de la base de lo que ye; pero hai una gran diferencia ente les proposiciones descriptives (lo que ye) y les prescriptives (lo que tien de ser) (ver llibru III, parte I, seición I del Tratáu de la naturaleza humana). authority-bibsys-no-1066 Field Value System control number 90100245 autid x90100245 handle http://hdl.handle.net/11250/1282431 scn 90100245 viaf http://viaf.org/viaf/49226972 isni 0000000121318235 bibbi 17424 Status kat2 Authority type PERSON Created date Mon Feb 24 00:00:00 CET 1997 Last update date Wed Feb 19 16:50:05 CET 2020 Deleted false Personal name Hume, David Dates associated with a name 1711-1776 386$m Nasjonalitet/regional gruppe 386$2 bs-nasj az-wikipedia-org-4916 be-tarask-wikipedia-org-6235 be-wikipedia-org-5389 bg-wikipedia-org-9524 bn-wikipedia-org-3881 হিউম এর নৈতিক তত্ত্ব হিসেবে দেখা হয়েছে একটি অনন্য প্রয়াস, সংশ্লেষণ আধুনিক ভাবপ্রবণ ব্যক্তি নৈতিক ঐতিহ্য, যা থেকে হিউম বিলঙ্গড সঙ্গে পুণ্য নীতিশাস্ত্র, ঐতিহ্য, প্রাচীন দর্শন, যা দিয়ে হিউম একমত, এ সংক্রান্ত বৈশিষ্ট্যের অক্ষরেখা বরং ঘটনা বা তাদের পরিণতিহিসেবে শেষ পর্যন্ত সঠিক বস্তু নৈতিক মূল্যায়ন.উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: শুরুর ট্যাগ সঠিক নয় বা ভুল নামে রয়েছে হিউম পরিচালিত একটি প্রাথমিক প্রতিশ্রুতি প্রকৃতিবাদী ব্যাখ্যা নৈতিক ঘটনা, এবং সাধারণত গ্রহণ করা হয়েছে, প্রথমত পরিষ্কারভাবে বুঝিয়ে দিলেন যে কর্তব্য সমস্যা বা ধারণা যে একটি বিবৃতি আসলে একা না করতে পারেন, বৃদ্ধি দিতে একটি আদর্শ উপসংহার কি কর্তব্য সম্পন্ন করা.উদ্ধৃতি ত্রুটি: শুরুর ট্যাগ সঠিক নয় বা ভুল নামে রয়েছে হিউম এছাড়াও যে বঞ্চিত মানুষের আছে একটি প্রকৃত ধারণা স্ব positing যে আমরা অভিজ্ঞতা শুধুমাত্র একটি বান্ডিল, sensations,, এবং যে, নিজের ছাড়া আর কিছুই নয়, এই বান্ডিল কোন গুরুতর প্রতিকূল-সংযুক্ত অনুভূতি. books-google-ca-1049 books-google-ca-2885 books-google-ca-4811 Hume Thomas Henry Huxley Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available Cambridge University Press Amazon.ca Chapters.indigo.ca Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Hume By Thomas Henry Huxley About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Rent and save from the world''s largest eBookstore. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of Cambridge University Press. Copyright. Page 7 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-1010 Deborah A Redman Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review The Rise of Political Economy as a Science: Methodology and the Classical ... The Rise of Political Economy as a Science: Methodology and the Classical ... By Deborah A Redman About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of MIT Press. Page 175 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-1011 books-google-com-1064 books-google-com-1086 books-google-com-11 The Cambridge Companion to Hume Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Cambridge University Press, Oct 29, 1993 Philosophy 400 pages Other editions View all The Cambridge Companion to Hume The Cambridge Companion to Hume The Cambridge Companion to Hume Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy No preview available 2004 No preview available 2004 All Book Search results » Title The Cambridge Companion to Hume Cambridge Companions to Philosophy Cambridge companions to philosophy, religion, and culture Cambridge companions Series Of Cambridge Companions Contributors David Hume, Cambridge University Press, John Biro, Robert J. Edition reprint Publisher Cambridge University Press, 1993 Philosophy / History & Surveys / General Philosophy / History & Surveys / Modern books-google-com-1162 books-google-com-128 books-google-com-1405 books-google-com-1545 books-google-com-1565 books-google-com-1718 books-google-com-1724 Readings in Philosophy of Religion: Ancient to Contemporary Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available Wiley.com Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Readings in Philosophy of Religion: Ancient to Contemporary edited by Linda Zagzebski, Timothy D. Miller About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of John Wiley & Sons. Page 620 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-1798 The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature George Sampson Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books My library Help Advanced Book Search 0 ReviewsWrite review The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature By George Sampson About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Rent and save from the world''s largest eBookstore. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of CUP Archive. Page 548 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-1842 books-google-com-1954 books-google-com-1962 The World''s Great Philosophers Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Buy eBook $41.00 Get this book in print Wiley.com Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review The World''s Great Philosophers edited by Robert L. Arrington About this book About this book Terms of Service Pages displayed by permission of John Wiley & Sons. Copyright. Page 136 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-1970 books-google-com-2044 books-google-com-2073 Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books A&C Black, 2005 Philosophy 1211 pages The dictionary includes amateurs as well as professional philosophers and, whereappropriate, thinkers whose main discipline was outside philosophy.There are special problems about the term "British" in the twentieth century, partly because of humanmigration, partly because of decolonialization and the changing denotation of the term. Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers: 2 Volumes Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers: 2 Volumes Stuart Brown,Hugh Terence Bredin Stuart Brown,Hugh Terence Bredin The Dictionary of Twentieth-century British Philosophers: M-Z The Dictionary of Twentieth-century British Philosophers: M-Z Title Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Philosophers Volume 1 of The Dictionary of Twentieth-century British Philosophers, Stuart C. About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-2098 Hume''s Philosophical Politics Duncan Forbes Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books My library Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available CUP Archive Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Hume''s Philosophical Politics By Duncan Forbes About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Rent and save from the world''s largest eBookstore. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of CUP Archive. Copyright. Page 150 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-2102 books-google-com-2135 books-google-com-2302 books-google-com-2327 books-google-com-2478 books-google-com-2673 books-google-com-2700 books-google-com-2788 books-google-com-2875 Hume''s Naturalism Howard Mounce, H.O Mounce Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books My library Help Advanced Book Search EBOOK FROM $20.66 Get this book in print Routledge Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Hume''s Naturalism By Howard Mounce, H.O Mounce About this book About this book Terms of Service Pages displayed by permission of Routledge. Copyright. Page 66 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-2901 Hume Thomas Henry Huxley Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Cambridge University Press, Oct 27, 2011 Biography & Autobiography 222 pages The book is divided into two parts: in the first, Huxley provides the reader with a sketch of Hume''s life, but the main emphasis of the book is in Part 2, where by expounding Hume''s views on the object of philosophy, consciousness, theology, language and free will, Huxley guides the reader towards an understanding of how Hume''s philosophical principles can be regarded as a search for the ultimate element out of which all valid knowledge may be shown to emerge. Huxley''s other books were on education, philosophy, ethics, and theology. Cambridge Library Collection English Men of Letters Author Thomas Henry Huxley books-google-com-2966 books-google-com-3104 books-google-com-3119 books-google-com-3125 History of Political Philosophy Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search EBOOK FROM $4.25 Get this book in print University of Chicago Press Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review History of Political Philosophy edited by Leo Strauss, Joseph Cropsey About this book About this book Terms of Service Pages displayed by permission of University of Chicago Press. Copyright. Front Cover books-google-com-3453 John Leland Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Download EPUB Download PDF eBook FREE Get this book in print AbeBooks On Demand Books Amazon Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review A View of the Principal Deistical Writers: That Have Appeared in England in ... A View of the Principal Deistical Writers: That Have Appeared in England in ... By John Leland About this book About this book Terms of Service Plain text Plain text PDF EPUB books-google-com-3479 books-google-com-3884 Paley''s Evidences of Christianity: With Notes and Additions William Paley, Charles Murray Nairne Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Download EPUB Download PDF eBook FREE Get this book in print AbeBooks On Demand Books Amazon Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Paley''s Evidences of Christianity: With Notes and Additions By William Paley, Charles Murray Nairne About this book About this book Terms of Service Plain text Plain text PDF EPUB books-google-com-3898 Essays and Treatises on Philosophical Subjects David Hume Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search View eBook Get this book in print Broadview Press Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 1 ReviewWrite review Essays and Treatises on Philosophical Subjects By David Hume About this book About this book Pages displayed by permission of Broadview Press. Copyright. Page 548 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-3926 books-google-com-3956 books-google-com-4053 Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion David O''Connor Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books My library Help Advanced Book Search EBOOK FROM $13.18 Get this book in print Routledge Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion By David O''Connor About this book About this book Terms of Service Pages displayed by permission of Routledge. Copyright. Page 7 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-4127 books-google-com-4381 books-google-com-4420 books-google-com-446 books-google-com-4500 books-google-com-4550 books-google-com-4621 A Bibliography of Hume''s Writings and Early Responses Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Go to Google Play Now » A Bibliography of Hume''s Writings and Early Responses What people are saying Write a review A Bibliography of Humes Writings and Early Responses Contents 1 A Treatise of Human Nature 17391740 An Abstract of a Book Lately Published 1740 Essays Moral and Political 2 vol 17411742 Letter to Critical Review 1759 Essays Moral Political and Literary Sixteen Notes on Walpoles Historic Doubts 1769 Letters and Manuscript Deposits 26 Bibliographical Resources Bibliography of Early Responses to Hume Index of Authors Title A Bibliography of Hume''s Writings and Early Responses Publisher James Fieser About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-4654 books-google-com-4748 books-google-com-4881 books-google-com-4888 books-google-com-5000 The Life of David Hume Ernest Campbell Mossner Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available Oxford University Press Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review The Life of David Hume By Ernest Campbell Mossner About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Rent and save from the world''s largest eBookstore. Read, highlight, and take notes, across web, tablet, and phone. Go to Google Play Now » Published by Clarendon Press. Page 378 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-5069 books-google-com-5082 books-google-com-5123 Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion David O''Connor Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Routledge, Mar 7, 2013 Philosophy 244 pages His Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a classic text in the philosophy of religion. Preview this book » Humes Life His Philosophy of Religion and His Influence 3 The Scope and Legitimacy of Natural Religion Prologue and Dialogues Part I 8 Further Weakening of Natural Religion Dialogues Part IX Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion Title Routledge Philosophy GuideBook to Hume on Religion Routledge Philosophy GuideBooks About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-5179 books-google-com-5464 books-google-com-555 Yale University Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Books Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Get print book Get Textbooks on Google Play Go to Google Play Now » Boswell in Extremes, 1776-1778. Boswell in Extremes, 1776-1778. Yale University William Heinemann, 1971 28 pages 0 Reviews What people are saying Write a review We haven''t found any reviews in the usual places. Title Boswell in Extremes, 1776-1778. Edited by Charles McC. Yale editions of the private papers of James Boswell Author Yale University Publisher William Heinemann, 1971 Length 28 pages About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-5692 books-google-com-592 books-google-com-5973 books-google-com-6066 books-google-com-6205 books-google-com-6336 books-google-com-6554 books-google-com-6560 Essays and Treatises on Philosophical Subjects David Hume Google Books This is the first edition in over a century to present David Hume''s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Dissertation on the Passions, Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, and Natural History of Religion in the format he intended: collected together in a single volume. This volume repairs that neglect by presenting the four pieces that Hume in later life desired to "alone be regarded as containing [his] philosophical sentiments and principles" in the format he preferred, as a single volume with an organization that parallels that of his early Treatise of Human Nature. The text is based on the first (1758) edition of Hume''s Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects. Front Matter from the 1758 and 1777 Editions of Humes Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects From Anonymous William Warburton Remarks on Mr David Humes Essay on the Natural History of Religion addressed to the Rev Dr Warburton 1... Title Essays and Treatises on Philosophical Subjects books-google-com-659 books-google-com-6863 books-google-com-6930 The World as Will and Representation Arthur Schopenhauer Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Buy eBook $9.99 Get this book in print Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review The World as Will and Representation, Volume 2 By Arthur Schopenhauer About this book About this book Terms of Service Published by Courier Corporation. Copyright. Page 582 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). books-google-com-7109 books-google-com-7304 books-google-com-736 books-google-com-737 A. Passmore Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Cambridge University Press, Sep 19, 2013 Philosophy 176 pages In this book, which was originally published in 1952, Passmore''s intention was to disentangle certain main themes in Hume''s philosophy and to show how they relate to Hume''s main philosophic purpose. Rather than offering a detailed commentary, the text provides an account based on specificity and critical scholarship, seeking to complement the other more comprehensive works on Hume''s philosophy that had become available around the same time. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in perspectives on Hume and Passmore''s philosophical approach. Title Hume''s Intentions Philosophy / History & Surveys / Modern About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-7405 books-google-com-7552 books-google-com-7637 of Salisbury.) Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Download EPUB Download PDF eBook FREE Get this book in print AbeBooks On Demand Books Amazon Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review The criterion: or, Rules by which the true miracles recorded in the New ... The criterion: or, Rules by which the true miracles recorded in the New ... By John Douglas (bp. By John Douglas (bp. of Salisbury.) About this book About this book Terms of Service Plain text Plain text PDF EPUB books-google-com-7657 books-google-com-7751 books-google-com-7846 Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution Michael Levine Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Springer Science & Business Media, 1989 Philosophy 212 pages I agreed that I would not have believed such testimony, but did not think this had much to do with Hume''s argument against belief in miracles. This explains Hume''s argument against justified belief in miracles and shows how it follows from, and is intrinsically connected with, his more general metaphysics. Preview this book » TILLOTSONS ARGUMENT ITS APPLICATION OF JUSTIFIED BELIEF IN MIRACLES Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution Title Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution books-google-com-7865 books-google-com-801 books-google-com-8077 Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution Michael Levine Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search View eBook Get this book in print Springer Shop Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review Hume and the Problem of Miracles: A Solution By Michael Levine About this book About this book Pages displayed by permission of Springer Science & Business Media. 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Page 3 books-google-com-8296 books-google-com-8423 books-google-com-8482 A History of Philosophy Frederick Copleston Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books according actions aesthetic appear applied beautiful belief body called causality cause clear common concept concerned connection considered course criticism Critique deduction determined distinction divine empirical Enlightenment example existence experience expression fact faculty feeling follow freedom Further give given ground Herder human idea ideal importance influence instance interpretation intuition involves judgment Kant Kant''s knowledge language latter least Lessing logical maintained mathematics means metaphysics mind moral namely natural necessary objects obviously original particular perfect phenomena philosophy physics political position possess possible practical principle priori problem produce propositions pure question rational reality reason reference reflection regard relation religion remarks represented Rousseau scientific sensation sense simply social society soul space speak statement synthetic taken term theory things thought true truth understanding universal whole wish Title A History of Philosophy, Volume 6 books-google-com-8492 books-google-com-8595 books-google-com-8608 Language, Truth and Logic A.J. Ayer Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Penguin Books Limited, Apr 26, 2001 Philosophy 224 pages If you can''t prove something, it is literally senseless so argues Ayer in this irreverent and electrifying book. Ayer was only 24 when he finished LANGUAGE, TRUTH & LOGIC, yet it shook the foundations of Anglo-American philosophy and made its author notorious. A.J. Ayer,Ben Rogers Language, Truth and Logic Language, Truth and Logic Language, Truth and Logic Sir Alfred Ayer caused a furore with the publication of his LANGUAGE, TRUTH & LOGIC in 1936, when he was only 24. Ben Rogers is the author of A. Title Language, Truth and Logic Author A.J. Ayer Publisher Penguin Books Limited, 2001 Philosophy / Language Philosophy / Logic Philosophy / Movements / Analytic books-google-com-8610 books-google-com-8952 books-google-com-916 Jorge Luis Borges and David Hume: Their Epistemological Approach to the ... Marina Martín-Orejana Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Advanced Book Search Get Textbooks on Google Play Go to Google Play Now » Jorge Luis Borges and David Hume: Their Epistemological Approach to the External World and the Self Marina Martín-Orejana University of Virginia, 1990 394 pages 0 Reviews What people are saying Write a review We haven''t found any reviews in the usual places. Title Jorge Luis Borges and David Hume: Their Epistemological Approach to the External World and the Self Author Marina Martín-Orejana Publisher University of Virginia, 1990 About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-9301 accepted activity actual already appears argument attempt becomes belief blood body called character coherent complete conception conclusion confirmation consequent consistent construction continuous deductive depend derived determined direction discovered discovery distance effect elements empirical established evidence example existence experience explain facts follows force further given gives heart hypothesis ideas inductive inference interpretation involved justify kind knowledge known laws less light logical mathematical matter means measure method mind motion movement moving nature never objects observed occurs once orbit organization particles particular past perceive perception phenomena philosophers physical position possible precisely present principle probability problem procedure progress propositions proved question reasoning reference relation relative result revealed rule scientific scientists seen sense similar simply statement structure successive suggested systematic theoretical theory thinking tion true truth universal whole Title Hypothesis and Perception: The Roots of Scientific Method, Volume 10 Hypothesis and Perception: The Roots of Scientific Method, Errol E. Hypothesis and Perception: The Roots of Scientific Method, Errol E. books-google-com-9308 books-google-com-9399 Ethics: The Key Thinkers Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books A&C Black, Sep 27, 2012 Philosophy 288 pages Ethics: The Key Thinkers surveys the history of Western moral philosophy, guiding students through the work and ideas of the field''s most important figures, from Plato to MacIntyre. The book explores the contribution of each thinker in turn, narrating how they have changed the shape of ethical theory as a whole. The book also includes guides to the latest reading on each thinker. Preview this book » Chapter 11 MacIntyre Ethics: The Key Thinkers Ethics: The Key Thinkers Ethics: The Key Thinkers Title Ethics: The Key Thinkers Philosophy / History & Surveys / General About Google Books Privacy Policy Terms of Service Information for Publishers Report an issue Help Google Home books-google-com-9409 David Hume''s Political Theory: Law, Commerce, and the Constitution of Government Neil McArthur Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Through close textual analysis, Neil McArthur suggests that the key to Hume''s political theory lies in its distinction between barbarous and civilized government. David Hume''s Political Theory: Law, Commerce and the Constitution of Government David Hume''s Political Theory: Law, Commerce and the Constitution of Government David Hume''s Political Theory: Law, Commerce and the Constitution of Government David Hume''s Political Theory: Law, Commerce and the Constitution of Government Title David Hume''s Political Theory: Law, Commerce, and the Constitution of Government books-google-com-9416 books-google-com-9486 books-google-com-9501 Hume''s Naturalism Howard Mounce, H.O Mounce Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Routledge, Sep 11, 2002 Philosophy 160 pages Hume''s Naturalism provides a clear and concise guide to the debates over whether Hume''s empiricism or his ''naturalism'' in the tradition of the Scottish ''Common Sense'' school of philosophy gained his upper hand. H.O. Mounce presents a beautifully clear guide to Hume''s most important works, The Treatise on Human Nature and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion. Accessible to anyone coming to Hume for the first time, Hume''s Naturalism affords a much needed overview of the key concepts of empiricism, causation, scepticism, reason and morality that are essential to any understanding of Hume''s philosophy. Preview this book » His most recent book, the Two Pragmatisms, is also published by Routledge. Subjects Philosophy Philosophy / General books-google-com-9550 books-google-com-9728 books-google-com-9814 In Two Minds: a Biography of Jonathan Miller: A Biography of Jonathan Miller Kate Bassett Google Books Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Sign in Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Try it now No thanks Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Try the new Google Books Help Advanced Book Search Get print book No eBook available Amazon.com Barnes&Noble.com Books-A-Million IndieBound Find in a library Find in a library All sellers » 0 ReviewsWrite review In Two Minds: a Biography of Jonathan Miller: A Biography of Jonathan Miller By Kate Bassett About this book About this book Get Textbooks on Google Play Rent and save from the world''s largest eBookstore. Go to Google Play Now » Pages displayed by permission of Oberon Books. Page 272 Restricted Page You have reached your viewing limit for this book (why?). br-wikipedia-org-4296 bs-wikipedia-org-1663 ca-wikipedia-org-5762 catalogo-bne-es-4924 catalogue-bnf-fr-1131 Notice de personne "Hume, David (1711-1776)" | BnF Catalogue général Bibliothèque nationale de France Réserver vos documents sur les sites Richelieu-Louvois (y compris les Cartes et plans), Opéra, Arsenal. Ajouter vos notices et les classer. Haut-de-jardin Recherches ciblées Dans les univers Notice de personne Au format public Au format Intermarc Au format Unimarc Hume, David (1711-1776) forme internationale Ne pas confondre avec son neveu : "Hume, David (1757-1838) Enquête sur l''entendement humain / David Hume, 1983 BL Gen. Cat. : Hume (David) the Historian BN Cat. gén. : Hume (David) Fermer ce volet Ouvrir ce volet Voir la notice dans le catalogue actuel Notices bibliographiques liées Voir les notices liées en tant que : Voir toutes les notices liées (627) Ajouter à mes notices Ajouter à mes notices Les notices sélectionnées ont bien été ajoutées dans votre espace personnel. > Voir mes notices dans mon espace personnel Haut de page ci-nii-ac-jp-1024 ckb-wikipedia-org-8441 دەیڤد ھیوم (ماوەی ژیان: ٧ی ئایاری ١٧١١ تاکوو ٢٥ی ئابی ١٧٧٦) فەیلەسووف و مێژوونووس و ئابووریزانی سکۆتلاندی بوو، دەیڤد کاریگەر بوو بە جۆن لۆک،[١] ھیووم سەر بە ڕێبازی لیبرالیزمی کۆن بووە.[٢][٣][٤] دیڤید ھیووم فەیلەسوف و ئابووریزان و مێژوو نووسێکی سکۆتلاندی بووە و کەسایەتیەکی گرنگ بووە لە فەلسەفەی ڕۆژاوا و مێژووی ئیسکتلەندا، لە ٢٦ نیسانی ساڵی ١٧١١ لە سکۆتلاند لەدایک بووە، کە تەمەنی گەیشتۆتە ٣ ساڵان باوکی کۆچی دوایی کردووە، ساڵی ١٧٢٢ لەتەمەنی ١١ ساڵیدا پەیوەندی بە قوتابخانەی ئەدنبرەوە کردووە و فەلسەفەی سروشتی خوێندووە، بۆ ماوەیەکی کەم کاری بازرگانێتی کردووە و دواتر وازی لێی ھێناوە. دیڤید ھیووم سەرەتا وەکو مێژوو نووس ناوبانگی دەرکردووە و وەکو سەرچاوەیەکی سەرەکی بۆ مێژووی ئینگلیز پشتیان بە کتێبە بەناوبانگەکەی مێژووی ئینگلتەرا بەستووە، یەکەم فەیلەسوف بووە لە سەدەی نوێدا فەلسەفەی سروشت بڵاوبکاتەوە و ئەوەی ڕەتکردۆتەوە کە مێشکی مرۆڤ کۆپیکراوێکی بچووکی مێشکی خواوەندبێت و پێی وابووە کە جیھان بەدەستی مرۆڤەوەیە و ھەموو ئاینەکانی بە مەسیحیەتیشەوە ڕەتکردۆتەوە. فەیلەسووفانی سکۆتلاندی ئەم پەڕەیە بکە بە ژێدەر وەشانی ئامادەی چاپ cms-studentnewspaper-org-6960 As the University of Edinburgh announced, on Monday 14th September, that David Hume Tower would be renamed 40 George Square (pending a new name), cries of outrage echoed high and low. Newspaper headlines accused the university of bowing to cancel culture, Twitter overflowed with vitriolic complaints, and the consensus seemed to be that the university had blundered in responding to a petition asking for the name to be changed (due to Hume''s racist comments). We must judge veneration of Hume by modern standardswho we choose to publicly commemorate is a conscious choice, and by choosing to hold up those who have made racist statements, the university would be making a clear choice to ignore BME students. The campaign to have the building renamed has demonstrated the immense amount of work needed to make Edinburgh an actively antiracist university. blacked, David hume, david hume tower, Diversity, edinburgh university, racism commons-wikimedia-org-2350 Category:David Hume Wikimedia Commons Category:David Hume Deutsch: David Hume (* 26. August 1776 in Edinburgh) war ein schottischer Philosoph, Ökonom und Historiker. English: David Hume (April 26, 1711 – August 25, 1776), Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian is an important figure in Western philosophy, and in the history of the Scottish Enlightenment. David Hume Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian Name in native language David Hume ► David Hume Tower‎ (7 F) ► David Hume''s Funeral Monument‎ (36 F) Pages in category "David Hume" The following 2 pages are in this category, out of 2 total. David Hume Creator:David Hume Media in category "David Hume" The following 11 files are in this category, out of 11 total. New edition, with the author''s last corrections, etc.)'' (11001106415).jpg Caricature David Hume.jpg David Hume Esqr.jpg David Hume Memorial Plaque.jpg Hume''s maxim.jpg Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:David_Hume&oldid=392278934" People of Edinburgh Uses of Wikidata Infobox providing interwiki links cs-wikipedia-org-3592 cy-wikipedia-org-9771 d-nb-info-5024 da-wikipedia-org-9703 David Hume Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi Information med symbolet hentes fra Wikidata. Hume opstillede også det såkaldte induktionsproblem, som i nogen grad følger af den foregående diskussion af kausalitetsprincippet: Blot fordi en begivenhed er fulgt efter en anden et stort antal gange, kan man ikke antage, at den også vil ske i fremtiden. Den nutidige sprogfilosof John Searle har søgt at vise, at det faktisk er muligt at udlede normative konklusioner fra deskriptive præmisser, mens andre giver Hume ret i, at moralske bud aldrig vil kunne udledes af rent deskriptive udsagn. Skjulte kategorier: Mange oplysninger fra Wikidata for P106 (beskæftigelse) Wikipedia artikler med VIAF autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med LCCN autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med ISNI autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med GND autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med SELIBR autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med BNF autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med BIBSYS autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med ULAN autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med NLA autoritetsdata-ID Wikipedia artikler med NDL autoritetsdata-ID data-bnf-fr-1299 David Hume (1711-1776) : œuvres avec David Hume (1711-1776) comme Autre Documents sur David Hume (1711-1776) Reading David Hume''s "Of the Standard of taste" Hume''s moral philosophy and contemporary psychology The imagination in Hume''s philosophy Hume et la philosophie contemporaine Theory and practice in the philosophy of David Hume Projection and realism in Hume''s philosophy Aesthetics and morals in the philosophy of David Hume Secondary sources on the philosophy of David Hume Hume''s philosophy of the self La philosophie empiriste de David Hume David Hume und die Dissertation von 1770 The foundation of Hume''s philosophy Hume et la fin de la philosophie Religion and faction in Hume''s moral philosophy Cognition and commitment in Hume''s philosophy Voir plus de livres sur David Hume (1711-1776) Autour de David Hume (1711-1776) (144 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) (144 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) (144 ressources dans data.bnf.fr) Notice correspondante dans Catalogue général davidhume-org-474 davidhume-org-7711 On the one hand, we see a creature, whose thoughts are not limited by any narrow bounds, either of place or time; who carries his researches into the most distant regions of this globe, and beyond this globe, to the planets and heavenly bodies; looks backward to consider the first origin, at least, the history of human race; casts his eye forward to see the influence of his actions upon posterity, and the judgments which will be formed of his character a thousand years hence; a creature, who traces causes and effects to a great length and intricacy; extracts general principles from particular appearances; improves upon his discoveries; corrects his mistakes; and makes his very errors profitable. de-wikipedia-org-1942 Bereits 1741 und 1742 waren Humes Essays Moral and Political veröffentlicht worden:[13] Hume überarbeitete seinen Treatise, um ihn in Teilen neu zu veröffentlichen, da er überzeugt war, dass „der Mißerfolg […] mehr von seiner Form als seinem Inhalt herrührte".[11] Der erste Teil erschien 1748 unter dem Titel Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding; später als An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (Eine Untersuchung über den menschlichen Verstand). Auf dem Landsitz seines Bruders arbeitete Hume ab 1749 an einem weiteren neuformulierten Teil des Treatise, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Eine Untersuchung über die Prinzipien der Moral), erschienen 1751, und an seinen Political discourses, die er 1752 in Edinburgh, seinem neuen Wohnsitz nach der Heirat seines Bruders, veröffentlichte. Im selben Jahr, in dem sich auch Humes wachsender Erfolg in der Notwendigkeit von Neuauflagen seiner Werke (abgesehen vom Treatise) zeigte, wurde er Bibliothekar des Juristenkollegiums (Anwaltskammer) in Edinburgh und begann die Arbeit an seiner seit 1745 geplanten unparteiischen Geschichte Englands. de-wikipedia-org-9995 digital-library-mcgill-ca-233 doi-org-2020 Project MUSE Ideology and Partiality in David Hume''s Ideology and Partiality in David Hume''s History of England As the Whig interpretation of history came under fire in the third and fourth decades of the twentieth century, Hume''s reputation was gradually and partially rehabilitated. Victor Wexler published an article in 1976 with the revelatory title of "David Hume''s Discovery of a New Science of Historical Thought." Wexler pictured Hume as an embattled philosophe, brandishing his pen against the accumulated falsehood of party historiography, particularly Whig historiography . If you would like to authenticate using a different subscribed institution or have your own login and password to Project MUSE Project MUSE promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries, publishers, and scholars worldwide. Forged from a partnership between a university press and a library, Project MUSE is a trusted part of the academic and scholarly community it serves. doi-org-250 doi-org-3207 doi-org-4417 doi-org-475 doi-org-4753 doi-org-6648 doi-org-7616 doi-org-7916 doi-org-9122 donate-wikimedia-org-7691 eh-net-2453 Hamilton Papers on the Economic History of Spain, 1351-1830" so aptly states: Hamilton "helped to pioneer the field of quantitative economic history during a career that spanned 50 years."[1] Certainly his most important publication in this field is the 1934 monograph that is the subject of this "classic review." It provided the first set of concrete, reliable annual data on both the imports of gold and silver bullion from Spain''s American colonies — principally from what is now Bolivia (Vice Royalty of Peru) and Mexico (New Spain) — from 1503 to 1660 (when bullion registration and thus the accounts cease); and on prices (including wages) in Spain (Old and New Castile, Andalusia, Valencia), for the 150 year period from 1501 to 1650.[2] His object was to validate the Quantity Theory of Money: in seeking to demonstrate that the influx of American silver was chiefly, if not entirely, responsible for the inflation of much of the Price Revolution era, from ca. el-wikipedia-org-4897 en-m-wikipedia-org-1933 Hume''s compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom.[16] His views on philosophy of religion, including his rejection of miracles and the argument from design for God''s existence, were especially controversial for their time. For over 60 years, Hume was the dominant interpreter of English history.[32]:120 He described his "love for literary fame" as his "ruling passion"[17] and judged his two late works, the so-called "first" and "second" enquiries, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, as his greatest literary and philosophical achievements.[17] He would ask of his contemporaries to judge him on the merits of the later texts alone, rather than on the more radical formulations of his early, youthful work, dismissing his philosophical debut as juvenilia: "A work which the Author had projected before he left College."[33] Despite Hume''s protestations, a consensus exists today that his most important arguments and philosophically distinctive doctrines are found in the original form they take in the Treatise. en-m-wikipedia-org-5728 en-wikipedia-org-100 From 1944 through 1955, Adair was the leading spirit in the launching, editing, and publication of the third series of the William and Mary Quarterly, which became the leading journal in the field of early American history. Adair contributed many influential articles to the Quarterly, including his classic two-part essay, "The Authorship of the Disputed Federalist Papers," and "The Tenth Federalist Revisited." He also wrote many book reviews, showing his mastery of the craft of reviewing and setting a standard for the field. W. Norton published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, with which Adair had been associated for so long. In 2000, Adair''s dissertation was published as The Intellectual Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy: Republicanism, the Class Struggle, and the Virtuous Farmer, edited by Mark E. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1005 José de Cadalso y Vázquez (Cádiz, 1741 – Gibraltar, 1782), Spanish, Colonel of the Royal Spanish Army, author, poet, playwright and essayist, one of the canonical producers of Spanish Enlightenment literature. A good edition of his works appeared at Madrid, in 3 vols., 1823. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1013 Zabecki (born 1947) is an American military historian, author and editor. Zabecki served in the U.S. Army both in the Vietnam War and in United States Army Europe in Germany attaining the rank of major general. Zabecki is an author, editor and translator of several books on military history. Gross [de] and translated by Zabecki, received the Arthur Goodzeit Book Award from the New York Military Affairs Symposium.[4] Along with Bruce Condell, he translated and edited Truppenführung ("Handling of Combined-Arms Formations"), the 1933−1934 German Army field manual, published in English by Lynne Rienner Publishers in 2001 as On the German Art of War: Truppenführung: German Army Manual for Unit Command in World War II.[5] Zabecki served as editor in chief of the four-volume encyclopedia Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History published in 2014 and 2014 by ABC-CLIO. ^ Michael Hawkins: "Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1018 Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris Wikipedia Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris View a machine-translated version of the French article. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Ambassade du Royaume-Uni en France]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|fr|Ambassade du Royaume-Uni en France}} to the talk page. Find sources: "Embassy of the United Kingdom, Paris" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Embassy of the United Kingdom in Paris is the chief diplomatic mission of the United Kingdom in France. France-United Kingdom relations List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embassy_of_the_United_Kingdom,_Paris&oldid=986033129" Categories: Diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom Government and politics articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2019 en-wikipedia-org-1020 Allan Ramsay (13 October 1713 – 10 August 1784) was a prominent Scottish portrait-painter. After their return, Ramsay in 1761 was appointed to succeed John Shackelton as Principal Painter in Ordinary to George III, beating Hudson to the post.[4][5] The king commissioned so many royal portraits to be given to ambassadors and colonial governors, that Ramsay used the services of numerous assistants—of whom David Martin and Philip Reinagle are the best known.[1] In a documentary broadcast by the BBC in February 2014, Ramsay was shown to be the artist who painted the lost portrait of Charles Edward Stuart in 1745, completed on the verge of his invasion of England.[7] In 2016 a portrait of Richard Mead (King George II''s physician) by Allan Ramsay was discovered by Bendor Grosvenor (using the Art UK website) as part of the British BBC4 television programme Britain''s Lost Masterpieces; conservation treatment was carried out by Simon Rollo Gillespie to repair the torn canvas and remove layers of discoloured varnishes. en-wikipedia-org-1021 Category:Empiricists Wikipedia Category:Empiricists Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Empiricists. The main article for this category is Empiricism. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. ► John Locke‎ (3 C, 11 P) Pages in category "Empiricists" The following 34 pages are in this category, out of 34 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). David Hartley (philosopher) Carl Gustav Hempel Francis Hutcheson (philosopher) John Locke Georg Friedrich Meier John Stuart Mill Carl Stumpf Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Empiricists&oldid=939271176" Categories: Philosophers by tradition Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Main page Tools Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2020, at 12:14 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-1023 John Passmore AC (9 September 1914 – 25 July 2004) was an Australian philosopher. John Passmore was born on 9 September 1914 in Manly, Sydney, where he grew up.[2][3] He was educated at Sydney Boys High School.[4] He subsequently graduated from the University of Sydney with first-class honours in English literature and philosophy whilst studying with a view to become a secondary-school teacher.[1] In 1934 he accepted the position of assistant lecturer in philosophy at the University of Sydney, continuing teaching there until 1949.[5] In 1948 he went to study at the University of London. Upon his return to Australia he took up a post at the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Australian National University, where he was professor of Philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences from 1958 to 1979. He published about twenty books, many of which have been translated.[6] Philosopher Frank Jackson notes that Passmore "shaped public debate and opened up philosophy and history of ideas to the wider world".[6] en-wikipedia-org-1026 en-wikipedia-org-1037 Help:Introduction Wikipedia Tutorial for newcomers who want to contribute to Wikipedia Introduction to Wikipedia Anyone can edit almost every page, and millions already have. This page takes you through a set of tutorials aimed at complete newcomers interested in contributing. The Wiki markup source editor shows the underlying page source code, and works like a plain text file. Links and other items are indicated using simple code like this: [[Earth]]. Talk pages Links and other items are edited using toolbar and pop-up interfaces. Navigating Wikipedia View all as single page Full help contents page A single-page guide to contributing Hidden categories: Help pages with short description Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Help page Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 25 December 2020, at 16:23 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-1041 David Prall Wikipedia This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. David Wight Prall (1886–1940) was a philosopher of art. Born on 5 October 1886 in Saginaw, Michigan, Prall received his PhD in philosophy from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1918. Prall was Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University (1920–21; 1930–40). Prall, David Wight (1886–1940), in The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, Edited by John R. Mathematics and art Theory of art Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Prall&oldid=986983840" Categories: Philosophers of art Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2018 All articles lacking in-text citations Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers This page was last edited on 4 November 2020, at 03:49 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-1043 en-wikipedia-org-1046 en-wikipedia-org-1053 en-wikipedia-org-1057 This article about ethics is a stub. Contractualism is a term in philosophy which refers either to a family of political theories in the social contract tradition (when used in this sense, the term is an umbrella term for all social contract theories that include contractarianism),[1] or to the ethical theory developed in recent years by T. Social contract theorists from the history of political thought include Hugo Grotius (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762), and Immanuel Kant (1797); more recently, John Rawls (1971), David Gauthier (1986) and Philip Pettit (1997). ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Contractarianism ^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Contractualism Ethical non-naturalism Moral universalism Good and evil History of ethics Islamic ethics Social philosophy Social and political philosophy Philosophy of social science Political ethics This philosophy-related article is a stub. Categories: Ethics stubs Social theories Social theories Ethical theories Edit links en-wikipedia-org-1062 en-wikipedia-org-1063 en-wikipedia-org-1064 en-wikipedia-org-1070 en-wikipedia-org-1072 Donald Barkly Molteno (13 February 1908–1972), known as Dilizintaba ("He who removes mountains"), was a South African parliamentarian, constitutional lawyer, champion of civil rights and a prominent opponent of Apartheid.[1] He was born on 13 February 1908 in Cape Town, in the then Cape Province of South Africa, into a family with a long tradition of political involvement and public service in the Cape (his grandfather, John Molteno was its first Prime Minister). He was also the regional representative on the South African Institute of Race Relations in the Western Cape in 1936, and was its president from 1958 to 1960.[2][3][4] Mr Molteno was a member of the University of Cape Town Council (from 1951 to 1960) as well as a part-time lecturer in Constitutional and Administrative Law at that institution. ^ Donald Molteno South African History Online Horn, P: Donald Molteno and South African Liberalism. All Wikipedia articles written in South African English en-wikipedia-org-1078 In the analysis of the Scientific Revolution this appears as a mainstream position, at least from the founding of the Royal Society to the emergence of Newton, and was sometimes labelled "Baconian", while not being inductivist or identifying with the views of Francis Bacon in a simple-minded way.[71] After his first visit to England in 1661, when he attended a meeting of the Gresham College group in April and learned directly about Boyle''s air pump experiments, Huygens spent time in late 1661 and early 1662 replicating the work. en-wikipedia-org-1081 John O''Donovan (Irish: Seán Ó Donnabháin; 25 July 1806 – 10 December 1861), from Atateemore, in the parish of Kilcolumb, County Kilkenny, and educated at Hunt''s Academy, Waterford, was an Irish language scholar from Ireland.[1][failed verification] (1842), The Banquet of Dun Na n-Gedh and The Battle of Magh Rath, An Ancient Historical Tale, translated by O''Donovan, John, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological Society (1860), Three Fragments, Copied from Ancient Sources by Dubhaltach Mac Firbisigh, translated by O''Donovan, John, The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society O''Donovan, John (1859), "Irish correspondence of James FitzMaurice of Desmond", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 2 (2): 354–69, JSTOR 25502569 O''Donovan, John (1857), "The registry of Clonmacnoise", Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society, New, 1 (2): 444–60, JSTOR 25502530 A Calendar of the Saints of Ireland, translated by O''Donovan, John, Dublin: The Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society en-wikipedia-org-1085 Extremist Buddhist leaders justify their attacks on the places of worship of minorities by arguing that Sri Lanka is the promised land of the Sinhalese Buddhists to safeguard Buddhism.[152][153] The recently formed Buddhist extremist group, the Bodu Bala Sena (BBS), or Buddhist Power Force, founded by Buddhist monks in 2012, has been accused of inciting the anti-Muslim riots that killed 4 Muslims and injured 80 in 2014.[154] The leader of the BBS, in linking the government''s military victory over the LTTE to the ancient Buddhist king conquest of Tamil king Elara, said that Tamils have been taught a lesson twice and warned other minorities of the same fate if they tried to challenge Sinhalese Buddhist culture.[142] The BBS has been compared to the Taliban, accused of spreading extremism and communal hatred against Muslims[155] and has been described as an "ethno-religious fascist movement".[156] Buddhist monks have also protested against UN Human Rights Council resolution that called for an inquiry into humanitarian abuses and possible war crimes during the civil war.[157] The BBS has received criticism and opposition from other Buddhist clergy and politicians. en-wikipedia-org-1095 In critical theory, sociology, and psychoanalysis, the gaze (French le regard), in the philosophical and figurative sense, is an individual''s (or a group''s) awareness and perception of other individuals, other groups, or oneself. Jean-Paul Sartre described the gaze (or "the look") in Being and Nothingness (1943).[1] Michel Foucault, in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), developed the concept of the gaze to illustrate the dynamics of socio-political power relations and the social dynamics of society''s mechanisms of discipline. The concept of the male gaze was first used by the English art critic John Berger in Ways of Seeing, a series of films for the BBC aired in January 1972, and later a book, as part of his analysis of the treatment of the nude in European painting. "Modules on Lacan: On the Gaze." Introductory Guide to Critical Theory — see external links. en-wikipedia-org-1096 en-wikipedia-org-1098 en-wikipedia-org-1104 Megargee (November 4, 1959 – August 1, 2020) was an American historian and author who specialized in World War II military history and the history of the Holocaust. Megargee''s work on the German High Command (the OKW) won the 2001 Distinguished Book Award from the Society for Military History. Megargee authored several books on the German military operations during World War II, including a 2006 work on Operation Barbarossa, the Germany invasion of the Soviet Union. Published by the University Press of Kansas, the book received the 2001 Distinguished Book Award from the Society for Military History.[3] Inside Hitler''s High Command looks at the inner workings of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces, the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht). 2001 Distinguished Book Award from the Society for Military History for Inside Hitler''s High Command (2000)[11] 2009 National Jewish Book Award for the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, Volume I in the Holocaust category.[8][12] en-wikipedia-org-1106 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Bock''s best known works are her theoretical articles on gender history and the volume Women in European History (all published in many languages).[citation needed] co-edited with Pat Thane Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s-1950s, London 1991. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1122 The history of religion refers to the written record of human religious feelings, thoughts, and ideas. This period of religious history begins with the invention of writing about 5,220 years ago (3200 BC).[1] The prehistory of religion involves the study of religious beliefs that existed prior to the advent of written records. The school of religious history called the Religionsgeschichtliche Schule, a late 19th-century German school of thought, originated the systematic study of religion as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The "history of religions" school sought to account for this religious diversity by connecting it with the social and economic situation of a particular group. The HarperCollins Concise Guide to World Religion: The A-to-Z Encyclopedia of All the Major Religious Traditions (1999) covers 33 principal religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Jainism, Judaism, Islam, Shinto, Shamanism, Taoism, South American religions, Baltic and Slavic religions, Confucianism, and the religions of Africa and Oceania. en-wikipedia-org-1145 en-wikipedia-org-1150 And since science aims to reveal not private but public truths, verificationists switched from phenomenalism to physicalism, whereby scientific theory refers to objects observable in space and at least in principle already recognizable by physicists. Physicists knew better, but, busy developing the Standard Model, were so steeped in developing quantum field theory, that their talk, largely metaphorical, perhaps even metaphysical, was unintelligible to the public, while the steep mathematics warded off philosophers of physics.[5] By the 1980s, physicists regarded not particles, but fields as the more fundamental, and no longer even hoped to discover what entities and processes might be truly fundamental to nature, perhaps not even the field.[5][6] Kuhn had not claimed to have developed a novel thesis, but instead hoped to synthesize more usefully recent developments in the philosophy of science. en-wikipedia-org-1152 James Harrington (or Harington) (3 January 1611 – 11 September 1677) was an English political theorist of classical republicanism.[1] He is best known for his controversial publication The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656). Holy Cross Church in Milton Malsor contains a monument on the south wall of the chancel to Harrington''s mother, Dame Jane Harrington.[2] According to the memorial, she died on 30 March 1619, when James was 7 or 8 years old. ^ The Oceana and other Works of James Harrington, with an account of his Life by John Toland. J.G.A. Pocock, "Editorial and Historical Introductions", The Political Works of James Harrington (Cambridge: 1977), xi–xviii; 1–152. "Interregnum: the Oceana of James Harrington", chapter 6 in Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: a Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century, a reissue with a retrospect (Cambridge: 1987;1957); [pb: Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Harrington. Works by James Harrington at Project Gutenberg Free full-text works of James Harrington online en-wikipedia-org-1166 en-wikipedia-org-1173 en-wikipedia-org-1196 View source for Template:Conservatism sidebar Wikipedia View source for Template:Conservatism sidebar This page is currently semi-protected so that only established, registered users can edit it. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/config (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Documentation/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected) Module:File link (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected) Module:List (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected) en-wikipedia-org-1199 "The various articles of the Romish creed," he wrote, "disappeared like a dream".[9] He remained in Lausanne for five intellectually productive years, a period that greatly enriched Gibbon''s already immense aptitude for scholarship and erudition: he read Latin literature; travelled throughout Switzerland studying its cantons'' constitutions; and studied the works of Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, John Locke, Pierre Bayle, and Blaise Pascal. Six Oxford thinkers: Edward Gibbon, John Henry Newman, R.W. Church, James Anthony Froude, Walter Pater, Lord Morley of Blackburn. Six Oxford thinkers: Edward Gibbon, John Henry Newman, R.W. Church, James Anthony Froude, Walter Pater, Lord Morley of Blackburn. Six Oxford thinkers: Edward Gibbon, John Henry Newman, R.W. Church, James Anthony Froude, Walter Pater, Lord Morley of Blackburn. ^ Henry Edwards Davis, An Examination of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Chapters of Mr. Gibbon''s History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (London: J. en-wikipedia-org-1203 Pirenne made lasting contribution to the study of cities that was a controversial interpretation of the end of Roman civilization and the rebirth of medieval urban culture.[2] He also became prominent in the nonviolent resistance to the Germans who occupied Belgium in World War I. Henri Pirenne''s reputation today rests on three contributions to European history: for what has become known as the Pirenne Thesis, concerning origins of the Middle Ages in reactive state formation and shifts in trade; for a distinctive view of Belgium''s medieval history; and for his model of the development of the medieval city. At the conclusion of the war, Henri Pirenne stopped his work on A History of Europe in the middle of the 16th century. Henri Pirenne first expressed ideas on the formation of European towns in articles of 1895;[6] he further developed the idea for the Pirenne Thesis while imprisoned in Germany during World War I. en-wikipedia-org-1205 en-wikipedia-org-1208 en-wikipedia-org-1209 Though he was well versed in the new logic and dialectical rhetoric of the university, John''s views imply a cultivated intelligence well versed in practical affairs, opposing to the extremes of both nominalism and realism a practical common sense. Frivolities of courtiers and footprints of philosophers: being a translation of the first, second, and third books and selections from the seventh and eighth books of the Policraticus of John of Salisbury. Hosler, John of Salisbury: Military Authority of the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, Leiden, Brill, 2013, 240 p. ^ a b c Guilfoy, Kevin, "John of Salisbury", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1211 The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to Alan FitzFlaad, a Breton who came over to Great Britain not long after the Norman conquest.[1] Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in the Duchy of Brittany;[2] Alan had a good relationship with Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire.[2] The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire.[2][3] It was the great-grandson of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland, while his brother William''s family went on to become Earls of Arundel. en-wikipedia-org-1212 en-wikipedia-org-1224 en-wikipedia-org-123 en-wikipedia-org-1243 en-wikipedia-org-1250 en-wikipedia-org-1251 Juan Ignacio Paulino Ramírez Calzada,[1] known as Ignacio Ramírez, (22 June 1818 – 15 June 1879) was a Mexican writer, poet, journalist, lawyer, atheist, and political libertarian from San Miguel de Allende, then called San Miguel el Grande.[2] His father had been a prominent federalist politician.[3] In writings, Ramírez used the pen name, El Nigromante (The Necromancer). Ramírez criticized Benito Juárez''s re-election, and later the re-election bid of his successor, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, for which he was imprisoned.[6] Beginning in 1876, when Porfirio Díaz came to power, he was tasked by the government to implement policies to expand public education, a key component of the Liberal''s program. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1253 en-wikipedia-org-1254 en-wikipedia-org-1255 In the middle of the 20th century, evangelical Walter Martin and the Christian Research Institute concluded that the Seventh-day Adventist church is a legitimate Christian body with some heterodox doctrines and stated, "They are sound on the great New Testament doctrines including grace and redemption through the vicarious offering of Jesus Christ ''once for all''.[1][2] However, other scholars such as Calvinist theologian Anthony A. Hoekema, who did not agree with the Adventist view that Jacobus Arminius''s theology was in line with Adventism, believed that Adventism was based on a Wesleyan/Arminian stream of theology, and grouped Seventh-day Adventism with Mormonism, Jehovah''s Witnesses and Christian Science in his book The Four Major Cults.[3] Like the Protestant Reformers, some writings of Ellen White speak against the Catholic Church in preparation for a nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God''s remnant church (the Seventh-day Adventist Church) and that the papacy is the beast that emerges from the sea (Ap 13). en-wikipedia-org-1258 The is–ought problem, as articulated by the Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume, arises when a writer makes claims about what ought to be that are based solely on statements about what is. This is similar to work done by moral philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, who attempts to show that because ethical language developed in the West in the context of a belief in a human telos—an end or goal—our inherited moral language, including terms such as good and bad, have functioned, and function, to evaluate the way in which certain behaviors facilitate the achievement of that telos. Even if oughts can be understood in relation to goals or needs, the greater challenge of ethical systems remains that of defining the nature and origins of the good, and in what sense one ought to pursue it. "Hume''s Moral Philosophy: Is and Ought". en-wikipedia-org-1261 en-wikipedia-org-1264 In the social sciences and U.S. political discourse, the term "traditional family" refers to a nuclear family—a child-rearing environment composed of a breadwinning parent, a homemaking parent, and their normally biological children; sociologists formerly referred to this model as the norm.[citation needed] A family deviating from this model is considered a nontraditional family. In the United States, the banner of family values has been used by social conservatives to express opposition to abortion, same-sex marriage, and certain specific feminist objectives in politics.[7] American conservative groups have made inroads promoting these policies in Africa since the early 2000s, describing them as African family values.[8] Until recently, because families and friends are expected to provide elderly care, nursing homes were considered culturally unacceptable.[16] United States culture[edit] "Providing culturally congruent care for Saudi patients and their families". The War Against the Family: A Parent Speaks Out on the Political, Economic, and Social Policies That Threaten Us All. BPS Books. en-wikipedia-org-1267 Christian fundamentalism has been defined by George Marsden as the demand for a strict adherence to certain theological doctrines, in reaction against Modernist theology.[12] The term was originally coined by its supporters to describe what they claimed were five specific classic theological beliefs of Christianity, and that developed into a Christian fundamentalist movement within the Protestant community of the United States in the early part of the 20th century.[13] Fundamentalism as a movement arose in the United States, starting among conservative Presbyterian theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary in the late 19th century. They reject the existence of commonalities with theologically related religious traditions, such as the grouping of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism into one Abrahamic family of religions.[3] In contrast, Evangelical groups (such as the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association), while they typically agree on the theology "fundamentals" as expressed in The Fundamentals, are often willing to participate in events with religious groups who do not hold to the essential doctrines.[17] en-wikipedia-org-1271 en-wikipedia-org-1281 John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes[2] CB FBA (/keɪnz/ KAYNZ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was an English economist, whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. Keynes''s followers assert that his predictions of disaster were borne out when the German economy suffered the hyperinflation of 1923, and again by the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the outbreak of the Second World War. However, the historian Ruth Henig claims that "most historians of the Paris peace conference now take the view that, in economic terms, the treaty was not unduly harsh on Germany and that, while obligations and damages were inevitably much stressed in the debates at Paris to satisfy electors reading the daily newspapers, the intention was quietly to give Germany substantial help towards paying her bills, and to meet many of the German objections by amendments to the way the reparations schedule was in practice carried out".[34][35] en-wikipedia-org-1300 The Shia have been criticised for this practice, an act deemed against the virtues of bravery and courage.[31] Critics argue that the Twelvers have taken dissimulation far beyond life-threatening situations and have allowed its use in any scenario that is judged to benefit the continuation or propagation of the Twelver creed, as is emphasized by the "celebrated" reputed saying of the 6th Imam Ja''far al-Sadiq, "[t]aqiyyah is my religion and the religion of my forefathers";[32][33] along with his other often quoted saying from Kitab al-Kafi: "Nine tenths of faith is taqiyya."[34][35][36][37] The practice is widely criticized by Sunni Muslims as indicative of the problems that they face when interacting with Shi''ites.[38] According to Patricia Crone, Twelvers even extended the use of taqiyya "to protect their secret wisdom from exposure to the uncomprehending masses (including their own co-religionists), who might pervert it or denounce it as heretical."[39] This view has been supported by Faysal Noor in his book Taqiyyah: The Other Face. en-wikipedia-org-1307 Belief that Muslims must obey the Prophet and follow his sunnah comes from verses in the Quran such as 3:32, 5:92, 24:54, 64:12.[23] Hadith had been passed down by oral transmission until around the third century of Islam[24] and some questioned how closely they followed Muhammad''s actual teachings and behavior in authenticity and spirit, but Al-Shafiʿi argued that Muslims must obey the hadith using a "simple proposition: having commanded believers to obey the Prophet, God must certainly have provided the means to do so."[25] According to Muslim Islamic scholar Jonathan A.C. Brown, 20th century Egyptian scholar Mahmoud Abu Rayya[108][109] noted the problem of transmission of hadith from allegedly reliable Companions of the Prophet. en-wikipedia-org-1309 en-wikipedia-org-1310 Chirnside is a hillside village in Berwickshire in Scotland, 9 miles (14 km) west of Berwick-upon-Tweed and 7 miles (11 km) east of Duns. David Hume, the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, lived in Ninewells House, just south of the village (see below). His nephew, the noted Scottish jurist David, later Baron Hume, was baptised at Chirnside in 1757.[1] Below Chirnside stands the estate of Whitehall, with a Georgian manor house containing Palladian windows, which is a Listed Building. Ninewells House[edit] Dialect of Chirnside[edit] The local football team Chirnside F.C. plays in the Border Amateur league and appeared nine times in the Scottish Cup between 1935 and 1966. List of places in the Scottish Borders List of places in Scotland List of castles in Scotland ^ The Buildings of Scotland Borders, by Kitty Cruft, John Dunbar and Richard Fawcett, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-10702-1 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chirnside. Villages in the Scottish Borders en-wikipedia-org-1312 Subsequent Confucian philosophers during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE), including Mencius and Xunzi, likewise centered their philosophies on secular, humanistic concerns, like the nature of good governance and the role of education, rather than ideas founded on the state or folk religions of the time. Contrary to a still widely held interpretation that originated in Voigt''s celebrated contemporary, Jacob Burckhardt,[33] and which was adopted wholeheartedly – especially by modern thinkers calling themselves "humanists" –[34] most specialists today do not characterize Renaissance humanism as a philosophical movement, nor in any way as anti-Christian or even anti-clerical. "Renaissance humanism" is the name later given to a tradition of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti—"humanists".[7] It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. en-wikipedia-org-1322 John Leslie Mackie FBA (25 August 1917–12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on metaethics, especially his defence of moral scepticism. He posthumously published The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God (1983), has been called "a tour de force" in contemporary analytic philosophy.[1] Many considered Mackie one of the best defenders of philosophical atheism. After being given a copy of Richard Dawkins''s The Selfish Gene as a Christmas present,[4] in 1978 Mackie wrote an article in the journal Philosophy praising the book and discussing how its ideas might be applied to moral philosophy.[14] The philosopher Mary Midgley responded in 1979 with "Gene-Juggling", an article arguing that The Selfish Gene was about psychological egoism rather than evolution.[15] This started a dispute between Mackie, Midgley, and Dawkins that was ongoing at the time of Mackie''s death. en-wikipedia-org-1323 Isser Woloch Wikipedia Isser Woloch (born 1937) is the Moore Collegiate Professor Emeritus of History at Columbia. Woloch, Isser (1995), The New Regime: Transformations of the French Civic Order, 1789-1820s (reprint ed.), W.W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-31397-0 Woloch, Isser (1996), Revolution and the meanings of freedom in the nineteenth century, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-2748-8 External links[edit] Isser Woloch: Moore Collegiate Professor Emeritus of History Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isser_Woloch&oldid=984903057" Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-1326 en-wikipedia-org-1328 en-wikipedia-org-1329 en-wikipedia-org-1342 David James Shearer MBE (born 28 July 1957) is a New Zealand United Nations worker and politician. He was elected as leader of the Labour Party on 13 December 2011 but resigned on 15 September 2013, being succeeded by David Cunliffe. Shearer was viewed as unlikely to win the election; Claire Trevett of The New Zealand Herald originally expected that only Cunliffe and Parker would run for the leader''s role,[13] and The Dominion Post''s Vernon Small wrote that "Mr Shearer''s bid is seen as a way to lift his profile".[14] On 9 December, Horizon Research released a demographically-weighted survey which found that 35.4% of adult New Zealanders supported Shearer''s bid for the leadership, and 19.9% backed Cunliffe.[15] On 8 December 2016 Shearer announced he would resign from Parliament after being chosen to head the United Nations Mission in South Sudan by United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon,[28] replacing Dane Ellen Margrethe Løj.[29] His resignation forced a by-election for his seat in the Mount Albert electorate, which lead to future Labour leader and Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern winning the seat. en-wikipedia-org-135 File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Wikipedia File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 300 × 355 pixels. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. English: SVG version of the Wikiquote logo. This media file is protected because it is included on Commons'' Main Page, which is protected with the "cascading" option enabled. This use does not show up in the "File usage" sections below. SVG development The source code of this SVG is valid. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 23:06, 5 November 2005 300 × 355 (6 KB) Rei-artur Wikiquote logo in svg Category:Wikimedia More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. View more links to this file. Global file usage Global file usage Usage on af.wikipedia.org Usage on af.wikipedia.org Gebruiker:Hégésippe Cormier View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" en-wikipedia-org-1354 en-wikipedia-org-136 en-wikipedia-org-137 In this city he got a degree as lawyer: he had already finished his studies in Buenos Aires, but refused to make the oath under Rosas'' government.[7] Alberdi thought that the real problem in Argentina was not specifically Rosas, but the society that supported him. Alberdi''s book Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic) influenced the content of the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. Alberdi supported the project and wrote Bases y puntos de partida para la organización política de la República Argentina (Spanish: Bases and starting points for the political organization of the Argentine republic), a draft for the new constitution. Urquiza, the new president of Argentina under the 1853 constitution, supported Alberdi''s work, and appointed him ambassador of the Argentine Confederation in Chile. The Argentine Confederation and the State of Buenos Aires were reunified in 1861, which ceased Alberdi''s work as ambassador. en-wikipedia-org-1397 His work contributed to the foundations of the New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained and self-referential æsthetic object. Richards'' intellectual contributions to the establishment of the literary methodology of the New Criticism are presented in the books The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923), by C. This last subject, the theory of ambiguity, was developed in Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930), by William Empson, a former student of Richards''; moreover, additional to The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism, Empson''s book on ambiguity became the third foundational document for the methodology of the New Criticism. en-wikipedia-org-1403 The word aesthetic is derived from the Greek αἰσθητικός (aisthetikos, meaning "aesthetic, sensitive, sentient, pertaining to sense perception"), which in turn was derived from αἰσθάνομαι (aisthanomai, meaning "I perceive, feel, sense" and related to αἴσθησις (aisthēsis, "sensation").[6][better source needed] Aesthetics in this central sense has been said to start with the series of articles on "The Pleasures of the Imagination" which the journalist Joseph Addison wrote in the early issues of the magazine The Spectator in 1712.[7] The term "aesthetics" was appropriated and coined with new meaning by the German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten in his dissertation Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus ("Philosophical considerations of some matters pertaining the poem") in 1735;[8] Baumgarten chose "aesthetics" because he wished to emphasize the experience of art as a means of knowing. Bourdieu examined how the elite in society define the aesthetic values like taste and how varying levels of exposure to these values can result in variations by class, cultural background, and education.[17] According to Kant, beauty is subjective and universal; thus certain things are beautiful to everyone.[18] In the opinion of Władysław Tatarkiewicz, there are six conditions for the presentation of art: beauty, form, representation, reproduction of reality, artistic expression and innovation. en-wikipedia-org-141 Joseph Black (16 April 1728 – 6 December 1799) was a Scottish physicist and chemist, known for his discoveries of magnesium, latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. The chemistry buildings at both the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow are named after Black. In addition to regularly introducing cutting-edge topics and meticulously selecting visually impressive experiments, Black employed a wide array of successful teaching tools that made chemistry accessible to his students (many of whom were as young as 14 years old).[13][14] His students came from across the United Kingdom, its colonies and Europe, and hundreds of them preserved his lectures in their notebooks and disseminated his ideas after they left university. Joseph Black''s grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh "JOSEPH BLACK and the discovery of carbon dioxide". "Joseph Black (1728–1799): Scottish physician and chemist". "James Hutton, Joseph Black and the chemical theory of heat". en-wikipedia-org-1411 As set out in Historied Thought, Constructed World (California, 1995), Margolis holds that philosophy is concerned principally with three things: Margolis acknowledges that the historized "nature" of the human—and therefore of truth, of judgment, of reality, and the rest is not his own discovery, but criticizes most previous versions of historicism as falling victim to some theological or teleological yearning, as in Hegel''s Geist, Marx''s utopianism, or Heidegger''s history of being. The Philosophy of Interpretation, Edited by Joseph Margolis and Tom Rockmore. Edited by Joseph Margolis and Tom Rockmore Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. ^ Joseph Margolis (ed.), Philosophy Looks at the Arts, Temple University Press, 1987, p. ^ Joseph Margolis, Pragmatism''s Advantage: American and European Philosophy at the End of the Twentieth Century, Stanford University Press, 2010, p. Interpretation, Relativism, and the Metaphysics of Culture: Themes in the Philosophy of Joseph Margolis. en-wikipedia-org-1414 In the pragmatic philosophies of Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and others, inquiry is closely associated with the normative science of logic. In its inception, the pragmatic model or theory of inquiry was extracted by Peirce from its raw materials in classical logic, with a little bit of help from Kant, and refined in parallel with the early development of symbolic logic by Boole, De Morgan, and Peirce himself to address problems about the nature and conduct of scientific reasoning. Borrowing a brace of concepts from Aristotle, Peirce examined three fundamental modes of reasoning that play a role in inquiry, commonly known as abductive, deductive, and inductive inference. Examples of inquiry, that illustrate the full cycle of its abductive, deductive, and inductive phases, and yet are both concrete and simple enough to be suitable for a first (or zeroth) exposition, are somewhat rare in Peirce''s writings, and so let us draw one from the work of fellow pragmatician John Dewey, analyzing it according to the model of zeroth-order inquiry that we developed above. en-wikipedia-org-1425 In its early years, Broadview operated out of LePan''s home in Peterborough, Ontario, publishing a small number of titles for both trade and academic markets. With the publication of books such as The Broadview Anthology of Poetry, The Broadview Reader, and the first few titles in the Broadview Editions series in the early 1990s, Broadview began to focus exclusively on the academic market. Broadview publishes anthologies, scholarly editions of literature and philosophy, works of criticism, and other academic books. The Broadview Editions series includes many titles long regarded as classics, as well as many valuable, lesser-known works. The Broadview Anthology of British Literature[edit] Freehand Books[edit] Freehand Books was launched by Broadview in 2008 as a literary imprint, with a mandate to publish aesthetically diverse Canadian writing both by established authors and by new voices.[4] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadview_Press&oldid=975511252" Categories: Book publishing companies of Canada en-wikipedia-org-1428 en-wikipedia-org-1439 en-wikipedia-org-1440 Christian dualism refers to the belief that God and creation are distinct, but interrelated through an indivisible bond.[1] However, Gnosticism is a diverse, syncretistic religious movement consisting of various belief systems generally united in a belief in a distinction between a supreme, transcendent God and a blind, evil demiurge responsible for creating the material universe, thereby trapping the divine spark within matter. The Dvaita Vedanta school of Indian philosophy espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. This form of ontological dualism exists in Taoism and Confucianism, beliefs that divide the universe into the complementary oppositions of yin and yang.[19] In traditions such as classical Hinduism (Samkhya, Yoga, Vaisheshika and the later Vedanta schools, which accepted the theory of Gunas), Zen Buddhism or Islamic Sufism, a key to enlightenment is "transcending" this sort of dualistic thinking, without merely substituting dualism with monism or pluralism. en-wikipedia-org-1441 Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (born Gaspar Melchor de Jove y Llanos, 5 January 1744 – 27 November 1811) was a Spanish neoclassical statesman, author, philosopher and a major figure of the Age of Enlightenment in Spain. In the capital Jovellanos was a respected member of the literary and scientific societies; he was commissioned by the Society of Friends of the Country (Madrid''s economic society) in 1787 to write his most well-known and influential work, Informe en el expediente de ley agraria ("A report on the dossier of the Agrarian Law"), a project which he completed in 1794, and published in 1795. In turn, his writings influenced Alexander von Humboldt''s thinking and writing on land issues in Mexico.[2] Jovellanos also influenced thinking about agrarian land reform in Mexico in the late period of President Porfirio Díaz''s regime by Andrés Molina Enríquez, who was the intellectual father of the article that empowered the State to expropriate land and other resources following the Mexican Revolution Constitution of 1917 [3] en-wikipedia-org-1442 Following the Cyrenaic philosopher Aristippus, Epicurus believed that the greatest good was to seek modest, sustainable pleasure in the form of a state of ataraxia (tranquility and freedom from fear) and aponia (the absence of bodily pain) through knowledge of the workings of the world and limiting desires. The school''s popularity grew and it became, along with Stoicism, Platonism, Peripateticism, and Pyrrhonism, one of the dominant schools of Hellenistic philosophy, lasting strongly through the later Roman Empire.[5] Another major source of information is the Roman politician and philosopher Cicero, although he was highly critical, denouncing the Epicureans as unbridled hedonists, devoid of a sense of virtue and duty, and guilty of withdrawing from public life. Deciphered carbonized scrolls obtained from the library at the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum contain a large number of works by Philodemus, a late Hellenistic Epicurean, and Epicurus himself, attesting to the school''s enduring popularity. en-wikipedia-org-1457 Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed or Aḥmad Luṭfī Sayyid Pasha (IPA: [ˈæħmæd ˈlotˤfi (ʔe)sˈsæjjed]) (15 January 1872 – 5 March 1963) was a prominent Egyptian nationalist, intellectual, anti-colonial activist and the first director of Cairo University. He expounded upon his liberal beliefs about the freedom of Egypt and how people must stand up take action in the newsletters; because of these views, Lutfi created a name for himself in the media and government of Egypt. In 1907 after the Denshawai incident, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed founded Egypt''s first political party, el-Umma ("the Nation"), which came as a reaction to the 1906 Denshaway incident and the rise of Egyptian nationalist sentiment. Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid was an outright liberal and believed in equality and rights for all people. His primary influencers were Aristotle, John Locke, Bentham, Mill, Spencer, Rousseau, Comte, and Le Bon. Lutfi saw Egyptian nationalism as the direct result of historical and environmental factors, which is why he was against pan-Islamic, pan-Arab, and pan-Ottoman ideologies. en-wikipedia-org-1458 While usually indifferent to his subjects, Hades was very focused on the punishment of these two people; particularly Pirithous, as he entered the underworld in an attempt to steal Persephone for himself, and consequently was forced onto the "Chair of Forgetfulness".[19] Another myth is about the Greek god Asclepius who was originally a demigod, son of Apollo and Coronis, a Thessalian princess. en-wikipedia-org-1461 en-wikipedia-org-1480 In the Vachanamrut, the principal theological text of the sampradaya,[3]:6 Swaminarayan identifies five eternal and distinct entities: Parabrahman, Aksharbrahman, maya (māyā), ishwar (iśvara), and jiva (jīva).[4]:319[5]:244[3]:69–71[6] He further explains that the ultimate goal of life is moksha (mokṣa), a spiritual state of ultimate liberation from the cycle of births and deaths that is characterized by eternal bliss and devotion to God. Swaminarayan instituted the sampradaya''s mandir tradition to facilitate followers'' devotional worship of God.[7]:65[8]:353 During his lifetime, Swaminarayan constructed six mandirs: Ahmedabad (1822), Bhuj (1823), Vadtal (1824), Dholera (1826), Junagadh (1828), and Gadhada (1828).[9] Basic practices of gnan include the daily study of scriptures like the Vachanamrut and Shikshapatri and weekly participation in congregational worship services (sabha/sabhā) at the mandir (temple), in which scriptural discourses geared towards personal and spiritual growth occur.[49]:107 In the Vachanamrut, Swaminarayan explains that adhering to the Aksharbrahman Guru''s commands is commensurate to perfectly embodying gnan—that is, realizing oneself as the atman.[3]:62[50] en-wikipedia-org-1487 This essentially philosophical position gained strength from the success of Skinner''s early experimental work with rats and pigeons, summarized in his books The Behavior of Organisms[15] and Schedules of Reinforcement.[16] Of particular importance was his concept of the operant response, of which the canonical example was the rat''s lever-press. Modern-day clinical behavior analysis has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research, with the development of relational frame theory (RFT), which is described as an extension of verbal behavior and a "post-Skinnerian account of language and cognition."[85][36][37][38] RFT also forms the empirical basis for acceptance and commitment therapy, a therapeutic approach to counseling often used to manage such conditions as anxiety and obesity that consists of acceptance and commitment, value-based living, cognitive defusion, counterconditioning (mindfulness), and contingency management (positive reinforcement).[86][87][88][89][90][91] Another evidence-based counseling technique derived from RFT is the functional analytic psychotherapy known as behavioral activation that relies on the ACL model—awareness, courage, and love—to reinforce more positive moods for those struggling with depression. en-wikipedia-org-1490 en-wikipedia-org-1493 Modernity, Age of Enlightenment, Romanticism, social philosophy, political philosophy, philosophical anthropology, philosophy of language, ethics, nationalism, Basque literature Joxe Azurmendi Otaegi (born 19 March 1941) is a Basque writer, philosopher, essayist and poet. He has published numerous articles and books on ethics, politics, the philosophy of language, technique, Basque literature and philosophy in general.[3] He also collaborated with the Klasikoak[4] publishing firm in the Basque translations of various philosophical works and was one of the founders of Udako Euskal Unibertsitatea (The Basque Summer University).[5] He is currently a Professor of Modern Philosophy and a lecturer at Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (The University of the Basque Country).[6] In 2010 he was awarded the title "honorary academic" by Euskaltzaindia (The Basque Language Academy).[7] Joxe Azurmendi studied philosophy and theology at The University of the Basque Country, Rome and Münster.[11] en-wikipedia-org-1496 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. He studied history and philosophy and graduated in 1956 from the University of Lisbon with a thesis entitled A Sociedade em Portugal nos Séculos XII a XIV (Portuguese Society from 12th to 14th Centuries). Considered one of Portugal''s greatest experts on Portuguese Medieval history, he wrote more than 60 books and numerous articles. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-150 en-wikipedia-org-1503 en-wikipedia-org-1508 Epistemological particularism Wikipedia Epistemological particularism Jump to navigation Epistemological particularism is the view that one can know something without knowing how one knows it.[1] By this view, one''s knowledge is justified before one knows how such belief could be justified. Taking this as a philosophical approach, one would ask the question "What do we know?" before asking "How do we know?" The term appears in Roderick Chisholm''s "The Problem of the Criterion", and in the work of his student, Ernest Sosa ("The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge"). This article about epistemology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistemological_particularism&oldid=998705541" Categories: Epistemological theories Epistemology stubs Hidden categories: All stub articles Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2021, at 17:22 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-1509 en-wikipedia-org-151 Egalitarianism (from French égal ''equal''), or equalitarianism,[1][2] is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds from the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people.[3] Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status.[4] Egalitarianism is the doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly equal rights.[5] The term egalitarianism has two distinct definitions in modern English,[6] either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social and civil rights,[7] or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people, economic egalitarianism, or the decentralization of power. Some sources define egalitarianism as equality reflecting the natural state of humanity.[8][9][10] Many philosophers, including Ingmar Persson,[18] Peter Vallentyne,[19] Nils Holtug,[20] Catia Faria[21] and Lewis Gompertz,[22] have argued that egalitarianism implies that the interests of non-human animals must be taken into account as well. en-wikipedia-org-1510 Franjo Rački (25 November 1828 – 13 February 1894) was a Croatian historian, politician and writer. He compiled important collections of old Croatian diplomatic and historical documents, wrote some pioneering historical works, and was a key founder of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts. Although Rački is more important as a promoter of culture than as a historian, his original historical works are important for their pioneering nature and wealth of information. Rački founded most editions of the Academy, which are published even today: Rad, Starine, and the Codex diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, an exceptional monument of legal history. Franjo Rački (in Croatian) Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1522 en-wikipedia-org-1532 en-wikipedia-org-1540 en-wikipedia-org-1549 With the rise of a distinction between monarchical autonomy and public law, the term then gained currency to denote the corporate estates (Ständestaat) of a feudal elite of land-holders as opposed to the powers exercised by the prince.[8] It had a long history in state theory, and was revived with particular force in recent times, in Eastern Europe, where dissidents such as Václav Havel as late as in the 1990s employed it to denote the sphere of civic associations threatened by the intrusive holistic state-dominated regimes of Communist Eastern Europe.[9] The first post-modern usage of civil society as denoting political opposition stems from writings of Aleksander Smolar in 1978–79.[10] However the term was not in use by Solidarity labor union in 1980–1981.[10] en-wikipedia-org-1551 José Hermano Saraiva Wikipedia José Hermano Baptista Saraiva GCIH • GCIP (3 October 1919 – 20 July 2012) was a Portuguese professor, historian and jurist. Hermano Saraiva was a professor of law and business management.[2] He was Minister of Education of Portugal between 1968 and 1970 and ambassador to Brazil between 1972 and 1974, during the Estado Novo dictatorship. Saraiva is most famous in Portugal, but also among Portuguese communities around the world, on account of his television programs on the History of Portugal, broadcast by RTP. Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Hermano Saraiva. Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1555 Jacobus Ruurd "Jaap" Bruijn (born in 1938 in The Hague), is one of the best known and respected Dutch maritime historians. Bruijn bij zijn vertrek als hoogleraar zeegeschiedenis aan de Universiteit Leiden, edited by Leo Akveld, [et al.], (Amsterdam: De Bataafse Leeuw, 2003). Dutch-Asiatic shipping in the 17th and 18th centuries, Vol. III: Homeward-bound voyages from Asia and the Cape to the Netherlands (1597-1795), edited by J.R. Bruijn, F.S. Gaastra and I. Shipping companies and authorities in the 19th and 20th centuries: their common interest in the development of port facilities : proceedings of the congress to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Netherlands Association for Maritime History, Rotterdam, Maritiem Museum ''Prins Hendrik'', September 25–27, 1986, L.M. Akveld and J.R. Bruijn, eds. : European sailors and the maritime labour market, 1570-1870, edited by Paul van Royen, Jaap Bruijn, and Jan Lucassen.(St. John''s, Newfoundland: International Maritime Economic History Association, 1997). en-wikipedia-org-156 en-wikipedia-org-1563 en-wikipedia-org-1567 In McDonough''s 2007 monograph, The Conservative Party and Anglo-German Relations, 1905–1914, published by Palgrave Macmillan, he moved the focus of analysis to the Conservative Party''s role in the outbreak of the First World War. The study was described in a review in the journal The Bulletin of the German Institute of Historical Research by a German foreign policy scholar as "a thorough and thought-provoking analysis, which draws on over thirty archives and provides a powerful and overdue corrective to the traditional depiction of the Edwardian Conservative Party as ''Scaremongers'' and the chief promoters of Germanophobic views among British political parties in the years that led to the outbreak of the First World War".[7] In September 2011, McDonough published The Origins of the Second World War: An international Perspective, about the outbreak of the Second World War. In April 2012, the second edition of "Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party" was published. en-wikipedia-org-1568 en-wikipedia-org-1571 Horst Boog (5 January 1928 – 8 January 2016)[1] was a German historian who specialised in the history of Nazi Germany and World War II. Boog contributed to several volumes of the seminal work Germany and the Second World War. Since the 1980s, he has been an internationally recognized expert on the Luftwaffe and on the laws of war, such as the right to war (jus ad bellum) and the law of war (jus in bello).[5] In his works he started to identify with the Luftwaffe[6] and he made a divide between the Nazis and British on one hand and "respectable Germans", writing about "brave decisions and personal courage" of Wehrmacht General Staff.[7] Vol. VI: The Global War 1941–1943, with Werner Rahn, Reinhard Stumpf (historian) [de] and Bernd Wegner en-wikipedia-org-1574 As a nonconformist who refused to subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, Mill was not eligible to study at the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge.[21] Instead he followed his father to work for the East India Company, and attended University College, London, to hear the lectures of John Austin, the first Professor of Jurisprudence.[22] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1856.[23] In On Liberty, A Few Words on Non-Intervention, and other works, he defended British imperialism by arguing that a fundamental distinction existed between civilized and barbarous peoples.[25] Mill viewed countries such as India and China as having once been progressive, but being now stagnant and barbarous, thus legitimizing British rule as benevolent despotism, "provided the end is [the barbarians''] improvement".[26] When the crown proposed to take direct control over the colonies in India, he was tasked with defending Company rule, penning Memorandum on the Improvements in the Administration of India during the Last Thirty Years among other petitions.[27] He was offered a seat on the Council of India, the body created to advise the new Secretary of State for India, but declined, citing his disapproval of the new system of rule.[27] en-wikipedia-org-1581 Epicurus was an extremely prolific writer.[118][116][62][66] According to Diogenes Laërtius, he wrote around 300 treatises on a variety of subjects.[116][62] More original writings of Epicurus have survived to the present day than of any other Hellenistic Greek philosopher.[66] Nonetheless, the vast majority of everything he wrote has now been lost[118][116][62] and most of what is known about Epicurus''s teachings come from the writings of his later followers, particularly the Roman poet Lucretius.[62] The only surviving complete works by Epicurus are three relatively lengthy letters, which are quoted in their entirety in Book X of Diogenes Laërtius''s Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines (Κύριαι Δόξαι), which are likewise preserved through quotation by Diogenes Laërtius, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library that was first discovered in 1888.[62] In the Letter to Herodotus and the Letter to Pythocles, Epicurus summarizes his philosophy on nature and, in the Letter to Menoeceus, he summarizes his moral teachings.[62] Numerous fragments of Epicurus''s lost thirty-seven volume treatise On Nature have been found among the charred papyrus fragments at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.[62][66] Scholars first began attempting to unravel and decipher these scrolls in 1800, but the efforts are painstaking and are still ongoing.[62] en-wikipedia-org-1584 en-wikipedia-org-1588 en-wikipedia-org-1596 This group includes Chinese religion overall, which further includes Ancestral Worship, Chinese folk religion, Confucianism, Taoism and so-called popular salvationist organisations (such as Yiguandao and Weixinism), as well as elements drawn from Mahayana Buddhism that form the core of Chinese Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism at large. Chinese salvationist religions have influenced the rise of Korean and Japanese new religions—for instance, respectively, Jeungsanism and Tenriism; these movements draw upon indigenous traditions but are heavily influenced by Chinese philosophy and theology. East Asian religions include many theological stances, including polytheism, nontheism, henotheism, monotheism, pantheism, panentheism and agnosticism.[3] East Asian religions have many Western adherents, though their interpretations may differ significantly from traditional East Asian religious thought and culture. Syncretism is a common feature of East Asian religions, often making it difficult to recognise individual faiths.[7][8] Further complications arise from the inconsistent use of many terms. en-wikipedia-org-1597 View source for David Hume Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" en-wikipedia-org-1611 en-wikipedia-org-1623 en-wikipedia-org-1630 Hexter (May 25, 1910 – December 8, 1996) was an American historian, a specialist in Tudor and seventeenth century British history, and well known for his comments on historiography. Hexter in 1978 wrote a bitter historiographical review in which he attacked younger scholars for reducing the analysis of the Civil War to an essentially amoral struggle for power (socio-economic for the Marxists; religious, political and fiscal for the revisionists), which he argued was too dismissive of the intrinsic moral strength of Parliament''s position. Hexter on Braudel[edit] H. Hexter, Neo-Whiggism and Early Stuart Historiography pages 133-149 from History and Theory, Volume 26, 1987. Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1643 Peukert also sought to critically explore why so many ordinary Germans remembered the Third Reich as a time of blissful normality, arguing that there was a certain selectivity to what many people sought to remember, arguing that memories of genocide were not ones to cherish.[19] Peukert further argued that: "the memory of an unpolitical "normality" in the 1930s could have taken hold of the collective memory also because of a certain structural parallelism existed because of the "normality" of the first German economic miracle in the 1930s and the economic miracle of the 1950s".[19] Peukert argued that the central feature of the policies of the National Socialist regime in shaping the Volksgemeinschaft was racism with the emphasis on "selection" of those considered to have "healthy" Aryan genes and the "eradication" of those who were considered not.[7] In the final chapter of Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremde, Peukert wrote: "In the use of terror against gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") and in the fostering of an atomized, compulsorily normalized society, National Socialism demonstrated all too clearly and with lethal consistency the pathological, warped features of the modern civilization process".[7] As Inside Nazi Germany as the book was titled in English, Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremde is regarded as the most "standard" text about alltagsgeschichte in the Third Reich.[15] A 1990 review by the German historian Rolf Schörken called Volksgenossen und Gemeinschaftsfremde a brilliant book explaining how Nazi Herrschaft (domination) of Germany rested upon the "multi-layered, contradictory and complex realities" of "everyday life" in Germany.[20] en-wikipedia-org-165 In his book, Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism, Schapiro set out to discuss the changes in both England and France. One thinker whose views Schapiro felt were proto-fascist was French anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865).[1] This interpretation of Proudhon''s philosophy was strongly challenged by Italian activist and author Nicola Chiaromonte, however.[2] Liberalism and the Challenge of Fascism, Social Forces in England and France, (1815–1870), publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., NY, 1949. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1672 Some of the main philosophers who have dealt with this issue are Marcus Aurelius, Omar Khayyám, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, David Hume, Baron d''Holbach (Paul Heinrich Dietrich), Pierre-Simon Laplace, Arthur Schopenhauer, William James, Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Ralph Waldo Emerson and, more recently, John Searle, Ted Honderich, and Daniel Dennett. Although it was once thought by scientists that any indeterminism in quantum mechanics occurred at too small a scale to influence biological or neurological systems, there is indication that nervous systems are influenced by quantum indeterminism due to chaos theory.[citation needed] It is unclear what implications this has for the problem of free will given various possible reactions to the problem in the first place.[52] Many biologists do not grant determinism: Christof Koch, for instance, argues against it, and in favour of libertarian free will, by making arguments based on generative processes (emergence).[53] Other proponents of emergentist or generative philosophy, cognitive sciences, and evolutionary psychology, argue that a certain form of determinism (not necessarily causal) is true.[54][55][56][57] They suggest instead that an illusion of free will is experienced due to the generation of infinite behaviour from the interaction of finite-deterministic set of rules and parameters. en-wikipedia-org-1682 en-wikipedia-org-1687 en-wikipedia-org-1691 en-wikipedia-org-1701 England''s attempts to either conquer or assimilate both the Hiberno-Norman lordships and the Gaelic territories into the Kingdom of Ireland provided the impetus for ongoing warfare, notable examples being the 1st Desmond Rebellion, the 2nd Desmond Rebellion and the Nine Years War. This period was marked by the Crown policies of, at first, surrender and regrant, and later, plantation, involving the arrival of thousands of English and Scottish Protestant settlers, and the displacement of both the Hiberno-Normans (or Old English as they were known by then) and the native Catholic landholders. The history of Northern Ireland has since been dominated by the division of society along sectarian faultlines and conflict between (mainly Catholic) Irish nationalists and (mainly Protestant) unionists. (See the Desmond Rebellions, 1569–73 and 1579–83, and the Nine Years War, 1594–1603, for details.) After this point, the English authorities in Dublin established real control over Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised government to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the native lordships. en-wikipedia-org-1715 In philosophy of science, intertheoretic reduction occurs when a reducing theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a reduced theory, while the reducing theory explains or predicts a wider range of phenomena under more general conditions. According to Alexander Rosenberg philosophers mostly these days believe that reduction between sciences is possible in principle but concepts we currently have do not allow reductions even in many cases in which natural sciences are involved, for instance from biology to chemistry.[1] However, it has been argued that there are some phenomena (e.g. phase transitions and critical phenomena) that cannot be reductively explicated in terms of the "more fundamental" theory of statistical mechanics.[2] Logical analysis has suggested that intentional concepts are not reducible to non-intentional concepts used by neurophysiology in which is the discipline "underlying" the psychology.[3] ^ Alexander Rosenberg Philosophy of Social Science, second edition, page 140, published in 1995 by Westview Press. History and philosophy of science en-wikipedia-org-1717 Core beliefs of classical liberals did not necessarily include democracy nor government by a majority vote by citizens because "there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain rule of law".[21] For example, James Madison argued for a constitutional republic with protections for individual liberty over a pure democracy, reasoning that in a pure democracy a "common passion or interest will, in almost every case, be felt by a majority of the whole [...] and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice the weaker party".[22] The changing economic and social conditions of the 19th century led to a division between neo-classical and social (or welfare) liberals, who while agreeing on the importance of individual liberty differed on the role of the state. en-wikipedia-org-1718 In religion, ethics, philosophy, and psychology "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy. The Christian Bible exercises "the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world."[18] In the Old Testament, evil is understood to be an opposition to God as well as something unsuitable or inferior such as the leader of the fallen angels Satan[19] In the New Testament the Greek word poneros is used to indicate unsuitability, while kakos is used to refer to opposition to God in the human realm.[20] Officially, the Catholic Church extracts its understanding of evil from its canonical antiquity and the Dominican theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who in Summa Theologica defines evil as the absence or privation of good.[21] French-American theologian Henri Blocher describes evil, when viewed as a theological concept, as an "unjustifiable reality. en-wikipedia-org-1724 en-wikipedia-org-1726 Islamic philosophy had a major impact in Christian Europe, where translation of Arabic philosophical texts into Latin "led to the transformation of almost all philosophical disciplines in the medieval Latin world", with a particularly strong influence of Muslim philosophers being felt in natural philosophy, psychology and metaphysics.[2] Ibn al-Nafis wrote the Theologus Autodidactus as a defense of "the system of Islam and the Muslims'' doctrines on the missions of Prophets, the religious laws, the resurrection of the body, and the transitoriness of the world." The book presents rational arguments for bodily resurrection and the immortality of the human soul, using both demonstrative reasoning and material from the hadith corpus as forms of evidence. en-wikipedia-org-1737 en-wikipedia-org-1740 Joseph Maréchal, SJ (French: [maʁeʃal]; 1 July 1878 – 11 December 1944) was a Belgian Jesuit priest, philosopher, theologian and psychologist. He taught at the Higher Institute of Philosophy of the University of Leuven and was the founder of the school of thought called transcendental Thomism, which attempted to merge the theological and philosophical thought of St. Thomas Aquinas with that of Immanuel Kant. Prompted by the call of Pope Leo XIII to revitalize Thomist theology, he started studying in depth the works of St. Thomas Aquinas in order to understand the inner coherence of his system, along with the works of other scholastic thinkers, modern philosophers and scientists of the day. The work of Maréchal had a great influence on such contemporary theologians and philosophers as Andre Marc, Gaston Isaye, Joseph de Finance, Karl Rahner, Bernard Lonergan, Johannes Baptist Lotz, Bernard O''Brien and Richard De Smet. en-wikipedia-org-1750 File:David Hume and Adam Smith statues, Edinburgh.jpg Wikipedia File:David Hume and Adam Smith statues, Edinburgh.jpg This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original. URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kim_Traynor Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 23:13, 30 August 2011 1,898 × 2,496 (856 KB) Kim Traynor The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): The following other wikis use this file: Portal:Escocia/Artigo destacado/Arquivo Portal:Escocia/Artigo destacado/6 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Hume_and_Adam_Smith_statues,_Edinburgh.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-176 en-wikipedia-org-1761 en-wikipedia-org-1775 en-wikipedia-org-181 Category:Social theories Wikipedia Category:Social theories Jump to navigation Philosophical theories Wikimedia Commons has media related to Social theories. The main article for this category is Social theory. ► Economic theories‎ (7 C, 50 P) ► Social learning theory‎ (12 P) Pages in category "Social theories" The following 122 pages are in this category, out of 122 total. Social theory Social theory Circulus (theory) College for Advanced Studies in Social Theory Communicative action Consensus theory Consumer culture theory Engaged theory Liberal conservatism Organizational theory Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory Progressive utilization theory Punctuated equilibrium in social theory Social model of disability Somatic theory Structural-demographic theory Structuration theory Theories of poverty A Theory of Justice Utopian socialism Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Social_theories&oldid=971710295" Categories: Philosophical theories Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-1823 en-wikipedia-org-1834 en-wikipedia-org-1837 en-wikipedia-org-1838 Duncan Forbes (historian) Wikipedia Duncan Forbes (1922 – 3 December 1994) was a Scottish historian.[1] Forbes edited Adam Ferguson''s An Essay on the History of Civil Society for the University of Edinburgh Press in 1966. In his book Hume''s Philosophical Politics, Forbes argued that Hume''s main purpose in writing The History of England was to give "the Hanoverian regime a proper intellectual foundation".[3] Against the traditional portrayal of Hume as a Tory, Forbes labelled Hume''s beliefs "skeptical Whiggism", that is, an acceptance of the Revolution Settlement coupled with a rejection of most other Whig orthodoxies such as the concept of the "ancient constitution".[4] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Forbes_(historian)&oldid=978111156" Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-184 Through his father''s lectures, Christian came under the influence of the political philosophy of Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, and continued the study of law at the University of Frankfurt (Oder) in 1675, completing his doctorate in 1679. In 1687 he made the daring innovation of lecturing in German instead of Latin and gave a lecture on the topic "How One Should Emulate the French Way of Life," referring to the French use of their native language not only in everyday life but in scholarship as well; according to scholar Klaus Luig, this event marks the real beginning of the Enlightenment in Germany. Institutes of Divine Jurisprudence: With Selections from Foundations of the law of Nature and Nations, edited, translated, and with an introduction by Thomas Ahnert, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2011. Thomas Ahnert, Religion and the Origins of the German Enlightenment: Faith and the Reform of Learning in the Thought of Christian Thomasius (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2006) (Rochester Studies in Philosophy). en-wikipedia-org-1845 en-wikipedia-org-1847 Category:Articles with failed verification from March 2015 Wikipedia Category:Articles with failed verification from March 2015 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with failed verification from March 2015 (2015-03) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with failed verification. To add an article to this category add {{Failed verification|date=March 2015}} to the article. Pages in category "Articles with failed verification from March 2015" This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_March_2015&oldid=649159932" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with failed verification) counter Clean-up categories from March 2015 View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-1848 George Holland Sabine (9 December 1880 – 18 January 1961), popularly known as Sabine, was a professor of philosophy, dean of the Graduate School and vice president of Cornell University. In his review of A History of Political Theory, Leland Jenks noted, "Sabine is the only textbook writer who is abreast of recent Rousseau scholarship, as represented by Hoffding, Lanson, Cassirer, and Hendel."[1] Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-186 Hume and the Problem of Causation Wikipedia The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia''s general notability guideline. Find sources: "Hume and the Problem of Causation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hume and the Problem of Causation is a book written by Tom Beauchamp and Alexander Rosenberg, published in 1981 by Oxford University Press. Beauchamp and Rosenberg developed a single interpretation of David Hume''s view on the nature of causation that rests on all of his works, and defended it against historical and contemporary objections. The book is now out of print but available on line at a web site given below. Hume and the Problem of Causation[permanent dead link] This article about a philosophy-related book is a stub. All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2020 Articles with permanently dead external links en-wikipedia-org-1872 en-wikipedia-org-1873 en-wikipedia-org-1885 en-wikipedia-org-190 Jože Pirjevec, italianised Giuseppe Pierazzi (born June 1, 1940), is a Slovene-Italian historian and a prominent diplomatic historian of the west Balkans region, as well as a member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He has taught history of Eastern Europe at the universities of Pisa, Trieste and Padova. Storia degli sloveni in Italia, 1866-1998 ("History of the Slovenes in Italy, 1866-1998). External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jože Pirjevec. University of Trieste faculty Articles with Slovene-language sources (sl) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1926 Chesterton, in his book Orthodoxy (1908), asserts that there have been substantial disagreements about faith from the time of the New Testament and Jesus, but that the Apostles all argued against changing the teachings of Christ, as did the earliest church fathers including Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus, Justin Martyr and Polycarp.[note 4] The letters of Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp of Smyrna to various churches warned against false teachers, and the Epistle of Barnabas accepted by many Christians as part of Scripture in the 2nd century, warned about mixing Judaism with Christianity, as did other writers, leading to decisions reached in the first ecumenical council, which was convoked by the Emperor Constantine at Nicaea in 325, in response to further disruptive polemical controversy within the Christian community, in that case Arianist disputes over the nature of the Trinity. Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church. en-wikipedia-org-1935 en-wikipedia-org-1943 During high school (at the Lycée at Reims), he became aware of pataphysics (via philosophy professor Emmanuel Peillet), which is said to be crucial for understanding Baudrillard''s later thought.[6] He became the first of his family to attend university when he moved to Paris to attend the Sorbonne.[7] There he studied German language and literature,[8] which led him to begin teaching the subject at several different lycées, both Parisian and provincial, from 1960 until 1966.[6] While teaching, Baudrillard began to publish reviews of literature and translated the works of such authors as Peter Weiss, Bertolt Brecht, Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Wilhelm Emil Mühlmann.[9] Baudrillard''s published work emerged as part of a generation of French thinkers including: Gilles Deleuze, Jean-François Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, and Jacques Lacan who all shared an interest in semiotics, and he is often seen as a part of the post-structuralist philosophical school.[22] In common with many post-structuralists, his arguments consistently draw upon the notion that signification and meaning are both only understandable in terms of how particular words or "signs" interrelate. en-wikipedia-org-1944 en-wikipedia-org-1947 Claudio Pavone (30 November 1920 – 29 November 2016[1]) was an Italian historian and archivist. Before the publication of Una Guerra Civile the expression was only used, apologetically, by the Italian far right.[4] An English translation of this work, published by Verso in 2013, appeared under the title "A Civil War A History of the Italian Resistance".[5] A civil war: a history of the Italian Resistance. External links[edit] Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2020, at 16:04 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-1962 In the work of Aristotle, eudaimonia (based on older Greek tradition) was used as the term for the highest human good, and so it is the aim of practical philosophy, including ethics and political philosophy, to consider (and also experience) what it really is, and how it can be achieved. In his Nicomachean Ethics (§21; 1095a15–22), Aristotle says that everyone agrees that eudaimonia is the highest good for human beings, but that there is substantial disagreement on what sort of life counts as doing and living well; i.e. eudaimon: Socrates is convinced that virtues such as self-control, courage, justice, piety, wisdom and related qualities of mind and soul are absolutely crucial if a person is to lead a good and happy (eudaimon) life. en-wikipedia-org-1985 Jean Edward Smith (October 13, 1932 – September 1, 2019) was a biographer and the John Marshall Professor of Political Science at Marshall University.[1] He was also professor emeritus at the University of Toronto after having served as professor of political economy there for thirty-five years. Smith was also on the faculty of the Master of American History and Government program at Ashland University.[2] The winner of the 2008 Francis Parkman Prize and the 2002 finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, Smith was called "today''s foremost biographer of formidable figures in American history."[1][3] Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-1987 Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets, including Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.[11] Muslims consider the Quran in Arabic to be the unaltered and final revelation of God.[12] Like other Abrahamic religions, Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded in paradise and the unrighteous punished in hell.[13] Religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are obligatory acts of worship, as well as following Islamic law (sharia), which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, from banking and welfare to women and the environment.[14][15] The cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam.[16] en-wikipedia-org-1999 Charles Bernard Renouvier (French: [ʁənuvje]; January 1, 1815 – September 1, 1903) was a French philosopher. He considered himself a "Swedenborg of history" who sought to update the philosophy of Kantian liberalism and individualism for the socio-economic realities of the late nineteenth century, and influenced the sociological method of Émile Durkheim.[3][4][5] Renouvier was born in Montpellier and educated in Paris at the École Polytechnique. Philosophy[edit] Renouvier was the first French philosopher after Nicolas Malebranche to formulate a complete idealistic system, and had a vast influence on the development of French thought. Renouvier became an important influence upon the thought of American psychologist and philosopher William James. Brooks, The Eclectic Legacy: Academic Philosophy and the Human Sciences in Nineteenth-century France, University of Delaware Press, 1998, p. Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2 Forming partly out of a philosophy seminar on Workers'' history that Rancière gave at Vincennes, it drew together philosophers and historians for a radical political intervention into French thought after the May 1968 uprisings.[5] Its title acting as both a reference to Arthur Rimbaud''s poem, Democratie (''Nous Massacrerons les revoltes logiques'' – ''We''ll smash all logic revolts.'') and the Maoist Cultural Revolutionary slogan adopted by the Gauche Prolétarienne group, of which some of Les Rèvoltes Logiques'' members were active within,[6] ''On a raison de se revolter'' – ''It is right to revolt.'',[7] the Journal attempted to interrogate and contest the historiographic and political norms around the representation of workers'' and social history. In 2006, it was reported that Rancière''s aesthetic theory had become a point of reference in the visual arts, and Rancière has lectured at such art world events as the Frieze Art Fair.[4] Former French presidential candidate Ségolène Royal described Rancière as her favourite philosopher.[13] Among those intellectuals influenced by his work, Gabriel Rockhill has developed a new paradigm for thinking the historical relation between aesthetics and politics in close dialogue with Rancière''s writings. en-wikipedia-org-200 en-wikipedia-org-2000 en-wikipedia-org-2004 Aristocracy (Greek: ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos ''excellent'', and κράτος, kratos ''rule'') is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning ''rule of the best''.[2] The term was first used by such ancient Greeks as Aristotle and Plato, who used it to describe a system where only the best of the citizens, chosen through a careful process of selection, would become rulers, and hereditary rule would actually have been forbidden, unless the rulers'' children performed best and were better endowed with the attributes that make a person fit to rule compared with every other citizen in the polity.[3][4][5] Hereditary rule in this understanding is more related to Oligarchy, a corrupted form of Aristocracy where there is rule by a few, but not by the best. In modern times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group, the aristocratic class, and has since been contrasted with democracy.[1] en-wikipedia-org-2007 en-wikipedia-org-2008 Ernest Sosa (born June 17, 1940) is an American philosopher primarily interested in epistemology.[1] Since 2007 he has been Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University, but he spent most of his career at Brown University. Sosa is a past president of the American Philosophical Association and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences.[3] He edits the philosophical journals Noûs[5] and Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.[6] In 2005 he delivered the John Locke Lectures at Oxford,[7] which formed the basis of his 2007 book. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2030 Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. He has been a member of the American Philosophical Society since 1993, and of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters since 1993, and an Honorary Fellow of Harris Manchester College, Oxford since 1996, and of the School of Advanced Study, University of London since 2002 (Senior Distinguished Fellow 2002-3). In What Is Faith?, Kenny addresses "the question of whether belief in God, and faith in a divine world, is a reasonable or rational state of mind."[9] He criticises the idea, "common to theists like Aquinas and Descartes and to an atheist like Russell," that "Rational belief [is] either self-evident or based directly or indirectly on what is evident", which he terms "foundationalism" following Plantinga,[10] arguing that foundationalism is a self-refuting idea. en-wikipedia-org-2032 en-wikipedia-org-2065 en-wikipedia-org-2072 en-wikipedia-org-2074 en-wikipedia-org-2076 en-wikipedia-org-2080 The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge, Tiny Tim, Jacob Marley and Bob Cratchit (A Christmas Carol); Oliver Twist, The Artful Dodger, Fagin and Bill Sikes (Oliver Twist); Pip, Miss Havisham and Abel Magwitch (Great Expectations); Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and Madame Defarge (A Tale of Two Cities); David Copperfield, Uriah Heep and Mr Micawber (David Copperfield); Daniel Quilp (The Old Curiosity Shop), Samuel Pickwick and Sam Weller (The Pickwick Papers); and Wackford Squeers (Nicholas Nickleby) are so well known as to be part and parcel of popular culture, and in some cases have passed into ordinary language: a scrooge, for example, is a miser or someone who dislikes Christmas festivity.[164] en-wikipedia-org-2081 It was popularized by Emil du Bois-Reymond, a German physiologist, in his 1872 address "Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens" ("The Limits of Science.")[1] Lepenies was repeating the criticism, first leveled in 1874 by du Bois-Reymond''s rival Ernst Haeckel, that the "seemingly humble but actually presumptuous Ignorabimus is the Ignoratis of the infallible Vatican and of the ''Black International'' which it heads."[10] Haeckel overstated his charge: du Bois-Reymond had never supported the Catholic Church,[11] and far from professing humility he reminded his audience that while our knowledge was indeed bounded by mysteries of matter and mind, within these limits "the man of science is lord and master; he can analyze and synthesize, and no one can fathom the extent of his knowledge and power."[12] ^ a b "wissen" refers to the term "wissenschaft" and educator Wilhelm von Humboldt''s concept of "bildung." That is, education incorporates science, knowledge, and scholarship, an association of learning, and a dynamic process discoverable for oneself; and learning or becoming is the highest ideal of human existence. en-wikipedia-org-2087 Alvin Ira Goldman (born 1938) is an American philosopher, who is Emeritus Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University in New Jersey and a leading figure in epistemology. Goldman has done influential work on a wide range of philosophical topics, but his principal areas of research are epistemology, philosophy of mind, and cognitive science. Goldman''s accounts of knowledge and justified belief, using notions like causation and reliability instead of normative concepts like permissibility and obligation, contributed to a philosophical approach that came to be known in the 1970s as naturalized epistemology. (Unlike W.V.O. Quine''s version of naturalized epistemology, however, Goldman''s retains a traditional focus on questions of justification.) Goldman''s view emerged initially as part of the efforts in the 1960s to find a "fourth" condition in response to the Gettier challenge to the account of knowledge as "justified true belief." In his 1967 paper, "A Causal Theory of Knowing", Goldman proposed that knowledge amounts to true belief appropriately caused by the fact that makes it true. His approach uses tools of analytic philosophy especially formal epistemology to analyze problems in social knowledge. en-wikipedia-org-209 Category:Articles containing German-language text Wikipedia This category contains articles with German-language text. This category contains articles with German-language text. Category:Articles with German-language sources (de) ► Articles containing Alemannic German-language text‎ (2 C, 154 P) ► Articles containing Austrian German-language text‎ (20 P) ► Articles containing Low German-language text‎ (122 P) ► Articles containing Middle Low German-language text‎ (20 P) ► Articles containing Palatine German-language text‎ (7 P) ► Articles containing Pennsylvania German-language text‎ (11 P) ► Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text‎ (59 P) ► Articles containing Swiss Standard German-language text‎ (12 P) Pages in category "Articles containing German-language text" 10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr) 10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr) 10th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr) 11th Division (German Empire) 16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) 16th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text&oldid=980335473" Articles containing non-English-language text By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2101 en-wikipedia-org-2105 Joachim Clemens Fest (8 December 1926 – 11 September 2006) was a German journalist, critic, and editor best known for his writings and public commentary on Nazi Germany, including a biography of Adolf Hitler and books about Albert Speer and German resistance to Nazism. During this period, he was asked to present radio portraits of the main historical personalities who had influenced the course of German history, from Bismarck to World War II, including leading figures of the Nazi regime such as Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels. After the Hitler biography, Fest became co-editor of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, one of the leading German newspapers based in Frankfurt am Main and an institution in the German-speaking world. Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2106 This concept is considered one of the two pillars of the old view of the philosophy of science, together with verifiability.[1] An application of inductionism can show how experimental evidence can confirm or inductively justify the belief in generalization and the laws of nature.[2] For example, in Prior Analytics, he proposed an inductive syllogism, which served to establish the primary and immediate proposition.[3] For scholars, this constitutes the principle of demonstrative science.[3] The Greek philosopher, however, did not develop a detailed theory of induction.[4] Some sources even state that the Aristotelian conceptualization of induction is different from its modern mainstream interpretations due to its position that inductive arguments are deductively valid.[5] Inductionism is also said to be based on Newtonian physics.[1] This is evident in Isaac Newton''s Rule of Reasoning in Philosophy, which articulated his belief that it is imperative to cover the unobservably small features of the world through a methodology that has a strong empirical base.[7] Here, the speculative hypothesis was replaced by induction from premises obtained through observation and experiment.[7] en-wikipedia-org-212 Jean Meslier (French: [melje]; also Mellier; 15 June 1664[1] – 17 June 1729) was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. The following passage is found at the end of Voltaire''s Extrait, and has been cited in support of the view that Meslier was not really an atheist.[17] However, the passage does not appear in either the 1864 complete edition of the Testament, published in Amsterdam by Rudolf Charles,[18] or in the complete works of Meslier published 1970–1972.[19] Another book, Good Sense (French: Le Bon Sens),[20] published anonymously in 1772, was long attributed to Meslier, but was in fact written by Baron d''Holbach.[21] The book was mistakenly identified as the work of Jean Meslier (1664–1729), a Catholic priest who had renounced Christianity in a posthumously published Testament. en-wikipedia-org-2120 At the age of four, Sarmiento was taught to read by his father and his uncle, José Eufrasio Quiroga Sarmiento, who later became Bishop of Cuyo.[9] Another uncle who influenced him in his youth was Domingo de Oro, a notable figure in the young Argentine Republic who was influential in bringing Juan Manuel de Rosas to power.[10] Though Sarmiento did not follow de Oro''s political and religious leanings, he learned the value of intellectual integrity and honesty.[10] He developed scholarly and oratorical skills, qualities which de Oro was famous for.[10][11] Fighting and war soon resumed, but, one by one, Quiroga vanquished the main allies of General Paz, including the Governor of San Juan, and in 1831 Sarmiento fled to Chile.[27] He did not return to Argentina for five years.[28] At the time, Chile was noted for its good public administration, its constitutional organization, and the rare freedom to criticize the regime. en-wikipedia-org-2121 en-wikipedia-org-2138 While there were ethical intuitionists in a broad sense at least as far back as Thomas Aquinas, the philosophical school usually labelled as ethical intuitionism developed in Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries.[5] Early intuitionists like John Balguy, Ralph Cudworth, and Samuel Clarke were principally concerned with defending moral objectivism against the theories of Thomas Hobbes.[6] Later, their views would be revived and developed by Richard Price and pitted against the moral sense theory of Francis Hutcheson,[7] himself sometimes considered a sentimentalist intuitionist.[4] Immanuel Kant''s moral philosophy would be received in Britain as a German analog to Price,[8] though according to R. In the 19th century, ethical intuitionism was considered by most British philosophers to be a philosophical rival of utilitarianism, until Henry Sidgwick showed there to be several logically distinct theories, both normative and epistemological, sharing the same label.[10] For Sidgwick, intuitionism is about intuitive, i.e. non-inferential, knowledge of moral principles, which are self-evident to the knower.[11] The criteria for this type of knowledge include that they are expressed in clear terms, that the different principles are mutually consistent with each other and that there is expert consensus on them. en-wikipedia-org-2153 Category:Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with NSK identifiers. This is a maintenance category, used for maintenance of the Wikipedia project. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 7,873 total. Hermann Josef Abs Rudolph Ackermann Louis Adamic John Adams Albert of Saxony (philosopher) Werner Andreas Albert Alice Cooper (band) Joseph Alsop Philip Alston Albrecht Altdorfer Categories: Pages with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Category By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2156 Much of the historical debate about causes has focused on the relationship between communicative and other actions, between singular and repeated ones, and between actions, structures of action or group and institutional contexts and wider sets of conditions.[56] John Gaddis has distinguished between exceptional and general causes (following Marc Bloch) and between "routine" and "distinctive links" in causal relationships: "in accounting for what happened at Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, we attach greater importance to the fact that President Truman ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb than to the decision of the Army Air Force to carry out his orders."[57] He has also pointed to the difference between immediate, intermediate and distant causes.[58] For his part, Christopher Lloyd puts forward four "general concepts of causation" used in history: the "metaphysical idealist concept, which asserts that the phenomena of the universe are products of or emanations from an omnipotent being or such final cause"; "the empiricist (or Humean) regularity concept, which is based on the idea of causation being a matter of constant conjunctions of events"; "the functional/teleological/consequential concept", which is "goal-directed, so that goals are causes"; and the "realist, structurist and dispositional approach, which sees relational structures and internal dispositions as the causes of phenomena".[59] en-wikipedia-org-2162 A chargé d''affaires (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁʒe dafɛʁ]), often shortened to chargé (French) and sometimes to charge-D (abbreviated in colloquial English), is a diplomat who served as an embassy''s Chief of mission in the absence of the ambassador. Chargés d''affaires en pied ("e.p.") are appointed to be permanent heads of mission, in cases where the two countries lack ambassadorial-level relations.[3][4] They are appointed by letters of credence from the foreign minister of the sending state to the foreign minister of the receiving state. In certain cases, a chargé d''affaires may be appointed for long periods, such as when a mission is headed by a non-resident ambassador who is accredited to multiple countries. In addition, a mission may be downgraded from an ambassadorial to a chargé d''affaires level to show displeasure, yet avoid taking the extremely serious step of breaking diplomatic relations. en-wikipedia-org-2176 en-wikipedia-org-2182 The idea of the "offense principle" is also used in the justification of speech limitations, describing the restriction on forms of expression deemed offensive to society, considering factors such as extent, duration, motives of the speaker, and ease with which it could be avoided.[4] With the evolution of the digital age, application of freedom of speech becomes more controversial as new means of communication and restrictions arise, for example the Golden Shield Project, an initiative by Chinese government''s Ministry of Public Security that filters potentially unfavourable data from foreign countries. Internet censorship includes the control or suppression of the publishing or accessing of information on the Internet.[55] The Global Internet Freedom Consortium claims to remove blocks to the "free flow of information" for what they term "closed societies".[56] According to the Reporters without Borders (RWB) "internet enemy list" the following states engage in pervasive internet censorship: China, Cuba, Iran, Myanmar/Burma, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.[57] en-wikipedia-org-2192 Frederick Charles Copleston SJ CBE FBA (10 April 1907 – 3 February 1994) was an English Jesuit Catholic priest, philosopher, and historian of philosophy, best known for his influential multi-volume A History of Philosophy (1946–75). Copleston achieved a degree of popularity in the media for debating the existence of God with Bertrand Russell in a celebrated 1948 BBC broadcast;[8] the following year he debated logical positivism and the meaningfulness of religious language with his friend the analytic philosopher A. Copleston achieved a degree of popularity in the media for debating the existence of God with Bertrand Russell in a celebrated 1948 BBC broadcast;[8] the following year he debated logical positivism and the meaningfulness of religious language with his friend the analytic philosopher A. ^ later sold as Volume 10 of the Continuum edition of Copleston''s A History of Philosophy from 2003 en-wikipedia-org-2213 en-wikipedia-org-2216 José João da Conceição Gonçalves Mattoso (born at Leiria, 1933) is a Portuguese medievalist and university professor. Os primeiros reis (História de Portugal Vol. I) (Infanto-juvenil), com Ana Maria Magalhães, Isabel Alçada, 1993 ; 2001 No Reino de Portugal (História de Portugal Vol. II) (Infanto-juvenil), com Ana Maria Magalhães, Isabel Alçada, 1994 ; 2003 Coja, 1995 Tempos de revolução (História de Portugal Vol. III) (Infanto-juvenil), com Ana Maria Magalhães, Isabel Alçada, 1995 Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2222 John Bordley Rawls (/rɔːlz/;[2] February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral and political philosopher in the liberal tradition.[3][4] Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999, the latter presented by President Bill Clinton, in recognition of how Rawls'' work "helped a whole generation of learned Americans revive their faith in democracy itself."[5] In 1990, Will Kymlicka wrote in his introduction to the field that "it is generally accepted that the recent rebirth of normative political philosophy began with the publication of John Rawls''s A Theory of Justice in 1971."[6][7] Rawls has often been described as one of the most influential political philosophers of the 20th century.[8] He has the unusual distinction among contemporary political philosophers of being frequently cited by the courts of law in the United States and Canada[9] and referred to by practising politicians in the United States and the United Kingdom.[10] en-wikipedia-org-2223 Baruch (de) Spinoza[13] (/bəˈruːk spɪˈnoʊzə/;[14][15] Dutch: [baːˈrux spɪˈnoːzaː]; Portuguese: [ðɨ ʃpiˈnɔzɐ]; born Baruch Espinosa;[16] later as an author and a correspondent Benedictus de Spinoza, anglicized to Benedict de Spinoza; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677[17][18][19][20]) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardi origin.[12][21][22] One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment[23] and modern biblical criticism,[24] including modern conceptions of the self and the universe,[25] he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy.[26] Inspired by the groundbreaking ideas of René Descartes, Spinoza became a leading philosophical figure of the Dutch Golden Age. Spinoza''s given name, which means "Blessed", varies among different languages. In 1670, Spinoza moved to The Hague where he lived on a small pension from Jan de Witt and a small annuity from the brother of his dead friend, Simon de Vries.[26] He worked on the Ethics, wrote an unfinished Hebrew grammar, began his Political Treatise, wrote two scientific essays ("On the Rainbow" and "On the Calculation of Chances"), and began a Dutch translation of the Bible (which he later destroyed).[26] en-wikipedia-org-2229 en-wikipedia-org-2234 en-wikipedia-org-2246 Innatism is a philosophical and epistemological doctrine that holds that the mind is born with ideas/knowledge, and that therefore the mind is not a "blank slate" at birth. In philosophy and psychology, an innate idea is a concept or item of knowledge which is said to be universal to all humanity—that is, something people are born with rather than something people have learned through experience. Other philosophers, most notably the empiricists, were critical of the theory and denied the existence of any innate ideas, saying all human knowledge was founded on experience, rather than a priori reasoning. Chomsky states that the ability to learn how to properly construct sentences or know which sentences are grammatically incorrect is an ability gained from innate knowledge.[3] Noam Chomsky cites as evidence for this theory, the apparent invariability, according to his views, of human languages at a fundamental level. en-wikipedia-org-2247 In 743 his son Carloman in his role as Mayor of the Palace renewed the war against the Saxons, who had allied with and aided the duke Odilo of Bavaria.[55] The Catholic Franks, who by 750 controlled a vast territory in Gaul, north-western Germany, Swabia, Burgundy and western Switzerland, that included the alpine passes allied with the Curia in Rome against the Lombards, who posed a permanent threat to the Holy See.[45] Pressed by Liutprand, King of the Lombards, a Papal envoy for help had already been sent to the de facto ruler Charles Martel after his victory in 732 over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate at the Battle of Tours, however a lasting and mutually beneficial alliance would only materialize after Charles'' death under his successor Duke of the Franks, Pepin the Short.[56] en-wikipedia-org-2249 en-wikipedia-org-2264 Joseph Cropsey (New York, August 27, 1919 – Washington, D.C., July 1, 2012)[1] was an American political philosopher and emeritus professor of political science at the University of Chicago, where he was also associate director of the John M. Joseph Cropsey (ed.), Ancients and Moderns: Essays on the Tradition of Political Philosophy in Honor of Leo Strauss, New York, Basic Books, 1964 ISBN 0-465-00326-5 Thomas Hobbes (edited by Joseph Cropsey), A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student of the Common Laws of England (written between 1668 and 1675), Chicago & London, University of Chicago Press, 1997 Leo Strauss, Joseph Cropsey (eds.), History of Political Philosophy (First Edition: 1963), Chicago & London, University of Chicago Press, 1987 Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2271 en-wikipedia-org-2279 However, it was the West Slavic Lechites, the closest ancestors of ethnic Poles, who established permanent settlements in the Polish lands during the Early Middle Ages.[1] The Lechitic Western Polans, a tribe whose name means "people living in open fields", dominated the region, and gave Poland which lies in the North-Central European Plain its name. 992–1025), established a Polish Church structure, pursued territorial conquests and was officially crowned the first king of Poland in 1025, near the end of his life.[9] Bolesław also sought to spread Christianity to parts of eastern Europe that remained pagan, but suffered a setback when his greatest missionary, Adalbert of Prague, was killed in Prussia in 997.[9] During the Congress of Gniezno in the year 1000, Holy Roman Emperor Otto III recognized the Archbishopric of Gniezno,[9] an institution crucial for the continuing existence of the sovereign Polish state.[9] During the reign of Otto''s successor, Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, Bolesław fought prolonged wars with the Kingdom of Germany between 1002 and 1018.[9][12] en-wikipedia-org-2280 en-wikipedia-org-2282 Abhinavagupta was born in a Kashmiri Brahmin[8] family of scholars and mystics and studied all the schools of philosophy and art of his time under the guidance of as many as fifteen (or more) teachers and gurus.[9] In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Kaula and Trika (known today as Kashmir Shaivism). From Jayaratha, we learn that Abhinavagupta was in possession of all the six qualities required for the recipients of the tremendous level of śaktipāta, as described in the sacred texts (Śrīpūrvaśāstra):[16] an unflinching faith in God, realisation of mantras, control over objective principles (referring to the 36 tattvas), successful conclusion of all the activities undertaken, poetic creativity and spontaneous knowledge of all disciplines.[17] en-wikipedia-org-2306 en-wikipedia-org-2309 en-wikipedia-org-2310 In other words, ideal observer theory states that ethical judgments should be interpreted as statements about the judgments that a neutral and fully informed observer would make; "x is good" means "an ideal observer would approve of x". The main idea [of the ideal observer theory] is that ethical terms should be defined after the pattern of the following example: "x is better than y" means "If anyone were, in respect of x and y, fully informed and vividly imaginative, impartial, in a calm frame of mind and otherwise normal, he would prefer x to y.[1] Ideal observer theory stands in opposition to other forms of ethical subjectivism (e.g.moral relativism, and individualist ethical subjectivism), as well as to moral realism (which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of anyone''s attitudes or opinions), error theory (which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense), and non-cognitivism (which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all). en-wikipedia-org-2315 According to Pew Research Center''s 2012 global study of 230 countries and territories, 16% of the world''s population is not affiliated with a religion, while 84% are affiliated.[2] A 2012 Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association report on a poll from 57 countries reported that 59% of the world''s population identified as religious person, 23% as not religious person, 13% as "convinced atheists", and also a 9% decrease in identification as "religious" when compared to the 2005 average from 39 countries.[32] Their follow-up report, based on a poll in 2015, found that 63% of the globe identified as religious person, 22% as not religious person, and 11% as "convinced atheists".[33] Their 2017 report found that 62% of the globe identified as religious person, 25% as not religious person, and 9% as "convinced atheists".[34] However, researchers have advised caution with the WIN/Gallup International figures since other surveys which use the same wording, have conducted many waves for decades, and have a bigger sample size, such as World Values Survey; have consistently reached lower figures for the number of atheists worldwide.[35] en-wikipedia-org-2318 He is counted among the founders of the Ricardian school of economics.[3] He also wrote the monumental work The History of British India. In 1814 he wrote a number of articles, containing an exposition of utilitarianism, for the supplement to the fifth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the most important being those on "Jurisprudence", "Prisons", "Government"[2] and "Law of Nations". He had a great effect on Franz Brentano who discussed his work in his own empirical psychology.[13] The Fragment on Mackintosh severely criticizes the alleged flimsiness and misrepresentations of Sir James Mackintosh''s Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy (1830), and discusses the foundations of ethics from the author''s utilitarian point of view.[14] Mill, James (1817), The History of British India (1 ed.), London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, retrieved 11 December 2012 en-wikipedia-org-233 1983 Code of Canon Law 1983 Code of Canon Law 1983 Code of Canon Law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Impediment (canon law) Canonical form (Latin Church) Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of canon law Person (canon law) Canon Law Society of America Faculties of canon law 1200 – 6 or 7 November 1271)[1] was an Italian canonist of the thirteenth century, born at Susa (Segusio), in the ancient Diocese of Turin. Summa super titulis Decretalium (Strasburg, 1512; Cologne, 1612; Venice, 1605), also known as Summa archiepiscopi or Summa aurea; written while he was Archbishop of Embrun, a work on Roman and canon law, which won for its author the title Monarcha juris, lumen lucidissimum Decretorum. Hostiensis on papal plenitudo potestatis[edit] This view of papal authority in temporal matters also applied to the kingdoms of non-Christians. Canon law jurists 13th-century Roman Catholic bishops en-wikipedia-org-2333 en-wikipedia-org-2338 Category:Liberal parties Wikipedia Category:Liberal parties Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberal parties. The main article for this category is Liberal party. In this category links are available to articles on liberal parties. The U.S. Democratic Party is included since it embraces a liberal wing, even in the European sense of the word. ► Liberal parties by continent‎ (6 C) ► Liberal parties by country‎ (99 C) ► Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party member parties‎ (11 C, 60 P) ► Classical liberal parties‎ (12 C, 81 P) ► Liberal conservative parties‎ (19 C, 88 P) ► Social liberal parties‎ (35 C, 182 P) ► Liberal party stubs‎ (1 C, 88 P) Pages in category "Liberal parties" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. Liberal Party Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Liberal_parties&oldid=989065592" By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2342 en-wikipedia-org-2347 Continental philosophy includes German idealism, phenomenology, existentialism (and its antecedents, such as the thought of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche), hermeneutics, structuralism, post-structuralism, deconstruction, French feminism, psychoanalytic theory, and the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as well as branches of Freudian, Hegelian and Western Marxist views.[3] It is difficult to identify non-trivial claims that would be common to all the preceding philosophical movements, but the primary differentiation is objectivity, or the belief that the universe has a material reality regardless of whether humans exist or not, rejected by the continental heavyweights like Hegel in the Counter-Enlightenment, while analytic philosophy is rejection of the latter.[clarification needed] From the early 20th century until the 1960s, continental philosophers were only intermittently discussed in British and American universities, despite an influx of continental philosophers, particularly German Jewish students of Nietzsche and Heidegger, to the United States on account of the persecution of the Jews and later World War II; Hannah Arendt, Herbert Marcuse, Leo Strauss, Theodor W. en-wikipedia-org-235 Fichte also wrote works of political philosophy; he has a reputation as one of the fathers of German nationalism. Their controversy attracted much attention among Freemasons.[46] Fichte presented two lectures on the philosophy of Masonry during the same period as part of his work on the development of various higher degrees for the lodge in Berlin.[47] Johann Karl Christian Fischer, a high official of the Grand Orient, published those lectures in 1802/03 in two volumes under the title Philosophy of Freemasonry: Letters to Konstant (Philosophie der Maurerei. Outline of the Doctrine of Knowledge, 1810 (Translation of Die Wissenschaftslehre, in ihrem allgemeinen Umrisse dargestellt published in From The Popular Works of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Trubner and Co., 1889; trans. ^ a b c d Breazeale, Dan, "Johann Gottlieb Fichte", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2012 Edition), Edward N. en-wikipedia-org-2350 within" the "broader fundamentalist revival".[11] American historian Ira Lapidus sees Islamic fundamentalism as "an umbrella designation for a very wide variety of movements, some intolerant and exclusivist, some pluralistic; some favourable to science, some anti-scientific; some primarily devotional and some primarily political; some democratic, some authoritarian; some pacific, some violent."[12] Islamists often talk of "revolution" and they believe "that the society will only be Islamized through social and political action: it is necessary to leave the mosque ..." Fundamentalists are primarily interested in revolution, less interested in "modernity or Western models of politics or economics," and less willing to associate with non-Muslims.[16] Islamic fundamentalist groups include Al-Qaeda, Abu Sayyaf, Ansar al-Islam, Armed Islamic Group of Algeria, Army of Islam, Boko Haram, Taliban, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Jemaah Islamiyah, Hamas, Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Indian Mujahideen, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, among many others.[citation needed] Some states and movements that are perceived or claimed to be islamic fundamentalists have been criticized for their human rights record by international organizations. en-wikipedia-org-2355 Classical theists (such as ancient Greco-Medieval philosophers, Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, many Jews and Muslims, and some Protestants)[a] speak of God as a divinely simple ''nothing'' that is completely transcendent (totally independent of all else), and having attributes such as immutability, impassibility, and timelessness.[119] Theologians of theistic personalism (the view held by Rene Descartes, Isaac Newton, Alvin Plantinga, Richard Swinburne, William Lane Craig, and most modern evangelicals) argue that God is most generally the ground of all being, immanent in and transcendent over the whole world of reality, with immanence and transcendence being the contrapletes of personality.[120] Carl Jung equated religious ideas of God with transcendental metaphors of higher consciousness, in which God can be just as easily be imagined "as an eternally flowing current of vital energy that endlessly changes shape ... en-wikipedia-org-2367 International Standard Book Number A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The ISBN registration group identifier is a 1to 5-digit number that is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979),[15]:11 and can be separated between hyphens, such as "978-1-...". The original 9-digit standard book number (SBN) had no registration group identifier, but prefixing a zero (0) to a 9-digit SBN creates a valid 10-digit ISBN. The web site of the ISBN agency does not offer any free method of looking up publisher codes.[45] Partial lists have been compiled (from library catalogs) for the English-language groups: identifier 0 and identifier 1. "International Standard Book Numbering (ISBN) System original 1966 report". ISO 2108: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) ISO 2108: International Standard Book Number (ISBN) en-wikipedia-org-2368 en-wikipedia-org-2382 Jacob Vernes[fn 1] (31 May 1728 – 22 October 1791) was a Genevan theologian and Protestant pastor in Geneva, famous for his correspondence with Voltaire and Rousseau. At first, Vernes was a friend of Rousseau, with whom he corresponded.[12] When he talked with Rousseau during his visit to Geneva in 1754 he was impressed by the sincerity with which the philosopher discussed divine providence.[13] In 1757, Jean le Rond d''Alembert published an article on Geneva in the seventh volume of the Encyclopedia that suggested that the Geneva clergymen had moved from Calvinism to pure Socinianism, basing this on information provided by Voltaire. When Voltaire published one such attack called "Sentiment of the Citizens", Rousseau at first thought it had been written by Vernes, who had expressed similar views. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2390 en-wikipedia-org-2411 en-wikipedia-org-2420 en-wikipedia-org-2422 en-wikipedia-org-2431 en-wikipedia-org-2443 en-wikipedia-org-2448 David Hume (advocate) Wikipedia David Hume, Baron Hume of Ninewells FRSE (1757–1838) was a Scottish advocate, judge and legal scholar, whose work on Scots criminal law and Scots private law has had a deep and continuing influence. Hume was educated at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh. He became an advocate in 1779, and in 1786 was appointed Professor of Scottish Law at the University of Edinburgh, a post he retained until 1822, when he took up office as a Baron of Exchequer. Advocate, sheriff-depute, professor, baron[edit] The grave of David Hume of Ninewells, Old Calton Cemetery ^ Baron David Hume''s Lectures, 1786–1822, ed by G. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2450 en-wikipedia-org-2465 How did it come about that a man born poor, losing his mother at birth and soon deserted by his father, afflicted with a painful and humiliating disease, left to wander for twelve years among alien cities and conflicting faiths, repudiated by society and civilization, repudiating Voltaire, Diderot, the Encyclopédie and the Age of Reason, driven from place to place as a dangerous rebel, suspected of crime and insanity, and seeing, in his last months, the apotheosis of his greatest enemy—how did it come about that this man, after his death, triumphed over Voltaire, revived religion, transformed education, elevated the morals of France, inspired the Romantic movement and the French Revolution, influenced the philosophy of Kant and Schopenhauer, the plays of Schiller, the novels of Goethe, the poems of Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley, the socialism of Marx, the ethics of Tolstoy, and, altogether, had more effect upon posterity than any other writer or thinker of that eighteenth century in which writers were more influential than they had ever been before?[161] en-wikipedia-org-2476 Donaldson was the founding publisher of the weekly newspaper, the Edinburgh Advertiser.[2] He was also known for selling cheap copies of books after their copyright had expired in disregard to London booksellers'' opinions on literary property.[3] In 1752, Kincaid & Donaldson was the sole publisher David Hume''s Political Discourses.[7] After Donaldson left Kincaid, his involvement with the Scottish Enlightenment''s new books was essentially over, with the exception of his involvement with James Boswell.[8] Kincaid went on to become Lord Provost of Edinburgh.[citation needed] Donaldson maintained at least two book shops while publishing the twice-weekly Advertiser, one being at the Strand, London, and the other in Edinburgh.[10] Donaldson and his older brother John also owned a bookstore in London, selling books that were printed in Scotland until July 1773 at which time John remained at the Arundel Street shop, and Alexander moved to St Paul''s Churchyard.[2] In 1774, after ten years printing and publishing the Edinburgh Advertiser, Donaldson turned it over to his 22-year-old son, James.[11] en-wikipedia-org-248 Find sources: "Cultural conservatism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Russian culture has been defended on grounds that the destruction of traditional values is undemocratic.[3] Along this line of thinking, political theorist Alain de Benoist argues that democracy itself must inherently be a government of a national culture, and that liberal pluralism is therefore not democratic.[4] For example, the city of Richmond, British Columbia is majority Chinese, and nearly half of Torontonians are foreign-born, the city which now bears the motto "Diversity Our Strength."[8] Canadian cultural conservatism as a reaction to the multiculturalism of Pierre Trudeau (and subsequently of Brian Mulroney) reached its peak with the Reform Party and waned over time. Quebec is unique in Canada for its cultural conservatism. Language protectionism (reflected in laws such as Bill 101) is a central concern of Quebec cultural conservatives. en-wikipedia-org-251 Giovanni Francesco Mauro Melchiorre Salvemini di Castiglione FRS (15 January 1708 in Castiglione del Valdarno – 11 October 1791 in Berlin[1]) was an Italian mathematician and astronomer. He graduated from the University of Pisa where he studied law and mathematics, earning a doctorate 3 March 1730.[3] On 8 January 1732 he was appointed as a sub-chancellor at the Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore, for a five year term. In 1763, Frederick the Great invited Salvemini to Berlin to teach mathematics to Prussian artillery officers.[1][6] Although he had been a corresponding member since 1755, in 1764 he was elected a full member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.[1] That same year Salvemini moved to Berlin.[1] In 1765, he received the position of First Astronomer ("Royal Astronomer") at the Berlin Observatory.[4] He remained in Berlin for the rest of his life.[4] Although he had a stroke in November 1787, he remained lucid and continued his work until his death.[1] en-wikipedia-org-2513 en-wikipedia-org-2534 The fin-de-siècle outlook was influenced by various intellectual developments, including Darwinian biology; Wagnerian aesthetics; Arthur de Gobineau''s racialism; Gustave Le Bon''s psychology; and the philosophies of Friedrich Nietzsche, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Henri Bergson.[90] Social Darwinism, which gained widespread acceptance, made no distinction between physical and social life, and viewed the human condition as being an unceasing struggle to achieve the survival of the fittest.[90] Social Darwinism challenged positivism''s claim of deliberate and rational choice as the determining behaviour of humans, with social Darwinism focusing on heredity, race, and environment.[90] Social Darwinism''s emphasis on biogroup identity and the role of organic relations within societies fostered the legitimacy and appeal of nationalism.[91] New theories of social and political psychology also rejected the notion of human behaviour being governed by rational choice and instead claimed that emotion was more influential in political issues than reason.[90] Nietzsche''s argument that "God is dead" coincided with his attack on the "herd mentality" of Christianity, democracy and modern collectivism; his concept of the übermensch; and his advocacy of the will to power as a primordial instinct, were major influences upon many of the fin-de-siècle generation.[92] Bergson''s claim of the existence of an "élan vital" or vital instinct centred upon free choice and rejected the processes of materialism and determinism; this challenged Marxism.[93] en-wikipedia-org-2537 en-wikipedia-org-2544 Joseph Raz (/rɑːz/; Hebrew: יוסף רז‎; born 21 March 1939) is an Israeli legal, moral and political philosopher. Raz was also co-editor of a second edition of Hart''s The Concept of Law with a postscript including Hart''s responses to other philosophers'' criticisms of his work. He has authored and edited eleven books to date, namely The Concept of a Legal System (1970), Practical Reason and Norms (1975), The Authority of Law (1979), The Morality of Freedom (1986), Authority (1990), Ethics in the Public Domain (1994), Engaging Reason (1999), Value, Respect and Attachment (2001), The Practice of Value (2003), Between Authority and Interpretation (2009), and From Normativity to Responsibility (2011). Several of Raz''s students have become important legal and moral philosophers, including two current Professors in Jurisprudence at Oxford, Leslie Green and Timothy Endicott, and the former professor of Jurisprudence John Gardner. en-wikipedia-org-2551 en-wikipedia-org-2554 Some ten of his works on theology, physics, and metaphysics still exist in manuscript; two others, De Antichristo and De modo existendi corporis Christi in sacramento altaris, appeared in print centuries after his death. John''s name appeared in an unexpected light in the early 20th century, when Distributist writers such as the Catholics Hilaire Belloc and G. "John of Paris." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 8. Several articles discuss this tract in John of Paris, ed. Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2561 en-wikipedia-org-2568 A major theme of Jäckel''s writing has been what he sees as the uniqueness and singularity of the Holocaust, which Jäckel feels is like no other genocide.[62] In an essay published in Der Spiegel on 23 December 1991, Jäckel argued against those who claimed that the East German dictatorship was just as inhumane as the Nazi dictatorship.[63] During the "Goldhagen Controversy" of 1996, Jäckel was a leading critic of Daniel Goldhagen, and wrote a very hostile book review in the Die Zeit newspaper in May 1996 that called Hitler''s Willing Executioners "simply a bad book".[64] The Canadian historian Fred Kautz in defence of Goldhagen wrote that: "Jackel is not a "structuralist", but a Hitler biographer. en-wikipedia-org-2580 en-wikipedia-org-2582 Henri, Duke of Rohan Wikipedia His authority and military skill were very formidable to the royalists; his constancy and firmness greatly contributed to the happy issue of the war for the Huguenots, and brought about the Treaty of Montpellier (1622).[2] But Henri did not escape the results of the incurable factiousness which showed itself more strongly perhaps among the French Huguenots than among any other of the numerous armed oppositions of the 17th century. Again a hollow peace was patched up, but it lasted but a short time, and Henri undertook a third war (1627–1629), the first events of which are recounted in his celebrated Memoirs. Huguenot Warrior: The Life and Times of Henri de Rohan, 1579–1638. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henri II de Rohan. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri,_Duke_of_Rohan&oldid=994559448" Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2584 en-wikipedia-org-2589 David Hume (disambiguation) Wikipedia David Hume (disambiguation) Jump to navigation David Hume (1711–1776) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. David Hume may also refer to: David Hume of Godscroft (1558–1629), Scottish historian and political theorist David Hume (advocate) (1757–1838), Scottish jurist David Hume (footballer) (1898–1964), Australian footballer David Hulme (disambiguation) David Home (disambiguation) Disambiguation page providing links to topics that could be referred to by the same search term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Hume_(disambiguation)&oldid=931078281" Categories: Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Disambiguation pages with short descriptions All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Personal tools Views View history Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2019, at 20:49 (UTC). Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-259 en-wikipedia-org-2592 en-wikipedia-org-2601 Democracy in America was published after Tocqueville''s travels in the United States and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science. Observing from the perspective of a detached social scientist, Tocqueville wrote of his travels through the United States in the early 19th century when the Market Revolution, Western expansion and Jacksonian democracy were radically transforming the fabric of American life.[18] According to political scientist Joshua Kaplan, one purpose of writing Democracy in America was to help the people of France get a better understanding of their position between a fading aristocratic order and an emerging democratic order and to help them sort out the confusion.[18] Tocqueville saw democracy as an equation that balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as for the community.[citation needed] Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont in America: Their Friendship and Their Travels, edited by Olivier Zunz, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (University of Virginia Press, 2011, ISBN 9780813930626), 698 pages. en-wikipedia-org-2605 Robert Wisnovsky, a scholar of Avicenna attached to the McGill University, says that "Avicenna was the central figure in the long history of the rational sciences in Islam, particularly in the fields of metaphysics, logic and medicine" but that his works didn''t only have an influence in these "secular" fields of knowledge alone, as "these works, or portions of them, were read, taught, copied, commented upon, quoted, paraphrased and cited by thousands of post-Avicennian scholars — not only philosophers, logicians, physicians and specialists in the mathematical or exact sciences, but also by those who specialized in the disciplines of ʿilm al-kalām (rational theology, but understood to include natural philosophy, epistemology and philosophy of mind) and usūl al-fiqh (jurisprudence, but understood to include philosophy of law, dialectic, and philosophy of language)."[106] In this work a distinguished scholar of Islamic religion examines the mysticism and psychological thought of the great eleventh-century Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sina), author of over a hundred works on theology, logic, medicine, and mathematics. en-wikipedia-org-2606 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Baldus de Ubaldis (Italian: Baldo degli Ubaldi; 1327 – 28 April 1400) was an Italian jurist, and a leading figure in Medieval Roman Law. Contents A member of the noble family of the Ubaldi (Baldeschi), Baldus was born at Perugia in 1327, and studied civil law there under Bartolus de Saxoferrato, being admitted to the degree of doctor of civil law at the early age of seventeen. J. Canning, The Political Thought of Baldus de Ubaldis (Cambridge University Press, 1987) Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2610 en-wikipedia-org-2619 This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of English on Wikipedia.It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of English in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Speakers of rhotic dialects (Irish English, North American English, Scottish English) do not distinguish between the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/, cure /ˈkjʊər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ on the one hand and freerunning /ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/, Q-rating /ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/ and dayroom /ˈdeɪruːm/ on the other. Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of square /ˈskwɛər/ and nurse /ˈnɜːrs/.[m] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɛər/ and /ɜːr/. In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of near /ˈnɪər/ and square /ˈskwɛər/ are not distinguished.[p] If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols /ɪər/ and /ɛər/. en-wikipedia-org-2634 Journal of the History of Ideas Wikipedia The Journal of the History of Ideas is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering intellectual history and the history of ideas, including the histories of philosophy, literature and the arts, natural and social sciences, religion, and political thought. In addition to the print version, current issues are available electronically through Project MUSE, and earlier ones through JSTOR. "Topical Specialization: The Zeitschrift für Sozialund Wirtschaftsgeschichte, the Catholic Historical Review, and the Journal of the History of Ideas". Thought: A Journal of Philosophy Journal of Moral Philosophy Journal of Social Philosophy International Journal of Applied Philosophy British Journal for the Philosophy of Science British Journal for the History of Philosophy History of Philosophy Quarterly Journal of the History of Philosophy Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy Category:Philosophy journals List of philosophy journals This article about a humanities journal is a stub. Philosophy journals en-wikipedia-org-2649 en-wikipedia-org-2650 European Party for Individual Liberty Wikipedia European Party for Individual Liberty (EPIL) The European Party for Individual Liberty (EPIL) is a right-libertarian European political party established in Utrecht in September 2013 by The Utrecht Declaration and Covenant of European Classical Liberal and Libertarian Parties.[1][2] To affirm the supremacy of individual freedom limited only by that of another person and inclusive of the full right to property, and their belief in a society based on the spontaneous order emerging from the cooperation of free citizens and their voluntary groups, under the rule of their freely entered agreements and contracts. Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party European Democratic Party European Green Party European People''s Party Party of the European Left European Party for Individual Liberty European Party for Individual Liberty European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance National parties by European organisation Political groups of the European Parliament European Neighbourhood Policy Categories: European Parliament party groups Pan-European political parties en-wikipedia-org-2672 Thus, while seen as a philosophy in Western societies, the concept of aesthetics in Japan is seen as an integral part of daily life.[2] Japanese aesthetics now encompass a variety of ideals; some of these are traditional while others are modern and sometimes influenced by other cultures.[1] This appreciation of nature has been fundamental to many Japanese aesthetic ideals, "arts," and other cultural elements. Miyabi (雅) is one of the oldest of the traditional Japanese aesthetic ideals, though perhaps not as prevalent as Iki or Wabi-sabi. Like other Japanese aesthetic terms, such as iki and wabi-sabi, shibui can apply to a wide variety of subjects, not just art or fashion. The phrase iki is generally used in Japanese culture to describe qualities that are aesthetically appealing and when applied to a person, what they do, or have, constitutes a high compliment. Japanese Aesthetics and Technology[edit] "Japanese Aesthetics, Wabi-Sabi, and the Tea Ceremony" (PDF). en-wikipedia-org-2682 en-wikipedia-org-2688 en-wikipedia-org-27 en-wikipedia-org-270 View source for David Hume Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. The debate between Tory and the Whig historians can be seen in the initial reception to Hume''s ''''History of England''''. en-wikipedia-org-2709 en-wikipedia-org-2710 The term is also used in other contexts, such as in social scientific research, when participants are asked to affirm that they understand the research procedure and consent to it, or in sex, where informed consent means each person engaging in sexual activity is aware of any positive statuses (for sexually transmitted infections and/or diseases) they might expose themselves to. In the UK, the Personal Social Health and Economic Education Association (PSHEA) is working to produce and introduce Sex Ed lesson plans in British schools that include lessons on "consensual sexual relationships," "the meaning and importance of consent" as well as "rape myths".[24] In U.S., California-Berkeley University has implemented affirmative and continual consent in education and in the school''s policies.[25] In Canada, the Ontario government has introduced a revised Sex Ed curriculum to Toronto schools, including new discussions of sex and affirmative consent, healthy relationships and communication.[26] en-wikipedia-org-2730 en-wikipedia-org-2734 en-wikipedia-org-2747 According to Clement of Alexandria, the disciples of Valentinus said that Valentinus was a student of a certain Theudas, who was a student of Paul,[85] and Elaine Pagels notes that Paul''s epistles were interpreted by Valentinus in a gnostic way, and Paul could be considered a proto-gnostic as well as a proto-Catholic.[64] Many Nag Hammadi texts, including, for example, the Prayer of Paul and the Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, consider Paul to be "the great apostle".[85] The fact that he claimed to have received his gospel directly by revelation from God appealed to the gnostics, who claimed gnosis from the risen Christ.[86] The Naassenes, Cainites, and Valentinians referred to Paul''s epistles.[87] Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy have expanded upon this idea of Paul as a gnostic teacher;[88] although their premise that Jesus was invented by early Christians based on an alleged Greco-Roman mystery cult has been dismissed by scholars.[89][note 22] However, his revelation was different from the gnostic revelations.[90] en-wikipedia-org-2749 The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law and global and regional institutions.[3] Actions by states and non-governmental organisations form a basis of public policy worldwide. Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights.[11] The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the European Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.[6] From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the 20th century,[12] possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide and war crimes,[6] as a realisation of inherent human vulnerability and as being a precondition for the possibility of a just society.[5] en-wikipedia-org-2757 en-wikipedia-org-2771 en-wikipedia-org-2810 Inferring the mind to arrange experience of the world into substance, space, and time, Kant placed the mind as part of the causal constellation of experience and thereby found Newton''s theory of motion universally true,[16] yet knowledge of things in themselves impossible.[14] Safeguarding science, then, Kant paradoxically stripped it of scientific realism.[14][17][18] Aborting Francis Bacon''s inductivist mission to dissolve the veil of appearance to uncover the noumena—metaphysical view of nature''s ultimate truths—Kant''s transcendental idealism tasked science with simply modeling patterns of phenomena. Though discovery of causality is popularly thought science''s aim, search for it was shunned by the Newtonian research program,[14] even more Newtonian than was Isaac Newton.[92][122] By now, most theoretical physicists infer that the four, known fundamental interactions would reduce to superstring theory, whereby atoms and molecules, after all, are energy vibrations holding mathematical, geometric forms.[63] Given uncertainties of scientific realism,[18] some conclude that the concept causality raises comprehensibility of scientific explanation and thus is key folk science, but compromises precision of scientific explanation and is dropped as a science matures.[123] Even epidemiology is maturing to heed the severe difficulties with presumptions about causality.[14][57][59] Covering law model is among Carl G Hempel''s admired contributions to philosophy of science.[124] en-wikipedia-org-282 en-wikipedia-org-2820 Popper''s response to the problem of induction is simply that induction is actually never used in science.[C] Instead, in Popper''s view, laws are conjectured in a non-logical manner on the basis of expectations and predispositions.[2] In contrast, the logical empiricism movement, which included such philosophers as Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath and A.J. Ayer wanted to formalize the idea that, for a law to be scientific, it must be possible to argue on the basis of observations either in favor of its truth or its falsity. For example, one such rule is that, if one refuses to go along with falsifications, then one has retired oneself from the game of science.[10] The logical side does not have such methodological problems, in particular with regard to the falsifiability of a theory, because basic statements are not required to be possible. en-wikipedia-org-2827 en-wikipedia-org-2830 Category:Scottish ethicists Wikipedia Category:Scottish ethicists From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Pages in category "Scottish ethicists" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). John Anderson (philosopher) Adam Ferguson David Hume Alasdair MacIntyre Tony Milligan William Wallace (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Scottish_ethicists&oldid=926341321" Categories: Ethicists Scottish philosophers Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in Log in Namespaces Category Talk Talk Variants Views Edit View history Search Navigation Main page Contact us Contribute Help Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2019, at 18:38 (UTC). additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-2833 John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton, 13th Marquess of Groppoli, KCVO, DL (10 January 1834 – 19 June 1902), better known as Lord Acton, was an English Catholic historian, politician, and writer. Meanwhile, Acton became the editor of the Roman Catholic monthly paper, The Rambler, in 1859, upon John Henry (later Cardinal) Newman''s retirement from the editorship.[13] In 1862, he merged this periodical into the Home and Foreign Review. With all his capacity for study, he was a man of the world and a man of affairs, not a bookworm.[6] His only notable publications were a masterly essay in the Quarterly Review of January 1878 on "Democracy in Europe;" two lectures delivered at Bridgnorth in 1877 on "The History of Freedom in Antiquity" and "The History of Freedom in Christianity"—these last the only tangible portions put together by him of his long-projected "History of Liberty;" and an essay on modern German historians in the first number of the English Historical Review, which he helped to found (1886). "Review of Lectures on Modern History by the late Right Honourable John Edward Emerich, First Baron Acton; edited by J. en-wikipedia-org-2835 Johannes Lucius (Croatian: Ivan Lučić; Italian: Giovanni Lucio; September 1604 – 11 January 1679) was a Dalmatian historian, whose greatest work is De regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae ("On the Kingdom of Dalmatia and Croatia"), which includes valuable historical sources, a bibliography and six historical maps. Johannes was the son of Peter Lucius (Croatian: Petar Lučić) and Clara Difnico (Croatian: Klara Divnić),[1] born in Trogir, Venetian Dalmatia (now Croatia).[2] After some schooling in his hometown, he went to Rome, where he spent two years, and then obtained his Ph.D. in ecclesiastical and civil law in the University of Padua. Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2836 en-wikipedia-org-284 en-wikipedia-org-2840 Fernando José Mendes Rosas ComL (born 18 April 1946, in Lisbon) is a Portuguese historian, professor, and politician. He participated in Portugal''s first public protest against the Vietnam War, supported by sectors that were linked to the Students'' Democratic Left-Wing, organization which he helped found in late 1968. It was as a politician responsible for this party that he organized the 1969 protests in Lisbon. In 2001 he ran for President of the Republic, supported by the Left Bloc, and had got 3% of the valid votes. Portuguese Communist Party politicians Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2858 By contrast, Christian democratic parties in Latin America tend to be left-leaning and to some degree influenced by liberation theology.[11][needs update] Christian democracy includes elements common to several other political ideologies, including conservatism, liberalism, and social democracy.[citation needed] The position of the Roman Catholic Church on this matter was further clarified in subsequent encyclicals, such as Quadragesimo anno, by Pope Pius XI in 1931, Populorum progressio by Pope Paul VI in 1967, Centesimus annus, by Pope John Paul II in 1991, and Caritas in veritate by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009.[32] At the same time, "Protestant political activism emerged principally in England, the Lowlands, and Scandinavia under the inspiration of both social gospel movements and neo-Calvinism".[4] After World War II, "both Protestant and Catholic political activists helped to restore democracy to war-torn Europe and extend it overseas".[4] Modern authors important to the formation of Christian democratic ideology include Emmanuel Mounier and Jacques Maritain.[33] John Witte, explaining the origin of Christian democracy, states: en-wikipedia-org-286 Ajivika (IAST: Ājīvika) is one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy.[7][8] Purportedly founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosala, it was a śramaṇa movement and a major rival of Vedic religion, early Buddhism and Jainism.[9] Ājīvikas were organised renunciates who formed discrete communities.[10] The precise identity of the Ajivikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains.[11] The Ājīvika school is known for its Niyati ("Fate") doctrine of absolute determinism,[8] the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.[8][12] Ājīvikas considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy.[14] Ajivika metaphysics included a theory of atoms which was later adapted in Vaisheshika school, where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.[15] Ājīvikas were mostly considered as atheists.[16] They believed that in every living being is an ātman – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.[17][18][19] en-wikipedia-org-2863 Category:Enlightenment philosophers Wikipedia Category:Enlightenment philosophers Jump to navigation Philosophers from the broad period in Western history known as the Age of Enlightenment. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enlightenment philosophers. This category has only the following subcategory. Pages in category "Enlightenment philosophers" The following 122 pages are in this category, out of 122 total. René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d''Argenson James Burnett, Lord Monboddo Johann Georg Heinrich Feder Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Gottfried Herder Henry Home, Lord Kames Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Jean-Louis de Lolme John Millar (philosopher) Étienne-Gabriel Morelly Samuel von Pufendorf Jean-Jacques Rousseau Johann Friedrich Schultz Christian Wolff (philosopher) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Enlightenment_philosophers&oldid=970832392" Categories: Enlightenment philosophy Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2020, at 17:50 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-2870 en-wikipedia-org-2879 Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of music working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner.[23] The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether.[24] By this definition, some avant-garde composers of the 20th century include Arnold Schoenberg,[25] Richard Strauss (in his earliest work),[26] Charles Ives,[27] Igor Stravinsky,[25] Anton Webern,[28] Edgard Varèse, Alban Berg,[28] George Antheil (in his earliest works only), Henry Cowell (in his earliest works), Harry Partch, John Cage, Iannis Xenakis,[25] Morton Feldman, Karlheinz Stockhausen,[29] Pauline Oliveros,[30] Philip Glass, Meredith Monk,[30] Laurie Anderson,[30] and Diamanda Galás.[30] en-wikipedia-org-2882 Martin Rees formulates the fine-tuning of the universe in terms of the following six dimensionless physical constants.[2][15] The Multiverse hypothesis proposes the existence of many universes with different physical constants, some of which are hospitable to intelligent life (see multiverse: anthropic principle). Stephen Hawking and Thomas Hertog proposed that the universe''s initial conditions consisted of a superposition of many possible initial conditions, only a small fraction of which contributed to the conditions we see today.[33] On their theory, it is inevitable that we find our universe''s "fine-tuned" physical constants, as the current universe "selects" only those past histories that led to the present conditions. Philosopher and Christian apologist William Lane Craig cites this fine-tuning of the universe as evidence for the existence of God or some form of intelligence capable of manipulating (or designing) the basic physics that governs the universe. "Is the Universe Fine-Tuned for Life?". Argument from the fine-tuning of the Universe, in Physical cosmology and philosophy, J. en-wikipedia-org-290 Arnold Gehlen (29 January 1904 in Leipzig, German Empire – 30 January 1976 in Hamburg, West Germany) was an influential conservative German philosopher, sociologist, and anthropologist.[1] In 1933 Gehlen signed the Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State. Although he joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and made a career as a member of the ''Leipzig School'' under Hans Freyer, he was not a Nazi, but rather a political opportunist: his main work Der Mensch appeared in 1940 and was published in English translation in 1987 as Man. His Nature and Place in the World. Since the mid-2010s, there has occurred a Gehlen revival based in part on the predictions in his book Moral und Hypermoral as concerns the development of German (and Western) politics from 1969. en-wikipedia-org-2923 Hans Joas is Ernst Troeltsch Professor[1] for the Sociology of Religion at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Hans Joas is Ordinary Member of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Non-resident Long-term Fellow at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in Uppsala. 1968–1971 studying sociology, philosophy, history, German literature at the University of Munich 1973–1977 "Wissenschaftlicher Assistent" (Research and teaching fellow), Department of Sociology, Free University of Berlin 1979–1983 Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Education, Berlin (1980–1981 Visiting Professor, University of Tübingen) 1992 (Spring semester) Fellow, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences and Visiting Professor, University of Uppsala Hans Joas'' research focuses on social philosophy and sociological theory, mainly American Pragmatism and Historicism; the sociology of religion and the sociology of war and violence; as well as value change in modern societies. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2929 Isaac de Pinto (Amsterdam, 10 April 1717 – 13 August 1787 in the Hague) was a Dutch Jew of Portuguese origin, a merchant/banker, one of the main investors in the Dutch East India Company, a scholar, and a philosophe who concentrated on Jewish emancipation and National Debt. Hume and Isaac de Pinto. Hume and Isaac de Pinto. Hume and Isaac de Pinto. Hume and Isaac de Pinto. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-2932 en-wikipedia-org-2933 en-wikipedia-org-294 en-wikipedia-org-2944 Bertil Gotthard Ohlin (Swedish: [ˈbæ̌ʈːɪl ʊˈliːn]) (23 April 1899 – 3 August 1979) was a Swedish economist and politician. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 together with the British economist James Meade "for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements". In this Ohlin built an economic theory of international trade from earlier work by Heckscher and his own doctoral thesis. It is now known as the Heckscher–Ohlin model, one of the standard model economists use to debate trade theory. Later, Ohlin and other members of the "Stockholm school" extended Knut Wicksell''s economic analysis to produce a theory of the macroeconomy anticipating Keynesianism. ^ "BERTH OHLIN''S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ECONOMIC THEORY" (PDF). Bertil Ohlin on Nobelprize.org including the Prize Lecture on December 8, 1977 1933 and 1977 – Some Expansion Policy Problems in Cases of Unbalanced Domestic and International Economic Relations en-wikipedia-org-2946 The field of bioethics has addressed a broad swathe of human inquiry; ranging from debates over the boundaries of life (e.g. abortion, euthanasia), surrogacy, the allocation of scarce health care resources (e.g. organ donation, health care rationing), to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. The scope of bioethics can expand with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic engineering, astroethics and life in space,[7][8] and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, XNA and proteins.[9] These developments will affect future evolution, and may require new principles that address life at its core, such as biotic ethics that values life itself at its basic biological processes and structures, and seeks their propagation.[10] Panbiotic seeks to secure and expand life in the galaxy. A bioethicist assists the health care and research community in examining moral issues involved in our understanding of life and death, and resolving ethical dilemmas in medicine and science. en-wikipedia-org-2969 en-wikipedia-org-297 Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2015 Wikipedia Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2015 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with failed verification from April 2015 (2015-04) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with failed verification. To add an article to this category add {{Failed verification|date=April 2015}} to the article. Pages in category "Articles with failed verification from April 2015" This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_April_2015&oldid=654272192" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with failed verification) counter Clean-up categories from April 2015 View history By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-2975 Bundle theory, originated by the 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume, is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of properties, relations or tropes. The difficulty in conceiving of or describing an object without also conceiving of or describing its properties is a common justification for bundle theory, especially among current philosophers in the Anglo-American tradition. D. Hume used the term "bundle" in this sense, also referring to the personal identity, in his main work: "I may venture to affirm of the rest of mankind, that they are nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with inconceivable rapidity, and are in a perpetual flux and movement".[2] Critics question how bundle theory accounts for the properties'' compresence (the togetherness relation between those properties) without an underlying substance. Traditional bundle theory explains the compresence of properties by defining an object as a collection of properties bound together. en-wikipedia-org-3001 Ecstasy (from the Ancient Greek ἔκστασις ekstasis, "to be or stand outside oneself, a removal to elsewhere" from ek"out," and stasis "a stand, or a standoff of forces") is a term used in ancient Greek, Christian and existential philosophy. The term ecstasy (German: Ekstase) has been used in this sense by Martin Heidegger who, in his Being and Time of 1927, argued that our being-in-the-world is usually focused toward some person, task, or the past (see also existence and Dasein). ^ As existentialist scholar Alphonso Lingis writes: "Existential philosophy defined the new concepts of ecstasy or of transcendence to fix a distinct kind of being that is by casting itself out of its own given place and time, without dissipating, because at each moment it projects itself — or, more exactly, a variant of itself — into another place and time. en-wikipedia-org-3003 en-wikipedia-org-3018 en-wikipedia-org-3033 Following Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Wolff also wrote in German as his primary language of scholarly instruction and research, although he did translate his works into Latin for his transnational European audience. Christian Wolff redefined philosophy as the science of the possible, and applied it in a comprehensive survey of human knowledge to the disciplines of his time. Theoretical philosophy had for its parts ontology or philosophia prima as a general metaphysics,[19] which arises as a preliminary to the distinction of the three special metaphysics[20] on the soul, world and God:[21][22] rational psychology,[23][24] rational cosmology,[25] and rational theology.[26] The three disciplines are called empirical and rational because they are independent of revelation. Unfortunately, the English version is a translation of Des Champs''s French edition instead of the original German of Wolff''s Vernünftige Gedanken. Wolff from Hegel''s Lectures on the History of Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-3045 A coin to pay Charon for passage, usually an obolus or danake, was sometimes placed in or on the mouth of a dead person.[1] Some authors say that those who could not pay the fee, or those whose bodies were left unburied, had to wander the shores for one hundred years, until they were allowed to cross the river.[2] In the catabasis mytheme, heroes – such as Aeneas, Dionysus, Heracles, Hermes, Odysseus, Orpheus, Pirithous, Psyche, Theseus and Sisyphus – journey to the underworld and return, still alive, conveyed by the boat of Charon. In the 1st century BC, the Roman poet Virgil describes Charon, manning his rust-colored skiff, in the course of Aeneas''s descent to the underworld (Aeneid, Book 6), after the Cumaean Sibyl has directed the hero to the golden bough that will allow him to return to the world of the living: en-wikipedia-org-3047 The company was last based in San Diego, California, with editorial/sales/marketing/rights offices in New York City and Orlando, Florida, and was known at different stages in its history as Harcourt Brace, & Co. and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. In 2007 the U.S. Schools Education and Trade Publishing parts of Harcourt Education were sold by Reed Elsevier to Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group.[2][3] Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International were acquired by Pearson, the international education and information company, in January 2008.[4] with better growth rates."[26] On July 17, 2007, Reed Elsevier announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its Harcourt U.S. Schools Education business, including Harcourt Trade Publishers, to Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group.[3] The merger was completed and the Harcourt name ceased being used separately[vague] in 2008. ^ "Houghton Mifflin Company Completes Acquisition of Harcourt Education, Harcourt Trade and Greenwood-Heinemann Divisions from Reed Elsevier, Creating Preeminent K–12 Educational Publisher". en-wikipedia-org-3058 en-wikipedia-org-3066 As a teenager in the 1920s, Sartre became attracted to philosophy upon reading Henri Bergson''s essay Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness.[14] He attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school in Paris.[15] He studied and earned certificates in psychology, history of philosophy, logic, general philosophy, ethics and sociology, and physics, as well as his diplôme d''études supérieures [fr] (roughly equivalent to an MA thesis) in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure, an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.[16] (His 1928 M.A. thesis under the title "L''Image dans la vie psychologique: rôle et nature" ["Image in Psychological Life: Role and Nature"] was supervised by Henri Delacroix.)[16] It was at ENS that Sartre began his lifelong, sometimes fractious, friendship with Raymond Aron.[17] Perhaps the most decisive influence on Sartre''s philosophical development was his weekly attendance at Alexandre Kojève''s seminars, which continued for a number of years.[18] en-wikipedia-org-3068 en-wikipedia-org-3075 en-wikipedia-org-3092 The capacity of artworks to arouse emotions such as fear is a subject of philosophical and psychological research.[1] It raises problems such as the paradox of fiction in which one responds with sometimes quite intense emotions to art, even whilst knowing that the scenario presented is fictional (see for instance the work of Kendall Walton). This problem was first raised by David Hume, and was revived in current discussion by Richard Moran, Kendall Walton and Tamar Gendler (who introduced the term in its current usage in a 2000 article by the same name).[2] Some forms of artwork seem to be dedicated to the arousal of particular emotions. For instance horror films seek to arouse feelings of fear or disgust; comedies seek to arouse amusement or happiness, tragedies seek to arouse sympathy or sadness, and melodramas try to arouse pity and empathy. en-wikipedia-org-3104 en-wikipedia-org-3114 en-wikipedia-org-3129 en-wikipedia-org-3139 He writes regular columns for The Washington Post and provides commentary for NBC News and MSNBC.[1] In 1986, The Wall Street Journal called him "perhaps the most powerful journalist in America," in a league with Walter Lippmann (1889–1974).[2][3] He won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1977. Will originally had left wing political views, but his views shifted toward conservatism during his studies at Oxford, especially after visiting Communist-controlled East Berlin in the mid-1960s.[6] Will served as an editor for National Review from 1972 to 1978.[7] He joined The Washington Post Writers Group in 1974, writing a syndicated biweekly column, which became widely circulated among newspapers across the country and continues today. en-wikipedia-org-316 View source for Template:Epistemology Wikipedia View source for Template:Epistemology You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Template:Collapsible option (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Color contrast (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Template link general (view source) (protected) en-wikipedia-org-3163 Bas van Fraassen is nearly solely responsible for the initial development of constructive empiricism; its historically most important presentation appears in his The Scientific Image (1980). Constructive empiricism states that scientific theories are semantically literal, that they aim to be empirically adequate, and that their acceptance involves, as belief, only that they are empirically adequate. Constructive empiricism and scientific realism agree that theories are semantically literal, which logical positivism and instrumentalism deny. Constructive empiricism, logical positivism and instrumentalism agree that theories do not aim for truth about unobservables, which scientific realism denies. Structuralism (philosophy of science), a related view[2] (2004), The Epistemological Status of Scientific Theories: An Investigation of the Structural Realist Account, University of London, London School of Economics, PhD Thesis, p. (2004), The Epistemological Status of Scientific Theories: An Investigation of the Structural Realist Account, University of London, London School of Economics, PhD Thesis, p. en-wikipedia-org-3176 en-wikipedia-org-3212 Parent company Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group (Penguin Random House) Black also expanded Doubleday''s publishing program by opening two new printing plants; creating a new line of quality paperbacks, under the imprint Anchor Books; attracting new book clubs to its book club division; opening 30 new retail stores in 25 cities; and opening new editorial offices in San Francisco, London, and Paris.[6][7] William Faulkner, worked part-time at the Doubleday Bookstore in New York City in 1921.[29] Anchor Books, produced quality paperbacks for bookstores; named for the anchor that (along with a dolphin) forms Doubleday''s colophon; now part of the Knopf Publishing Group''s Vintage Anchor unit "Nelson Doubleday Jr., Publisher Who Owned the Mets, Dies at 81". "New President, Publisher For WaterBrook Press". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doubleday (publisher). Categories: Book publishing companies based in New York (state) Publishing companies based in New York City en-wikipedia-org-3214 Folens (Irish publishers) Wikipedia Folens (Irish publishers) Jump to navigation Jump to search Folens is a major company in Irish educational publishing. Atlas and British Isles[edit] In October, 2006, Folens announced that the new edition of Folens'' atlas would no longer use the term "British Isles" in the new edition of its atlas, to be introduced the following January. According to the Irish Times, "John O''Connor of Folens insisted he had received no complaints from parents regarding the new atlas. External links[edit] This article about a publishing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folens_(Irish_publishers)&oldid=631685874" Categories: Publishing companies of the Republic of Ireland Book publishing companies of Ireland Publishing company stubs Personal tools Views Edit View history Navigation Recent changes Tools Related changes This page was last edited on 30 October 2014, at 00:23 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-3217 en-wikipedia-org-3228 en-wikipedia-org-3233 en-wikipedia-org-3248 en-wikipedia-org-3249 There are various different ways that contemporary philosophers have tried to describe beliefs, including as representations of ways that the world could be (Jerry Fodor), as dispositions to act as if certain things are true (Roderick Chisholm), as interpretive schemes for making sense of someone''s actions (Daniel Dennett and Donald Davidson), or as mental states that fill a particular function (Hilary Putnam).[2] Some have also attempted to offer significant revisions to our notion of belief, including eliminativists about belief who argue that there is no phenomenon in the natural world which corresponds to our folk psychological concept of belief (Paul Churchland) and formal epistemologists who aim to replace our bivalent notion of belief ("either we have a belief or we don''t have a belief") with the more permissive, probabilistic notion of credence ("there is an entire spectrum of degrees of belief, not a simple dichotomy between belief and non-belief").[2][3] en-wikipedia-org-326 The theory draws on the observation that there is no identifiable fixed scientific method that is consistent with the practices of the paradigm of scientific progress – the scientific revolution.[2] It is a radical critique of rationalist and empiricist historiography which tend to represent the heroes of the scientific revolution as scrupulous researchers reliant on empirical research, whereas Feyerabend countered that Galileo, for example, relied on rhetoric, propaganda and epistemological tricks to support his doctrine of heliocentrism and that aesthetic criteria, personal whims and social factors were far more prevalent than the dominant historiographies allowed.[2] The movement of universal models from Aristotelian to Newtonian physics to Einstein''s relativity theory, where each preceding theory has been refuted as an entirely universal model of reality, illustrates for the epistemological anarchist that scientific theories do not correspond to truth, as they are in part cultural manifestations, and ergo not objective.[1][3] Feyerabend drew a comparison between one scientific paradigm triumphing over or superseding another, in the same manner a given myth is adapted and appropriated by a new, triumphant successor myth in comparative mythology. en-wikipedia-org-3270 en-wikipedia-org-3303 en-wikipedia-org-3304 Ethical non-naturalism Wikipedia Find sources: "Ethical non-naturalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This makes ethical non-naturalism a non-definist form of moral realism, which is in turn a form of cognitivism. Moore also stated that a reduction of ethical properties to a divine command would be the same as stating their naturalness. British epistemologists, following Moore, suggested that humans have a special faculty, a faculty of moral intuition, which tells us what is good and bad, right and wrong. Ethical intuitionists assert that, if we see a good person or a right action, and our faculty of moral intuition is sufficiently developed and unimpaired, we simply intuit that the person is good or that the action is right. "Moral Non-Naturalism" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-331 This represents a 56% percent decline since the Second Vatican Council (1965), when the society had a total membership of 36,038, of which 20,301 were priests.[108] This decline is most pronounced in Europe and the Americas, with relatively modest membership gains occurring in Asia and Africa.[109][110] According to Patrick Reilly of the National Catholic Register, there seems to be no "Pope Francis effect" in counteracting the fall of vocations among the Jesuits.[111] Twenty-eight novices took first vows in the Jesuits in the United States and Haiti in 2019.[112] In September 2019, the superior general of the Jesuits, Arturo Sosa, estimated that by 2034 the number would decrease to about 10,000 Jesuits, with a much younger average age than in 2019, and with a shift away from Europe and into Latin America, Africa, and India.[113] en-wikipedia-org-3312 en-wikipedia-org-3333 en-wikipedia-org-3345 Different varieties of coherentism are individuated by the specific relationship between a system of knowledge and justified belief, which can be interpreted in terms of predicate logic, or ideally, proof theory.[6] In modern philosophy, the coherence theory of truth was defended by Baruch Spinoza,[1] Immanuel Kant,[1] Johann Gottlieb Fichte,[1] Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel,[8] and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel[1] and Harold Henry Joachim (who is credited with the definitive formulation of the theory).[9] (However, Spinoza and Kant have also been interpreted as defenders of the correspondence theory of truth.)[10] In contemporary philosophy, several epistemologists have significantly contributed to and defended the theory, primarily Brand Blanshard (who gave the earliest characterization of the theory in contemporary times) and Nicholas Rescher.[1] In late modern philosophy, epistemic coherentist views were held by Schlegel[11] and Hegel,[12] but the definitive formulation of the coherence theory of justification was provided by F. en-wikipedia-org-3348 Philosophical Thought[edit] Economic thought[edit] Antonio Genovesi was influenced by the new Italian cultural landscape, and tried through studies and experimentation to describe the concept of public happiness, to be obtained by freeing mankind from its state of "obscurity". "Antonio Genovesi – Italian philosopher and economist". Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3356 Alison Gopnik (born June 16, 1955) is an American professor of psychology and affiliate professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Her writing on psychology and cognitive science has appeared in Science, Scientific American,[1] The Times Literary Supplement, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, New Scientist, Slate and others.[2] Her body of work also includes four books and over 100 journal articles. Kuhl "The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind." The book posits that the cognitive development of children in early life is made possible by three factors: innate knowledge, advanced learning ability, and the evolved ability of parents to teach their offspring.[13] "Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation," edited with Laura Schulz, explores causal learning and the interdisciplinary work done in furthering the understanding of learning and reasoning.[14] en-wikipedia-org-3359 en-wikipedia-org-3362 British idealism Wikipedia This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Doctrines of early British idealism so provoked the young Cambridge philosophers G. British idealism largely developed from the German idealist movement—particularly such philosophers as Immanuel Kant and G. But few of the British idealists adopted Hegel''s philosophy wholesale, and his most significant writings on logic seem to have found no purchase whatsoever in their thought. The hold of British idealism in the United Kingdom weakened when Bertrand Russell and G. British idealism''s influence in the United States was somewhat limited. "Russell and Moore''s Revolt against British Idealism", in The Oxford handbook of the history of analytic philosophy, edited by Michael Beaney. Mander, British Idealism: A History, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. An idiosyncratic account of English-language philosophy with an emphasis on idealism, later republished as A History of British Philosophy to 1900. en-wikipedia-org-3363 en-wikipedia-org-3368 en-wikipedia-org-3379 File:Painting of David Hume.jpg Wikipedia File:Painting of David Hume.jpg Allan Ramsay: David Hume, 1711 1776. Web page nationalgalleries.org/visit/scottish-national-portrait-gallery https://www.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/60610/david-hume-1711-1776-historian-and-philosopher-1754 This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 100 years or fewer. The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): User:Jane023/paintings in the National Galleries of Scotland Usage on ast.wikipedia.org Usage on ckb.wikipedia.org Author:David Hume Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org Usage on gd.wikipedia.org View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_of_David_Hume.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-3398 Until modern Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) and Jewish emancipation, Jewish philosophy was preoccupied with attempts to reconcile coherent new ideas into the tradition of Rabbinic Judaism, thus organizing emergent ideas that are not necessarily Jewish into a uniquely Jewish scholastic framework and world-view. Hiwi is generally considered to be the very first "Jewish" philosopher to subject the Pentateuch to critical analysis.[12] Hiwi is viewed by some scholars as an intellectually conflicted man torn between Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Gnostic Christianity, and Manichaean thought.[13][14] Isaac Abravanel was born and raised in Lisbon; a student of the Rabbi of Lisbon, Yosef ben Shlomo Ibn Yahya.[36] Rabbi Yosef was a poet, religious scholar, rebuilder of Ibn Yahya Synagogue of Calatayud, well versed in rabbinic literature and in the learning of his time, devoting his early years to the study of Jewish philosophy. Renaissance Jewish philosophy and philosophers[edit] Judaism as Philosophy: Studies in Maimonides and the Medieval Jewish Philosophers of Provence. en-wikipedia-org-340 While God''s essence is inaccessible, a subordinate form of knowledge is available by way of mediation by divine messengers, known as Manifestations of God. The Manifestations of God reflect divine attributes, which are creations of God made for the purpose of spiritual enlightenment, onto the physical plane of existence.[6] All physical beings reflect at least one of these attributes, and the human soul can potentially reflect all of them.[7] Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Bahá''í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, described God as inaccessible, omniscient, almighty, personal, and rational, and rejected pantheistic, anthropomorphic and incarnationist beliefs.[2] Although human cultures and religions differ on their conceptions of God and his nature, Bahá''ís believe they nevertheless refer to one and the same Being. The Bahá''í teachings state that God is too great for humans to create an accurate conception of. Names of God in the Bahá''í Faith en-wikipedia-org-3400 Category:Philosophers of science Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of science Jump to navigation The main article for this category is Philosophy of science. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophers of science. ► Philosophers of technology‎ (1 C, 98 P) Pages in category "Philosophers of science" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 482 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). List of philosophers of science Alan Baker (philosopher) John Beatty (philosopher) Harvey Brown (philosopher) James Robert Brown Peter Carruthers (philosopher) Nancy Cartwright (philosopher) Rachel Cooper (philosopher) William Craig (philosopher) Heather Douglas (philosopher) Paul Draper (philosopher) Michael Friedman (philosopher) Daniel Garber (philosopher) John Gough (natural philosopher) Gilles-Gaston Granger John Gray (philosopher) David Hawkins (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_science&oldid=994841681" Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3402 The Book of Mormon is a sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement, which adherents believe contains writings of ancient prophets who lived on the American continent from approximately 2200 BC to AD 421.[1][2] It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith as The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi, who claimed that it had been written in otherwise unknown characters referred to as "reformed Egyptian" engraved on golden plates that he personally transcribed.[3][4] Contemporary followers of the Latter Day Saint movement typically regard the text primarily as scripture, but also as a historical record of God''s dealings with the ancient inhabitants of the Americas.[5] en-wikipedia-org-3406 en-wikipedia-org-3409 Also included are the anti-Enlightenment Romanticism of Friedrich Nietzsche, the conservative Realpolitik and statecraft of Otto von Bismarck and the anti-republican monarchism of the German National People''s Party (DNVP) during the Weimar Republic. Conservative thought developed alongside nationalism in Germany, culminating in Germany''s victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the unified German Empire in 1871 and the simultaneous rise to power of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. During Bismarck''s time in office, German conservatives more and more turned to statism and paternalism in the rising conflict between economic liberalism as promoted by the National Liberals and the labour movement represented by the Social Democratic Party. Like most political parties in Germany, the CDU and the CSU to a lesser extent has turned to centrist policies after German reunification. en-wikipedia-org-3413 en-wikipedia-org-3415 Burlamaqui''s treatise The Principles of Natural and Politic Law was translated into six languages (besides the original French) in 60 editions. Burlamaqui''s description of European countries as forming "a kind of republic the members of which, independent but bound by common interest, come together to maintain order and liberty" is quoted by Michel Foucault in his 1978 lectures at the Collège de France in the context of a discussion of diplomacy and the law of nations.[6] Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3423 Giolla Íosa Mór Mac Fir Bhisigh Wikipedia Giolla Íosa Mór Mac Fir Bhisigh Jump to navigation Jump to search 1390 – 1418) was a historian, scribe and poet of the learned Clan MacFhirbhisigh based at Lackan in Tír Fhíacrach, now part of County Sligo. This article about an Irish writer or poet is a stub. This biographical article about an Irish historian, chronicler or genealogist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giolla_Íosa_Mór_Mac_Fir_Bhisigh&oldid=981865397" Categories: 15th-century Irish poets 15th-century Irish people Medieval Irish poets Irish scribes Irish male poets Irish-language writers Irish writer stubs Irish historian stubs All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English All stub articles This page was last edited on 4 October 2020, at 21:33 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-3434 Main article: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group Main article: The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the European Committee of the Regions The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the Committee of the Regions[6] is committed to ensuring that the European Union develops legislation in as decentralised a manner as possible, communicating with and listening to Europe''s citizens in a systematic way. "Our history ALDE Group Liberals & Democrats in the European Committee of the Regions". ALDE Group Liberals & Democrats in the European Committee of the Regions. ALDE Group Liberals & Democrats in the European Committee of the Regions. ALDE Group Liberals & Democrats in the European Committee of the Regions. Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in European Parliament Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the Committee of the Regions en-wikipedia-org-3439 He was chairman of the Friends of Medieval Dublin, 1976–83,[3] and of the Dublin Historic Settlement Group, and was noted as a leading member of a well-publicized struggle, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, to save the historic Wood Quay archaeological site in Dublin.[4] While Martin could not prevent the construction of a civic office building, in 1978, part of the site was declared a national monument. "F.X. Martin, noted Wood Quay activist, dies", The Irish Times, 14 February 2000 1973: The Scholar Revolutionary: Eoin MacNeill, 1867–1945 and the making of the New Ireland, F.X. Martin, and Francis John Byrne, (eds)., Irish University Press. 1978: Expugnatio Hibernica: The Conquest of Ireland, by Giraldus Cambrensis, A.B. Scott and F.X. Martin, eds., Royal Irish Academy, Dublin. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3442 It abides within every bit of the creation[1] as symbolized by the symbol Ik Onkar.[2] The One is indescribable yet knowable and perceivable to anyone who surrenders their egoism and meditates upon that Oneness.[3] The Sikh gurus have described God in numerous ways in their hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism, but the oneness of the deity is consistently emphasized throughout. Sikh philosophy enunciates the belief that the limits of Time and Space are known only to God. Answers to the questions of "When did the Universe come into existence?" or "How big is this Universe?" are beyond human understanding. God, as stated in SatGuru Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, is Akal Murat, the Eternal Being;It is beyond time and ever the same.[18] "Saibhan(g)", another attribute to God means that no one else but God created the creation. "Different Names of GOD incorporated in Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji". en-wikipedia-org-3446 The philosophy of Confucius, also known as Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity. The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in lǐ (禮) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. en-wikipedia-org-3450 Wright was hired as a full professor at Stanford University, serving as the executive head of the history department from 1959 to 1965; however he also taught at University of Washington, Northwestern University, Arizona State University, and at the College of William and Mary. In an article appearing in Perspectives in April 2000, Peter Stansky, Paul Robinson, and Gordon Craig said, "Gordon and Louise were an inseparable couple; she greatly enriched the life of the History Department and of the Stanford community." Together, they had five sons: Eric, Michael, Philip, David, and Gregory. An Age of Controversy: Discussion Problems in Twentieth Century European history, edited by Gordon Wright and Arthur Mejia, Jr. Alternate ed. The Transformation of Modern France: Essays in Honor of Gordon Wright, edited by William B. History as a Moral Science AHA Presidential Address by Gordon Wright, 1975 en-wikipedia-org-3453 en-wikipedia-org-3455 Nineteenthand twentieth-century hermeneutics emerged as a theory of understanding (Verstehen) through the work of Friedrich Schleiermacher (Romantic hermeneutics[20] and methodological hermeneutics),[21] August Böckh (methodological hermeneutics),[22] Wilhelm Dilthey (epistemological hermeneutics),[23] Martin Heidegger (ontological hermeneutics,[24] hermeneutic phenomenology,[25][26][27] and transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology),[28] Hans-Georg Gadamer (ontological hermeneutics),[29] Leo Strauss (Straussian hermeneutics),[30] Paul Ricœur (hermeneutic phenomenology),[31] Walter Benjamin (Marxist hermeneutics),[32] Ernst Bloch (Marxist hermeneutics),[33][32] Jacques Derrida (radical hermeneutics, namely deconstruction),[34][35] Richard Kearney (diacritical hermeneutics), Fredric Jameson (Marxist hermeneutics),[36] and John Thompson (critical hermeneutics). New hermeneutic is the theory and methodology of interpretation to understand Biblical texts through existentialism. Italian philosopher Gianni Vattimo and Spanish philosopher Santiago Zabala in their book Hermeneutic Communism, when discussing contemporary capitalist regimes, stated that, "A politics of descriptions does not impose power in order to dominate as a philosophy; rather, it is functional for the continued existence of a society of dominion, which pursues truth in the form of imposition (violence), conservation (realism), and triumph (history)."[67] en-wikipedia-org-3459 John Robinson (bishop of London) Wikipedia John Robinson (bishop of London) John Robinson (7 November 1650 – 11 April 1723) was an English diplomat and prelate. During the absence of the minister, Philip Warwick, Robinson acted as resident and as envoy extraordinary, and he was thus in Sweden during a very interesting and important period, and was performing diplomatic duties at a time when the affairs of northern Europe were attracting an unusual amount of attention. In 1709 Robinson returned to England, and was appointed Dean of Windsor and of Wolverhampton; in 1710 he was elected bishop of Bristol, and among other ecclesiastical positions he held that of Dean of the Chapel Royal. Just after his return to England he was chosen Bishop of London in succession to Henry Compton. Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3486 According to Mark Burgess (a Center for Defense Information research analyst), the 1st century Jewish political and religious movement called Zealotry was one of the first examples of the use of terrorism by Jews.[3] They sought to incite the people of Judaea Province to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from Israel by force of arms. The Shin Bet supports the position of Defense Minister Moshe Ya''alon, who has called for limited use of administrative detention against Jewish terrorists."[9] Israeli agencies keeping tabs on the religious terrorist groups say they are "anarchist" and "anti-Zionist", motivated to bring down the government of Israel and create a new Israeli "kingdom" that would operate according to halacha (Jewish law).[9] A week after the July 2015 attacks, administrative detention was approved for Jewish terror suspects.[7] en-wikipedia-org-3489 The Vedic era conceptualization of the divine or the One, states Jeaneane Fowler, is more abstract than a monotheistic God, it is the Reality behind and of the phenomenal universe.[16] The Vedic hymns treat it as "limitless, indescribable, absolute principle", thus the Vedic divine is something of a panentheism rather than simple henotheism.[16] In late Vedic era, around the start of Upanishadic age (~800 BCE), theosophical speculations emerge that develop concepts which scholars variously call nondualism or monism, as well as forms of non-theism and pantheism.[16][17][18] An example of the questioning of the concept of God, in addition to henotheistic hymns found therein, are in later portions of the Rigveda, such as the Nasadiya Sukta.[19] Hinduism calls the metaphysical absolute concept as Brahman, incorporating within it the transcendent and immanent reality.[20][21][22] Different schools of thought interpret Brahman as either personal, impersonal or transpersonal. en-wikipedia-org-3499 en-wikipedia-org-35 en-wikipedia-org-3512 This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. The fundamental principle enunciated by Bahá''u''lláh, the followers of His Faith firmly believe, is that religious truth is not absolute but relative, that Divine Revelation is a continuous and progressive process, that all the great religions of the world are divine in origin, that their basic principles are in complete harmony, that their aims and purposes are one and the same, that their teachings are but facets of one truth, that their functions are complementary, that they differ only in the nonessential aspects of their doctrines, and that their missions represent successive stages in the spiritual evolution of human society.[1][2] Some Evangelical scholars believe that God judges all people based on their response to the Holy Spirit, and that just as Romans 2:14-15 shows that God is righteous by condemning people who violate natural law as they understand it, it also shows His mercy in forgiving those who have lived up to all the light they have had. en-wikipedia-org-3516 Category:Liberalism Wikipedia Category:Liberalism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberalism. Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private property. The main article for this category is Liberalism. Pages in category "Liberalism" Portal:Liberalism Portal:Liberalism Classical liberalism Conservative liberalism Cultural liberalism Liberal democratic basic order Democratic liberalism History of liberalism History of pan-European liberalism Interest group liberalism Liberal conservatism Liberal international order Liberalism (international relations) Liberism Liberism National Liberal Club Perfectionist liberalism Secular liberalism Social Justice in the Liberal State Liberal socialism Liberal socialism Zombie liberalism Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3518 en-wikipedia-org-3519 en-wikipedia-org-3531 en-wikipedia-org-3545 en-wikipedia-org-3550 en-wikipedia-org-3555 Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social changes such as the Arab and Mongol invasions of Persia, a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-related traditions, to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as Manicheism and Mazdakism as well as various post-Islamic schools. The Illumination School and the Transcendent Philosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. On the other hand, a relatively strong translation movement has been shaped in which the Iranian readers are provided by some of the important sources of contemporary philosophy in Persian including both the analytic and continental traditions. In the history of Islamic philosophy, there were a few Persian philosophers who had their own schools of philosophy: Avicenna, al-Farabi, Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi and Mulla Sadra. en-wikipedia-org-356 en-wikipedia-org-3561 en-wikipedia-org-3566 DeMille.[92] From the 1930s to 1950s, movies and radio were the "only mass entertainment" but by the second decade of the 21st century, technological changes, economic decisions, risk aversion and globalisation reduced both the quality and range of films being produced.[93] Sophisticated visual effects and CGI techniques, for example, rather than humans, were used not only to create realistic images of people, landscapes and events (both real and fantastic) but also to animate non-living items such as Lego normally used as entertainment as a game in physical form.[94] Creators of The Lego Movie "wanted the audience to believe they were looking at actual Lego bricks on a tabletop that were shot with a real camera, not what we actually did, which was create vast environments with digital bricks inside the computer."[94] The convergence of computers and film has allowed entertainment to be presented in a new way and the technology has also allowed for those with the personal resources to screen films in a home theatre, recreating in a private venue the quality and experience of a public theatre. en-wikipedia-org-3571 en-wikipedia-org-3572 White is the most translated female non-fiction author in the history of literature, as well as the most translated American non-fiction author of either gender.[9] Her writings covered a broad range of subjects, including religion, social relationships, prophecy, publishing, nutrition, creationism, agriculture, theology, evangelism, Christian lifestyle, education, and health. On that day James White wrote that "God manifested His power in a wonderful manner" adding that "several had decided to keep the Lord''s Sabbath and go with the people of God." In writing about the vision, she stated that she received practical instruction for church members, and more significantly, a cosmic sweep of the conflict "between Christ and His angels, and Satan and his angels." Ellen White would expand upon this great controversy theme which would eventually culminate in the Conflict of the Ages series.[33] White" is being produced by two faculty at Andrews University: Jerry Moon,[57] chair of the church history department, and Denis Fortin,[58] dean of the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary. en-wikipedia-org-3576 Catherine Samary Wikipedia Catherine received her PhD in economics in 1986, at the University of Paris X: Nanterre.[2] She was later a research associate at the Institut du Monde Soviétique et d''Europe Centrale et Orientale (IMSECO). theoretical and practical questions of socialism Retrieved 2006-06-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) External links[edit] Catherine Samary''s profile at the International Institute for Research and Education Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Samary&oldid=915875172" Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-359 Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and the Bahá''í Faith are called Abrahamic religions because they all accept the tradition of the God (known as Yahweh in Hebrew and Allah in Arabic) that revealed himself to Abraham. Christianity originated in 1st century Judea within the realm of Second Temple Judaism and thus shares most of its beliefs about God, including his omnipotence, omniscience, his role as creator of all things, his personality, immanence, transcendence and ultimate unity, with the innovation that Jesus of Nazareth is considered to be, in one way or another, the fulfillment of ancient prophecies about the Jewish Messiah and/or the completion of the Law of the prophets of Israel. Most Muslims today believe that the religion of Abraham (which now split into Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) are of one source, which is The Almighty God. Bahá''í Faith[edit] en-wikipedia-org-3596 en-wikipedia-org-3597 Hans-Ulrich Wehler (September 11, 1931 – July 5, 2014)[1] was a German left-liberal[1] historian known for his role in promoting social history through the "Bielefeld School", and for his critical studies of 19th-century Germany.[2] From the Right, Otto Pflanze claimed that Wehler''s use of such terms as "Bonapartism", "social imperialism", "negative integration" and Sammlungspolitik ("the politics of rallying together") has gone beyond mere heuristic devices and instead become a form of historical fiction.[21] The German conservative historian Thomas Nipperdey has argued that Wehler presented German elites as more united than they were, focused too much on forces from above and not enough on forces from below in 19th-century German society, and presented too stark a contrast between the forces of order and stabilization versus the forces of democracy with no explanation for the relative stability of the Empire.[21] In Nipperdey''s opinion, Wehler''s work fails to explain how the Weimar Republic occurred, since, according to Wehler, prior to 1918 the forces of authoritarianism were so strong and those of democracy so weak.[21] In a 1975 book review of Wehler''s Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, Nipperdey concluded that a proper history of the Imperial period could only be written by placing German history in a comparative European and trans-Atlantic perspective, which might allow for "our fixation on the struggle with our great-grandfathers" to end.[21] en-wikipedia-org-36 Canadian Journal of Philosophy Wikipedia Australasian Journal of Philosophy Canadian Journal of Philosophy Canadian Journal of Philosophy Canadian Journal of Philosophy Canadian Journal of Philosophy European Journal of Philosophy The Journal of Philosophy The Journal of Philosophy Thought: A Journal of Philosophy Journal of Moral Philosophy Journal of Social Philosophy International Journal of Applied Philosophy Journal of Consciousness Studies Journal of Philosophical Logic Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy British Journal for the Philosophy of Science British Journal for the History of Philosophy Journal of the History of Philosophy Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy International Journal of Baudrillard Studies International Journal of Žižek Studies The Journal of Nietzsche Studies Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy List of philosophy journals This article about a philosophy journal is a stub. Categories: Philosophy journals Categories: Philosophy journals Philosophy Documentation Center academic journals Cambridge University Press academic journals Philosophy journal stubs en-wikipedia-org-3608 en-wikipedia-org-3623 en-wikipedia-org-3630 Ambiguities tend to arise from either aesthetic considerations (for example the view that only pleasing concords may be harmonious) or from the point of view of musical texture (distinguishing between harmonic (simultaneously sounding pitches) and "contrapuntal" (successively sounding tones).[10] In the words of Arnold Whittall: While the entire history of music theory appears to depend on just such a distinction between harmony and counterpoint, it is no less evident that developments in the nature of musical composition down the centuries have presumed the interdependence—at times amounting to integration, at other times a source of sustained tension—between the vertical and horizontal dimensions of musical space.[10][page needed] Yet the evolution of harmonic practice and language itself, in Western art music, is and was facilitated by this process of prior composition, which permitted the study and analysis by theorists and composers of individual pre-constructed works in which pitches (and to some extent rhythms) remained unchanged regardless of the nature of the performance.[19] Main articles: Chord (music) and Consonance and dissonance en-wikipedia-org-3633 Huntington Library Quarterly Wikipedia Huntington Library Quarterly Discipline History and Literature It is a quarterly academic journal produced by the Huntington Library and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. The Huntington Library Quarterly publishes articles on the literature, history, and art of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries in Britain and America, with special emphasis on the interactions of literature, politics, and religion; the social and political contexts of literary and art history; textual and bibliographical studies, including the history of printing and publishing; the history of science, American studies, through the early nineteenth century; and the performance history of drama and music. Huntington Library official website This article about a history journal is a stub. Further suggestions might be found on the article''s talk page. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington_Library_Quarterly&oldid=980496604" Quarterly journals Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3640 en-wikipedia-org-3646 en-wikipedia-org-3652 Edward Palmer Thompson (3 February 1924 – 28 August 1993) was a British historian, writer, socialist and peace campaigner. After Nikita Khrushchev''s "secret speech" to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956, which revealed that the Soviet party leadership had long been aware of Stalin''s crimes, Thompson (with John Saville and others) started a dissident publication inside the CP, called The Reasoner. By exploring the ordinary cultures of working people through their previously ignored documentary remains, Thompson told the forgotten history of the first working-class political left in the world in the late-18th and early-19th centuries. Writing for the Times Higher Education in 2013, Robert Colls recalled the power of Thompson''s book for his generation of young British leftists: P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1980), p. ^ Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, pp. P. Thompson''s The Making of the English Working Class as contemporary history", Contemporary British History, vol. en-wikipedia-org-3657 Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical Wikipedia Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages with this error are automatically placed in Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical.[a] ^ Pages in the Book talk, Category talk, Draft talk, Education Program talk, File talk, Help talk, MediaWiki talk, Module talk, Portal talk, Talk, Template talk, User, User talk, and Wikipedia talk namespaces are not included in the error tracking categories. Pages in category "CS1 errors: missing periodical" 12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Fred Waring album) 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States) 153rd Infantry Regiment (United States) Media in category "CS1 errors: missing periodical" Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical&oldid=985887300" en-wikipedia-org-3673 Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.[1][2] Individualists promote the exercise of one''s goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance[3] and advocate that interests of the individual should achieve precedence over the state or a social group[3] while opposing external interference upon one''s own interests by society or institutions such as the government.[3] Individualism is often defined in contrast to totalitarianism, collectivism and more corporate social forms.[4][5] Greene presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".[56] Henry David Thoreau was an important early influence in individualist anarchist thought in the United States and Europe.[57] Thoreau was an American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher and leading transcendentalist, who is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. en-wikipedia-org-3680 en-wikipedia-org-3701 en-wikipedia-org-3702 S. Lewis argued that "conscience reveals to us a moral law whose source cannot be found in the natural world, thus pointing to a supernatural Lawgiver."[1][2] Lewis argued that accepting the validity of human reason as a given must include accepting the validity of practical reason, which could not be valid without reference to a higher cosmic moral order which could not exist without a God to create and/or establish it. Portrait of Immanuel Kant, who proposed an argument for the existence of God from morality William Lane Craig has argued for this form of the moral argument.[16] Lewis argues for the existence of God in a similar way in his book Mere Christianity, but he does not directly refer to it as the argument from morality. "Moral Arguments for the Existence of God". "Moral Arguments for the Existence of God". "Moral Arguments for the Existence of God". "Moral Arguments for the Existence of God". en-wikipedia-org-371 It also typically involves some form of commitment to justice for women, whatever form that may take.[3] Aside from these uniting features, feminist philosophy is a diverse field covering a wide range of topics from a variety of approaches. Feminist ethics, which often argues that the emphasis on objectivity, rationality, and universality in traditional moral thought excludes women''s ethical realities.[3] One of the most notable developments is the ethics of care, which values empathy, responsibility, and non-violence in the development of moral systems. Phenomenology in feminist philosophy is often applied to develop improved conceptions of gendered embodied experience, of intersubjectivity and relational life, and to community, society, and political phenomena. Feminist metaphysics, which focuses largely on the ontology of gender and sex and the nature of social construction. Feminist philosophy of science, which is rooted in interdisciplinary academic feminism, works to challenge how the production of scientific knowledge as well as the methodologies employed in such productions are not free of bias. en-wikipedia-org-3718 The particles of chemical matter for which chemists and other natural philosophers of the early 19th century found experimental evidence were thought to be indivisible, and therefore were given by John Dalton the name "atom", long used by the atomist philosophy. Ajivika is a "Nastika" school of thought whose metaphysics included a theory of atoms or atomism which was later adapted in Vaiśeṣika school, which postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one''s experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence.[30] Everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic forces.[31] His traditional name Kanada means ''atom eater'',[32] and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text Vaiśeṣika Sūtra.[33] His text is also known as Kanada Sutras, or Aphorisms of Kanada.[34][35] en-wikipedia-org-3719 Albert Einstein (/ˈaɪnstaɪn/ EYEN-styne;[4] German: [ˈalbɛʁt ˈʔaɪnʃtaɪn] (listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist[5] who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).[3][6] His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[7][8] He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world''s most famous equation".[9] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",[10] a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to do so.[79][80] During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. en-wikipedia-org-3728 en-wikipedia-org-3739 In 1760, Winckelmann''s Description des pierres gravées du feu Baron de Stosch [Description of incised gems of the late Baron of Stosch] appeared, followed in 1762 by his Anmerkungen über die Baukunst der Alten ("Observations on the Architecture of the Ancients"), which included an account of the temples at Paestum.[12] In 1758 and 1762, he visited Naples to observe the archaeological excavations being conducted at Pompeii and Herculaneum.[20] "Despite his association with Albani, Winckelmann steered clear of the shady world of art dealing which had compromised the scholarly respectability of such brilliant, if much less systematic antiquarians as Francesco Ficoroni and the Baron Stosch."[21] Winckelmann''s poverty may have played a part: the trade in antiquities was an expensive and speculative game. Winckelmann''s masterpiece, the Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums ("The History of Art in Antiquity"), published in 1764, was soon recognized as a permanent contribution to European literature. The father of official art history was a German named Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–68). ^ Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1873) History of ancient art. en-wikipedia-org-3740 Charles Scribner''s Sons, or simply Scribner''s or Scribner, is an American publisher based in New York City, known for publishing American authors including Henry James, Ernest Hemingway, F. After the merger, the Macmillan and Atheneum adult lists were merged into Scribner''s and the Scribner''s children list was merged into Atheneum.[3][4] The former imprint, now simply "Scribner", was retained by Simon & Schuster, while the reference division has been owned by Gale since 1999. 2.1.2 Notable authors under Charles Scribner''s Sons When the other partners in the venture sold their stake to the family, the company was renamed Charles Scribner''s Sons. Notable authors under Charles Scribner II[edit] Notable authors under Charles Scribner''s Sons[edit] Roger Burlingame, Of Making Many Books: A Hundred Years of Reading, Writing and Publishing, New York: Charles Scribner''s Sons, 1946; Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996 (Penn State Series in the History of the Book). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Scribner''s Sons. en-wikipedia-org-3741 As Prime Minister, it was Guizot''s ban on the political meetings (called the campagne des banquets or the Paris Banquets, which were held by moderate liberals who wanted a larger extension of the franchise)[3] of an increasingly vigorous opposition in January 1848 that catalyzed the revolution that toppled Louis Philippe in February and saw the establishment of the French Second Republic. In 1831 Casimir Périer formed a more vigorous and compact administration, terminated in May 1832 by his death; the summer of that year was marked by a formidable republican rising in Paris, and it was not until 11 October 1832 that a stable government was formed, in which Marshal Soult was first minister, Victor, 3rd duc de Broglie took the foreign office, Adolphe Thiers the home department, and Guizot the department of public instruction. en-wikipedia-org-3746 Lewis offers slightly different forms of the argument in works such as Mere Christianity (1952), The Pilgrim''s Regress (1933; 3rd ed., 1943), Surprised by Joy (1955), and "The Weight of Glory" (1940). Unlike medieval versions of the argument from desire, Lewis does not appeal to a universal, ever-present longing for eternal happiness but to a specific type of ardent and fleeting spiritual longing that he calls "Joy." As John Beversluis argues,[8] Lewis seems to offer both deductive and inductive versions of the argument from desire. The inductive version of Lewis''s argument from desire can be stated as follows: S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire," in Gregory Bassham, ed., C. "The Argument from Desire," Faith and Philosophy, 5(1), 1988, pp. "Joy, the Call of God in Man: A Critical Appraisal of Lewis''s Argument from Desire." In C. S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire." In Michael H. S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire. S. Lewis''s Argument from Desire. en-wikipedia-org-3757 Burns & Oates Wikipedia Burns & Oates Parent company Continuum Burns & Oates was a British Roman Catholic publishing house which most recently existed as an imprint of Continuum. Company history[edit] Book series[edit] Faith and Fact Books: Catholic Truth in the Scientific Age Series ^ Brian Alderson, Some Notes on James Burns as a Publisher of Children''s Books, Bulletin John Rylands Library, escholar.manchester.ac.uk, p. London: Burns and Oates, 1908. External links[edit] James Burns at Library of Congress Authorities, with 1 catalogue records Burns & Oates at LC Authorities (no records) Works by or about Burns & Oates in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burns_%26_Oates&oldid=986866380" Categories: Book publishing companies of the United Kingdom Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers This page was last edited on 3 November 2020, at 13:18 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3777 Bryan Edgar Magee (/məˈɡiː/; 12 April 1930 – 26 July 2019) was a British philosopher, broadcaster, politician and author, best known for bringing philosophy to a popular audience. Between the two series, Magee released the first edition of the work he regarded as closest to his "academic magnum opus": The Philosophy of Schopenhauer (first published in 1983, substantially revised and extended, 1997).[27][28] This remains one of the most substantial and wide-ranging treatments of the thinker and assesses in-depth Schopenhauer''s influence on Wittgenstein, Wagner and other creative writers. Schoenman successfully sued Magee for libel in the UK, with the result that the first printing of the British edition of the book was pulped.[32] A second defamation suit, filed in California against Random House, was settled in 2001. The Great Philosophers: An Introduction to Western Philosophy, BBC Books 1987,[26] Oxford University Press, 2000, en-wikipedia-org-3781 en-wikipedia-org-3782 In 1996 Martin Hollis said that Williams had "a good claim to be the leading British philosopher of his day," but that, although he had a "lovely eye for the central questions," he had none of the answers.[13] Alan Thomas identified Williams''s contribution to ethics as an overarching scepticism about attempts to create a foundation for moral philosophy, explicitly articulated in Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (1985) and Shame and Necessity (1993), in which he argued that moral theories can never reflect the complexities of life, particularly given the radical pluralism of modern societies.[76] ^ Bernard Williams, Morality: An Introduction to Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972, 79. ^ Bernard Williams, Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, Abingdon: Routledge, 2011 [Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985], 193. ^ Alan Thomas, "Williams, Bernard," in Robert Audi (ed.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 (2nd edition), 975. en-wikipedia-org-3784 Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de'' Galilei (Italian: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa.[3] Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy",[4] the "father of modern physics",[5][6] the "father of the scientific method",[7] and the "father of modern science".[8] Because The Assayer contains such a wealth of Galileo''s ideas on how science should be practised, it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto.[90][91] Early in 1619, Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet, An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618,[92] which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year. Despite the publication ban, Galileo published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences (Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze) in 1638 in Holland, outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-3792 John Leland (Baptist) Wikipedia John Leland (May 14, 1754 – January 14, 1841) was an American Baptist minister who preached in Massachusetts and Virginia, as well as an outspoken abolitionist. During the 1788-89 election while still living in Virginia, Leland threw his support behind James Madison due to Madison''s support for religious liberty in what became the First Amendment to the Constitution, and Madison was seated in the first Congress that same year.[8] Leland returned to Massachusetts in 1791 the year the Bill of Rights was ratified, leaving Virginia after an anti-slavery sermon.[9] Back in New England, Leland helped to found several Baptist congregations in Connecticut, to which President Jefferson later wrote his famous letter to the Baptists of Danbury, Connecticut in 1802 regarding religious freedom.[10] The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland: Including Some Events in His Life. Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Leland (Baptist) en-wikipedia-org-3802 Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi (also known as Jean Charles Leonard Simonde de Sismondi) (French: [ʒɑ̃ ʃaʁl leɔnaʁ də sismɔ̃di]; 9 May 1773 – 25 June 1842),[1] whose real name was Simonde, was a historian and political economist, who is best known for his works on French and Italian history, and his economic ideas. His Nouveaux principes d''économie politique, ou de la richesse dans ses rapports avec la population (1819) represents the first liberal critique of laissez-faire economics.[2][3] He was one of the pioneering advocates of unemployment insurance, sickness benefits, a progressive tax, regulation of working hours, and a pension scheme.[4][5] He was also the first to coin the term proletariat to refer to the working class created under capitalism,[4][6] and his discussion of mieux value anticipates the Marxist concept of surplus value.[7][8] According to Gareth Stedman Jones, "much of what Sismondi wrote became part of the standard repertoire of socialist criticism of modern industry."[9][better source needed] en-wikipedia-org-3821 en-wikipedia-org-3825 Edward Gibbon Wakefield (20 March 1796 – 16 May 1862) is considered a key figure in the establishment of the colonies of South Australia and New Zealand (where he later served as an member of parliament). Wakefield returned to England in early 1844 to find the New Zealand Company under serious attack from the Colonial Office. ^ Richard Garnett, Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand (Longmans, Green & Company, 1898). ^ a b Garnett, Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand (1898). ^ Peter Alan Stuart, Edward Gibbon Wakefield in New Zealand: His Political Career, 1853-4 (Victoria University Press, 1971). Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand (Longmans, Green & Company, 1898). Edward Gibbon Wakefield in New Zealand: His Political Career, 1853-4 (Victoria University Press, 1971). en-wikipedia-org-3834 Dr Jennifer "Jenny" Wormald FRSA, FRHistS HonFSA Scot (18 January 1942 – 9 December 2015) was a Scottish historian who studied late medieval and early modern Scotland. Her most important research was on bloodfeud in early modern Scotland, particularly in her article "Bloodfeud, Kindred and Government in Early Modern Scotland", which was highly influential.[4] Wormald also produced a study of the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots. She was most recently an Honorary Fellow in Scottish History at the University of Edinburgh. Wormald was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on 30 November 2015. "Jenny Wormald, former Fellow and Tutor in Modern History at St Hilda''s, has died". Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3842 en-wikipedia-org-3847 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. In this work, Botero argued against the amoral political philosophy associated with Niccolò Machiavelli''s The Prince, not only because it lacked a Christian foundation but also because it simply did not work. Basing his political and economic ideas primarily on the thought of Thomas Aquinas, Botero argued for a more sophisticated relationship between princes and their subjects, one that would give the people more power in the political and economic matters of the state. Nonetheless, Botero''s overall conception of political economy is again more ''liberal'' than that of Bodin, who argued for active participation by kings in the economy of the country, including mercantilist policies that would be enacted wholeheartedly in early modern France by Louis XIV and Colbert. Botero''s work would also influence the next generation of political and economic thinkers. en-wikipedia-org-3855 Although she rejected the labels "conservative" and "libertarian",[176] Rand has had continuing influence on right-wing politics and libertarianism.[11] Jim Powell, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, considers Rand one of the three most important women (along with Rose Wilder Lane and Isabel Paterson) of modern American libertarianism,[177] and David Nolan, one of the founders of the Libertarian Party, stated that "without Ayn Rand, the libertarian movement would not exist".[178] In his history of the libertarian movement, journalist Brian Doherty described her as "the most influential libertarian of the twentieth century to the public at large"[157] and biographer Jennifer Burns referred to her as "the ultimate gateway drug to life on the right".[179] Economist and Ayn Rand student George Reisman wrote: "Ayn Rand...in particular, must be cited as providing a philosophical foundation for the case of capitalism, and as being responsible probably more than anyone else for the current spread of pro-capitalist ideas."[180] en-wikipedia-org-3861 en-wikipedia-org-3865 en-wikipedia-org-3872 en-wikipedia-org-3876 en-wikipedia-org-3881 Guido De Ruggiero (Naples, 23 March 1888 – Rome, 29 December 1948) was an historian of philosophy, university professor and Italian politician. De Ruggiero taught history of philosophy first at the University of Messina (from 1923) and later at the University of Rome (from 1925). This biographical article about an Italian historian is a stub. Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3883 More recent scholarship, largely by Professor Dauvit Broun of Glasgow University, suggests that the portion of what has hitherto been considered Fordun''s chronicle, after 1153 should be regarded as two separate works, neither of which can, in any meaningful sense, be attributed to Fordun himself. We now refer to the list of yearly events after the death of King David I in 1153 as the separate works Gesta Annalia I and Gesta Annalia II.The new thinking, put forward by Professor Broun, has been presented to Scottish school pupils, by Bill Glennie in the following helpful terms Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-3885 Rationales for not believing in deities include arguments that there is a lack of empirical evidence,[18][19] the problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts that cannot be falsified, and the argument from nonbelief.[18][20] Nonbelievers contend that atheism is a more parsimonious position than theism and that everyone is born without beliefs in deities;[1] therefore, they argue that the burden of proof lies not on the atheist to disprove the existence of gods but on the theist to provide a rationale for theism.[21] Although some atheists have adopted secular philosophies (e.g. secular humanism),[22][23] there is no ideology or code of conduct to which all atheists adhere.[24] en-wikipedia-org-3886 Conservatism in Serbia Wikipedia Find sources: "Conservatism in Serbia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article gives an overview of conservatism in Serbia. 2.5 Democratic Party of Serbia 1914: A faction seceded as the Conservative Party (Konzervativna stranka), which supports a standing army, bicameral parliament and good ties with Austria-Hungary. People''s Radical Party[edit] Democratic Party of Serbia[edit] 1997: A faction seceded as the Democratic Christian Party of Serbia ( Demohrišćanska stranka Srbije ) New Serbia[edit] 1997: A wing seceded from the Serbian Renewal Movement and founded the New Serbia (Nova Srbija) Movement for Democratic Serbia[edit] 2001: A faction seceded as the People''s Democratic Party (Narodna demokratska stranka) People''s Democratic Party[edit] 2001: A faction seceded from the Movement for Democratic Serbia and formed the People''s Democratic Party (Narodna demokratska stranka) List of political parties in Serbia en-wikipedia-org-3889 Étienne-Gabriel Morelly Wikipedia According to The Code of Nature, "...where no property exists, none of its pernicious consequences could exist...." As Morelly believed that almost all social and moral ills were a consequence of private property, his proposed constitution eliminates most private property. Morelly''s position[edit] Morelly is often identified as an obscure tutor about whom almost nothing is known except that he lived in a small town in northwestern France, Vitry-le-François. External links[edit] Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons Edit links en-wikipedia-org-3898 Portrait of Horace Bénédict de Saussure (after the picture by Juel, in the Library at Geneva) Horace Bénédict de Saussure (17 February 1740 – 22 January 1799) was a Genevan[1] geologist, meteorologist, physicist, mountaineer and Alpine explorer, often called the founder of alpinism and modern meteorology, and considered to be the first person to build a successful solar oven. Although a patrician, Saussure held liberal views that induced him to present in 1774 a plan for the development of scientific education in the Geneva College, which would be open to all citizens, but this attempt failed. ^ Albert V.Carozzi, Manuscrits et publications de Horace-Bénédict de Saussure sur l''origine du basalte (1772–1797), Geneva, Editions Zoé, 2000 Carozzi & Gerda Bouvier, The scientific library of Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1797): annotated catalog of an 18th-century bibliographic and historic treasure, Geneva, 1994 (Mémoires de la SPHN, t. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horace Bénédict de Saussure. en-wikipedia-org-3901 en-wikipedia-org-3910 en-wikipedia-org-3927 W. Moore, citing Bernard Williams''s criteria for a great thinker, ranks Deleuze among the "greatest philosophers".[15] Although he once characterized himself as a "pure metaphysician",[16] his work has influenced a variety of disciplines across the humanities, including philosophy, art, and literary theory, as well as movements such as post-structuralism and postmodernism.[17] Deleuze''s works fall into two groups: on one hand, monographs interpreting the work of other philosophers (Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, Michel Foucault) and artists (Marcel Proust, Franz Kafka, Francis Bacon); on the other, eclectic philosophical tomes organized by concept (e.g., difference, sense, events, schizophrenia, economy, cinema, desire, philosophy). A philosophical concept "posits itself and its object at the same time as it is created."[46] In Deleuze''s view, then, philosophy more closely resembles practical or artistic production than it does an adjunct to a definitive scientific description of a pre-existing world (as in the tradition of John Locke or Willard Van Orman Quine). en-wikipedia-org-3931 en-wikipedia-org-394 Among the regulars in attendance at the salon—the coterie holbachique—were the following: Diderot, Grimm, Condillac, Condorcet, D''Alembert, Marmontel, Turgot, La Condamine, Raynal, Helvétius, Galiani, Morellet, Naigeon and, for a time, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[18] The salon was also visited by prominent British intellectuals, amongst them Adam Smith, David Hume, John Wilkes, Horace Walpole, Edward Gibbon, David Garrick, Laurence Sterne; the Italian Cesare Beccaria; and the American Benjamin Franklin.[19][20] Despite his extensive contributions to the Encyclopédie, d''Holbach is better known today for his philosophical writings, all of which were published anonymously or under pseudonyms and printed outside France, usually in Amsterdam by Marc-Michel Rey. His philosophy was expressly materialistic and atheistic and is today categorised into the philosophical movement called French materialism. This book leads to an atheistic philosophy that I detest."[24] Christianity Unveiled was followed by others, notably La Contagion sacrée ,[b] Théologie portative[c] and Essai sur les préjugés.[d] D''Holbach was helped in these endeavours by Jacques-André Naigeon, who would later become his literary executor.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-3940 en-wikipedia-org-3941 en-wikipedia-org-3942 en-wikipedia-org-3946 en-wikipedia-org-3947 en-wikipedia-org-3957 This article is about a school of art and architecture. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Historicisme (style)]]; see its history for attribution. In the history of art, after Neoclassicism which in the Romantic era could itself be considered a historicist movement, the 19th century included a new historicist phase characterized by an interpretation not only of Greek and Roman classicism, but also of succeeding stylistic eras, which were increasingly considered equivalent. When postmodern architecture became widely popular during the 1980s, a Neo-Historism style followed, that is still prominent and can be found around the world, especially in representative and upper-class buildings. 1 List of Historicism and Revivalism in Western architecture and decorative arts List of Historicism and Revivalism in Western architecture and decorative arts[edit] Historicism and Revivalism in architecture and decorative arts en-wikipedia-org-3980 en-wikipedia-org-3985 Fields Ancient history of Serbia and Serbs (alternative history) Deretić is an engineer by training, but is mainly noted for his historical theories.[1] He is the proponent of an alternative history of the Serbs that asserts a larger role in history than described by historians. Serb people and race, New Vulgate, Chicago, ISBN 86-86129-03-X History of the Serbs and Russians, II History of the Serbs and Russians, II External links[edit] Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles containing Serbian-language text Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-3990 Gabriel Honoré Marcel[a] (1889–1973) was a French philosopher, playwright, music critic and leading Christian existentialist. Though often regarded as the first French existentialist, he dissociated himself from figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre, preferring the term philosophy of existence or neo-Socrateanism to define his own thought. He is often classified as one of the earliest existentialists, although he dreaded being placed in the same category as Jean-Paul Sartre; Marcel came to prefer the label neo-Socratic (possibly because of Søren Kierkegaard, the father of Christian existentialism, who was a neo-Socratic thinker himself). For many years, Marcel hosted a weekly philosophy discussion group through which he met and influenced important younger French philosophers like Jean Wahl, Paul Ricœur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Jean-Paul Sartre. He also influenced phenomenologist and Thomistic philosopher Karol Wojtyla (later Pope John Paul II), who drew on Marcel''s distinction between "being" and "having" in his critique of technological change.[10] Emmanuel Levinas, Paul Ricœur and Xavier Tilliette, Jean Wahl et Gabriel Marcel, Beauchesne, 1976, 96 p., en-wikipedia-org-4006 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe[a] (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman. The most important of Goethe''s works produced before he went to Weimar were Götz von Berlichingen (1773), a tragedy that was the first work to bring him recognition, and the novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (German: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (1774), which gained him enormous fame as a writer in the Sturm und Drang period which marked the early phase of Romanticism. Homology, or as Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire called it "analogie", was used by Charles Darwin as strong evidence of common descent and of laws of variation.[39] Goethe''s studies (notably with an elephant''s skull lent to him by Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring) led him to independently discover the human intermaxillary bone, also known as "Goethe''s bone", in 1784, which Broussonet (1779) and Vicq d''Azyr (1780) had (using different methods) identified several years earlier.[40] While not the only one in his time to question the prevailing view that this bone did not exist in humans, Goethe, who believed ancient anatomists had known about this bone, was the first to prove its existence in all mammals. en-wikipedia-org-4008 Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher.[3] A leading transcendentalist,[4] he is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay "Civil Disobedience" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. F. Skinner, David Brower, and Loren Eiseley, whom Publishers Weekly called "the modern Thoreau".[106] English writer Henry Stephens Salt wrote a biography of Thoreau in 1890, which popularized Thoreau''s ideas in Britain: George Bernard Shaw, Edward Carpenter, and Robert Blatchford were among those who became Thoreau enthusiasts as a result of Salt''s advocacy.[107] Mohandas Gandhi first read Walden in 1906 while working as a civil rights activist in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Correspondence of Henry David Thoreau edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1958)[174] en-wikipedia-org-4012 The Cyrenaics or Kyrenaics (Ancient Greek: Κυρηναϊκοί; Kyrēnaïkoí) were a sensual hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger. It is uncertain precisely which doctrines ascribed to the Cyrenaic school were formulated by Aristippus.[1] Diogenes Laërtius, based on the authority of Sotion and Panaetius, provided a long list of books said to have been written by Aristippus. After the time of the younger Aristippus, the school broke up into different factions, represented by Anniceris, Hegesias, and Theodorus, who all developed rival interpretations of Cyrenaic doctrines, many of which were responses to the new system of hedonistic philosophy laid down by Epicurus.[6] By the middle of the 3rd century BC, the Cyrenaic school was obsolete; Epicureanism had successfully beaten its Cyrenaic rivals by offering a system which was more sophisticated.[7] "Cyrenaic School of Philosophy" . en-wikipedia-org-403 Acosmism, in contrast to pantheism, denies the reality of the universe, seeing it as ultimately illusory (the prefix "ἀ-" in Greek meaning negation; like "un-" in English), and only the infinite unmanifest Absolute as real.[1] Conceptual versions of Acosmism are found in eastern and western philosophies. Acosmism has been seen in the work of a number of Western philosophers, including Parmenides, Plato, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and British and American idealists, such as F.H. Bradley.[16][17] The word acosmism is often traced to Hegel who used it in his discussion of the philosophy of religion, in particular his understanding of pantheism and refutation of the charge that Spinoza was an atheist.[18][19][20] Hegel explains that for Spinoza it is the infinite ''substance'' which is real, while the finite world does not exist. (2006) Hegel: Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion: One-Volume Edition, The Lectures of 1827, OUP. en-wikipedia-org-4034 Buffon''s works, Histoire naturelle (1749–1789) and Époques de la nature (1778), containing well-developed theories about a completely materialistic origin for the Earth and his ideas questioning the fixity of species, were extremely influential.[46][47] Another French philosopher, Denis Diderot, also wrote that living things might have first arisen through spontaneous generation, and that species were always changing through a constant process of experiment where new forms arose and survived or not based on trial and error; an idea that can be considered a partial anticipation of natural selection.[48] Between 1767 and 1792, James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, included in his writings not only the concept that man had descended from primates, but also that, in response to the environment, creatures had found methods of transforming their characteristics over long time intervals.[49] Charles Darwin''s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, published Zoonomia (1794–1796) which suggested that "all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament."[50] In his poem Temple of Nature (1803), he described the rise of life from minute organisms living in mud to all of its modern diversity.[51] en-wikipedia-org-4035 In ancient Greece, Socrates initiated the rationalistic teaching that any agent is obliged to pursue the chief good conceived by his or her mind.[4] Strato of Lampsacus speculated that an unconscious divine power acts in the world and causes the origin, growth, and breakdown of things.[5] Diodorus Cronus asserted the identity of the possible and the necessary and inferred that future events are as determined as the past ones.[6] Chrysippus of Soli refuted the "idle argument" invented to discredit determinism as if human efforts were futile in a preordained world; he explained that fated events occur with the engagement of conscious agents.[7] Recently, Daniel Wegner stressed the limitations of free will on grounds of experimental evidence for unconscious choice and action.[14] To prove determinism, the following putative experiment was proposed: all principal differences between the features of an artificial zygote and that developing naturally can be avoided.[15] Psychological effects of belief in hard determinism[edit] en-wikipedia-org-4044 File:Blue flag waving.svg Wikipedia File:Blue flag waving.svg Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. Useful for articles pertaining to conservatism. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL licensing update.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC-BY-SA-3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic license. URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Viktorvoigt 07:46, 26 April 2007 249 × 268 (5 KB) Viktorvoigt {{Information |Description=Based on Image:Red flag waving.svg. More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Friedrich Carl von Savigny Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) List of conservative parties by country View more links to this file. The following other wikis use this file: View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_flag_waving.svg" en-wikipedia-org-4067 According to Karl Potter, the Jain anekāntavāda doctrine emerged in a milieu that included Buddhists and Hindus in ancient and medieval India.[61] The diverse Hindu schools such as Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Samkhya-Yoga and Mimamsa-Vedanta, all accepted the premise of Atman that "unchanging permanent soul, self exists and is self-evident", while various schools of early Buddhism denied it and substituted it with Anatta (no-self, no-soul). Early Jain texts were not composed in Vedic or classical Sanskrit, but in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit language.[63] According to Matilal, the earliest Jain literature that present a developing form of a substantial anekantavada doctrine is found in Sanskrit texts, and after Jaina scholars had adopted Sanskrit to debate their ideas with Buddhists and Hindus of their era.[64] These texts show a synthetic development, the existence and borrowing of terminology, ideas and concepts from rival schools of Indian thought but with innovation and original thought that disagreed with their peers.[64] en-wikipedia-org-4079 en-wikipedia-org-4080 en-wikipedia-org-4081 Category:Deist philosophers Wikipedia Category:Deist philosophers Jump to navigation Jump to search This category is reserved for those individuals notable for advocating or explaining the religious philosophy of Deism. Pages in category "Deist philosophers" The following 23 pages are in this category, out of 23 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Thomas Morgan (deist) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Deist_philosophers&oldid=931950948" Categories: Deists Religious philosophers Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views Edit View history Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Special pages Page information Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2019, at 11:59 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-4088 Hegel asserted that in order for the thinking subject (human reason or consciousness) to be able to know its object (the world) at all, there must be in some sense an identity of thought and being. According to Hegel, the absolute ground of being is essentially a dynamic, historical process of necessity that unfolds by itself in the form of increasingly complex forms of being and of consciousness, ultimately giving rise to all the diversity in the world and in the concepts with which we think and make sense of the world.[citation needed] This is a variation, if not a transformation, of Hegel''s German Idealist predecessor Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775–1854), who argued for a philosophy of Identity: Hegel''s innovation in the history of German idealism was for a self-consciousness or self-questioning, that would lead to a more inclusive, holistic rationality of the world. Schopenhauer noted[where?] that Hegel created his absolute idealism after Kant had discredited all proofs of God''s existence. Limnatis, German Idealism and the Problem of Knowledge: Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel, Springer, 2008, pp. en-wikipedia-org-409 David Foster Wallace in his 2005 essay "Consider the Lobster" investigated the potential sentience and capacity of crustaceans to experience pain and the resulting ethical implications of eating them.[1][2] In 2014, the philosopher Robert C. Jones explored the ethical question that Wallace raised, arguing that "[e]ven if one remains skeptical of crustacean sentience, when it comes to issues of welfare it would be most prudent to employ the precautionary principle regarding our treatment of these animals, erring on the side of caution".[3] Maximilian Padden Elder takes a similar view regarding the capacity for fishes to feel pain, arguing that the "precautionary principle is the moral ethic one ought to adopt in the face of uncertainty".[4] Simon Knutsson and Christian Munthe argue that from the perspective of virtue ethics, that when it comes to animals of uncertain sentience, such as "fish, invertebrates such as crustaceans, snails and insects", that it is a "requirement of a morally decent (or virtuous) person that she at least pays attention to and is cautious regarding the possibly morally relevant aspects of such animals".[8] en-wikipedia-org-4090 en-wikipedia-org-412 en-wikipedia-org-4123 Abel-François Villemain Wikipedia Abel-François Villemain (9 June 1790 – 8 May 1870) was a French politician and writer. Villemain was born in Paris and educated at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Public Education Abel-François Villemain Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4129 Camp in this sense has been suggested to have possibly derived from the French term se camper, meaning "to pose in an exaggerated fashion".[6][7] Later, it evolved into a general description of the aesthetic choices and behavior of working-class homosexual men.[8] The concept of camp was described by Christopher Isherwood in 1954 in his novel The World in the Evening, and then in 1964 by Susan Sontag in her essay and book Notes on "Camp".[9] Dusty Springfield is a camp icon.[20] In public and on stage, Springfield developed a joyful image supported by her peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up that included her much-copied "panda eye" mascara.[20][21][22][23][24] Springfield borrowed elements of her look from blonde glamour queens of the 1950s, such as Brigitte Bardot and Catherine Deneuve, and pasted them together according to her own taste.[25][26] Her ultra-glamorous look made her a camp icon and this, combined with her emotive vocal performances, won her a powerful and enduring following in the gay community.[24][26] Besides the prototypical female drag queen, she was presented in the roles of the "Great White Lady" of pop and soul and the "Queen of Mods".[22][27] More recently South Korean rapper Psy, known for his viral internet music videos full of flamboyant dance and visuals, has come to be seen as a 21st-century incarnation of camp style.[28][29] en-wikipedia-org-4136 en-wikipedia-org-4138 en-wikipedia-org-4142 en-wikipedia-org-4146 en-wikipedia-org-4161 According to The Heritage Foundation, these free market principles are what helped the United States transition to a free-market economy.[citation needed] International free trade improved the country and in order for Americans to prosper from a strong economy they had no choice but to embrace it.[3] Each group is assigned a numerical value between 1 and 5 as the index is the arithmetical mean of the values, rounded to the nearest hundredth. The definition of free market has been disputed and made complex by collectivist political philosophers and socialist economic ideas.[1] This contention arose from the divergence from classical economists such as Richard Cantillon, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Thomas Robert Malthus and from the continental economics developed primarily by the Spanish scholastic and French classical economists, including Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, Jean-Baptiste Say and Frédéric Bastiat. en-wikipedia-org-417 At Johns Hopkins he taught a course on the history of German thought, which was "one of his chief interests" because he was able to give consideration to the philosophy of history.[8] After four years at the University of California, Berkeley, he went to Harvard in 1882 as a sabbatical replacement for William James,[9] who was Royce''s friend and philosophical antagonist. John Clendenning''s 1999 book is the standard biography of Royce.[10] Autobiographical remarks by Royce can be found in Oppenheim''s study.[11] In 1883 Royce was approached by a publishing company who asked him to write the state history of California, "In view of his precarious circumstances at Harvard and his desire to pursue the philosophical work for which he had come east, Royce found the prospect attractive […]. en-wikipedia-org-4170 en-wikipedia-org-418 Although having different roots, Wahhabism and Salafism are considered more or less merged in the 60s Saudi Arabia.[78][79][80] In the process, Salafism had been greatly influenced by Wahhabism, and today they share the similar religious outlook.[80] Wahhabism is also described as a Saudi brand of Salafism.[81][82] From the political perspective, Wahhabism is marked in its teaching of bay''ah (oath to allegiance), which requires Muslims to present an allegiance to the ruler of the society.[83] Wahhabis have traditionally given their allegiance to the House of Saud, and this has made them apolitical in Saudi Arabia.[84] However, there are small numbers of other strains including Salafi Jihadist offshoot which decline to present an allegiance to the House of Saud.[84][85] Wahhabism is also characterized by its disinterest in social justice, anticolonialism, or economic equality, expounded upon by the mainstream Islamists.[86] Historically, Wahhabism was state-sponsored and internationally propagated by Saudi Arabia with the help of funding from mainly Saudi petroleum exports,[87] leading to the "explosive growth" of its influence (and subsequently, the influence of Salafism) from the 70s (a phenomenon often dubbed as Petro-Islam).[88] Today, both Wahhabism and Salafism exert their influence worldwide, and they have been indirectly contributing to the upsurge of Salafi Jihadism as well.[88] en-wikipedia-org-4185 Supporters of internationalism are known as internationalists and generally believe that humans should unite across national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their common interests, or that governments should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes.[3] Those liberal conceptions of internationalism were harshly criticized by socialists and radicals at the time, who pointed out the links between global economic competition and imperialism, and would identify this competition as being a root cause of world conflict. One of the first international organisations in the world was the International Workingmen''s Association, formed in London in 1864 by working class socialist and communist political activists (including Karl Marx). Referred to as the First International, the organization was dedicated to the advancement of working class political interests across national boundaries, and was in direct ideological opposition to strains of liberal internationalism which advocated free trade and capitalism as means of achieving world peace and interdependence. en-wikipedia-org-4186 en-wikipedia-org-4190 Jacob Vernet (29 August 1698, in Geneva – 26 March 1789, in Geneva) was a prominent theologian in Geneva, Republic of Geneva, who believed in a rationalist approach to religion. When D''Alembert visited Geneva to collect material for an encyclopedia article on the city, he stayed with Voltaire, but was assisted by Vernet who provided much material on the city''s history and government.[5] In 1754 Rousseau wrote to Vernet about being readmitted to the church of Geneva.[5] The article suggested that the Geneva clergymen including Vernet, Jacob Vernes and others had moved from Calvinism to pure Socinianism. His major work was a French edition of Turrentin''s Latin theses on the Christian religion, which is designed to show that the faith is aligned with reason. chez Barrillot et fils.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) "Geneva: Jacob Vernet''s "Middle Way"". Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4193 en-wikipedia-org-4197 en-wikipedia-org-4204 Judaism (Hebrew: יהדות‎, Yahadut; originally from Hebrew יהודה, Yehudah, "Judah", via Greek Judaismes[2][3][4]) is an ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people.[5][6][7] Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel.[8] It encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Within Judaism there are a variety of religious movements, most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism,[10][11] which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah.[12] Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period;[10][13] the Karaites during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations.[14] Some modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be considered secular or nontheistic.[15][16] Today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism (Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism), Conservative Judaism, and Reform Judaism. en-wikipedia-org-4208 en-wikipedia-org-421 en-wikipedia-org-4212 Wieland''s tastes had changed; the writings of his early Swiss years — Der geprüfte Abraham (The Trial of Abraham''s Faith, 1753), Sympathien (1756), Empfindungen eines Christen (1757) — were still in the manner of his earlier writings, but with the tragedies, Lady Johanna Gray (1758), and Clementina von Porretta (1760) — the latter based on Samuel Richardson''s Sir Charles Grandison — the epic fragment Cyrus (first five cantos, 1759), and the "moral story in dialogues", Araspes und Panthea (1760), Wieland, as Gotthold Lessing said, "forsook the ethereal spheres to wander again among the sons of men." In Cyrus, he had been inspired by the deeds of Frederick the Great to write a poem exhibiting the ideal of a hero. en-wikipedia-org-4217 en-wikipedia-org-4218 Herder most pronouncedly after Georg Forster''s 1791 translation of the Sanskrit play Shakuntala was influenced by the religious imagery of Hinduism and Indian literature, which he saw in a positive light, writing several essays on the topic and the preface to the 1803 edition of Shakuntala.[27][28] After becoming General Superintendent in 1776, Herder''s philosophy shifted again towards classicism, and he produced works such as his unfinished Outline of a Philosophical History of Humanity which largely originated the school of historical thought. The most important philosophical works of the early Herder available in English, including an unabridged version of the Treatise on the Origin of Language and This Too a Philosophy of History for the Formation of Mankind. en-wikipedia-org-4228 Cultural liberalism Wikipedia This article is about the liberal view of society that stresses the freedom of individuals from cultural norms. For the variety of liberalism that endorses a regulated market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights, see Social liberalism. Find sources: "Cultural liberalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cultural liberalism is a liberal view of society that stresses the freedom of individuals from cultural norms and in the words of Henry David Thoreau is often expressed as the right to "march to the beat of a different drummer".[1] Because cultural liberalism expresses the social dimension of liberalism, it is often referred to as social liberalism, especially in countries such as the United States. Cultural liberalism Cultural liberalism Cultural liberalism en-wikipedia-org-423 en-wikipedia-org-4234 Voet is one of the so-called "old authorities" of Roman-Dutch law, along with Hugo Grotius, Simon van Leeuwen (nl), Joan Cos, Gerhard Noodt, Zacharias Huber, Cornelius van Bynkershoek, Hobins van der Vorm, Gerloff Scheltinga (de), Willem Schorer (nl), Franciscus Lievens Kersteman, J. From 1680 to his death he was a professor and the chair of law at Leiden, being twice elected as rector.[1]:327 He was a deacon in the Dutch Reformed Church and later worked for the Church as an accountant. Unlike the work of Hugo Grotius and Simon van Leeuwen with which Voet''s Commentary has been compared, Voet, as a teacher of law, wrote in Latin and not Dutch, as Latin at the time was the teaching language. ^ a b c d e "Chapter 35 of ''Notes on the History and Development of the Roman-Dutch Law''". Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4240 en-wikipedia-org-4242 Political conservatism in Hong Kong derived from the Chinese tradition of familism and Confucianism and was incorporated into the colonial government''s policies by Governor Cecil Clementi in the 1920s in wake of the rising radicalism and also Bolshevism. To curb the rise of the liberal force in the legislature, 21 appointed and indirectly elected Legislative Council members from the functional constituencies founded the Co-operative Resources Centre (CRC) led by Senior Unofficial Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils Allen Lee, which transformed into the Liberal Party in 1993.[20] About the same time, the traditional leftists, which were now considered to be conservative, also formed in the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) led by Tsang Yok-sing in 1992. en-wikipedia-org-4258 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Having spent his life as a highly trained economist with Marxist convictions and heroic career as a revolutionary, his fall from grace and savage punishment led him to develop an authentic and deeply personal conversion to the values of liberal democracy. In his article "On Commercial Production and the Theory of Value under Socialism" (1957), he insisted that the market, rather than a central Plan, should be the basis of productive decisions. Britain inherited technologies accumulated from the Renaissance onward, gathered experience in management, navigation developed in the 16th century, trade, and the advantageous consequences of colonization. Hidden categories: BLP articles lacking sources from November 2020 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4279 en-wikipedia-org-4284 en-wikipedia-org-4288 View that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other. ''Hard incompatibilism'' is a term coined by Derk Pereboom to designate the view that both determinism and indeterminism are incompatible with having free will and moral responsibility.[10] Like the hard determinist, the hard incompatibilist holds that if determinism were true, our having free will would be ruled out. en-wikipedia-org-4293 Some Catholic critics[who?] say that Protestant Churches, including the Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, and Reformed traditions, each teach a different form of the doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist,[32][33][34] with Lutherans affirming Christ''s presence as a sacramental union, and Reformed/Presbyterian Christians affirming a pneumatic presence.[34][35] Baptists,[36][37] Anabaptists,[38] the Plymouth Brethren,[38] Jehovah''s Witnesses,[39] and other Restorationist Protestant denominations affirm that the Lord''s Supper is a memorial of Jesus'' death,[38] and consider the belief in the real presence of Christ to be crypto-papist, unbiblical or a misinterpretation of the Scriptures. en-wikipedia-org-430 en-wikipedia-org-4301 Prince Ilia Chavchavadze (Georgian: ილია ჭავჭავაძე; 8 November 1837 – 12 September 1907) was a Georgian public figure, journalist, publisher, writer and poet who spearheaded the revival of the Georgian national movement in the second half of the 19th century and played a major role in the creation of Georgian civil society during the Russian rule of Georgia. In his articles Chavchavadze discussed number of topics, among them : national issues, literature, education, theater, politics, economics, current issues and events happening not just in Georgia, but around the world and especially in Europe. His views about self-government, judicial system, social issues, human rights, women rights, economics, education and civic activism were modern and contributed much to the creation of Georgian sense of national identity, formation of civil society and also to social and political discussions of his time. en-wikipedia-org-4304 en-wikipedia-org-4316 Humor was perceived as irony and sarcasm.[11] The Confucian "Analects" itself, however, depicts the Master as fond of humorous self-deprecation, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog.[12] Early Daoist philosophical texts such as "Zhuangzi" pointedly make fun of Confucian seriousness and make Confucius himself a slow-witted figure of fun.[13] Joke books containing a mix of wordplay, puns, situational humour, and play with taboo subjects like sex and scatology, remained popular over the centuries. 90% of men and 81% of women, all college students, report having a sense of humour is a crucial characteristic looked for in a romantic partner.[22] Humour and honesty were ranked as the two most important attributes in a significant other.[23] It has since been recorded that humour becomes more evident and significantly more important as the level of commitment in a romantic relationship increases.[24] Recent research suggests expressions of humour in relation to physical attractiveness are two major factors in the desire for future interaction.[21] Women regard physical attractiveness less highly compared to men when it came to dating, a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse.[21] However, women rate humorous men more desirable than nonhumorous individuals for a serious relationship or marriage, but only when these men were physically attractive.[21] en-wikipedia-org-4318 Category:Aesthetics Wikipedia Category:Aesthetics Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aesthetics. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. ► Branches of ancient Greek philosophy ► Philosophy of logic Pages in category "Aesthetics" The following 140 pages are in this category, out of 140 total. Aesthetics Aesthetics Outline of aesthetics Aesthetic absolutism Aesthetics of nature Ancient aesthetics Applied aesthetics Philosophy of architecture Art and emotion List of art critics The arts and politics Arts criticism Arts criticism Communication aesthetics Conceptual art Evolutionary aesthetics Feminist aesthetics History of aesthetics before the 20th century Indian aesthetics Index of aesthetics articles Marxist aesthetics Medieval aesthetics Metaphysical aesthetics Aesthetics of music Philosophy of music Relational art Arthur Schopenhauer''s aesthetics Theological aesthetics Theory of art Categories: The arts Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools en-wikipedia-org-4333 en-wikipedia-org-4346 en-wikipedia-org-435 en-wikipedia-org-4350 The Cartesian Method is the philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably François Poullain de la Barre, Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza.[1] Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences.[2] For him, the philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, and expressed it in this way:[3] Aristotle and St. Augustine''s work influenced Descartes''s cogito argument.[4][failed verification] Additionally, there is similarity between Descartes''s work and that of the Scottish philosopher, George Campbell''s 1776 publication, titled Philosophy of Rhetoric. In the Netherlands, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers. Notable Cartesians[edit] (ed.), "Epistemology", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, archived from the original on 22 September 2019, retrieved 17 April 2019 "Cartesianism | philosophy". en-wikipedia-org-4356 File:David Hume 1754.jpeg Wikipedia File:David Hume 1754.jpeg Jump to navigation David_Hume_1754.jpeg ‎(466 × 600 pixels, file size: 37 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg) This is a faithful photographic reproduction of a two-dimensional, public domain work of art. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 02:20, 16 December 2008 466 × 600 (37 KB) King of Hearts {{Information |Description={{en|1=An engraving of Scottish philosopher w:David Hume from w:The History of Great Britain.}} |Source=[http://tbn0.google.com/hosted/images/c?q=a3b8d31a7649c46c_landing] |Author=Unknown |Date=1754 |Permission=PD |oth The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): David Hume David Hume David Hume David Hume Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Usage on tr.wikipedia.org Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Hume_1754.jpeg" en-wikipedia-org-4357 en-wikipedia-org-4358 The phrase "the best of all possible worlds" (French: le meilleur des mondes possibles; German: Die beste aller möglichen Welten) was coined by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l''homme et l''origine du mal (Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil). Since all the premises are right, then Leibniz concluded, "The universe that God chose to exist is the best of all possible worlds".[1] It would overall be a contradiction to his good and perfect nature, and so the universe that God has chosen to create can only be the best of all possible worlds.[12] While Leibniz argued that suffering is good because it incites human will, critics argue that the degree of suffering is too severe to justify belief that God has created the "best of all possible worlds". en-wikipedia-org-4359 File:Wikisource-logo.svg Wikipedia File:Wikisource-logo.svg Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: 410 × 430 pixels. This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 13:25, 4 June 2006 410 × 430 (16 KB) Rei-artur {{User:Rei-artur/by}} {{Information| |Description=Wikisource logo, no text variant |Source= |Date= |Author=Nicholas Moreau |Permission= |other_versions=Image:Wikisource-newberg-de.png }} {{CopyrightByWikimedia}} Category:Wikisource[[Category:Wiki File usage File usage More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. View more links to this file. Global file usage Global file usage The following other wikis use this file: View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-4366 Hume Studies Wikipedia Hume Studies Discipline Philosophy Hume Studies is an interdisciplinary journal that publishes articles on the philosophical thought of David Hume.[1] It is published by the Hume Society in April and November issues.[1] There is open access to the journal''s first 30 volumes, which are available in their issue archive. Australasian Journal of Philosophy Canadian Journal of Philosophy European Journal of Philosophy The Journal of Philosophy The Journal of Philosophy Thought: A Journal of Philosophy Journal of Moral Philosophy Journal of Social Philosophy International Journal of Applied Philosophy Journal of Philosophical Logic Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy British Journal for the Philosophy of Science British Journal for the History of Philosophy Journal of the History of Philosophy Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy Category:Philosophy journals List of philosophy journals List of philosophy journals This article about a philosophy journal is a stub. Journals about philosophers Philosophy journal stubs en-wikipedia-org-4380 Baumgarten developed aesthetics to mean the study of good and bad "taste", thus good and bad art, linking good taste with beauty. Baumgarten appropriated the word aesthetics, which had always meant "sensation", to mean taste or "sense" of beauty. In 1781, Kant declared that Baumgarten''s aesthetics could never contain objective rules, laws, or principles of natural or artistic beauty. Nine years later, in his Critique of Judgment, Kant conformed to Baumgarten''s new usage and employed the word aesthetic to mean the judgment of taste or the estimation of the beautiful. In 1897, Leo Tolstoy, in his What is Art?, criticized Baumgarten''s book on aesthetics. Whatever the limitations of Baumgarten''s theory of aesthetics, Frederick Copleston credits him with playing a formative role in German aesthetics, extending Christian Wolff''s philosophy to topics that Wolff did not consider, and demonstrating the existence of a legitimate topic for philosophical analysis that could not be reduced to abstract logical analysis.[10] en-wikipedia-org-4388 en-wikipedia-org-4396 en-wikipedia-org-440 en-wikipedia-org-4404 en-wikipedia-org-4407 en-wikipedia-org-4418 en-wikipedia-org-4422 en-wikipedia-org-4425 en-wikipedia-org-4430 Ionian School (philosophy) Wikipedia This article is about the ancient Greek school of thought. Map of ancient Ionia, on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea. The Ionian school of Pre-Socratic philosophy was centred in Miletus, Ionia in the 6th century BC. Miletus and its environs was a thriving mercantile melting pot of current ideas of the time.[1] The Ionian School included such thinkers as Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus.[2] The collective affinity of this group was first acknowledged by Aristotle who called them physiologoi (φυσιολόγοι),[3] meaning ''those who discoursed on nature''. Aristotle wrote in Metaphysics, "Thales, the founder of this school of philosophy [Ionian School], says the permanent entity is water (which is why he also propounded that the earth floats on water). 475 BCE) disagreed with Thales, Anaximander, and Pythagoras about the nature of the ultimate substance and claimed instead that everything is derived from the Greek classical element fire, rather than from air, water, or earth. Ancient Greek schools of philosophy en-wikipedia-org-4433 AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities en-wikipedia-org-4438 Weak anthropic principle (WAP) (Barrow and Tipler): "The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirements that the universe be old enough for it to have already done so."[24] Since that time a number of mechanisms for producing a multiverse have been suggested: see the review by Max Tegmark.[34] An important development in the 1980s was the combination of inflation theory with the hypothesis that some parameters are determined by symmetry breaking in the early universe, which allows parameters previously thought of as "fundamental constants" to vary over very large distances, thus eroding the distinction between Carter''s weak and strong principles. en-wikipedia-org-4442 This page provides help with the most common questions about Wikipedia. You can also search all Wikipedia''s help pages using the search box below, or browse the Help menu or the Help directory. The Readers'' FAQ and our about page contain the most commonly sought information about Wikipedia. The Simplified Manual of Style and Cheatsheet can remind you of basic wiki markup. If you spot a problem with an article, you can fix it directly, by clicking on the "Edit" link at the beginning of that page. See the "edit an article" section of this page for more information. Manual of Style directory: pages related to the style manual of Wikipedia articles. Wiki markup: for the syntax used by Wikipedia to format a page. Editing Wikipedia: has general help for editors. Ask for help on your talk page (a volunteer will visit you there) Help page en-wikipedia-org-4447 She was known to walk battlefields and experience the same weather and field conditions as the subjects of her histories, mindful that Cromwell had no military experience and most participants in the English Civil War were "talented amateurs" when it came to military manoeuvres.[4] The subject was one of great controversy and rival schools of historical interpretations, but she held herself apart, "probably put off by the sheer scholasticism into which the treatment of the subject had degenerated, the rudeness with which academics treated each other over it, when she herself was always courteous and lady-like." Instead, "what was remarkable about Wedgwood''s view of the Civil War was the way in which she depicted the sheer confusion of it all, the impossibility of co-ordinating events in three countries, once order from the centre had broken down".[2] en-wikipedia-org-4457 File:Old Calton David Hume.jpg Wikipedia File:Old Calton David Hume.jpg Original file ‎(2,304 × 3,072 pixels, file size: 2.68 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. Tomb of David Hume, Old Calton Cemetery, Edinburgh, designed by Robert Adam. Own work, attribution required (Multi-license with GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY 3.0) I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 14:26, 8 March 2010 2,304 × 3,072 (2.68 MB) Jonathan Oldenbuck {{Information |Description=Tomb of David Hume, Old Calton Cemetery, Edinburgh, designed by Robert Adam. |Source=Own work |Date=2010-03-08 |Author=User:Jonathan Oldenbuck |Permission=Own work, attribution required (Multi-license with GFDL and Creative File change date and time 14:14, 8 March 2010 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Calton_David_Hume.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-4464 Category:British sceptics Wikipedia Category:British sceptics Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skeptics from the United Kingdom. The main article for this category is Scepticism. This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "British sceptics" The following 44 pages are in this category, out of 44 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). David Colquhoun John Diamond (journalist) Simeon Edmunds John Garrow David Robert Grimes David Hume John Maddox Nevil Maskelyne (magician) John G. William Marriott (magician) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_sceptics&oldid=752846120" Categories: Skeptics by nationality Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools Category View history Navigation Tools Page information Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2016, at 18:25 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-4467 en-wikipedia-org-4475 A multi-country 2011 survey found support for this view among the "informed public" ranging from 30 to 80%.[28] Ronald Duska and Jacques Cory have described Friedman''s argument as consequentialist or utilitarian rather than pragmatic: Friedman''s argument implies that unrestrained corporate freedom would benefit the most people in the long term.[29] Duska argued that Friedman failed to differentiate two very different aspects of business: (1) the motive of individuals, who are generally motivated by profit to participate in business, and (2) the socially sanctioned purpose of business, or the reason why people allow businesses to exist, which is to provide goods and services to people.[30] So Friedman was wrong that making a profit is the only concern of business, Duska argued.[30] Among the many people management strategies that companies employ are a "soft" approach that regards employees as a source of creative energy and participants in workplace decision making, a "hard" version explicitly focused on control[92] and Theory Z that emphasizes philosophy, culture and consensus.[93] None ensure ethical behavior.[94] Some studies claim that sustainable success requires a humanely treated and satisfied workforce.[95][96][97] en-wikipedia-org-4480 en-wikipedia-org-4493 en-wikipedia-org-4499 en-wikipedia-org-4503 en-wikipedia-org-4507 en-wikipedia-org-451 Thünen''s model of agricultural land use[edit] Thünen''s model: the black dot represents a city; 1 (white) dairy and market gardening; 2 (green) forest for fuel; 3 (yellow) grains and field crops; 4 (red) ranching; the outer, dark green area represents wilderness where agriculture is not profitable Von Thünen''s Theory of Natural Wages. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4518 The International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) is an identifier system for uniquely identifying the public identities of contributors to media content such as books, television programmes, and newspaper articles. The ISNI allows a single identity (such as an author''s pseudonym or the imprint used by a publisher) to be identified using a unique number. ISNI can be used by libraries and archives when sharing catalogue information; for more precise searching for information online and in databases, and it can aid the management of rights across national borders and in the digital environment. As of 5 August 2017[update] ISNI holds public records of over 9.41 million identities, including 8.757 million people (of which 2.606 million are researchers) and 654,074 organisations.[19] "Encoding the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats". ISO 15511: International Standard Identifier for Libraries... ISO 27729: International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) en-wikipedia-org-452 en-wikipedia-org-4521 en-wikipedia-org-4524 The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a major printer of Bibles, prayer books, and scholarly works.[5] OUP took on the project that became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century, and expanded to meet the ever-rising costs of the work.[6] As a result, the last hundred years has seen Oxford publish further English and bilingual dictionaries, children''s books, school textbooks, music, journals, the World''s Classics series, and a range of English language teaching texts. When the American War of Independence deprived Oxford of a valuable market for its Bibles, this lease became too risky a proposition, and the Delegates were forced to offer shares in the Press to those who could take "the care and trouble of managing the trade for our mutual advantage." Forty-eight shares were issued, with the university holding a controlling interest.[30] At the same time, classical scholarship revived, with works by Jeremiah Markland and Peter Elmsley, as well as early 19th-century texts edited by a growing number of academics from mainland Europe – perhaps the most prominent being August Immanuel Bekker and Karl Wilhelm Dindorf. en-wikipedia-org-4540 Category:Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia Category:Articles with LibriVox links Jump to navigation Articles with external links including {{Librivox author}} and {{Librivox book}}. Pages in category "Articles with LibriVox links" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 7,631 total. John Stevens Cabot Abbott Thomas Kingsmill Abbott Adam Bede Adolphe Adam George Burton Adams Abigail Adams Andy Adams (writer) Arthur Henry Adams Brooks Adams Charles Follen Adams Charles Warren Adams Francis Adams (writer) Adams Henry Adams James Barton Adams John Adams John Quincy Adams Roger Adams Samuel Hopkins Adams William Henry Davenport Adams William Taylor Adams The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton The Alchemist (play) The Alchemist (short story) Alice Adams (novel) Alice''s Adventures in Wonderland James Allen (author) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links&oldid=958254837" Categories: Wikipedia external links View history Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4546 en-wikipedia-org-4548 Hume''s fork, in epistemology, is a tenet elaborating upon British empiricist philosopher David Hume''s emphatic, 1730s division between "relations of ideas" versus "matters of fact."[1][2] (Alternatively, Hume''s fork may refer to what is otherwise termed Hume''s law, a tenet of ethics.)[3] As phrased in Immanuel Kant''s 1780s characterization of Hume''s thesis, and furthered in the 1930s by the logical empiricists, Hume''s fork asserts that all statements are exclusively either "analytic a priori" or "synthetic a posteriori," which, respectively, are universally true by mere definition or, however apparently probable, are unknowable without exact experience.[2][4] en-wikipedia-org-4553 Category:Epistemological theories Wikipedia Category:Epistemological theories Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epistemological theories. Epistemology Epistemology of science Social epistemology Epistemology literature Concepts in epistemology Epistemological theories Epistemological theories The main article for this category is Epistemology. Pages in category "Epistemological theories" The following 140 pages are in this category, out of 140 total. Constructivism (philosophy of science) Critical realism (philosophy of perception) Epistemological anarchism Epistemological idealism Epistemological particularism Epistemological pluralism Epistemological realism Epistemological solipsism Evolutionary epistemology Formative epistemology Hierarchical epistemology Internalism and externalism Justification (epistemology) Logical positivism Moral rationalism Naturalism (philosophy) Naturalized epistemology New realism (philosophy) Phenomenal conservatism Philosophy of mind Platonic epistemology Rational fideism Reformed epistemology Theory of forms Virtue epistemology Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Epistemological_theories&oldid=970060638" Categories: Epistemology Philosophical theories Philosophical theories Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Personal tools By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4557 en-wikipedia-org-4565 en-wikipedia-org-4570 Category:Epistemology Wikipedia Category:Epistemology Jump to navigation main topic epistemology Philosophy portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epistemology. The main article for this category is Epistemology. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature, scope, and limitations of knowledge. Pages in category "Epistemology" Epistemology Index of epistemology articles Absolute (philosophy) Abstract object theory Action theory (philosophy) Anamnesis (philosophy) Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society Becoming (philosophy) Defeasible reasoning Disagreements (epistemology) Epistemological psychology Face-to-face (philosophy) Feminist philosophy of science Formal epistemology Identity (philosophy) Meaning (philosophy) Metaphor in philosophy Mind–body problem Neutrality (philosophy) Object (philosophy) Philosophy of logic Mind in eastern philosophy Philosophy of mind Philosophy of perception Philosophy of science Philosophy of testimony Plato''s Problem Point of view (philosophy) Presupposition (philosophy) Principle of sufficient reason Private language argument Probability interpretations Problem of universals Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Epistemology&oldid=978198672" Categories: Branches of philosophy Theoretical philosophy Hidden categories: Commons category link from Wikidata Personal tools en-wikipedia-org-458 en-wikipedia-org-4584 en-wikipedia-org-4589 en-wikipedia-org-459 Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people''s beliefs about morality.[citation needed] It contrasts with prescriptive or normative ethics, which is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act, and with meta-ethics, which is the study of what ethical terms and theories actually refer to. In other words, this is the division of philosophical or general ethics that involves the observation of the moral decision-making process with the goal of describing the phenomenon. Those working on descriptive ethics aim to uncover people''s beliefs about such things as values, which actions are right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous. Lawrence Kohlberg: An example of descriptive ethics[edit] Kohlberg''s research can be classed as descriptive ethics to the extent that he describes human beings'' actual moral development. If, in contrast, he had aimed to describe how humans ought to develop morally, his theory would have involved prescriptive ethics. en-wikipedia-org-4603 File:Commons-logo.svg Wikipedia File:Commons-logo.svg This is a local copy of an image on Commons, uploaded to ensure protection because it is one of the 100 most-used files on the English Wikipedia. See the description page on Commons for more information about this file. While the license of this file may be compliant with the Wikimedia Commons, an editor has requested that the local copy be kept too. 03:59, 3 October 2011 1,024 × 1,376 (10 KB) Anomie (talk | contribs) {{Keep local high-risk|reason=it is one of the 100 most-used files on the English Wikipedia}} ==License== :''''(Automatically detected from file categories on Commons at ~~~~~)'''' {{Non-free Wikimedia logo}} File:Commons-logo.svg from Commons View more links to this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg&oldid=981742043" Categories: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 files Wikipedia files on Wikimedia Commons for which a local copy has been requested to be kept en-wikipedia-org-463 In his masterpiece, The History of Italy, Guicciardini paved the way for a new style in historiography with his use of government sources to support arguments and the realistic analysis of the people and events of his time. Guicciardini is best known as the author of the Storia d''Italia (History of Italy), which provides a detailed account of politics in the Italian Peninsula between 1490 and 1534. Guicciardini and Machiavelli on politics and history[edit] ^ Sydney Alexander, Introduction to Francesco Guicciardini, The History of Italy, (Princeton, 1969), p. ^ Felix Gilbert, Machiavelli and Guicciardini: Politics and History in Sixteenth-Century Florence (Princeton, 1985) ^ Francesco Guicciardini The History of Italy, translated and edited by Sydney Alexander, (Princeton, 1969), p.363 ^ Sidney Alexander, Introduction to Francesco Guicciardini, The History of Italy (Princeton: 1969), p.xv. ^ Sidney Alexander, Introduction to Francesco Guicciardini, The History of Italy (Princeton: 1969), p.xv. Works by or about Francesco Guicciardini at Internet Archive en-wikipedia-org-4639 en-wikipedia-org-464 en-wikipedia-org-4644 Emilio Gentile (born 1946, in Bojano) is an Italian historian specializing in the ideology and culture of fascism. La sacralizzazione della politica nell''Italia fascista. English translation: The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, 1996, Harvard University Press, hup.harvard.edu La democrazia di Dio. La religione americana nell''era dell''impero e del terrore, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2006. "Il Culto del Littorio: La Sacralizzazione della Politica nell''Italia Fascista. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4646 en-wikipedia-org-4647 Henry Sidgwick (/ˈsɪdʒwɪk/; 31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist.[1] He was the Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge from 1883 until his death, and is best known in philosophy for his utilitarian treatise The Methods of Ethics.[2] He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research and a member of the Metaphysical Society and promoted the higher education of women. Bart Schultz argues that this negative assessment is explained by the tastes of groups which would be influential at Cambridge in the years following Sidgwick''s death: Wittgensteinian ordinary language philosophers, the remnants of British idealism, and, most importantly, the Bloomsbury Group.[20] John Deigh, however, disputes Schultz''s explanation, and instead attributes this fall in interest in Sidgwick to changing philosophical understandings of axioms in mathematics, which would throw into question whether axiomatization provided an appropriate model for a foundationalist epistemology of the sort Sidgwick tried to build for ethics.[21] en-wikipedia-org-4652 en-wikipedia-org-4653 en-wikipedia-org-4666 en-wikipedia-org-4675 Ion Budai-Deleanu Wikipedia Jump to navigation Ion Budai-Deleanu (1760-1820)[1] was a Romanian scholar and poet, born in Cigmău, a village in the town of Geoagiu, located in the western part of Transylvania.[2] ISBN 0-8142-0511-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ISBN 0-8142-0511-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ISBN 0-8142-0511-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) This article about a Romanian writer or poet is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_Budai-Deleanu&oldid=946651506" Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2020, at 15:08 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-4678 A cosmological argument, in natural theology, is an argument in which the existence of God is inferred from alleged facts concerning causation, explanation, change, motion, contingency, dependency, or finitude with respect to the universe or some totality of objects.[1][2] It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation, an argument from first cause, or the causal argument. Metaphysical argument for the existence of God[edit] William Lane Craig, who popularised and is notable for defending the Kalam cosmological argument, argues that the infinite is impossible, whichever perspective the viewer takes, and so there must always have been one unmoved thing to begin the universe. ^ Scott David Foutz, An Examination of Thomas Aquinas'' Cosmological Arguments as found in the Five Ways Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine, Quodlibet Online Journal of Christian Theology and Philosophy "Cosmological Argument: Does the Universe Require a First Cause? "Cosmological Argument for the Existence of God". en-wikipedia-org-4683 While international trade has existed throughout history (for example Uttarapatha, Silk Road, Amber Road, scramble for Africa, Atlantic slave trade, salt roads), its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are often more mobile within a country than across countries. Main article: Timeline of international trade Main article: International trade theory Most traded export products[edit] Largest countries by total international trade[edit] International trade versus local production[edit] Import (international trade) Data on the value of exports and imports and their quantities often broken down by detailed lists of products are available in statistical collections on international trade published by the statistical services of intergovernmental and supranational organisations and national statistical institutes. European Union International Trade in Goods Data Categories: International trade en-wikipedia-org-4690 en-wikipedia-org-4718 According to this theory, the cycle of philosophical upheavals that in part drove the diversification of Buddhism into its many schools and sects only began once Buddhists began attempting to make explicit the implicit philosophy of the Buddha and the early texts. While philosophical analysis of arguments and concepts is clearly necessary to develop this understanding, it is not enough to remove our unskillful mental habits and deeply ingrained prejudices, which require meditation, paired with understanding.[25] According to the Buddha of the early texts, we need to train the mind in meditation to be able to truly see the nature of reality, which is said to have the marks of suffering, impermanence and not-self. Major Indian Tantric Buddhist philosophers such as Buddhaguhya, Padmavajra (author of the Guhyasiddhi), Nagarjuna (7th-century disciple of Saraha), Indrabhuti (author of the Jñānasiddhi), Anangavajra, Dombiheruka, Durjayacandra, Ratnākaraśānti and Abhayakaragupta wrote tantric texts and commentaries systematizing the tradition.[98][99] Others such as Vajrabodhi and Śubhakarasiṃha brought Tantra to Tang China (716 to 720), and tantric philosophy continued to be developed in Chinese and Japanese by thinkers such as Yi Xing and Kūkai. en-wikipedia-org-4719 The fact–value distinction is closely related to, and derived from, the is–ought problem in moral philosophy, characterized by David Hume (1711–1776). The fact–value distinction is closely related to the naturalistic fallacy, a topic debated in ethical and moral philosophy. Others, such as Ruth Anna Putnam, argue that even the most "scientific" of disciplines are affected by the "values" of those who research and practice the vocation.[6][7] Nevertheless, the difference between the naturalistic fallacy and the fact–value distinction is derived from the manner in which modern social science has used the fact–value distinction, and not the strict naturalistic fallacy to articulate new fields of study and create academic disciplines. Hanson among others, talk of theory-ladenness, and reject an absolutist fact–value distinction by contending that our senses are imbued with prior conceptualizations, making it impossible to have any observation that is totally value-free, which is how Hume and the later positivists conceived of facts. C. Smart, "Ruth Anna Putnam and the Fact-Value Distinction", Philosophy 74, 1999. en-wikipedia-org-4726 The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs.[1][2] The traditional start-date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus'' state in the north in 862 ruled by Vikings.[3] Staraya Ladoga and Novgorod became the first major cities of the new union of immigrants from Scandinavia with the Slavs and Finno-Ugrians. Between 1922 and 1991 the history of Russia became essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically-based state roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. As Napoleon''s forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe, defeated Napoleon''s army in the Battle of the Nations and finally captured Paris.[106][107] Out of a total population of around 43 million people,[108] Russia lost about 1.5 million in the year 1812; of these about 250,000 to 300,000 were soldiers and the rest peasants and serfs.[109] en-wikipedia-org-4727 View source for Template:Classical economists Wikipedia View source for Template:Classical economists You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Module:Color contrast (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Color contrast/colors (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected) en-wikipedia-org-473 en-wikipedia-org-4732 Trevor-Roper was educated at Belhaven Hill School, Charterhouse, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he read first Classics (Literae Humaniores) and then Modern History, later moving to Merton College, Oxford, to become a Research Fellow.[6][7] Whilst at Oxford, he was a member of the exclusive Stubbs Society and was initiated as a Freemason in the Apollo University Lodge.[8][9] In 2002, at the age of 88, Trevor-Roper submitted a sizable article on Thomas Sutton, the founder of Charterhouse School, to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography in part with notes he had written decades earlier, which editor Brian Harrison praised as "the work of a master". Essays in British history presented to Sir Keith Feiling edited by H.R. Trevor-Roper; with a foreword by Lord David Cecil (1964) The Age of Expansion, Europe and the World, 1559–1600, edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1968. Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson edited by Richard Davenport-Hines (2007) en-wikipedia-org-474 en-wikipedia-org-4742 en-wikipedia-org-4748 Johann Joachim Spalding Wikipedia Johann Joachim Spalding (1 November 1714 – 25 May 1804) was a German Protestant theologian and philosopher of Scottish ancestry who was a native of Tribsees, Swedish Pomerania. "This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia", whose references include: ADB: Spalding, Johann Joachim @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. This article about a German theologian is a stub. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-475 en-wikipedia-org-4751 International Democrat Union Wikipedia International alliance of centre-right, right and conservative political parties Find sources: "International Democrat Union" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Countries with a party member of International Democrat Union as of September 2018[update] (parties in government in dark blue, parties in opposition in light blue) Purpose World federation of centre-right/right-wing and conservative/liberal political parties[1] The International Democrat Union (IDU) is an international alliance of centre-right, right and conservative political parties. The IDU provides a forum in which political parties holding similar beliefs can come together and exchange views on matters of policy and organisational interest. The IDU has some overlap of member parties with the Centrist Democrat International (CDI), but the CDI is more centrist and communitarian than the IDU.[4] Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Democrat Union. en-wikipedia-org-478 en-wikipedia-org-4784 Ivan Kamenec (born 27 August 1938) is a Slovak historian. He is a chairman of Slovak section of common Czech-Slovak Commission of Historians[2] and a member of the board of directors of Holocaust Documentation Center.[3] The main theme of his scientific research is the political and cultural history of Slovakia in the 20th Century. Kamenec was awarded the Rad Ľudovíta Štúra [sk; de], first class, by the president of Slovakia in January 2017 for his contributions to the academic discipline of history and the promotion of human rights and democracy.[9] (1945–1960) [History of Slovakia Vol. 6 (1945-1960)] (in Slovak) (1945–1960) [History of Slovakia Vol. 6 (1945-1960)] (in Slovak) Historik Ivan Kamenec (in Slovak). Historik Ivan Kamenec (in Slovak). The 70th Jubilee of the Historian Ivan Kamenec] (in Slovak). Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4788 Some of the rare exceptions were a picture of the celebrating people in front of the Reichstag in Berlin on German Unity Day on 4 October 1990, and the two pictures in the edition of 12 September 2001 showing the collapsing World Trade Center and the American president George W. In the early 2000s, F.A.Z. expanded aggressively, with customized sections for Berlin and Munich.[7] An eight-page six-day-a-week English-language edition was distributed as an insert in The International Herald Tribune (which is owned by The New York Times Company); the articles were selected and translated from the same day''s edition of the parent newspaper by the F.A.Z. staff in Frankfurt.[8] However, F.A.Z. group suffered a loss of 60.6 million euros in 2002. In December 1999, future German Chancellor Angela Merkel published a sensational article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, lamenting the "tragedy" that had befallen the party (CDU donations scandal), blaming former Chancellor Helmut Kohl and urging a new course.[20] en-wikipedia-org-4808 In philosophy, ideas are usually taken as mental representational images of some object. In his Introduction to An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke defines idea as "that term which, I think, serves best to stand for whatsoever is the object of the understanding when a man thinks, I have used it to express whatever is meant by phantasm, notion, species, or whatever it is which the mind can be employed about in thinking; and I could not avoid frequently using it." [7] He said he regarded the book necessary to examine our own abilities and see what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with. Whereas Kant declares limits to knowledge ("we can never know the thing in itself"), in his epistemological work, Rudolf Steiner sees ideas as "objects of experience" which the mind apprehends, much as the eye apprehends light. M. Baldwin, in the Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, define idea as "the reproduction with a more or less adequate image, of an object not actually present to the senses." [21] They point out that an idea and a perception are by various authorities contrasted in various ways. en-wikipedia-org-481 Applied ethics refers to the practical application of moral considerations. An applied ethics approach to the examination of moral dilemmas can take many different forms but one of the most influential and most widely utilised approaches in bioethics and health care ethics is the four-principle approach developed by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress.[9] The four-principle approach, commonly termed principlism, entails consideration and application of four prima facie ethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. This theory''s main developments came from Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who distinguished between an act and rule utilitarianist morality. In their observations of medical ethics committees, Jonsen and Toulmin note that a consensus on particularly problematic moral cases often emerges when participants focus on the facts of the case, rather than on ideology or theory. ^ "Applied Ethics" Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-4814 en-wikipedia-org-4817 en-wikipedia-org-482 Galen John Strawson (born 1952) is a British analytic philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on philosophy of mind, metaphysics (including free will, panpsychism, the mind-body problem, and the self), John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche.[2] He has been a consultant editor at The Times Literary Supplement for many years, and a regular book reviewer for The Observer, The Sunday Times, The Independent, the Financial Times and The Guardian. Strawson has argued that what he calls "realistic physicalism" (or "realistic monism") entails panpsychism.[6] He writes that "as a real physicalist, then, I hold that the mental/experiential is physical."[6]:7 He quotes the physicist Arthur Eddington in support of his position as follows: "If we must embed our schedule of indicator readings in some kind of background, at least let us accept the only hint we have received as to the significance of the background—namely that it has a nature capable of manifesting itself as a mental activity.[6]:11 The editor of the Journal of Consciousness Studies, Anthony Freeman, has written that panpsychism is regarded by many as either "plain crazy, or else a direct route back to animism and superstition".[6]:1 But it has a long tradition in Western thought.[7] en-wikipedia-org-4821 en-wikipedia-org-4832 en-wikipedia-org-4838 en-wikipedia-org-4844 Typical themes are the need for revolution, freedom (of expression) and the implied or overtly stated superiority of the writers over the status quo.[citation needed] The manifesto gives a means of expressing, publicising and recording ideas for the artist or art group—even if only one or two people write the words, it is mostly still attributed to the group name. "Manifesto of Industrial Painting: For a unitary applied art", written by Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio,[16] in August 1959, was originally published in Italian in Notizie Arti Figurative No. 9 (1959). The manifesto stated the groups objectives to be the development of a new African American art, involving social responsibility, community artistic involvement and promotion of pride in Black identity. The original manuscript of Krupa''s New Ink Art Manifesto from 1996 is the property of the documenta (exhibition) archiv, records and papers collection in Kassel.[63] The Superstroke Art Movement Manifesto 2008[edit] en-wikipedia-org-4847 en-wikipedia-org-4855 Curt Weibull Wikipedia Curt Weibull (19 August 1886 – 10 November 1991) was a Swedish historian, educator and author. Curt Weibull was a professor of history at the University of Gothenburg from 1927–1953 and its rector from 1936 to 1946. Together they are known for having introduced a critical theory of history to Swedish historical research, inspired by German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886). Weibull was an important mentor to noted Swedish historian Erik Lönnroth (1910–2002) who further developed the methods of evaluating sources.[3][4] Related reading[edit] External links[edit] Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 03:35 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-4864 en-wikipedia-org-4865 He has held the chairs of Modern History in University College Cork and Professor of History and Glucksman Professor for Irish Studies and Director of Glucksman Ireland House, at New York University. The following year he moved back to Ireland to become Professor of Modern History at University College Cork, succeeding Oliver McDonagh. In 1993, he was elected to the 20th Seanad Éireann as an independent member for the National University of Ireland constituency.[4] Lee, J.J.: Ireland 1912–1985 Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press (1989) External links[edit] Michael Calnan (Lab) Members of Seanad Éireann for the National University of Ireland Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-487 Abstract object theory, exemplifying and encoding a property as two modes of predication, Platonized naturalism,[4] computational metaphysics Edward Nouri Zalta[6] (/ˈzɔːltə/; born March 16, 1952) is an American philosopher who is a senior research scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and Information at Stanford University. Zalta is also the Principal Editor of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.[7] Zalta''s most notable philosophical position is descended from the position of Alexius Meinong and Ernst Mally,[8] who suggested that there are many non-existent objects. Zalta, Senior Research Scholar, Center for the Study of Language and Information, Stanford University Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4881 en-wikipedia-org-4887 en-wikipedia-org-4889 en-wikipedia-org-4906 Gastronomy is a compund word that derives from the ancient greek γαστήρ -τρός "stomach" and -νομία "-rule".[1] It is the study of the relationship between food and culture, the art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food, the cooking styles of particular regions, and the science of good eating.[2][full citation needed] One who is well versed in gastronomy is called a gastronome, while a gastronomist is one who unites theory and practice in the study of gastronomy. The culinary term appears for the first time in a title in a poem by Joseph Berchoux in 1801 entitled "Gastronomie"[5] Pascal Ory, a French historian, defines gastronomy as the establishment of rules of eating and drinking, an "art of the table", and distinguishes it from good cooking (bonne cuisine) or fine cooking (haute cuisine). While the work contains some flamboyant recipes, it goes into the theory of preparation of French dishes and hospitality.[6] According to Brillat-Savarin: "Gastronomy is the knowledge and understanding of all that relates to man as he eats. en-wikipedia-org-492 The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission,[10][11][note 1] that its bishops are the successors of Christ''s apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ.[14] It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith, reserving infallibility, passed down by sacred tradition.[15] The Latin Church, the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church.[16][17] His ecclesiastical jurisdiction is called the "Holy See" (Sancta Sedes in Latin), or the "Apostolic See" (meaning the see of the apostle Peter).[45][46] Directly serving the pope is the Roman Curia, the central governing body that administers the day-to-day business of the Catholic Church. en-wikipedia-org-4924 en-wikipedia-org-4925 Commentaries on Hobson have noted the presence of antisemitic language and themes in his work, especially in his writing on the Boer War. Later, he argued that maldistribution of income resulted, through oversaving and underconsumption, in unemployment and that the remedy was in eradicating the "surplus" by the redistribution of income by taxation and the nationalization of monopolies. Hobson wrote that "Jewish financiers", whom he saw as "parasites", manipulated the British government that danced to their "diabolical tune".[12][13] According to history professor Norman Etherington, the section on financiers in Imperialism seems irrelevant to Hobson''s economic discourse, and was probably included since Hobson truly believed it.[14] Hobson was innovative in tying between 1898 and 1902 the concept of modernity, empire, and Jews together; according to Hobson, the international financiers influenced the government partially through Jewish press ownership in South Africa and London.[15] en-wikipedia-org-4926 Category:CS1: long volume value Wikipedia Category:CS1: long volume value It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. No changes are required to remove pages from this category, but some values of |volume= may fit better in other parameters. Pages in category "CS1: long volume value" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 59,725 total. 2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia) 2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia) 2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia) 2/6th Commando Squadron (Australia) 2nd Commando Regiment (Australia) Media in category "CS1: long volume value" The following 18 files are in this category, out of 18 total. en-wikipedia-org-4935 The Natural History of Religion[edit] However, Hume argues that there is a common mechanism in human nature that gives rise to, and often even provides justification for, such judgments. He takes this aesthetic sense to be quite similar to the moral sense for which he argues in his Book 3 of A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–1740) and in An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751). Each person is a combination of these of two sources, and Hume endeavours to delineate the admirable qualities of a critic, that they might augment their natural sense of beauty into a reliable faculty of judgment. "David Hume Essays, Moral, Political and Literary", The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. "Hume''s Aesthetics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2006 Edition), Edward N. ^ David Hume, The Natural History of Religion. ^ Hume, Natural History, p. On-line edition of The Natural History of Religion en-wikipedia-org-4946 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (US: /ˈpiːkoʊ ˌdɛlə mɪˈrændələ, -ˈrɑːn-/,[1][2] Italian: [dʒoˈvanni ˈpiːko della miˈrandola]; Latin: Johannes Picus de Mirandula; 24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher.[3] He is famed for the events of 1486, when, at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy, and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance",[4] and a key text of Renaissance humanism and of what has been called the "Hermetic Reformation".[5] He was the founder of the tradition of Christian Kabbalah, a key tenet of early modern Western esotericism. Campanini (eds.), The Great Parchment: Flavius Mithridates'' Latin Translation, the Hebrew Text, and an English Version, The Kabbalistic Library of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola – 1. Life of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola en-wikipedia-org-4968 en-wikipedia-org-4972 Ethics is called Nitisastra (Sanskrit: नीतिशास्त्र)[11] in ancient texts of Hinduism.[12] Ethics and virtue are a much debated[13] and an evolving concept in ancient scriptures of Hinduism.[14][15] Virtue, right conduct, ethics and morality are part of the complex concept Hindus call Dharma everything that is essential for people, the world and nature to exist and prosper together, in harmony.[16] As P.V. Kane, the author of the History of Dharmasastra said, the term "Dharma" does not have a synonym in English language. This faculty most crucially involves reflecting on the meaning of existence, which, as John Kelsay in the Encyclopedia of Ethics phrases, "ultimately points to the reality of God." Therefore, regardless of their environment, humans are believed to have a moral responsibility to submit to God''s will and to follow Islam (as demonstrated in the Qur''an and the Sunnah, or the sayings of Muhammad [Quran 7:172]).[38] Maimonides, in turn, influences Thomas Aquinas, a dominant figure in Catholic ethics and the natural law tradition of moral theology. en-wikipedia-org-4979 en-wikipedia-org-498 en-wikipedia-org-4982 en-wikipedia-org-499 He then studied Philosophy and Literature at the University of Czernowitz and between 1898 and 1900, he completed his military service in the Austro-Hungarian Army (serving in Polei and in Vienna), and graduated from the University in 1902, after which he was named teacher of history and geography at the Suceava Classic High school.[2] Together with some of his friends, Nistor edited a magazine titled Junimea Literară between 1904 and 1914, first published in Rădăuţi and then in Suceava.[3] In 1904, Nistor married Virginia Pauliuc, daughter of the Gheorghe Pauliuc (a Romanian Orthodox priest from Burla), and, one year later, on July 5, 1905, Oltea, his only child, was born.[4] He then moved to teach at the Orthodox High School, making use of the institution''s library, better suited to his studies into the history of Moldavia. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-4996 View source for David Hume Wikipedia If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. en-wikipedia-org-50 An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (EPM) is a book by Scottish enlightenment philosopher David Hume. It was originally published in 1751, three years after the first Enquiry.[1] Hume first discusses ethics in A Treatise of Human Nature (in Book 3 "Of Morals"). Hume puts forward sentimentalism as a foundation for ethics primarily as a meta-ethical theory about the epistemology of morality. According to Hume, the kinds of things that our moral sentiments apply to—the things of which we approve and disapprove—are not particular actions or events. Hume ultimately defends a theory according to which the fundamental feature of virtues is "...the possession of mental qualities, ''useful'' or ''agreeable'' to the ''person himself'' or to ''others''" (EPM, §10, ¶1). "David Hume (1711-1776) Moral Theory", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, J. David Hume: Moral Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Hume''s Moral Philosophy an article by Rachel Cohon in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy en-wikipedia-org-5002 en-wikipedia-org-5007 en-wikipedia-org-5015 en-wikipedia-org-5022 Rev Prof George Campbell DD FRSE (25 December 1719 – 6 April 1796) was a figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, known as a philosopher, minister, and professor of divinity. After completing The Philosophy of Rhetoric (1776), Campbell published several sermons and finished his lifelong ambition, The Four Gospels, Translated from the Greek (1789). George Campbell ascertained that the human mind is separated into various faculties that serve the purpose of dictating moral reasoning. Throughout Campbell''s literary career, he focused on enlightened concerns such as rhetoric, taste, and genius—perhaps a result of his time in the Aberdeen Philosophical Society. In his book, The Philosophy of Rhetoric, the philosopher states four types of evidence that goes into reasoning. Campbell, George, The Philosophy of Rhetoric, New York 1841. George Campbell: Rhetoric in the Age of Enlightenment. Online edition of Campbell''s The Philosophy of Rhetoric en-wikipedia-org-5026 en-wikipedia-org-5028 en-wikipedia-org-5033 Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context.[1] Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning P", "knowing that P", "having a reason to A", and possibly even "being true" or "being right" only have meaning relative to a specified context. The main tenet of contextualist epistemology is that knowledge attributions are context-sensitive, and the truth values of "know" depend on the context in which it is used. Contextualism in epistemology then is a semantic thesis about how ''knows'' works in English, not a theory of what knowledge, justification, or strength of epistemic position consists in.[7] However, epistemologists combine contextualism with views about what knowledge is to address epistemological puzzles and issues, such as skepticism, the Gettier problem, and the Lottery paradox. The Case for Contextualism: Knowledge, Skepticism and Context, Vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press. en-wikipedia-org-5040 Although he wrote a great deal about religion, Hume''s personal views have been the subject of much debate.For example, see {{harvtxt|Russell|2008}}; {{harvtxt|O''Connor|2013}}; and {{harvtxt|Norton|1993}}. Some modern critics have described Hume''s religious views as [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] or have described him as a "[[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonian skeptic]]."{{Cite journal|last=Mullen|first=Shirley|year=2003|title=David Hume and a Christian Perspective on History|journal=Fides et Historia|volume=XXXV|pages=49–60}} Contemporaries considered him to be an [[Atheism|atheist]], or at least un-Christian, enough so that the [[Church of Scotland]] seriously considered bringing charges of infidelity against him.{{sfn|Mossner|1980|p=206}} Evidence of his un-Christian beliefs can especially be found in his writings on miracles, in which he attempts to separate [[historical method]] from the narrative accounts of miracles. The fact that contemporaries suspected him of atheism is exemplified by a story Hume liked to tell:{{sfn|Scharfstein|1998|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA454&dq=hume++fishwives&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wi3KU6jOGMaM7AaRoIDYBQ&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hume%20%20fishwives&f=false p. en-wikipedia-org-5051 en-wikipedia-org-5058 Category:Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with VcBA identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers" Abraham Jacob van der Aa Hans von Aachen Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen Antonio Maria Abbatini John Roland Abbey Francesco Maria Abbiati John Stevens Cabot Abbott John White Abbott Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Friedrich Gottfried Abel Heinrich Friedrich Otto Abel John Abercrombie (physician) Abraham ben David Peter Abrahams Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus Francesco Accolti Giuseppe Accoramboni Claude-François Achard Categories: Pages with VcBA identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5061 en-wikipedia-org-5064 Category:Epistemologists Wikipedia Category:Epistemologists Jump to navigation Epistemology of science Social epistemology Epistemology literature Concepts in epistemology Epistemological theories Philosophers Social philosophers Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epistemologists. This category has the following 5 subcategories, out of 5 total. ► Philosophers of science‎ (4 C, 482 P) Pages in category "Epistemologists" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 410 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Roger Bacon Michael Bergmann (philosopher) Jean-Michel Berthelot Martin Davies (philosopher) Gareth Evans (philosopher) Hans-Georg Gadamer Gilles-Gaston Granger John Gray (philosopher) John Greco (philosopher) Anil Gupta (philosopher) James Hall (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Hollis (philosopher) Wilhelm von Humboldt David Kaplan (philosopher) Philip Kitcher Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Epistemologists&oldid=970060615" Categories: Philosophers by field Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5089 en-wikipedia-org-509 John Komlos (born December 28, 1944) is an American economic historian of Hungarian descent and former holder of the Chair of Economic History at the University of Munich for eighteen years. In the 1980s, Komlos was instrumental in the emergence of anthropometric history, the study of the effect of economic development on human biological outcomes such as physical stature.[1][2] Komlos was elected a Fellow of the Cliometric Society in 2013.[3] Komlos also blogs for PBS on current economic affairs [4] and more recently has written an economics textbook.[5] The Journal of Economic History. External links[edit] Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from August 2019 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5095 The Mu''tazilah school of Islamic theology also defended the view (with, for example, Nazzam maintaining that God is powerless to engage in injustice or lying),[4] as did the Islamic philosopher Averroes.[5] Thomas Aquinas never explicitly addresses the Euthyphro dilemma, but Aquinas scholars often put him on this side of the issue.[6][7] Aquinas draws a distinction between what is good or evil in itself and what is good or evil because of God''s commands,[8] with unchangeable moral standards forming the bulk of natural law.[9] Thus he contends that not even God can change the Ten Commandments (adding, however, that God can change what individuals deserve in particular cases, in what might look like special dispensations to murder or steal).[10] Among later Scholastics, Gabriel Vásquez is particularly clear-cut about obligations existing prior to anyone''s will, even God''s.[11][12] Modern natural law theory saw Grotius and Leibniz also putting morality prior to God''s will, comparing moral truths to unchangeable mathematical truths, and engaging voluntarists like Pufendorf in philosophical controversy.[13] Cambridge Platonists like Benjamin Whichcote and Ralph Cudworth mounted seminal attacks on voluntarist theories, paving the way for the later rationalist metaethics of Samuel Clarke and Richard Price;[14][15][16] what emerged was a view on which eternal moral standards, though dependent on God in some way, exist independently of God''s will and prior to God''s commands. en-wikipedia-org-5100 en-wikipedia-org-5110 Guillermo Prieto Pradillo audio (help·info) (10 February 1818 – 2 March 1897) was a Mexican novelist, short-story writer, poet, chronicler, journalist, essayist, patriot and Liberal politician. According to Eladio Cortés, during his lifetime he was considered Mexico''s national poet,[1] and his political allegiance to the Mexican liberals allowed him to serve as Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs under different administrations. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guillermo Prieto. Works by Guillermo Prieto at Project Gutenberg Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5118 en-wikipedia-org-5119 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at [[:nl:]]; see its history for attribution. At Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte.[5] He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually.[1][6] Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about the Law and the State"). On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Ministers.[3] Thorbecke''s relationship with the King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted from politics to economics, and despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the Catholics. J. Brandt-van der Veen: Thorbecke-Archief (3 volumes). Articles needing translation from Dutch Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5125 en-wikipedia-org-5131 en-wikipedia-org-5133 For instance, work by Joshua Knobe and Jesse Prinz (2008) suggests that people may have two different ways of understanding minds generally, and Justin Sytsma and Edouard Machery (2009) have written about the proper methodology for studying folk intuitions about consciousness. Extraverts are much more likely to be compatibilists,[40][41] particularly if they are high in "warmth."[42] Extraverts show larger biases and different patterns of beliefs in the Knobe side effect cases.[41][43] Neuroticism is related to susceptibility to manipulation-style free will arguments.[44] Emotional Stability predicts who will attribute virtues to others.[45][46][47] Openness to experience predicts non-objectivist moral intuitions.[48] The link between personality and philosophical intuitions is independent of cognitive abilities, training, education, and expertise.[49] Similar effects have also been found cross-culturally and in different languages including German[50] and Spanish. en-wikipedia-org-5134 Antoine-Jacques Roustan (23 October 1734 – 15 June 1808) was a Genevan pastor and theologian, who engaged in an extensive correspondence with Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Four of his works – Défense du christianisme considéré du côté politique, wherein he refuted some of Rousseau''s arguments from On the Social Contract; Discours sur les moyens de réformer les mœurs; Examen des quatre beaux siècles de Voltaire; and Dialogue entre Brutus et César aux Champs Élysées – were collected and published in 1764 under the title Offrande aux autels et à la patrie.[4][5] 4. Institut et musée Voltaire.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Voltaire Foundation.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5140 en-wikipedia-org-5144 en-wikipedia-org-5146 en-wikipedia-org-5148 en-wikipedia-org-5153 Book:Philosophy Wikipedia Jump to navigation The Wikimedia Foundation''s book rendering service has been withdrawn. Please upload your Wikipedia book to one of the external rendering services. You can still create and edit a book design using the Book Creator and upload it to an external rendering service: For help with downloading a single Wikipedia page as a PDF, see Help:Download as PDF. This is a Wikipedia book, a collection of Wikipedia articles that can be easily saved, imported by an external electronic rendering service, and ordered as a printed book. Edit this book: Book Creator · Wikitext [ About ] [ Advanced ] [ FAQ ] [ Feedback ] [ Help ] [ WikiProject ] [ Recent Changes ] Philosophy[edit] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book:Philosophy&oldid=698940976" Categories: Wikipedia books (community books) Wikipedia books (books without custom colors) Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5156 en-wikipedia-org-5169 Charles Bonnet (French: [bɔnɛ]; 13 March 1720 – 20 May 1793) was a Genevan[1] naturalist and philosophical writer. Botany, particularly the leaves of plants, next attracted his attention; and after several years of diligent study, rendered irksome by the increasing weakness of his eyesight, he published in 1754 one of the most original and interesting of his works, Recherches sur l''usage des feuilles dans les plantes. This was followed by the Essai analytique sur les facultés de l''âme (Copenhagen, 1760), in which he develops his views regarding the physiological conditions of mental activity. René Sigrist, " L''expérimentation comme rhétorique de la preuve : l''exemple du Traité d''insectologie de Charles Bonnet", in Revue d''Histoire des Sciences, 54/4, 2001, p. ^ Bonnet Charles (1760) Essai Analytique sur les facultés de l''âme. Charles Bonnet, philosophe et naturaliste, sa vie et ses œuvres (in French). en-wikipedia-org-5175 en-wikipedia-org-5183 en-wikipedia-org-5184 For instance, United States leaders known for their idealism include presidents Theodore Roosevelt,[13][14] Ronald Reagan,[15][16] and Barack Obama,[17][18][19] while European officials similarly known for such ethical attitudes include Konrad Adenauer, Prime Minister of Germany,[20][8][21] Charles de Gaulle, Prime Minister of France and senior general,[16] and Vaclav Havel, dissident and President of Czechoslovakia.[22][23] Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia has gained attention in terms of the central and south Americas.[24][25] Private individuals known for their prominent ideals include Fred Rogers, U.S. television personality,[26] and Terry Fox, Canadian athlete and charity advocate.[27][28][29] Multiple idealistically optimistic characters have been featured in prominent creative media, the Star Trek franchise centered around space exploration being a well-known instance of fictional idealism.[30][31] In addition, musical artists known for creating songs with an atmosphere of idealism include singer-songwriters David Bowie,[32] Curtis Mayfield,[33] and Tom Paxton,[34] with bands The Beatles,[35] Queen,[36] and Maze being examples as well.[37] en-wikipedia-org-5188 en-wikipedia-org-5193 en-wikipedia-org-5199 Figure illustrating the fields that contributed to the birth of cognitive science, including linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, philosophy, anthropology, and psychology[1] Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology.[3] The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. In the last fifty years or so, more and more researchers have studied knowledge and use of language as a cognitive phenomenon, the main problems being how knowledge of language can be acquired and used, and what precisely it consists of.[11] Linguists have found that, while humans form sentences in ways apparently governed by very complex systems, they are remarkably unaware of the rules that govern their own speech. en-wikipedia-org-52 en-wikipedia-org-5242 From the late Middle Ages, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to the status of a world power during Europe''s "Age of Discovery" as it built up a vast empire, including possessions in South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Main articles: History of Portugal (1415–1578) and Portuguese Empire In order to understand the economic lag of Portugal, it is worthwhile to note that — overall — the Portuguese economy declined in the centuries following the end of the Age of Discoveries[117] and neither the Constitutional Monarchy (1834–1910) nor the First Republic (1910–26) were able to put the country in the path to industrialization and development. A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, vol. en-wikipedia-org-5244 en-wikipedia-org-5257 View source for Template:Utilitarianism Wikipedia View source for Template:Utilitarianism If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Module:List (view source) (template editor protected) Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected) en-wikipedia-org-5272 en-wikipedia-org-528 Find sources: "Harald Høffding" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Harald Høffding (11 March 1843 – 2 July 1931) was a Danish philosopher and theologian. Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5284 en-wikipedia-org-5285 en-wikipedia-org-5301 Gordon Alexander Craig (November 13, 1913 – October 30, 2005) was a Scottish-American historian of German history and of diplomatic history. Craig graduated in history from Princeton University, was a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1936 to 1938, and served in the U.S. Marine Corps as a captain and in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. In 1941, he co-edited with Edward Mead Earle and Felix Gilbert, on behalf of the American War Department, the book Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought From Machiavelli to Hitler, which was intended to serve as a guide to strategic thinking for military leaders during the war. Craig was particularly noted for his contribution to the Oxford History of Modern Europe series entitled Germany, 1866–1945 and its companion volume, The Germans. Increasingly interested in cultural history in his later years, Craig subsequently wrote studies of several German writers, most notably Theodor Fontane. en-wikipedia-org-5304 Saint Sava), gained autocephaly for the Serbian Church in 1219 and authored the oldest known constitution, and at the same time Stefan the First-Crowned established the Serbian Kingdom in 1217.[28] Medieval Serbia reached its peak during the reign of Stefan Dušan (1331-1355), who took advantage of the Byzantine civil war and doubled the size of the state by conquering territories to the south and east at the expense of Byzantium, reaching as far as the Peloponnese, also being crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks in 1346.[29] During the Great War (1683–90) between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League—created with the sponsorship of the Pope and including Austria, Poland and Venice—these three powers as means of divide and conquer strategy, incited including Serbs to rebel against the Ottoman authorities and soon uprisings and terrorism spread throughout the western Balkans: from Montenegro and the Dalmatian Coast to the Danube basin and Old Serbia (Macedonia, Raška, Kosovo and Metohija). en-wikipedia-org-5305 However, even with regard to the natural sciences, significant difference exist among scientists and philosophers of science with regard to what constitutes valid scientific method[3][page needed]—for example, evolutionary biology, geology and astronomy, studying events that cannot be repeated, can use a method of historical narratives.[4] More recently, usage of the term has been extended to the study of human social phenomena. Thus, natural and social sciences are commonly classified as science, whereas the study of classics, languages, literature, music, philosophy, history, religion, and the visual and performing arts are referred to as the humanities. The term moral science was used by David Hume (1711-1776) in his Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals to refer to the systematic study of human nature and relationships. Since Auguste Comte, the positivistic social sciences have sought to imitate the approach of the natural sciences by emphasizing the importance of objective external observations and searching for universal laws whose operation is predicated on external initial conditions that do not take into account differences in subjective human perception and attitude. en-wikipedia-org-5306 en-wikipedia-org-5315 Bibliography of books critical of Christianity Wikipedia Bibliography of books critical of Christianity This is a bibliography of literature treating the topic of criticism of Christianity, sorted by source publication and the author''s last name. Christian Piatt, Banned Questions about Jesus Christian Missionary Activities Enquiry Committee (Madhya Pradesh, India), and Sita Ram Goel. The Destructive Power of Religion: Violence in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Christian Delusion, edited by John W. The End of Christianity, edited by John W. Loftus, Why I Became an Atheist: A Former Preacher Rejects Christianity, (Prometheus Books, 2008) Violence in God''s name: religion in an age of conflict. Hindu view of Christianity and Islam.[9] Christians in secular India. ^ Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India by Chad M. ^ Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India by Chad M. Anti-Christian violence Books critical of Christianity Books critical of Christianity Criticism of Christianity Christianity and violence en-wikipedia-org-5318 A professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject is often considered to be an economist.[3] In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking, finance, accountancy, commerce, marketing, business administration, lobbying and nonor not-for profit organizations.[4] Whilst only a few[quantify] economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists,[citation needed] many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management;[citation needed] The largest single professional grouping of economists in the UK are the more than 1000 members of the Government Economic Service, who work in 30 government departments and agencies.[citation needed] 1933), Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate and professor at Harvard University. John Maynard Keynes, English economist well-known for forming the basis of Keynesian economics Joseph Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics winner, critic of inequality and the governance of globalization, and former World Bank Chief Economist. en-wikipedia-org-5320 Ian MacDougall Hacking CC FRSC FBA (born February 18, 1936) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in the philosophy of science. Influenced by debates involving Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, Paul Feyerabend and others, Hacking is known for bringing a historical approach to the philosophy of science. He is sometimes described as a member of the "Stanford School" in philosophy of science, a group that also includes John Dupré, Nancy Cartwright and Peter Galison. In Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory, by developing a historical ontology of multiple personality disorder, Hacking provides a discussion of how people are constituted by the descriptions of acts available to them (see Acting under a description). On August 25, 2009, Hacking was named winner of the Holberg International Memorial Prize, a Norwegian award for scholarly work in the arts and humanities, social sciences, law and theology.[8] Hacking was chosen for his work on how statistics and the theory of probability have shaped society. en-wikipedia-org-5321 Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (/ˈɛtiˌɛn ˈbɒnoʊ də ˈkɒndiˌæk/; French: [etjɛn bɔno də kɔ̃dijak]; 30 September 1714 – 2 August[3] or 3 August[4][5] 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind. In Paris, Condillac was involved with the circle of Denis Diderot, the philosopher who was co-contributor to the Encyclopédie. By advocating of a free market economy in contrast to the prevailing contemporary policy of state control in France, Condillac influenced classical liberal economics[10] A modern historian has compared[12] Condillac with Scottish Enlightenment philosopher and pre-evolutionary thinker Lord Monboddo, who had a similar fascination with abstraction and ideas. In France Condillac''s doctrine, so congenial to the tone of 18th century philosophism, reigned in the schools for over fifty years, challenged only by a few who, like Maine de Biran, saw that it gave no sufficient account of volitional experience. en-wikipedia-org-5327 en-wikipedia-org-5328 In epistemology, descriptive knowledge (also known as propositional knowledge, knowing-that, declarative knowledge,[1][2] or constative knowledge)[3][4] is knowledge that can be expressed in a declarative sentence or an indicative proposition.[5] "Knowing-that" can be contrasted with "knowing-how" (also known as "procedural knowledge"), which is knowing how to perform some task, including knowing how to perform it skillfully.[1] It can also be contrasted with "knowing of" (better known as "knowledge by acquaintance"), which is non-propositional knowledge of something which is constituted by familiarity with it or direct awareness of it. The distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that was brought to prominence in epistemology by Gilbert Ryle who used it in his book The Concept of Mind.[7] For Ryle, the former differs in its emphasis and purpose, since it is primarily practical knowledge, whereas the latter focuses on indicative or explanatory knowledge.[8] Knowledge How. Entry from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. This philosophy-related article is a stub. en-wikipedia-org-5330 Jean-Baptiste Say (French: [ʒɑ̃batist sɛ]; 5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was a liberal French economist and businessman who argued in favor of competition, free trade and lifting restraints on business. In 1825, he became a member of the improvement council of the École spéciale de commerce et d''industrie, one of the first business schools in the world, and now (as École supérieure de commerce de Paris ESCP) regarded as the world''s oldest business school.[6] However, as the French scholar Adrien Jean-Guy Passant reveals, Jean-Baptiste Say is not the founder of this business school.[7] In 1831, he was made professor of political economy at the Collège de France. "Economic Ideas: Jean-Baptiste Say and the ''Law of Markets''". Whatmore, Richard (2001), Republicanism and the French Revolution: An Intellectual History of Jean-Baptiste Say''s Political Economy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924115-5. en-wikipedia-org-5332 Category:Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia Category:Articles with permanently dead external links It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. Do not include this category in content categories. This category keeps track of articles with the {{dead link}} template that have the fix-attempted parameter set to "yes". Please review WP:DEADLINK for current policy before editing the tagged dead links. Pages in category "Articles with permanently dead external links" 1st Bangladesh National Film Awards 1st Cavalry Division (United States) 1st Infantry Division Artillery (United States) 1st Infantry Division Museum 1st Infantry Regiment (Greece) 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment 2nd (West Africa) Infantry Brigade 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment 2nd Arkansas Infantry Regiment 2nd Infantry Division (India) 3rd Arkansas Infantry Regiment (Confederate States) 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division 3rd Division (Australia) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links&oldid=950781399" Articles with dead external links Edit links en-wikipedia-org-534 en-wikipedia-org-5356 en-wikipedia-org-5372 He finished a Jesuit school, and in his youth was a junior court official.[3] Wybicki was elected a deputy to the Repnin Sejm, the session of Polish parliament in 1767, on the eve of the First Partition of Poland.[2] Subsequently he joined the insurgency known as the Confederation of Bar (1768–1772), aimed at opposing the Russian influence and king Stanisław August Poniatowski.[2][3] He was one of the advisors (konsyliarz) of the Confederacy, acting as a diplomat.[4] After the failure of the uprising, he spent some time in the Netherlands, studying law at Leiden University.[3] Wybicki was a writer, journalist and a poet.[2] He wrote political-themed poems, plays and political treaties advocating reforms in Poland in the 1770s and 1780s.[2][3] His works of that time analyzed the Polish political system, the concepts of liberty, and advocated for more rights for the peasantry.[10] He would also publish more political brochures in the 1800s, advocating for liberal reforms in the Duchy of Warsaw.[3] en-wikipedia-org-5379 en-wikipedia-org-5402 Gettier III (/ˈɡɛtiər/; born October 31, 1927) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is best known for his short 1963 article "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", which has generated an extensive philosophical literature trying to respond to what became known as the Gettier problem. The result was a three-page article that remains one of the most famous in recent philosophical history. In his article, Gettier challenges the "justified true belief" definition of knowledge that dates back to Plato''s Theaetetus, but is discounted at the end of that very dialogue. Some philosophers, however, thought the account of knowledge as justified true belief had already been questioned in a general way by the work of Wittgenstein. Gettier provides several examples of beliefs that are both true and justified, but that we should not intuitively term knowledge. Gettier, "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?" Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. en-wikipedia-org-5403 en-wikipedia-org-5408 John Henry McDowell (born 7 March 1942) is a South African philosopher, formerly a Fellow of University College, Oxford and now University Professor at the University of Pittsburgh. In these early exchanges and in the parallel debate over the proper understanding of Wittgenstein''s remarks on rule-following, some of McDowell''s characteristic intellectual stances were formed: to borrow a Wittgensteinian expression, the defence of a realism without empiricism, an emphasis on the human limits of our aspiration to objectivity, the idea that meaning and mind can be directly manifested in the action, particularly linguistic action, of other people, and a distinctive disjunctive theory of perceptual experience. In parallel with the development of this work on mind and language, McDowell also made significant contributions to moral philosophy, specifically meta-ethical debates over the nature of moral reasons and moral objectivity. en-wikipedia-org-5413 The nineteenth-century biologist Ernst Haeckel applied the term "dysteleology" to the implications of organs so rudimentary as to be useless to the life of an organism.[1] In his 1868 book Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (The History of Creation), Haeckel devoted most of a chapter to the argument, ending with the proposition (perhaps with tongue slightly in cheek) of "a theory of the unsuitability of parts in organisms, as a counter-hypothesis to the old popular doctrine of the suitability of parts".[1] In 2005 Donald Wise of the University of Massachusetts Amherst popularised the term "incompetent design" (a play on "intelligent design"), to describe aspects of nature seen as flawed in design.[2] Traditional Christian theological responses generally posit that God constructed a perfect universe but that humanity''s misuse of its free will to rebel against God has resulted in the corruption of divine good design.[3][4][5] en-wikipedia-org-5417 en-wikipedia-org-5423 A & C Black is a British book publishing company, owned since 2002 by Bloomsbury Publishing. Adam and Charles Black''s 1863 edition of Woodstock, by Sir Walter Scott (first publ. During the years 1827–1903 the firm published the 7th, 8th and 9th editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Beginning in 1839, the firm published a series of travel guides known as Black''s Guides. Other notable works include Black''s Medical Dictionary and the Know The Game series of sports rules and laws reference books.[1] In 2016, A & C Black Music list moved to Collins Learning, a division of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Notable books[edit] Black''s Popular Series of Colour Books Black Colour Books: Twenty Shilling Series, publishinghistory.com. ^ The History of A&C Black Publishers, archive.org. Black) Book Series List, publishinghistory.com. Black) Book Series List, publishinghistory.com. A & C Black Colour Books: Twenty Shilling Series Recovering Publishing Histories: the Adam & Charles Black Letterbooks en-wikipedia-org-5429 Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes.[1][2][3] Hence, it is colloquially known as the hurrah/boo theory.[4] Influenced by the growth of analytic philosophy and logical positivism in the 20th century, the theory was stated vividly by A. Stevenson''s work has been seen both as an elaboration upon Ayer''s views and as a representation of one of "two broad types of ethical emotivism."[25][26] An analytic philosopher, Stevenson suggested in his 1937 essay "The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms" that any ethical theory should explain three things: that intelligent disagreement can occur over moral questions, that moral terms like good are "magnetic" in encouraging action, and that the scientific method is insufficient for verifying moral claims.[27] Stevenson''s own theory was fully developed in his 1944 book Ethics and Language. en-wikipedia-org-5438 Aristotelian theology and the scholastic view of God have been influential in Western intellectual history. The theurgy and thaumaturgy of the late Greek schools were only the fruit of the seed sown by the generation which immediately preceded the Persian War. Aristotle''s principles of being (see section above) influenced Anselm''s view of God, whom he called "that than which nothing greater can be conceived." Anselm thought that God did not feel emotions such as anger or love, but appeared to do so through our imperfect understanding. In Christian theology, the key philosopher influenced by Aristotle was undoubtedly Thomas Aquinas. ^ Luther is certainly more acerbic and quotable, but both Calvin who "denounced scholastic theology as contemptible" (Payton, James R., Jr, Getting the Reformation Wrong, 2010, page 197) and Melanchthon who found that the church had "embraced Aristotle instead of Christ" (see Melanchthon, Loci Communes, 1521 edition, 23) also rejected Aristotelian elements of scholasticism. en-wikipedia-org-544 en-wikipedia-org-5441 en-wikipedia-org-5445 en-wikipedia-org-5459 en-wikipedia-org-5462 en-wikipedia-org-5473 Friedrich Naumann (25 March 1860 – 24 August 1919) was a German liberal politician and Protestant parish pastor. Later in his life, Naumann worked for an approachment of German social democratic and liberal movements, but faced major opposition from conservatives. In 1919, Friedrich Naumann was among the founders of the social liberal German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) with Theodor Wolff and Hugo Preuss. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5475 Category:Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with CiNii identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 21,522 total. Michel van der Aa Julius Friedrich Heinrich Abegg Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy of St Martin in the Fields Louise-Victorine Ackermann Douglas Adams John Adams John Quincy Adams George Worsley Adamson William Edward Addis Categories: Pages with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5481 InterVarsity Press (IVP) was founded in 1947 by InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA[1] as a publisher of evangelical Christian books. At first IVP imported books from Inter-Varsity Press in Great Britain, which despite the similar name is a different publisher, for use by college students and IVCF chapters in the United States. IVP''s first home-grown publication was a Bible study guide, Discovering the Gospel of Mark, written by an IVCF staff member and published under the InterVarsity Christian Fellowship name in the 1943–1944 academic year. In 1947 IVP''s formal publishing program was established; since that date books have been published under the InterVarsity Press name. Westmont, Illinois, United States: InterVarsity Press (IVP). Founded in 1947 as an extension of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA, InterVarsity Press serves those in the university, the church and the world by publishing thoughtful Christian books that equip and encourage people to follow Jesus as Savior and Lord in all of life.[permanent dead link] en-wikipedia-org-5485 en-wikipedia-org-5487 Arthur Clive Heward Bell (16 September 1881 – 17 September 1964)[1] was an English art critic, associated with formalism and the Bloomsbury Group. He developed the art theory known as significant form. Soon after Bell met Roger Fry, he developed his art theory significant form. Bell''s book Art (1914) was the first publication of his theory, which he describes as "lines and colours combined in a particular way, certain forms, and relations of forms, that stir our aesthetic emotions."[10] This form can be seen in art created by many members of the Bloomsbury Group, an example being Interior at Gordon Square by Duncan Grant. "Index entry: Bell Arthur Clive H." Transcription of English and Welsh marriage registrations 1837–1983. "CLIVE BELL DEAD; ART CRITIC WAS 83; British Writer Championed Cezanne During 1920''s" The New York Times, 20 September 1964 (obituary) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5497 T. Greig Wikipedia Jump to navigation John Young Thomson Greig (1891–1963) was a British literary scholar and award-winning biographer. After the war, he studied at the University of Glasgow, receiving his MA in 1913, and a DLitt in 1924. His 1931 biography of Hume won the James Tait Black Award and he also edited Hume''s letters. External links[edit] Hidden categories: Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers This page was last edited on 1 March 2016, at 08:24 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-5505 en-wikipedia-org-5511 Brian James Bond (born 17 April 1936) is a British military historian and professor emeritus of military history at King''s College London. In 1959, he took an honours degree in history at Worcester College, Oxford and then went on to take his Master of Arts degree in war studies at King''s College London in 1962. War and society: a yearbook of military history edited by Brian Bond and Ian Roy. 2 volumes. The First World War and British military history, edited by Brian Bond. Fallen stars: eleven studies of twentieth century military disasters, edited by Brian Bond. Look to your front: studies in the First World War by the British Commission for Military History; Brian Bond et al. British and Japanese military leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945, edited by Brian Bond and Kyouichi Tachikawa. Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5512 Sir John Wheeler Wheeler-Bennett GCVO CMG OBE FBA FRSL (13 October 1902 – 9 December 1975) was a conservative English historian of German and diplomatic history, and the official biographer of King George VI. From 1940 onwards, Wheeler-Bennett helped to establish the British Information Service in New York City, an agency charged with trying to persuade the United States to enter the war on the Allied side and better present the British case to the US press.[3] While here, he was a supporter of the German Resistance to Hitler and became friendly with Adam von Trott zu Solz.[citation needed] The History Makers: Leaders And Statesmen of The 20th Century, edited by Lord Frank Pakenham Longford and Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, chronologies and editorial assistance by Christine Nicholls, New York: St. Martin''s Press, 1973. ^ Wheeler-Bennett, John The Nemesis of Power, London: Macmillan, 1967 page 208. en-wikipedia-org-5519 en-wikipedia-org-552 en-wikipedia-org-5528 en-wikipedia-org-5535 The second level of time comprises long-term social, economic, and cultural history, where Braudel discusses the Mediterranean economy, social groupings, empires and civilizations. ^ Richard Mayne, "Translator''s Introduction" in Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilization, (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), pp. ^ Fernand Braudel, A History of Civilizations, translated by Richard Mayne (New York: Penguin Books, 1993). Wallerstein, Immanuel (1991), "Braudel on Capitalism, or Everything Upside Down", Journal of Modern History, 63 (2): 354–361, doi:10.1086/244319, ISSN 0022-2801, JSTOR 2938489. New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales, (1994, first French edition, 1987) excerpt and text search H. "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien," Journal of Modern History, 1972, vol. "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School" online edition Fernand Braudel:Mediterranean studies:Annales school Fernand Braudel and the Annales School by Dr David Moon en-wikipedia-org-5547 Mathematics, physics, geology, medicine, biology, embryology, epidemiology, veterinary medicine, paleontology, psychology, engineering, linguistics, philology, sociology, metaphysics, ethics, economics, diplomacy, history, politics, music theory, poetry, logic, theodicy, universal language, universal science Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy, probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, and computer science. Leibniz did not publish anything about his calculus until 1684.[108] Leibniz expressed the inverse relation of integration and differentiation, later called the fundamental theorem of calculus, by means of a figure[109] in his 1693 paper Supplementum geometriae dimensoriae....[110] However, James Gregory is credited for the theorem''s discovery in geometric form, Isaac Barrow proved a more generalized geometric version, and Newton developed supporting theory. en-wikipedia-org-556 Arab Liberal Federation Wikipedia Arab Liberal Federation الاتحاد الليبرالي العربي European Party for Individual Liberty Liberal parties The Arab Liberal Federation (ALF; Arabic: الاتحاد الليبرالي العربي‎) is a network of liberal political parties, organizations and activists from Arab countries. The network is affiliated to Liberal International federation, and receives support from the European ALDE Party and the German Friedrich Naumann Foundation and the VVD of Netherlands. Dr. Mahmoud Alaily of FEP (Egypt) was elected as President, and Mohamed Ouzzine of MP (Morocco) was elected as Secretary General.[2] 2016 : Dr. Mahmoud Alaily Free Egyptians Party Egypt Free Egypt Party National Liberal Party Liberal Democratic Party Arab Liberal Federation website Member parties of international liberal organisations Canada: Liberal Party Gibraltar: Liberal Party Switzerland: FDP.The Liberals Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Croatia: HNS-LD, HSLS, IDS International liberal organizations en-wikipedia-org-5562 Some can be found in the I Ching (the Book of Changes), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.[2] It was during the Warring States era that what Sima Tan termed the major philosophical schools of China—Confucianism, Legalism, and Taoism—arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Mohism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians. Confucianism largely became the dominant philosophical school of China during the early Han dynasty following the replacement of its contemporary, the more Taoistic Huang-Lao.[6] Legalism as a coherent philosophy disappeared largely due to its relationship with the unpopular authoritarian rule of Qin Shi Huang, however, many of its ideas and institutions would continue to influence Chinese philosophy until the end of Imperial rule during the Xinhai Revolution. en-wikipedia-org-5567 en-wikipedia-org-5568 Carl Grimberg Wikipedia Jump to navigation Carl Gustaf Grimberg (September 22, 1875 in Gothenburg, Sweden – June 11, 1941 in Djursholm) was a Swedish historian. External links[edit] This biographical article about a Swedish historian is a stub. Swedish history stubs Hidden categories: Articles with short description Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers All stub articles Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2020, at 17:46 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5570 For the Wikipedia template to link to bibcoded articles, see Template:bibcode Code used to identify references in certain astronomical data systems The bibcode (also known as the refcode) is a compact identifier used by several astronomical data systems to uniquely specify literature references. The Bibliographic Reference Code (refcode) was originally developed to be used in SIMBAD and the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), but it became a de facto standard and is now used more widely, for example, by the NASA Astrophysics Data System who coined and prefer the term "bibcode".[1][2] The 6-digit article ID numbers (in lieu of page numbers) used by the Physical Review publications since the late 1990s are treated as follows: The first two digits of the article ID, corresponding to the issue number, are converted to a lower-case letter (01 = a, etc.) and inserted into column M. Some examples of bibcodes are: Bibcode:1924MNRAS..84..308E. "The ADS Data, help page". en-wikipedia-org-5574 en-wikipedia-org-5583 en-wikipedia-org-5587 In another Buddhist text Majjhima Nikāya, the Buddha criticizes Jain emphasis on the destruction of unobservable and unverifiable types of karma as a means to end suffering, rather than on eliminating evil mental states such as greed, hatred and delusion, which are observable and verifiable.[4] Buddha also criticises the Jain ascetic practice of various austerities, claiming that he, Buddha, is happier when not practising the austerities.[5][note 2] In response, the Jain community said that the practice was a religious activity which was protected under article 25 of the Indian constitution.[24][25] In August 2015, Rajasthan High Court cited that the practice is not an essential tenet of Jainism and banned the practice, making it punishable under section 306 and 309 IPC (Abetment of Suicide).[26] But a few days later, The Supreme Court of India stayed the High Court''s order.[27] ^ For the Jain refutation of the theory of God as operator and dispenser of karma, see Jainism and non-creationism. en-wikipedia-org-5595 Sir Isaac Newton PRS (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27[a]) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. Newton''s work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied."[23] His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton''s mathematical papers.[24] The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as "[...] of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things."[25] en-wikipedia-org-5597 Since 2003, empirical research in the field of happiness economics, such as that by Benjamin Radcliff, professor of Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, supported the contention that in democratic countries life satisfaction is strongly and positively related to the social democratic model of a generous social safety net, pro-worker labor market regulations, and strong labor unions.[127] Similarly, there is evidence that public policies which reduce poverty and support a strong middle class, such as a higher minimum wage, strongly affect average levels of well-being.[128] Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and the theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes, and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life."[132] The psychiatrist George Vaillant and the director of longitudinal Study of Adult Development at Harvard University Robert J. en-wikipedia-org-5599 en-wikipedia-org-5602 (born 1943) is emeritus professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he specialised in nineteenth-century Irish history. Donnelly is a former president of the American Conference for Irish Studies, and a current co-editor of the journal Éire-Ireland. He has cooperated with Dr. Andy Bielenberg of University College Cork in compiling a digital profile of casualties in Cork during the Irish War of Independence.[2] Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture. The Great Irish Potato Famine. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers This page was last edited on 29 March 2020, at 21:32 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5604 en-wikipedia-org-5614 en-wikipedia-org-5622 en-wikipedia-org-5634 M. Scanlon advances the idea that human rights, which are commonly considered a "deontological" concept, can only be justified with reference to the consequences of having those rights.[2] Similarly, Robert Nozick argued for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable "side-constraints" which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.[2] Derek Parfit argued that in practice, when understood properly, rule consequentialism, Kantian deontology and contractualism would all end up prescribing the same behavior.[3] State consequentialism, also known as Mohist consequentialism,[12] is an ethical theory that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the welfare of a state.[12] According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the "world''s earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare."[13] en-wikipedia-org-5640 Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015 Wikipedia Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015 It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles lacking reliable references from April 2015 (2015-04) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles lacking reliable references. Pages in category "Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015" American Accordionists'' Association Berlin Mathematical School Bert Church High School The Boys (Girls'' Generation album) Indus College of Engineering Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2015&oldid=654271903" Monthly clean-up category (Articles lacking reliable references) counter Clean-up categories from April 2015 This page was last edited on 31 March 2015, at 01:50 (UTC). en-wikipedia-org-5667 Mrazović wrote and published Rukovodstvo k slavenstej grammatice: vo upotreblenik slaveno-serbskih narodnyh ucilisc (a Serbian grammar with correct syntax) in Vienna in 1794 for Serbian schools. The first book on logic in the Serbian language was written by Nikola Šimić,[2] Avram Mrazović''s friend, and was published in Budapest in two volumes, entitled "Logic" (Vol. I, 1808; Vol. II, 1809). Ten years later, Mrazović wrote the second book on logic in Serbian in a similar manner, entitled "Logic, or Reasoning", completed in 1826, the year he died. Works[edit] Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia: Аврам Мразовић Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5668 Fritz Richard Stern (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American historian of German history, Jewish history and historiography. Another major area of research for Stern was the history of the Jewish community in Germany and how the Jewish culture influenced German culture and vice versa. In Stern''s view, the best example of the "Jewish-German symbiosis" was Albert Einstein. The Fritz Stern Professorship at the University of Wrocław was established in his honor in 2009. "Fritz Stern, a Leading Historian on Modern Germany, Dies at 90". Dr. Fritz Stern, New York/USA Archived August 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. "Stern, a star German-American historian, is dead". "Former German President awarded the Fritz Stern Professorship of Wrocław". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fritz Stern. en-wikipedia-org-5672 Hamdija Kreševljaković Wikipedia Jump to navigation Hamdija Kreševljaković (18 September 1888 – 9 May 1959) was a Bosniak historian. Biography[edit] Kreševljaković was born in Vratnik,[1] a neighborhood in Sarajevo''s Old Town. Descendants[edit] Bibliography[edit] References[edit] ^ "Rođen Hamdija Kreševljaković". "Sjećanje: Hamdija Kreševljaković". Sarajevo. This Bosnia and Herzegovina biographical article is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamdija_Kreševljaković&oldid=997448913" Writers from Sarajevo Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina historians Bosnia and Herzegovina people stubs Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers All stub articles Edit Learn to edit Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 15:25 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-5676 en-wikipedia-org-568 Category:Metatheory of science Wikipedia Category:Metatheory of science Jump to navigation The main article for this category is Philosophy of science. Problem of induction Scientific method Scientific theory Rationalism / Empiricism Social science Computer science Computer science Criticism of science History and philosophy of science History of science Rhetoric of science Science studies Philosophers of science by era Science portal Pages in category "Metatheory of science" The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Constructivism (philosophy of science) Contextual empiricism Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences) Received view of theories Scientific realism Semantic view of theories Unified Science Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Metatheory_of_science&oldid=630259461" Categories: Metatheory Philosophy of science Philosophy of science Wikimedia Commons Edit links Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-5695 The historical philosophical views of what beauty, the arts, and sensory experiences are, relate to the idea of aesthetics. Aesthetics looks at styles of production.[3] In particular, feminists argue that despite seeming neutral or inclusive, the way people think about art and aesthetics is influenced by gender roles.[2] Feminist aesthetics is a tool for analyzing how art is understood using gendered issues.[4] A person''s gender identity affects the ways in which they perceive art and aesthetics because of their subject position and the fact that perception is influenced by power.[5] The ways in which people see art is also influenced by social values such as class and race.[6] One''s subject position in life changes the way art is perceived because of people''s different knowledge''s about life and experiences.[5] In the way that feminist history unsettles traditional history, feminist aesthetics challenge philosophies of beauty, the arts and sensory experience.[7] Instead, a feminist is less likely to view the object as a disinterested interpreter, and intellectualize the sensation (Hilde Hein).[7] Morse[9] discusses how art is a social institution. Their relationship to feminist aesthetics is relevant because they expose gender and ethnic bias, as well as corruption in the art, film and pop culture worlds. en-wikipedia-org-57 en-wikipedia-org-5709 Traditional South korea conservatism is a political and social philosophy characterized by Korean culture traditions originating from Confucianism in korea, pro-business, opposition to trade unions, strong national defense, free trade, anti-communism, pro-communitarianism, pro-economic interventionism but anti-welfare state. Starting from the dictatorship of Syngman Rhee, South Korean conservatism has been influenced from the military dictatorships of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan. 5 Major conservative parties election results of South Korea Conservatives strongly oppose LGBT rights, with former Liberty Korea Party candidate Hong Jun-pyo blaming homosexuals for weakening the South Korean military and spreading AIDs during the 2017 Presidential Debates.[2] In 2020, People Power Party (South Korea)''s leader Kim Chong-in apologized for Gwangju Democratization Movement. Kim Young-sam (Democratic Liberal Party→New Korea Party→Grand National Party, 1993–1998) Major conservative parties election results of South Korea[edit] Conservative political parties in South Korea (in Korean) Political parties in South Korea New Korea and Democratic Party en-wikipedia-org-5712 File:Socrates.png Wikipedia File:Socrates.png The original uploader was Magnus Manske at English Wikipedia. Later versions were uploaded by Optimager at en.wikipedia. This work is in the public domain in its country of origin and other countries and areas where the copyright term is the author''s life plus 70 years or fewer. 2006-03-25 18:04 Magnus Manske 326×500×8 (64436 bytes) ''http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/01/21/article-0-170D4447000005DC-470_634x504.jpg&imgrefurl=http://rudreshnnchiradoni.blogspot.com/2013/01/tamara-ecclestone-reveals-qualities-of.html&usg=__MbrKeafRJIC_M2NLh1wNYU1aW1U=&h=504&w=634&sz=80&hl=el&start=1&zoom=1&tbnid=ZuPIUfwoz12cxM:&tbnh=181&tbnw=219&ei=ivwCUdzFIYzasgb--oB4&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B2%25CF%2583%26hl%3Del%26sa%3DX%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1680%26bih%3D911%26tbs%3Dsimg:CAQSXgmskcytmJQrWxpKCxCwjKcIGjgKNggBEhC9Ar8Cb7kCugJZvAJY0AFaGiCrZt7EConidfe8RPSkhImDnHWlo4pQp7GbP2xppXBYXgwLEI6u_1ggaAAwhAMpQ8RW_1CfU%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1&ved=1t:3588,r:0,s:0,i:61&iact=rc&dur=309&sig=110520094255912008490&page=1&tx=127&ty=11''2'' Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Talk:Adam Smith Talk:Albert Camus Talk:Anarcho-capitalism Talk:Anti-communism Talk:Anti-realism Talk:Art Talk:Arthur Schopenhauer Talk:Artificial intelligence Talk:Augustine of Hippo Talk:Axiom Talk:Bertrand Russell Talk:Buddhist philosophy Talk:Capitalism Talk:Casuistry Talk:Chinese room Talk:Confucius Talk:Consequentialism View more links to this file. The following other wikis use this file: View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Socrates.png" Talk Talk Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-5714 Daniel Howard-Snyder and Paul Moser, in the introduction to a volume of papers on the idea of divine hiddenness as evidence against theism, cite Nietzsche''s question as anticipating this contemporary theme: "a god who is all-knowing and all-powerful and who does not even make sure his creatures understand his intentions — could that be a god of goodness?"[1] Not enough evidence!" Some nonbelievers may have hidden from themselves what seems to them to be possible evidence of the divine, but the view of the hiddenness argument is that others have tried hard to believe in God. Schellenberg addresses this difference with his distinction between culpable and inculpable nonbelief, with the latter defined as "non-belief that exists through no fault of the non-believer."[9] The most serious criticisms of the hiddenness argument have been leveled against the idea that a perfectly loving God would prevent nonresistant nonbelief. en-wikipedia-org-5721 en-wikipedia-org-5728 en-wikipedia-org-5730 en-wikipedia-org-5732 An ideology (/ˌʌɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/) is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially as held for reasons that are not purely epistemic,[1][2] in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones."[3] Formerly applied primarily to economic, political, or religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory.[4] There are many different kinds of ideologies, including political, social, epistemological, and ethical. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, offering some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. en-wikipedia-org-5739 en-wikipedia-org-5760 en-wikipedia-org-5777 en-wikipedia-org-5778 en-wikipedia-org-5781 a school of Islamic philosophy Avicennism is a school of Islamic philosophy which was established by Avicenna. He developed his philosophy throughout the course of his life after being deeply moved and concerned by the Metaphysics of Aristotle and studying it for over a year. According to Henry Corbin and Seyyed Hossein Nasr, there are two kind of Avicennism: Islamic or Iranian Avicennism, and Latin Avicennism.[1][2] According to Nasr, the Latin Avicennism was based on the former philosophical works of Avicenna. This school followed the Peripatetic school of philosophy and tried to describe the structure of reality with a rational system of thinking. Therefore, philosophy in the eastern Islamic civilization providing became close to gnosis and tried to provide a vision of a spiritual universe. 1141), who argued that philosophy in the Greek tradition would be used to justify false beliefs and dilute the prophetic character of Islam. Contemporary Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy Islamic philosophy Natural philosophy (physics) en-wikipedia-org-5786 Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Wikipedia Among other works written during Turgot''s intendancy were the Mémoire sur les mines et carrières, and the Mémoire sur la marque des fers, in which he protested against state regulation and interference and advocated free competition. Turgot owed his appointment as minister of the navy in July 1774 to Maurepas, the "Mentor" of Louis XVI, to whom he was warmly recommended by the abbé Very, a mutual friend. Turgot at once set to work to establish free trade in grain, but his edict, which was signed on 13 September 1774, met with strong opposition even in the conseil du roi. TURGOT...I present today one of the three greatest statesmen who fought unreason in France between the close of the Middle Ages and the outbreak of the French Revolution – Louis XI and Richelieu being the two other. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune. en-wikipedia-org-580 Advaita Vedānta emphasizes Jivanmukti, the idea that moksha (freedom, liberation) is achievable in this life in contrast to other Indian philosophies that emphasize videhamukti, or moksha after death.[21][22] The school uses concepts such as Brahman, Atman, Maya, Avidya, meditation and others that are found in major Indian religious traditions,[web 1][23][24] but interprets them in its own way for its theories of moksha.[25][26] Advaita Vedānta is one of the most studied and most influential schools of classical Indian thought.[27][28][29] Many scholars describe it as a form of monism,[30][31][32] while others describe the Advaita philosophy as non-dualistic.[33][34] Advaita is considered to be a philosophy or spiritual pathway rather than a religion, as it does not require those who follow it to be of a particular faith or sect.[35][36][37] en-wikipedia-org-5808 European Democratic Party Wikipedia Almost all MEPs of the European Democratic Party currently sit in the Renew Europe group, except for two MEPs of the PRO Romania party, who sit in the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats. As of 2020, EDP member parties participate in the government of two countries : France with Democratic Movement and Slovenia with Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia, and Bavaria with Free Voters. European Democratic Party was initiated on 16 April 2004 and formally founded on 9 December 2004 in Brussels. François Bayrou of the French Democratic Movement (MoDem) and Francesco Rutelli, former leader of the Democracy is Freedom and Alliance for Italy parties, served as the two co-presidents until 2019. European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party European Democratic Party (EDP) Categories: European Democratic Party en-wikipedia-org-5814 en-wikipedia-org-5855 en-wikipedia-org-5858 en-wikipedia-org-5900 International Standard Serial Number an ISSN, 2049-3630, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code. An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication, such as a magazine.[1] The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title. ISSN-L is a unique identifier for all versions of the serial containing the same content across different media. The use of ISSN-L facilitates search, retrieval and delivery across all media versions for services like OpenURL, library catalogues, search engines or knowledge bases. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a serial title, containing no information as to the publisher or its location. "Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace". "Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace". ISO 3297: International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) en-wikipedia-org-5902 en-wikipedia-org-591 View source for Template:Historians of Europe Wikipedia View source for Template:Historians of Europe You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. * [[Henri-Jean Martin]] * [[John Edward Christopher Hill|Christopher Hill]] * [[John Edward Lloyd]] * [[John Robert Seeley]] en-wikipedia-org-5910 Hu is widely recognized today as a key contributor to Chinese liberalism and language reform in his advocacy for the use of written vernacular Chinese.[7] He was influential in the May Fourth Movement, one of the leaders of China''s New Culture Movement, was a president of Peking University, and in 1939 was nominated for a Nobel Prize in literature.[8] He had a wide range of interests such as literature, philosophy, history, textual criticism, and pedagogy. As his biographer Jerome Grieder put it, Hu''s approach to China''s "distinctive civilization" was "thoroughly critical but by no means contemptuous."[11] For instance, he made a major contribution to the textual study of the Chinese classical novel, especially the 18th century novel Dream of the Red Chamber, as a way of establishing the vocabulary for a modern standardized language.[12] His Peking University colleague Wen Yuan-ning dubbed Hu a "philosophe" for his wide-ranging humanistic interests and expertise.[13] en-wikipedia-org-5913 en-wikipedia-org-5920 en-wikipedia-org-5928 en-wikipedia-org-5932 en-wikipedia-org-5933 Schmitt''s work has attracted the attention of numerous philosophers and political theorists, including Giorgio Agamben, Hannah Arendt, Walter Benjamin, Susan Buck-Morss, Jacques Derrida, Jürgen Habermas, Waldemar Gurian, Jaime Guzmán, Reinhart Koselleck, Friedrich Hayek,[7] Chantal Mouffe, Antonio Negri, Leo Strauss, Adrian Vermeule,[8] and Slavoj Žižek, among others. The book''s title derives from Schmitt''s assertion (in chapter 3) that "all significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts"—in other words, that political theory addresses the state (and sovereignty) in much the same manner as theology does God. A year later, Schmitt supported the emergence of totalitarian power structures in his paper "Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus" (roughly: "The Intellectual-Historical Situation of Today''s Parliamentarianism", translated as The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy by Ellen Kennedy). en-wikipedia-org-594 en-wikipedia-org-5940 According to Marjorie Grice-Hutchinson, an academic economist specializing in the School of Salamanca, Juan de Mariana and the Spanish scholastics provided much of the theoretical basis for Austrian School economic thought.[3] Juan De Mariana And Early Modern Spanish Political Thought, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007.[4] The Political Economy of Juan de Mariana, Fordham University Press, 1928.[5] Constitutionalism and Statecraft during the Golden Age of Spain: A Study of the Political Philosophy of Juan de Mariana, S.J., E. "Juan de Mariana and Early Modern Spanish Political Thought (review)". Juan de Mariana: The Influence of the Spanish Scholastics". "Juan de Mariana and Early Modern Spanish Political Thought," Reviews in History, December 2009. Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5952 Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people, but also the most direct in the sense that the people through the assembly, boule and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business.[45] Even though the rights of the individual were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense (the ancient Greeks had no word for "rights"[46]), the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person.[47] en-wikipedia-org-5953 en-wikipedia-org-5954 en-wikipedia-org-5964 en-wikipedia-org-5965 Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas Wikipedia Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas 2001 Princeton University Press edition Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (1979) is a collection of essays by the 20th-century philosopher and historian Isaiah Berlin. The book collects previously published essays in which Berlin discusses the thoughts of 20th century ideologic dissenters who were opposed to the prevailing wisdom of their time. Publication history[edit] "Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas". "Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas". "Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas". "Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas". Essays in the History of Ideas by Isaiah Berlin". This article about a philosophy-related book is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_the_Current:_Essays_in_the_History_of_Ideas&oldid=968099151" Books by Isaiah Berlin History books about philosophy en-wikipedia-org-5968 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (French: [ʒɔʁʒ lwi ləklɛʁ kɔ̃t də byfɔ̃]; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste. Ernst Mayr wrote that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century".[2] In the opening volumes of the Histoire naturelle Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus''s taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction that ran counter to the prevailing theory of pre-existence. ^ Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de", Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, Comte de. O''Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews. William Smellie''s English Translation of Buffon''s Natural History, General and Particular, 3rd Edition en-wikipedia-org-5970 Screenshot of the Oria search page, showing a search for "Wikipedia" at the University of Bergen Library and the National Library of Norway.[1][2] Bibsys is formally organized as a unit at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), located in Trondheim, Norway. BIBSYS offer researchers, students and others an easy access to library resources by providing the unified search service Oria.no and other library services. Since 1972 Bibsys has evolved from a library system supplier for two libraries in Trondheim, to developing and operating a national library system for Norwegian research and special libraries. ^ Language institute asks hackers to help (archived) in Aftenposten, 7 June 2002 "The Ivar Aasen Center is a member of Bibsys, which is a library data center offering services to all Norwegian University Libraries, the National Library, all college libraries, and a number of research libraries." Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers en-wikipedia-org-5971 Johann Christoph Friedrich (von) Schiller (German: [ˈjoːhan ˈkʁɪstɔf ˈfʁiːdʁɪç fɔn ˈʃɪlɐ], short: pronounced [ˈfʁiː.dʁɪç ˈʃɪ.lɐ] (listen); 10 November 1759 – 9 May 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, physician, historian, and playwright. A pivotal work by Schiller was On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters[31] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about the French Revolution, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice.[32] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. Schiller''s focus on the dialectical interplay between Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière''s conception of the "aesthetic regime of art," as well as social philosophy in Herbert Marcuse. en-wikipedia-org-5972 The founder of Stoicism, Zeno of Citium, was taught by Crates of Thebes, and he took up the Cynic ideals of continence and self-mastery, but applied the concept of apatheia (indifference) to personal circumstances rather than social norms, and switched shameless flouting of the latter for a resolute fulfillment of social duties.[72] Logic and physics were also part of early Stoicism, further developed by Zeno''s successors Cleanthes and Chrysippus.[73] Their metaphysics was based in materialism, which was structured by logos, reason (but also called God or fate).[74] Their logical contributions still feature in contemporary propositional calculus.[75] Their ethics was based on pursuing happiness, which they believed was a product of ''living in accordance with nature''.[76] This meant accepting those things which one could not change.[76] One could therefore choose whether to be happy or not by adjusting one''s attitude towards their circumstances, as the freedom from fears and desires was happiness itself.[77] en-wikipedia-org-598 He had been collaborating with granthis of the Nirmala sect, which interpreted Sikh scripture from within a Brahminical framework.[2] The Nirmalas and Udasis had risen to prominence at the expense of the mainstream Khalsa in the eighteenth century, which had been experiencing increased Mughal persecution in the 1700s that forced it to cede control of Sikh shrines to sects without external identifying articles, and subsequently focused on political sovereignty.[2] He found that the Sikh granthis who recited the text in the early 1870s lacked comprehension and its sense of meaning.[1] He stated that "as a result of their warlike manner of life and the troubled times,"[3] that "Sikhs had lost all learning" and the granthis were misleading.[1] Even for Sikhs the language of the Guru Granth Sahib is considered archaic and hard to understand without an interpreter, especially in relation to important but complex ideas.[4] According to Tony Ballantyne, Ernest Trumpp''s insensitive approach such as treating the Sikh scripture as a mere book and blowing cigar smoke over its pages while studying the text, did not endear him to the Sikh granthis who regarded it as an embodiment of the Gurus.[1] en-wikipedia-org-5981 Category:British social commentators Wikipedia Category:British social commentators Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "British social commentators" The following 134 pages are in this category, out of 134 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). John Baxter (political reformer) John Cole (journalist) Peter Hitchens David Hume Douglas Hyde (author) John Barnard Jenkins John Lennon John Lennox William James Linton John Mander Alex Massie (journalist) Peter Medawar Douglas Murray (author) Richard D. Richard Norton-Taylor John O''Sullivan (columnist) Edward Pearce (journalist) John Pienaar George W. Nick Robinson (journalist) John Sergeant (journalist) Peter Tatchell John Thelwall Richard Wolffe Richard Wollheim Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_social_commentators&oldid=896011489" Social commentators Category Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2019, at 22:04 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-5985 At the height of the French Wars of Religion, France became embroiled in another succession crisis, as the last Valois king, Henry III, fought against rival factions the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise. Following Napoleon''s defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, France went through several further regime changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870. Main articles: Early Modern France and History of French foreign relations Main articles: France in the long nineteenth century and History of French foreign relations French economic history since its late-18th century Revolution was tied to three major events and trends: the Napoleonic Era, the competition with Britain and its other neighbors in regards to ''industrialization'', and the ''total wars'' of the late-19th and early 20th centuries. en-wikipedia-org-5989 Friedrich Meinecke (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with national liberal and anti-semitic views, who supported the Nazi invasion of Poland. One of Meinecke''s best-known books, Die Deutsche Katastrophe (The German Catastrophe) of 1946, sees the historian attempting to reconcile his lifelong belief in authoritarian state power with the disastrous events of 1933-45. His explanation for the success of National Socialism points to the legacy of Prussian militarism in Germany, the effects of rapid industrialisation and the weaknesses of the middle classes, but Meinecke also asserts that Hitlerism benefited from a series of unfortunate accidents, which had no connection with the earlier developments in German history. ^ Friedrich Meinecke and German politics in the twentieth century Page 20 Pois, Robert, Friedrich Meinecke and German Politics in the Twentieth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972. Friedrich Meinecke Cosmopolitanism and the National State. en-wikipedia-org-5991 Consensus theory Wikipedia Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Find sources: "Consensus theory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Consensus theory is a social theory that holds a particular political or economic system as a fair system, and that social change should take place within the social institutions provided by it. Consensus theory contrasts sharply with conflict theory, which holds that social change is only achieved through conflict. Consensus theory is concerned with the maintenance or continuation of social order in society. Social and political philosophy Philosophy of social science This sociology-related article is a stub. Categories: Social change Social theories Social theories Articles with disputed statements from September 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6001 en-wikipedia-org-6007 Find sources: "Constant conjunction" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) If it cannot be turned into a full encyclopedia article in the near future, consider moving it to Wiktionary. Check that Wiktionary does not have an article on this word or phrase, as verified using the search page. If Wiktionary has a definition already, change this tag to {{TWCleanup2}} or else consider a soft redirect to Wiktionary by replacing the text on this page with {{Wi}}. If Wiktionary does not have the definition yet, consider moving the whole article to Wiktionary by replacing this tag with the template {{Copy to Wiktionary}}. Constant conjunction is a phrase used in philosophy as a variant or near synonym for causality and induction. Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from June 2010 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2014 en-wikipedia-org-6010 en-wikipedia-org-6016 Having established the situationist critique of art as a social and political critique, one not to be carried out in traditional artistic activities, the SI began, due in part to Debord''s contributions, to pursue a more concise theoretical critique of capitalist society along Marxist lines. On 29 January 2009, fifteen years after his death, Christine Albanel, Minister of Culture, classified the archive of his works as a "national treasure" in response to a sale request by Yale University.[20][21] The Ministry declared that "he has been one of the most important contemporary thinkers, with a capital place in history of ideas from the second half of the twentieth century."[22] Similarly, Debord once called his book, The Society of the Spectacle, "the most important book of the twentieth century".[citation needed] He continues to be a canonical and controversial figure particularly among European scholars of radical politics and modern art.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-6021 Former CIA analyst Michael Scheuer argues that terrorist attacks (specifically al-Qaeda attacks on targets in the United States) are not motivated by a religiously inspired hatred of American culture or religion, demonstrating a basic misunderstanding of Islamic dogma, but by the belief that U.S. foreign policy has oppressed, killed, or otherwise harmed Muslims in the Middle East,[60] condensed in the phrase "They hate us for what we do, not who we are." U.S. foreign policy actions Scheuer believes are fueling Islamic terror include: the US–led intervention in Afghanistan and invasion of Iraq; Israel–United States relations, namely, financial, military, and political support for Israel;[61][62][63][64] U.S. support for "apostate" police states in Muslim nations such as Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, and Kuwait;[65] U.S. support for the creation of an independent East Timor from territory previously held by Muslim Indonesia; perceived U.S. approval or support of actions against Muslim insurgents in India, the Philippines, Chechnya, and Palestine.[66] en-wikipedia-org-6033 Peirce''s philosophy includes (see below in related sections) a pervasive three-category system: belief that truth is immutable and is both independent from actual opinion (fallibilism) and discoverable (no radical skepticism), logic as formal semiotic on signs, on arguments, and on inquiry''s ways—including philosophical pragmatism (which he founded), critical common-sensism, and scientific method—and, in metaphysics: Scholastic realism, e.g. John Duns Scotus, belief in God, freedom, and at least an attenuated immortality, objective idealism, and belief in the reality of continuity and of absolute chance, mechanical necessity, and creative love. This would be logic by the medieval definition taught for centuries: art of arts, science of sciences, having the way to the principles of all methods.[119] Influences radiate from points on parallel lines of inquiry in Aristotle''s work, in such loci as: the basic terminology of psychology in On the Soul; the founding description of sign relations in On Interpretation; and the differentiation of inference into three modes that are commonly translated into English as abduction, deduction, and induction, in the Prior Analytics, as well as inference by analogy (called paradeigma by Aristotle), which Peirce regarded as involving the other three modes. en-wikipedia-org-6036 en-wikipedia-org-6040 en-wikipedia-org-6048 Other influential anti-James histories written during the 1650s include: Sir Edward Peyton''s Divine Catastrophe of the Kingly Family of the House of Stuarts (1652); Arthur Wilson''s History of Great Britain, Being the Life and Reign of King James I (1658); and Francis Osborne''s Historical Memoirs of the Reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James (1658).[179] David Harris Willson''s 1956 biography continued much of this hostility.[180] In the words of historian Jenny Wormald, Willson''s book was an "astonishing spectacle of a work whose every page proclaimed its author''s increasing hatred for his subject".[181] Since Willson, however, the stability of James''s government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many historians, who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism.[s] en-wikipedia-org-6049 The impact of the human species on otherwise untouched worlds and the possible interference with or elimination of alien life forms are good reasons to leave these other worlds in their natural states; this is an example of a strong biocentric view, or object-centered ethic.[6] Critics claim this is a form of anti-humanism and they assert that rocks and bacteria can not have rights, nor should the discovery of alien life prevent terraforming from occurring. In particular, they claim it may be ethically objectionable to bring into existence large numbers of animals that suffer greatly during their often-short lives in the wild.[7] There are also concerns that even with full terraformation, distinct differences between Earth and Mars, such as gravity, lengths of the day and night cycles, and differing/lacking magnetic fields, would cause harm to many introduced species that have evolved for millions of years under Earth conditions. en-wikipedia-org-6050 en-wikipedia-org-6063 In 1989 he was elected a Visiting Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge, having been active in the fields of public policy on the arts, libraries and museums.[8] By speaking, writing and, through the Bow Group, submitting (with Sir John Hannam MP) written and oral evidence to a Parliamentary select committee,[9] he helped to establish the National Heritage Memorial Fund. The analysis is slightly inclined in a secular direction, giving greater emphasis to Pascal''s concern with the contradictions of human nature, and rather less to his deep and traditional preoccupation with Original Sin. Since writing this book, Adamson has produced further work on Pascal''s mathematical comprehension of God. His historical writings fall into three categories: a monograph on Spanish art and French Romanticism, illuminating the opening-up of Spain and Spanish art to travellers from France and other parts of Western Europe, and to enthusiasts in those countries; articles on manorial and banking history; and, the modern workings of a City livery company. en-wikipedia-org-6064 en-wikipedia-org-6070 en-wikipedia-org-6072 en-wikipedia-org-6074 Abu Nasr Al-Farabi (/ˌælfəˈrɑːbi/; Persian: ابو نصر محمد بن محمد فارابی‎ Abū Naṣr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al Fārābī;[2] known in the West as Alpharabius;[7] c. Medieval Arab historian Ibn Abī Uṣaibiʿa (died in 1270)—al-Farabi''s oldest biographer—mentions in his ʿUyūn that al-Farabi''s father was of Persian descent.[2][18] Al-Shahrazūrī who lived around 1288 A.D. and has written an early biography also states that Farabi hailed from a Persian family.[19][20] According to Majid Fakhry, an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University, Farabi''s father "was an army captain of Persian extraction."[21] Dimitri Gutas notes that Farabi''s works contain references and glosses in Persian, Sogdian, and even Greek, but not Turkish.[2][22] Sogdian has also been suggested as his native language[23] and the language of the inhabitants of Fārāb.[24] Muhammad Javad Mashkoor argues for an Iranian-speaking Central Asian origin.[25] A Persian origin has been stated by many other sources as well.[26] en-wikipedia-org-6081 en-wikipedia-org-6083 Rigorously trained Polish philosophers made substantial contributions to specialized fields—to psychology, the history of philosophy, the theory of knowledge, and especially mathematical logic.[3] Jan Łukasiewicz gained world fame with his concept of many-valued logic and his "Polish notation."[4] Alfred Tarski''s work in truth theory won him world renown.[5] An analogous position, shunning both positivism and metaphysical speculation, affined to the Scots but linked in some features to Kantian critique, was held in the period before the November 1830 Uprising by virtually all the university professors in Poland: in Wilno, by Dowgird; in Kraków, by Józef Emanuel Jankowski (1790–1847); and in Warsaw, by Adam Ignacy Zabellewicz (1784–1831) and Krystyn Lach Szyrma (1791–1866).[41] In the early nineteenth century, following a generation imbued with Enlightenment ideas, Poland passed directly to a maximalist philosophical program, to absolute metaphysics, to syntheses, to great systems, to reform of the world through philosophy; and broke with Positivism, the doctrines of the Enlightenment, and the precepts of the Scottish School of Common Sense.[42] en-wikipedia-org-6095 His other interests include remembrance of war in the 20th century, such as memorial and mourning sites, European population decline, the causes and institutions of war, British popular culture in the era of the First World War and the Armenian Genocide of 1915. He has also co-authored and co-edited books on the First World War, including a survey of the war''s historiography, The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present (with Antoine Prost, 2006) and The Great War and the Twentieth Century (with Geoffrey Parker and Mary Habeck, 2000). Jay Winter was co-producer, co-writer and chief historian for the PBS series "The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century," which won an Emmy Award, a Peabody Award and a Producers Guild of America Award for best television documentary in 1997. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6098 Important sources of Jewish ethical law include Maimonides'' Mishneh Torah (12th century) and Joseph Karo and Moses Isserles''s Shulkhan Arukh (16th century), especially the section of that code titled "Choshen Mishpat." A wide array of topics on ethics are also discussed in medieval responsa literature. In the 20th and 21st centuries, liberal Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis have fostered novel approaches to Jewish ethics, for example in the writings of Eugene Borowitz and David Teutsch. Central virtues and principles in Jewish ethics[edit] Main article: Jewish business ethics In Judaism, extramarital sex is widely frowned upon.[34][35][36] Jewish ethics across denominations agrees that adultery and incestual relationships (Leviticus 18:6–23) are prohibited.[37] Main article: Jewish medical ethics Jewish war ethics are developed by Maimonides in his "Laws of Kings and their Wars," part of his Mishneh Torah. Further reading on Jewish ethics[edit] Categories: Jewish ethical law en-wikipedia-org-610 Denis Mack Smith CBE FBA FRSL (3 March 1920 – 11 July 2017)[1] was an English historian who specialized in the history of Italy from the Risorgimento onwards. He is best known for his biographies of Garibaldi, Cavour and Mussolini, and for his single-volume Modern Italy: A Political History.[2][3] He was named Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1996.[4] An Emeritus Fellow at All Souls College at the University of Oxford from 1987 until his death, Mack Smith has been considered the world''s leading scholar on Italian history for the English world.[7] Mack Smith, Denis, John Anthony Davis, and Paul Ginsborg. ^ a b William Grimes, "Denis Mack Smith, Chronicler of Modern Italy, Dies at 97", The New York Times, 2 August 2017 Society and Politics in the Age of the Risorgimento: Essays in honour of Denis Mack Smith, John A. en-wikipedia-org-6105 Saichō, a Buddhist monk who also journeyed to China, learned the practices of the Chinese Tendai sect and argued that the teachings of the Lotus Sutra should be the core of Japanese Buddhism. In addition, the thought of a school of the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism gave big influence to the political movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners of the late Tokugawa era. In the middle of the Edo period, Kokugaku, the study of ancient Japanese thought and culture, became popular against foreign ideas such as Buddhism or Confucianism. Kokugaku positively studied ancient Japanese thought and culture, including "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki" and "Man''yōshū", and they aimed at excavating original moral culture of Japan which was different from Confucianism and Buddhism. While the early modern Japanese thought developed in Confucianism and Buddhism, English Enlightenment and French human rights were prevalent after the Meiji Restoration had become rapidly affected by Western thought. en-wikipedia-org-6110 en-wikipedia-org-6113 As a minister of the Church of Scotland, and occupant of the Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh, Blair''s teachings had a great impact in both the spiritual and the secular realms. Best known for Sermons, a five volume endorsement of practical Christian morality, and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, a prescriptive guide on composition, Blair was a valuable part of the Scottish Enlightenment. Blair is best known for the publication of three major works: A Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, Son of Fingal; Sermons; and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres.[3] While little attention is given to his other works, Blair published several other works anonymously, the most important of which is an eight-volume edition of Shakespeare''s works edited by Blair. After retiring from his position as Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres at the University of Edinburgh in 1783, Blair published his lectures for the first time, deeming it necessary because unauthorised copies of his work threatened the legacy of his teachings. en-wikipedia-org-6122 Ethiopian philosophy Wikipedia Beginnings of Ethiopian philosophy[edit] Mature Ethiopian philosophy[edit] Zera Yacob had a disciple, Walda Heywat, who also wrote a philosophical treatise, systematising his master''s thought. He accorded more attention to the practical and educational problems, and he tried to connect Zera Yacob''s philosophy with the kind of wisdom expressed in the earlier sapiential literature. Teodros Kiros, "Zera Yacob and Traditional Ethiopian Philosophy," in Wiredu and Abraham, eds., A Companion to African Philosophy, 2004. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Claude Sumner, Ethiopian Philosophy, vol. Classical Ethiopian Philosophy, Commercial Printing Press, 1985. Claude Sumner, "The Light and the Shadow: Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat: Two Ethiopian Philosophers of the Seventeenth Century," in Wiredu and Abraham, eds., A Companion to African Philosophy, 2004. Ethiopian Philosophy A blog devoted to Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat en-wikipedia-org-6123 en-wikipedia-org-6125 en-wikipedia-org-6129 en-wikipedia-org-6137 en-wikipedia-org-6142 en-wikipedia-org-6150 Another link with ancient Greek thought is the Stoic idea of the spirit as anima mundi – or world soul – that unites all people.[14] Some believe that this can be seen in Paul''s formulation of the concept of the Holy Spirit that unites Christians in Jesus Christ and love for one another, but Konsmo again thinks that this position is difficult to maintain.[15] In his Introduction to the 1964 book Meditations, the Anglican priest Maxwell Staniforth wrote: en-wikipedia-org-6157 He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to Scottish history education.[6][7] He became a Fellow of The Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2003.[8] His papers are held by Archive Services at the University of Dundee, along with a collection of material relating to the Act of Union that he compiled with Derek Patrick during the writing of The Scots and the Union (published 2006).[5][9] ^ Alex Salmond defends Dundee University professor Chris Whatley, STV, retrieved 25 September 2015 "Professor Christopher Allan Whatley OBE, FRSE The Royal Society of Edinburgh". Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6163 en-wikipedia-org-6177 Exploratory thought is an academic term used in the field of psychology to describe reasoning that neutrally considers multiple points of view and tries to anticipate all possible objections to, or flaws in, a particular position, with the goal of seeking truth. The opposite of exploratory thought is confirmatory thought, which is reasoning designed to construct justification supporting a specific point of view. Both terms were coined by social psychologist Jennifer Lerner and psychology professor Philip Tetlock in the 2002 book Emerging Perspectives in Judgment and Decision Making.[1] The authors argue that most people, most of the time, make decisions based on gut feelings and poor logic, and reason through issues primarily to provide justification, to themselves and to others, of what they already believe. ISBN 978-0470137499.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ISBN 978-0470137499.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ISBN 978-0470137499.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) en-wikipedia-org-6185 John Lothrop Motley (April 15, 1814 – May 29, 1877) was an American author, best known for his two popular histories The Rise of the Dutch Republic and The United Netherlands. Besides contributing various historical and critical essays to the North American Review, such as "Life and Character of Peter the Great" (1845), and a remarkable essay on the "Polity of the Puritans", he published in 1849, again anonymously, a second novel, titled Merry Mount, a Romance of the Massachusetts Colony, based again on the odd history of Thomas Morton and Merrymount. Partly owing to this essay, Motley was appointed United States minister to the Austrian Empire in 1861, a position which he filled with distinction, working with other American diplomats such as John Bigelow and Charles Francis Adams to help prevent European intervention on the side of the Confederacy in the American Civil War. He resigned this position in 1867.[14] Two years later, he was sent to represent his country as Ambassador to the United Kingdom, but in November 1870 he was recalled by President Grant. en-wikipedia-org-6186 en-wikipedia-org-619 In 1709, Berkeley published his first major work, An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision, in which he discussed the limitations of human vision and advanced the theory that the proper objects of sight are not material objects, but light and colour.[7] This foreshadowed his chief philosophical work, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, in 1710, which, after its poor reception, he rewrote in dialogue form and published under the title Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous in 1713.[8] In this book, Berkeley''s views were represented by Philonous (Greek: "lover of mind"), while Hylas ("hyle", Greek: "matter") embodies the Irish thinker''s opponents, in particular John Locke. In another essay of the same book[43] titled "Three Views Concerning Human Knowledge", Popper argues that Berkeley is to be considered as an instrumentalist philosopher, along with Robert Bellarmine, Pierre Duhem and Ernst Mach. en-wikipedia-org-6195 John Bright (16 November 1811 – 27 March 1889) was a British Radical and Liberal statesman, one of the greatest orators of his generation and a promoter of free trade policies. He had been all over England and Scotland addressing vast meetings and, as a rule, carrying them with him; he had taken a leading part in a conference held by the Anti-Corn Law League in London had led deputations to the Duke of Sussex, to Sir James Graham, then home secretary, and to Lord Ripon and Gladstone, the secretary and under secretary of the Board of Trade; and he was universally recognised as the chief orator of the Free Trade movement. Speeches on Parliamentary Reform by John Bright, Esq., M.P., delivered during the autumn of 1866 to the people of England, Scotland, and Ireland, at Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Glasgow, Dublin, and London; Revised by Himself. en-wikipedia-org-6196 en-wikipedia-org-6197 Thus, people may speak of anti-realism with respect to other minds, the past, the future, universals, mathematical entities (such as natural numbers), moral categories, the material world, or even thought. The philosophical movement shares similar views to existentialism with the added idea that the Judeo-Christian God plays an important part in coping with the underlying themes of human existence. An absolute version of materialism and physicalism with respect to mental entities and mental vocabulary, according to which humans'' common-sense understanding of the mind (what eliminativists call folk psychology) is not a viable theory on which to base scientific investigation: behaviour and experience can only be adequately explained on the biological level. The philosophy developed by Francis Galton and expressed in his book Hereditary Genius in 1869 that people inherit mental characteristics from their parents such as personality and intelligence, a component of "nature" in the phrase "nature and nurture." Galton''s view was opposed by Lamarckism but the development of human behavior genetics helped confirm hereditarianism as a partial explanation of human individual differences. en-wikipedia-org-6204 en-wikipedia-org-6210 Hegel has influenced many thinkers and writers whose own positions vary widely.[36] For example, "the roots of post-structuralism and its unifying basis lies, in large part, in a general opposition not to the philosophical tradition tout court but specifically to the Hegelian tradition" dominating philosophy in the twentieth century prior to post-structuralism.[37] Paul Tillich wrote that the historical dialectical thought of Hegel "has influenced world history more profoundly than any other structural analysis."[38] Karl Barth described Hegel as a "Protestant Aquinas"[39] while Maurice Merleau-Ponty wrote that "all the great philosophical ideas of the past century—the philosophies of Marx and Nietzsche, phenomenology, German existentialism, and psychoanalysis—had their beginnings in Hegel."[40] The direct and indirect influence of Kojève''s lectures and writings (on The Phenomenology of Spirit in particular) mean that it is not possible to understand most French philosophers from Jean-Paul Sartre to Jacques Derrida without understanding Hegel.[135] American neoconservative political theorist Francis Fukuyama''s controversial book The End of History and the Last Man (1992) was heavily influenced by Kojève.[136] The Swiss theologian Hans Küng has also advanced contemporary Hegelian scholarship.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-6217 Though an Austria-Hungary military force quickly subjugated initial armed resistance upon take-over, tensions remained in certain parts of the country (particularly Herzegovina) and a mass emigration of predominantly Muslim dissidents occurred.[1] However, a state of relative stability was reached soon enough and Austro-Hungarian authorities were able to embark on a number of social and administrative reforms which intended to make Bosnia and Herzegovina into a "model colony".[6] With the aim of establishing the province as a stable political model that would help dissipate rising South Slav nationalism, Habsburg rule did much to codify laws, to introduce new political practices, and generally to provide for modernization.[6] The Habsburgs took special care to integrate local Muslims into the fabric of empire, continuing, for example, to publish a provincial yearbook—much like the Ottomans—in Turkish for over a decade after the end of Ottoman rule.[16] Many local officials moreover stayed the same, with the Mehmed-Beg Kapetanović Ljubušak, for example, remaining the mayor of Sarajevo under both polities and, moreover, obtaining the very same level of honor from both the Ottomans and the Habsburgs, with a Third Class Order of Mecidiye and an Order of the Iron Crown Third Class, respectively.[16] All of this amounted to what one historian has called an "almost seamless transition from one empire to another."[16] en-wikipedia-org-622 en-wikipedia-org-6222 Himmelfarb was best known as a historian of Victorian England, but she put that period in a larger context.[19] Her book, The Idea of Poverty, opens with an extended analysis of Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus, who helped shape debate and policies through much the nineteenth century and beyond. His introduction to the British edition of Roads to Modernity opens: "I have long admired Gertrude Himmelfarb''s historical work, in particular her love of the history of ideas, and her work has stayed with me ever since I was a history student at Edinburgh University."[25] ^ Martin, Douglas, and Slotnik, Daniel, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Conservative Historian of Ideas, Dies at 97 the New York Times, January 1, 2020, Obituary, section B, page 11 ^ Martin, Douglas, and Slotnik, Daniel, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Conservative Historian of Ideas, Dies at 97 the New York Times, January 1, 2020, Obituary, section B, page 11 en-wikipedia-org-6226 Like consciousness raising, some feminist methods affect the collective emotions of women, when things like political statistics are more of a structural result When knowledge is either constructed by experiences, or discovered, it needs to both be reliable and valid.[4] Strong feminist supporters of this are Nancy Hartsock, Hilary Rose, and finally Sandra Harding.[5] Feminist sociologists have made important contributions to this debate as they began to criticize positivism as a philosophical framework and, more specifically, its most acute methodological instrument—that of quantitative methods for its practice of detached and objective scientific research and the objectification of research subjects (Graham 1983b; Reinharz 1979). en-wikipedia-org-6235 en-wikipedia-org-624 Category:Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers This category is for articles with CANTIC identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers" Aino Aalto Giuseppe Cesare Abba Edwin Austin Abbey Richard Abel (cultural historian) Abraham ben David Peter Abrahams Academy of Arts, Berlin Claudio Achillini José de Acosta Jacob Adam Louis Adam Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Francis Adams Sr. Henry Adams Henry Carter Adams Herbert Adams (novelist) Adams John Adams John Adams (educationist) Categories: Pages with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6250 en-wikipedia-org-626 AAG • ACM DL • ADB • AGSA • autores.uy • AWR • BALaT • BIBSYS • Bildindex • BNC • BNE • BNF • Botanist • BPN • CANTIC • CiNii • CWGC • DAAO • DBLP • DSI • FNZA • GND • HDS • IAAF • ICCU • ICIA • ISNI • Joconde • KulturNav • LCCN • LIR • LNB • Léonore • MBA • MGP • NARA • NBL • NDL • NGV • NKC • NLA • NLG • NLI • NLK • NLP • NLR • NSK • NTA • ORCID • PIC • PLWABN • ResearcherID • RERO • RKD • RKDimages ID • RSL • SELIBR • SIKART • SNAC • SUDOC • S2AuthorId • TA98 • TDVİA • TE • TePapa • TH • TLS • Trove • UKPARL • ULAN • US Congress • VcBA • VIAF • WorldCat Identities en-wikipedia-org-6262 en-wikipedia-org-6272 Andy Wood (historian) Wikipedia Andy Wood (born 1967) is a British social historian. His fourth book, The memory of the People: Custom and Popular Senses of the Past in Early Modern England won the American Historical Association''s Leo Gershoy Award. (2) Letters of Blood and Fire: Authority and Resistance in England, 1500-1640 (Cambridge University Press: probably to be finished 2025) Andy holds degrees from the University of York and Cambridge University, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He is Professor of Social History at Durham University. New York: Cambridge University Press. External links[edit] This article about a British historian or genealogist is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Wood_(historian)&oldid=973906514" Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6274 en-wikipedia-org-6286 In 1863, Hasdeu again moved his residence, from Iaşi to Bucharest; he began editing the satirical magazine Aghiuţă, which ceased publication the following year. In Romania, Hasdeu started work on the Arhiva historică a României (1865-1867), the first history work to use sources in Slavonic and Romanian. In 1876 he was appointed head of the State Archives in Bucharest, and in 1878 professor of philology at the University of Bucharest.[citation needed] In 1877, Hasdeu was elected as a titular member of the Romanian Academy,[2] and in 1883 he became a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,[1] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu. Romanian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (original works in Romanian) Hidden categories: Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6290 Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco–American relations. Franklin described the experiment in the Pennsylvania Gazette on October 19, 1752,[64][65] without mentioning that he himself had performed it.[66] This account was read to the Royal Society on December 21 and printed as such in the Philosophical Transactions.[67] Joseph Priestley published an account with additional details in his 1767 History and Present Status of Electricity. Among his associates in France was Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau—a French Revolutionary writer, orator and statesman who in early 1791 would be elected president of the National Assembly.[162] In July 1784, Franklin met with Mirabeau and contributed anonymous materials that the Frenchman used in his first signed work: Considerations sur l''ordre de Cincinnatus.[163] The publication was critical of the Society of the Cincinnati, established in the United States. en-wikipedia-org-6292 Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi (28 December 1717[1] – 21 July 1771) was one of the leading German political economists in the 18th century. Writing against the background of the European power struggle during the Seven Years'' War, Justi''s central aim was to create modern commercial monarchies in the larger states of the Holy Roman Empire that could equal the military strength, political standing and economic performance of England and France. Apart from measures supporting population growth and fostering competition (by reducing the power of guilds and corporations), Justi viewed the increase in private consumption (by abolishing sumptuary laws), the spread of manufactures and companies as well as the growth in external trade (with the help of government-sponsored trade companies and the abolition of prohibitions regarding the import and export of goods) as cornerstones for economic success. Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi: Schauplatz der Künste und Handwerke Social and political philosophy en-wikipedia-org-6319 A former Professor at the University of Iaşi, noted for his contribution to the study of cultural history and Romanian history, he is currently head of the A.D. Xenopol Institute of History (an office he has held since 1990).[1] He was elected a full member of the Romanian Academy in 2004 (having been a correspondent member since 1991); currently, he serves as head of the Academy''s History Department.[2] After his release, he took up research in the Central University Library of Iaşi,[3] and began publishing biographies and studies of Romanian culture, which proved to be highly influential during the period of relative liberalization at the start of Nicolae Ceauşescu''s regime.[1] He has since notably authored works on major figures of Romanian historiography (including Mihail Kogălniceanu, Vasile Pârvan, Alexandru D. Romanian Historiography at the End of the 19th Century and the Start of the 20th Century"), Editura Academiei, Bucharest, 1985; second edition, 2000 Istorie şi istorici în România interbelică ("History and Historians in Interwar Romania"), Editura Junimea, Iaşi, 1989; second edition, 2003 en-wikipedia-org-6328 en-wikipedia-org-6331 He defines secularism as ''everything whose origin is merely human and therefore non-divine and whose metaphysical basis lies in this ontological hiatus between man and God''.[5] Secularism, Nasr argues, is an evil force that has caused science and knowledge to become desacralized. On the contrary, Shu-hsien argues, there is an overwhelming necessity for desacralization of knowledge within the domain of empirical science for the reason that the quest of certainty is no longer a viable objective.[40] For David Harvey, the Enlightenment thought sought demystification and desacralization of knowledge and social organization in order to free human beings from their bonds.[41] Svend Brinkmann independently argues on the need for desacralization of knowledge stating that ''if knowing is a human activity, it is always already situated somewhere – in some cultural, historical and social situation''.[42] David Burrell argues on the other hand that, in a world that is explicitly postmodern, scholars are more at ease with Nasr''s criticism of ''Enlightenment philosophical paradigm'' than ever before. en-wikipedia-org-6334 A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012) [contains translations of: Didascalion on the study of reading, introduced and translated by Franklin T Harkins; On Sacred Scripture and its authors and The diligent examiner, introduced and translated by Frans van Liere; On the sacraments of the Christian faith, prologues, introduced and translated by Christopher P Evans] An older English translation is in Jerome Taylor, The Didascalicon of Hugh of St Victor, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961). A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun, (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012) A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun, (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012) Harkins, Franklin T, Reading and the Work of Restoration: History and Scripture in the Theology of Hugh of St Victor, (Brepols, 2009) en-wikipedia-org-6335 Category:Philosophers of mind Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of mind Jump to navigation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophers of mind. Philosophers in the philosophy of mind. ► Ancient Greek philosophers of mind‎ (6 P) Pages in category "Philosophers of mind" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 411 total. List of philosophers of mind Francis Bacon Thomas Baldwin (philosopher) Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) David Braine (philosopher) Thomas Brown (philosopher) Peter Carruthers (philosopher) David Charles (philosopher) Paul Churchland Rachel Cooper (philosopher) Donald Davidson (philosopher) Martin Davies (philosopher) Gareth Evans (philosopher) Thomas Gordon (philosopher) John Gray (philosopher) David Hartley (philosopher) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Hollis (philosopher) William James Mark Johnston (philosopher) Walter Kaufmann (philosopher) Edward Francis Kelly Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_mind&oldid=952691097" Categories: Philosophers by field Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-6337 The distinction between the general and the individual is reflected in their different moral questions: "what is just?" versus "how to respond?".[2] Carol Gilligan, who is considered the originator of the ethics of care, criticized the application of generalized standards as "morally problematic, since it breeds moral blindness or indifference".[3] Care-focused feminism, alternatively called gender feminism,[12] is a branch of feminist thought informed primarily by ethics of care as developed by Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings.[11] This body of theory is critical of how caring is socially engendered, being assigned to women and consequently devalued. These theories recognize caring as an ethically relevant issue.[15] Critical of how society engenders caring labor, theorists Sara Ruddick, Virginia Held, and Eva Feder Kittay suggest caring should be performed and care givers valued in both public and private spheres.[16] This proposed paradigm shift in ethics encourages the view that an ethic of caring be the social responsibility of both men and women. ^ Noddings, Nel: Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, page 3-4. en-wikipedia-org-6339 Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, Marquis of Gualdrasco and Villareggio[1] (Italian: [ˈtʃeːzare bekkaˈriːa, ˈtʃɛː-]; 15 March 1738 – 28 November 1794) was an Italian criminologist,[2] jurist, philosopher, and politician, who is widely considered as the most talented jurist[3] and one of the greatest thinkers of the Age of Enlightenment. He is well remembered for his treatise On Crimes and Punishments (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology. According to John Bessler, Beccaria''s works had a profound influence on the Founding Fathers of the United States.[7] Catherine the Great publicly endorsed it, while thousands of miles away in the United States, founding fathers Thomas Jefferson and John Adams quoted it. Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of ''On Crimes and Punishments''. Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of ''On Crimes and Punishments''. "Cesare Beccaria''s influence on English discussions of punishment, 1764–1789". en-wikipedia-org-6352 Herbert Marcuse (/mɑːrˈkuːzə/; German: [maɐ̯ˈkuːzə]; July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He was married to Sophie Wertheim (1924–1951), Inge Neumann (1955–1973), and Erica Sherover (1976–1979).[5][6][7] In his written works, he criticized capitalism, modern technology, Soviet Communism and entertainment culture, arguing that they represent new forms of social control.[8] While a member of the Frankfurt School (also known as the Institute of Social Research), Marcuse developed a model for critical social theory, created a theory of the new stage of state and monopoly capitalism, described the relationships between philosophy, social theory, and cultural criticism, and provided an analysis and critique of German fascism. en-wikipedia-org-6353 Serbia contained two Socialist Autonomous Provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo, which after 1974 were largely equal to the other members of the federation.[3][4] After an economic and political crisis in the 1980s and the rise of nationalism, Yugoslavia broke up along its republics'' borders, at first into five countries, leading to the Yugoslav Wars. On 20 June 1928, Serb deputy Puniša Račić shot at five members of the opposition Croatian Peasant Party in the National Assembly, resulting in the death of two deputies on the spot and that of leader Stjepan Radić a few weeks later.[6] On 6 January 1929, King Alexander I got rid of the constitution, banned national political parties and assumed executive power and renamed the country Yugoslavia.[7] He hoped to curb separatist tendencies and mitigate nationalist passions. Western attempts to reunite the Partisans, who denied the supremacy of the old government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the émigrés loyal to the king led to the Tito-Šubašić Agreement in June 1944; however, Marshal Josip Broz Tito was in control and was determined to lead an independent communist state, starting as a prime minister. en-wikipedia-org-6375 en-wikipedia-org-638 Charles Forbes René de Montalembert Wikipedia Charles Forbes René de Montalembert (15 April 1810 in London – 13 March 1870 in Paris) was a French publicist, historian and Count of Montalembert, Deux-Sèvres, and a prominent representative of Liberal Catholicism. Charles Forbes René de Montalembert who was born on 15 April 1810, was of French and Scots ancestry. Charles de Montalembert was under twenty-five at his father''s death in 1831 and therefore too young to take his seat as a peer, but he retained other rights. It was his last fall.[1] Montalembert became increasingly isolated, politically, for his support of religious freedom in education; and by the Church for his liberal views.[4] "Montalembert, Charles Forbes René, Comte de" . Works by or about Charles Forbes René de Montalembert at Internet Archive "Montalembert, Charles Forbes de" . Charles de Montalembert (1851) Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6382 en-wikipedia-org-6386 en-wikipedia-org-6387 en-wikipedia-org-6389 en-wikipedia-org-6396 According to French Professor Patrick Laude, Schuon established himself – through his many books, articles and letters –, "as the principal spokesman of the intellectual current sometimes referred to in English speaking countries as perennialism",[30] or the Traditionalist School.[31] During his years in Lausanne and Bloomington he regularly received visits from "practitioners and representatives of diverse religions".[32] The metaphysicians and art specialists Ananda Coomaraswamy and Titus Burckhardt also became prominent advocates of this intellectual current.[46] According to the perennialist writer William Stoddart, "the central idea of the perennial philosophy is that Divine Truth is one, timeless and universal, and that the different religions are but different languages expressing that one Truth" – hence the title given by Schuon to his first book in French, De l''unité transcendante des religions.[47] For Professor Patrick Laude, a perennialist author is "one who claims the universality and primordiality of fundamental metaphysical principles and the perennity of the wisdom that actualizes these principles in man, as expressed in all great revelations and major teachings of sages and saints throughout the ages".[48] en-wikipedia-org-6397 Although the illustration is named after Buridan, philosophers have discussed the concept before him, notably Aristotle, who used the example of a man equally hungry and thirsty,[2] and Al-Ghazali, who used a man faced with the choice of equally good dates.[3] The 12th-century Persian scholar and philosopher al-Ghazali discusses the application of this paradox to human decision making, asking whether it is possible to make a choice between equally good courses without grounds for preference.[2] He takes the attitude that free will can break the stalemate. In other words, it is entirely rational to recognize that both choices are equally good and arbitrarily (randomly) pick one instead of starving; although the decision that they are sufficiently the same is also subject to Buridan''s ass. "Choice Without Preference: A Study of the History and of the Logic of the Problem of ''Buridan''s Ass''". en-wikipedia-org-6399 Jonathan Irvine Israel FBA (born 26 January 1946) is a British writer and academic specialising in Dutch history, the Age of Enlightenment and European Jews. He attended Kilburn Grammar School, and like his school peer and future fellow historian Robert Wistrich went on to study History as an undergraduate at Queens'' College, Cambridge, graduating with a first-class degree in Part II of the Tripos in 1967.[3] His graduate work took place at the University of Oxford and the El Colegio de México, Mexico City, leading to his D.Phil. In January 2001, Israel became a professor of modern European history in the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.[4] In 2007, the 375th anniversary of the birth of Spinoza, he held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam.[5] en-wikipedia-org-640 John Locke FRS (/lɒk/; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism".[12][13][14] Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, Locke is equally important to social contract theory. Historian Julian Hoppit said of the book, "except among some Whigs, even as a contribution to the intense debate of the 1690s it made little impression and was generally ignored until 1703 (though in Oxford in 1695 it was reported to have made ''a great noise'')."[24] John Kenyon, in his study of British political debate from 1689 to 1720, has remarked that Locke''s theories were "mentioned so rarely in the early stages of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to 1692, and even less thereafter, unless it was to heap abuse on them" and that "no one, including most Whigs, [were] ready for the idea of a notional or abstract contract of the kind adumbrated by Locke."[25]:200 In contrast, Kenyon adds that Algernon Sidney''s Discourses Concerning Government were "certainly much more influential than Locke''s Two Treatises."[i][25]:51 en-wikipedia-org-6404 en-wikipedia-org-6413 Existentialism is associated with several 19thand 20th-century European philosophers who shared an emphasis on the human subject, despite profound doctrinal differences.[6][4][7] Many existentialists regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience.[8][9] A primary virtue in existentialist thought is authenticity.[10] Søren Kierkegaard is generally considered to have been the first existentialist philosopher,[6][11][12] though he did not use the term existentialism.[13] He proposed that each individual—not society or religion—is solely responsible for giving meaning to life and living it passionately and sincerely, or "authentically".[14][15] The main idea of existentialism during World War II was developed by Jean-Paul Sartre under the influence of Dostoevsky and Martin Heidegger, whom he read in a POW camp and strongly influenced many disciplines besides philosophy, including theology, drama, art, literature, and psychology.[16] en-wikipedia-org-6415 en-wikipedia-org-642 en-wikipedia-org-6429 en-wikipedia-org-6434 Esposito states that reforms in women''s rights affected marriage, divorce, and inheritance.[12] Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures, including the West, until centuries later.[20] The Oxford Dictionary of Islam states that the general improvement of the status of Arab women included prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing women''s full personhood.[21] "The dowry, previously regarded as a bride-price paid to the father, became a nuptial gift retained by the wife as part of her personal property."[12][22] Under Islamic law, marriage was no longer viewed as a "status" but rather as a "contract", in which the woman''s consent was imperative.[12][21][22] "Women were given inheritance rights in a patriarchal society that had previously restricted inheritance to male relatives."[12] Annemarie Schimmel states that "compared to the pre-Islamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an enormous progress; the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work."[23] William Montgomery Watt states that Muhammad, in the historical context of his time, can be seen as a figure who testified on behalf of women''s rights and improved things considerably. en-wikipedia-org-6438 Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist famous for his theory of social Darwinism whereby superior physical force shapes history.[1] Spencer originated the expression "survival of the fittest", which he coined in Principles of Biology (1864) after reading Charles Darwin''s On the Origin of Species. Writing after various developments in biology, however, Spencer rejected what he regarded as the ideological aspects of Comte''s positivism, attempting to reformulate social science in terms of his principle of evolution, which he applied to the biological, psychological and sociological aspects of the universe. He further recommended that private charitable efforts would be wise to avoid encouraging the formation of new dependent families by those unable to support themselves without charity.[39] Focusing on the form as well as the content of Spencer''s "Synthetic Philosophy", one writer has identified it as the paradigmatic case of "social Darwinism", understood as a politically motivated metaphysic very different in both form and motivation from Darwinist science.[40] en-wikipedia-org-6454 A widening cultural divide grew between the Franks remaining in the north and the rulers far to the south in what is now France.[49] Salian Franks continued to reside in their original homeland and the area directly to the south and to speak their original language, Old Frankish, which by the 9th century had evolved into Old Dutch.[18] A Dutch-French language boundary came into existence (but this was originally south of where it is today).[18][49] In the Maas and Rhine areas of the Netherlands, the Franks had political and trading centres, especially at Nijmegen and Maastricht.[49] These Franks remained in contact with the Frisians to the north, especially in places like Dorestad and Utrecht. Dutch political history from the middle of the 19th century until the First World War was fundamentally one of the extension of liberal reforms in government, the reorganization and modernization of the Dutch economy, and the rise of trade unionism and socialism as working-class movements independent of traditional liberalism. en-wikipedia-org-6460 File:DavidHume.jpg Wikipedia Original file ‎(3,780 × 2,520 pixels, file size: 4 MB, MIME type: image/jpeg) Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. English: Statue of Scottish Philosopher David Hume (1711 to 1776) by Alexander Stoddart at one of the prominent landmarks on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. URL: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Bandan Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. 14:15, 1 November 2013 3,786 × 2,524 (4.1 MB) Bandan User created page with UploadWizard The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. File change date and time 20:05, 3 November 2013 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidHume.jpg" en-wikipedia-org-6468 en-wikipedia-org-6476 Calton Hill is also the location of several monuments and buildings: the National Monument,[2] the Nelson Monument,[2][3] the Dugald Stewart Monument,[2][3] the old Royal High School,[2][3] the Robert Burns Monument,[2] the Political Martyrs'' Monument and the City Observatory.[3][4] In 1456, James II granted land to Edinburgh by charter wherein Calton Hill is referred to as "Cragingalt", the name by which it appears on the 1560 Petworth map of the Siege of Leith (rendered as "Cragge Ingalt"). By the 1840s, a pipeline ran over the shoulder of Calton hill from the Edinburgh coal gas works on the Royal Mile at New Street to the Bonnington Chemical Works in Bonnington. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Calton Hill Grant, James "Old and New Edinburgh" Volume 3, Chapter XVI, printed as a periodical in the 1880s, Accessed 12 August 2009 Calton Hill and the plans for Edinburgh''s third New Town. en-wikipedia-org-6478 Ida Louise Altman (born 1950) is an American historian of colonial Spain and Latin America. Altman is noted as a social historian for her primary research into migration patterns and individual migrations in the Spanish colonial period and the effects of source communities in the Old World on the economies and social development of destination communities in the New World, and vice versa.[2] Altman''s first article was published in 1976, "A Family and Region in the Northern Fringe Lands: The Marqueses de Aguayo of Nuevo León and Coahuila", in the now classic anthology on regional variation in colonial Mexico.[5] For her study of the elite Marqueses de Aguayo over several generations, she drew on rich archival sources, mainly at the University of Texas, with specificity of locale and individuals, and placed them within the larger colonial world. Altman followed up Emigrants and Society quickly with her second co-edited and co-authored volume, "To Make America": European Immigration in the Early Modern Period, which broadened the conversation about transatlantic migration.[6] en-wikipedia-org-6479 Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton FBA (born Gottfried Rudolf Otto Ehrenberg; 17 August 1921 – 4 December 1994) was a German-born British political and constitutional historian, specialising in the Tudor period. He spent his time in the Army in the Intelligence Corps and the East Surrey Regiment, serving with the Eighth Army in Italy from 1944 to 1946 and reaching the rank of sergeant.[1]:79 During this period, Ehrenberg anglicised his name to Geoffrey Rudolph Elton.[1]:79 After his discharge from the army, Elton studied early modern history at University College London, graduating with a PhD in 1949.[1]:79 "Sir Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, 73, Tudor Historian at Cambridge". Cross, Claire, Loades, David & Scarisbrick, J.J (editors) Law and Government under the Tudors: Essays Presented to Sir Geoffrey Elton, Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge on the Occasion of his Retirement Cambridge University Press, 1988. en-wikipedia-org-648 Mildred Adams is the translator (into English) of the main body of Ortega''s work, including Invertebrate Spain, Man and Crisis, What is Philosophy?, Some Lessons in Metaphysics, The Idea of Principle in Leibniz and the Evolution of Deductive Theory, and An Interpretation of Universal History. "José Ortega y Gasset – The Spanish philosopher who saw life as an intellectual adventure". An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega y Gasset, Oxford University Press, 2009. Holmes, Oliver, "José Ortega y Gasset", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Holmes, Oliver, "José Ortega y Gasset", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. en-wikipedia-org-6484 The High Court of Justiciary remained the final authority on all matters of criminal law after the Act of Union, though the Parliament of Great Britain appears to have had appellate jurisdiction through the judicial functions of the House of Lords this appeared to have little effect in practice.[4][8] In 1713 a case (Magistrates of Elgin v. Trials in the High Court are usually jury trials, with a single Lord Commissioner of Justiciary presiding (although two or more judges may sit in important or difficult cases) with a jury of fifteen individuals; in Scotland this is known as solemn proceedings.[25] Under the Scottish legal system, the jury can convict on a majority verdict of at least eight jurors, and need not return a unanimous verdict. en-wikipedia-org-6485 Herbert Harvey Rowen (22 October 1916 in Brooklyn, New York – 31 March 1999 in Newtown, Bucks County, Pennsylvania), was a noted American historian of Early Modern Europe and "arguably the most important English-speaking historian of the Dutch Republic since John Lothrop Motley."[1] On his return to New York from military service in 1946, Rowen followed his growing interests in languages and took a position as an editorial research assistant with the American College Dictionary at Random House. finding this too controversial a subject to carry on to doctoral research, he shifted his area of study to Early Modern Europe and became the first of many graduate students of a new Columbia University faculty member, Garrett Mattingly. German History: Some New German Views, edited by Hans Kohn and translated by Herbert H. Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6486 Structuralism was developed in post-war Paris as a response to the perceived contradiction between the free subject of philosophy and the determined subject of the human sciences.[21] It drew on the systematic linguistics of Saussure for a view of language and culture as a conventional system of signs preceding the individual subject''s entry into them.[22] In the study of linguistics the structuralists saw an objectivity and scientificity that contrasted with the humanist emphasis on creativity, freedom and purpose.[23] Michel Foucault challenged the foundational aspects of Enlightenment humanism.[40] He rejected absolute categories of epistemology (truth or certainty) and philosophical anthropology (the subject, influence, tradition, class consciousness), in a manner not unlike Nietzsche''s earlier dismissal of the categories of reason, morality, spirt, ego, motivation as philosophical substitutes for God.[41] Foucault argued that modern values either produced counter-emancipatory results directly, or matched increased "freedom" with increased and disciplinary normatization.[42] His anti-humanist skepticism extended to attempts to ground theory in human feeling, as much as in human reason, maintaining that both were historically contingent constructs, rather than the universals humanism maintained.[43] In The Archaeology of Knowledge, Foucault dismissed history as "humanist anthropology". en-wikipedia-org-6489 Kant was an exponent of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation, and that perhaps this could be the culminating stage of world history.[33] The nature of Kant''s religious views continues to be the subject of scholarly dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the impression that he shifted from an early defense of an ontological argument for the existence of God to a principled agnosticism, to more critical treatments epitomized by Schopenhauer, who criticized the imperative form of Kantian ethics as "theological morals" and the "Mosaic Decalogue in disguise",[34] and Nietzsche, who claimed that Kant had "theologian blood"[35] and was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian faith.[c] Beyond his religious views, Kant has also been criticized for the racism presented in some of his lesser-known papers, such as "On the Use of Teleological Principles in Philosophy" and "On the Different Races of Man".[37][38][39][40] An advocate of scientific racism for much of his career, Kant''s views on race changed significantly in the last decade of his life, and he ultimately rejected racial hierarchies and European colonialism in Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795).[41] en-wikipedia-org-6504 en-wikipedia-org-6510 en-wikipedia-org-6519 The Glorious Revolution of November 1688 (Irish: An Réabhlóid Ghlórmhar; Scottish Gaelic: Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor; Welsh: Chwyldro Gogoneddus), or Revolution of 1688, is the name commonly used for the deposition of James II and VII, king of England, Scotland and Ireland, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange. The expansion of the military caused great concern, particularly in England and Scotland, where memories of the civil war left huge resistance to standing armies.[32] In Ireland, Talbot replaced Protestant officers with Catholics; James did the same in England, while basing the troops at Hounslow appeared a deliberate attempt to overawe Parliament.[33] In April 1688, he ordered the Declaration of Indulgence read in every church; when the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused, they were charged with seditious libel and confined in the Tower of London. en-wikipedia-org-6531 From 1886 to 1904, he published a six-volume Bible study series originally titled Millennial Dawn, later renamed Studies in the Scriptures, nearly 20 million copies of which were printed and distributed around the world in several languages during his lifetime.[3] (A seventh volume was commissioned by his successor as society president, Joseph Rutherford, and published in 1917.) The Watch Tower Society ceased publication of Russell''s writings in 1927,[4] though his books are still published by several independent groups. en-wikipedia-org-6549 In Brahmanas and Early Upanishads doubt regarding a person''s existence after death is cast, while the Yajñavalkya argued for the impossibility of knowing the ultimate reality or the atman.[3] However the flourishing of sceptical thoughts seems to have occurred in a period with diverse, conflicting, and irreconcilable theories, regarding morality, metaphysics, and religious beliefs. It is natural, in the absence of a commonly accepted criterion of truth, for some people to wonder if any theory could be true at all.[4] The Sceptics specifically pointed to the conflicting theories of atman and the requirement of omniscience, and hence the criticism of omniscience, to obtain true knowledge.[5] A proliferation of view points existed during the period immediately preceding the rise of Buddhism, as attested in the Buddhist and Jain texts. en-wikipedia-org-6554 Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with ULAN identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 43,455 total. Giuseppe Abbati John White Abbott Louis Abel-Truchet Carl Friedrich Abel Hans Abel John Abel Robert Abel (animator) Julian Abele Abell Erika Abels d''Albert James William Abert William de Wiveleslie Abney Carl Abrahams Louis Abrahams (art patron) Herbert Abrams Ruth Abrams (artist) Achilles Painter Categories: Pages with ULAN identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6556 A volume of excerpts of his seven books, edited by the classical scholar Marion Mills Miller, was also published by Putnam in 1920. Raymond was an art theorist who created the first comprehensive and systematic theory of the arts.[4] The New York Times said "In a spirit at once scientific and that of the true artist, he pierces through the manifestations of art to their sources, and shows the relations, intimate and essential, between painting, sculpture, poetry, music, and architecture." [5] To see his New York Times Obituary: http://www.esthetics.cc/articles/Raymond%20-%20Obituary%20in%20NYT%201929.pdf 1893 Genesis of Art Form (reissued 1909) (See review from 1893):http://www.esthetics.cc/articles/nytimes_review_genesis.html 1920 An Art Philosopher''s Cabinet (reissued 1926?) edited by Marion Mills Miller ^ An Art-Philosopher''s Cabinet, Marion Mills Miller, G.P. Putnam''s Sons, 1915, page ix of introduction ^ Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, [JAAC articles available to JSTOR subscribers] Thomas Munro, v.13 p.533-537 en-wikipedia-org-6560 Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol Wikipedia Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol (Romanian pronunciation: [alekˈsandru diˈmitri.e kseˈnopol]; March 23, 1847, Iaşi – February 27, 1920, Bucharest) was a Romanian historian, philosopher, professor, economist, sociologist, and author. His six-volume Istoria românilor din Dacia-Traiană ("The History of the Romanians in Trajan''s Dacia"), completed between 1888 and 1893, strongly asserts that the Romanians are of predominantly Roman origin – a position further elaborated by the historian Nicolae Iorga, one of Xenopol''s numerous pupils (see Origin of the Romanians). Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol. Romanian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol (in Romanian) Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6576 John Petrov Plamenatz (born as Jovan Petrov Plamenac; Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Петров Пламенац; 16 May 1912 – 19 February 1975) was a Serbian political philosopher from Montenegro, who spent most of his academic life at the University of Oxford. Plamenatz''s speciality was political theory, which he spent most of his academic life teaching at the University of Oxford. He returned to All Souls as a professorial Fellow in 1967 when he succeeded Isaiah Berlin as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory. A Critical Examination of Some Important Social & Political Theories from Machiavelli to Marx (2 vols, 1963) and later editions Social and Political Theory Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6584 en-wikipedia-org-6586 en-wikipedia-org-6590 en-wikipedia-org-6598 Apart from naturalized epistemology, his most recent work includes the role of intuitions in philosophical theorizing, the conflicts between internalism and externalism in epistemology, and the mental states of non-human animals. In his 1993 book Inductive Inference and Its Natural Ground (MIT Press, 1993) Kornblith argues that inductive knowledge is possible by virtue of a fit between our innate psychological capacities and the causal structure of the world. This claim is defended in his book Knowledge and its Place in Nature (Oxford University Press, 2002) where Kornblith argues that knowledge, as it is being studied in cognitive ethology, is a sufficiently robust and inductively valuable category to qualify as a natural kind. At the same time, Kornblith''s work in semantics indicates that his claims about conceptual analysis can, in fact, be motivated independently of his view on knowledge as a natural kind. Knowledge and its Place in Nature, Oxford University Press, 2002. en-wikipedia-org-6614 Category:David Hume Wikipedia Category:David Hume Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Hume. The main article for this category is David Hume. This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "David Hume" The following 19 pages are in this category, out of 19 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). David Hume Hume and the Problem of Causation Hume''s fork Humean definition of causality Humean projectivism Template:David Hume Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:David_Hume&oldid=940807944" Categories: Enlightenment philosophers Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia categories named after economists Wikipedia categories named after philosophers Wikipedia categories named after Scottish writers Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2020, at 19:47 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-6620 Hendrik Wyermars (early June 1685 – 27 September 1757) was a Dutch radical Enlightenment thinker from Amsterdam who in 1710 published a philosophical book defending the eternity of the world and rejecting the literal version of the Creation story from the book of Genesis. A lengthy review of Wyermars''s book by the German scholar Christoph August Heumann in the Acta philosophorum for 1716 gave Wyermars an international reputation as a Spinozist.[7] The first modern scholarly article on Wyermars was written in 1974 by the Flemish researcher Hubert Vandenbossche (1945-2016).[8] Jonathan Israel included Wyermars in his study on the Radical Enlightenment (2001), describing him as an "incisive, challenging thinker" who embodied "a new kind of vernacular, non-academic, philosophical materialism" that was disseminated through coffee houses, discussion groups and easily accessible writings.[9] In 2015 Wyermars''s book was republished in an annotated and modernized Dutch version with an introduction summarizing the current state of scholarship on Wyermars.[10] en-wikipedia-org-6623 Erik Ringmar is professor in the Department of Political Science and International Relations at İbn Haldun Üniversitesi, Istanbul, Turkey.[1] Find sources: "Erik Ringmar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Between 1995 and 2007 he was senior lecturer in the Department of Government at the London School of Economics, United Kingdom, and between 2007 and 2013 he worked as professor of political science in China, the last two years as Zhi Yuan Chair Professor of International Relations at Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PRC. His most recent book, Liberal Barbarism, concerns European imperialism in China in the 19th century and the destruction of Yuanmingyuan, the Old Summer Palace of the Chinese emperor.[5] In addition, Ringmar has published articles on metaphor, the problems of historiography, international law, narrative theory and the ontology of international politics. en-wikipedia-org-6626 In the late 6th century the dominant force was the Kingdom of Fortriu, whose lands were centred on Strathearn and Menteith and who raided along the eastern coast into modern England.[42] In the west were the Gaelic (Goidelic)-speaking people of Dál Riata with their royal fortress at Dunadd in Argyll, with close links with the island of Ireland, from whom comes the name Scots.[42] In the south was the British (Brythonic) Kingdom of Strathclyde, descendants of the peoples of the Roman influenced kingdoms of "Hen Ogledd" (Old north), often named Alt Clut, the Brythonic name for their capital at Dumbarton Rock.[43] Finally, there were the English or "Angles", Germanic invaders who had overrun much of southern Britain and held the Kingdom of Bernicia, in the south-east.[44] The first English king in the historical record is Ida, who is said to have obtained the throne and the kingdom about 547.[45] Ida''s grandson, Æthelfrith, united his kingdom with Deira to the south to form Northumbria around the year 604. en-wikipedia-org-6633 Galbraith was a long-time Harvard faculty member and stayed with Harvard University for half a century as a professor of economics.[4] He was a prolific author and wrote four dozen books, including several novels, and published more than a thousand articles and essays on various subjects. In the print edition of The New Industrial State (1967), Galbraith expanded his analysis of the role of power in economic life, arguing that very few industries in the United States fit the model of perfect competition. Discussion with Parker on John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Politics, His Economics, April 17, 2005, C-SPAN (May 26, 2005) "A Mind of His Own: Review of John Kenneth Galbraith: His Life, His Economics, His Politics." Archived March 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine The New York Review of Books. en-wikipedia-org-6647 Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (German: [ˈʔɛɐ̯nst ˈhɛkl̩]; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919[1]) was a German zoologist, naturalist, eugenicist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including ecology,[2] phylum,[3] phylogeny,[4] and Protista.[5] Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin''s work in Germany[6] and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism''s biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species'' evolutionary development, or phylogeny. en-wikipedia-org-6662 en-wikipedia-org-6665 Francisco Suárez SJ (5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement, and generally regarded among the greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas. He argued against the sort of social contract theory that became dominant among early-modern political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, but some of his thinking, as transmitted by Grotius, found echoes in later liberal political theory. In 1613, at the instigation of Pope Paul V, Suárez wrote a treatise dedicated to the Christian princes of Europe, entitled Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores ("Defense of the Universal Catholic Faith Against the Errors of the Anglican Sect").[16] This was directed against the oath of allegiance which James I required from his subjects. en-wikipedia-org-6666 en-wikipedia-org-6667 en-wikipedia-org-6676 en-wikipedia-org-6684 Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras del Doctor Don Diego de Torres Villarroel, Sueños morales, visiones y visitas de Torres con D. Diego de Torres Villarroel (1693 – 19 June 1770) was a Spanish writer, poet, dramatist, doctor, mathematician, priest and professor of the University of Salamanca. His most famous work is his autobiography, Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras del Doctor Don Diego de Torres Villarroel (first published 1743). He wrote Los desdichados del mundo y la gloria (1737), He also wrote poems and plays, but his most important work is his picaresque account of his own life entitled Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras del doctor don Diego de Torres Villarroel, (1743, with further additions later), divided into six chapters, each dealing with a decade of his life. Vida, ascendencia, nacimiento, crianza y aventuras del doctor don Diego de Torres y Villarroel (1743) Torres Villarroel''s works en-wikipedia-org-6687 Category:Philosophy of science Wikipedia Category:Philosophy of science Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of science. The main article for this category is Philosophy of science. ► Philosophy of science by discipline‎ (8 C, 9 P) ► Philosophy of science events‎ (2 P) ► Philosophy of science works‎ (7 C) Pages in category "Philosophy of science" Philosophy of science Index of philosophy of science articles History and philosophy of science British Society for the Philosophy of Science Center for Philosophy of Science Centre for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Leeds Commensurability (philosophy of science) Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge Empirical limits in science Feminist philosophy of science Idealization (science philosophy) International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science International Union of History and Philosophy of Science Limiting case (philosophy of science) Models of scientific inquiry Philosophy of Science Association Problem of induction en-wikipedia-org-6689 philosophical position that rejects revelation as a source of religious knowledge and asserts that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to establish the existence of a Supreme Being or creator of the universe.[3][4][5] In Natural History of Religion (1757) he contends that polytheism, not monotheism, was "the first and most ancient religion of mankind" and that the psychological basis of religion is not reason, but fear of the unknown.[33] Hume''s account of ignorance and fear as the motivations for primitive religious belief was a severe blow to the deist''s rosy picture of prelapsarian humanity basking in priestcraft-free innocence. In the United States, there is a great deal of controversy over whether the Founding Fathers were Christians, deists, or something in between.[36][37] Particularly heated is the debate over the beliefs of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.[38][39][40] Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book by E. en-wikipedia-org-6691 Category:Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia Category:Short description is different from Wikidata Jump to navigation It is not shown on its member pages, unless the corresponding user preference (appearance → show hidden categories) is set. The main page for this category is WP:Short description. This category contains articles with short descriptions that do not match the description field on Wikidata. Pages in category "Short description is different from Wikidata" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 1,795,725 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). 3 (Suburban Kids with Biblical Names album) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata&oldid=991100198" Categories: WikiProject Short descriptions Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages Articles with short description Wikipedia categories tracking Wikidata differences Category Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6693 Inconsistent triad Wikipedia Find sources: "Inconsistent triad" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An inconsistent triad consists of three propositions of which at most two can be true. Any inconsistent triad {A, B, C} gives rise to a trilemma {{A, B}, {B, C}, {C, A}}. Perception and objects[edit] The dialectical framework for the whole discussion of the problem in the philosophy of perception and the theoretical conception of perceptual experience is set out as an inconsistent triad.[1] The problem of evil[edit] Main article: Problem of evil The problem of evil is often given in the form of an inconsistent triad. God is omnipotent and omnibenevolent, and evil does not exist. God is omnipotent, but not omnibenevolent; thus, evil exists by God''s will. Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from May 2008 All articles needing additional references en-wikipedia-org-6697 en-wikipedia-org-6699 en-wikipedia-org-6704 Naudé was later able to put into practice all the ideas he put forth in Advice, when he was given the opportunity to build and maintain the Bibliothèque Mazarine, the library of Cardinal Jules Mazarin. At the age of twenty, Naudé published his first book Le Marfore ou Discours Contre les Lisbelles.[3] The work would bring him to the attention of Henri de Mesme, président à mortier of the Paris Parlement. Mazarin had brought with him to Paris a collection numbering over 5,000 volumes.[5] Like Naudé, he believed in an open library to be used by the public for the public good. The fastest way was to absorb entire libraries into the collection, advice that Naudé included in his book. Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque (1627, 1644, 1676; translated by John Evelyn, 1661), full of sound and liberal views on librarianship and considered as a founding stone of library science; Gabriel Naudé (1627; 1644, 2nd edition, reprinted 1876). en-wikipedia-org-6709 The same pope had seriously considered making him a lay cardinal, but Maritain rejected it.[2] Maritain''s interest and works spanned many aspects of philosophy, including aesthetics, political theory, philosophy of science, metaphysics, the nature of education, liturgy and ecclesiology. In 1910, Jacques Maritain completed his first contribution to modern philosophy, a 28-page article titled, "Reason and Modern Science" published in Revue de Philosophie (June issue). Tracey Rowland, a theologian at the University of Notre Dame (Australia) has argued that the lack of a fully developed philosophy of culture in Maritain and others (notably Rahner) was responsible for an inadequate notion of culture in the documents of Vatican II and thereby for much of the misapplication of the conciliar texts in the life of the church following the council.[20] Maritain''s political theory has been criticized for a democratic pluralism that appeals to something very similar to the later liberal philosopher John Rawls'' conception of an overlapping consensus of reasonable views. The Social and Political Philosophy of Jacques Maritain (1955) The Philosophy of Jacques Maritain (1953) en-wikipedia-org-6713 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. This may be the area of Hume''s thought where his scepticism about human powers of reason is most pronounced.{{sfn| Kenyon|Craig|1985|p= ?}} The problem revolves around the plausibility of [[inductive reasoning]], that is, reasoning from the observed behaviour of objects to their behaviour when unobserved. Hume''s solution to this problem is to argue that, rather than reason, natural instinct explains the human practice of making inductive inferences. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" en-wikipedia-org-6719 John Roberts (historian) Wikipedia Roberts did not hesitate to take on ambitious subjects, and in 1976 he published The History of the World, regularly updated in later years and still in print today.[4] The Times Literary Supplement described Roberts as "master of the broad brush-stroke", and in 1985 Roberts wrote and presented the thirteen-part BBC television series The Triumph of the West, a series which painted a broad canvas but avoided simplistic solutions, encouraging the audience to think and reach its own conclusions.[3] Later he served as historical advisor to the BBC series People''s Century. Roberts died in 2003, at Roadwater, Somerset,[6] shortly after completing the fourth revised edition of his The New History of the World. The New History of the World (6th Edition, 2013 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Roberts_(historian)&oldid=981767256" Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6721 Bartolus de Saxoferrato (Italian: Bartolo da Sassoferrato; 1313 – 13 July 1357) was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. Bartolus developed many novel legal concepts, which became part of the civil law tradition. Izbicki, Thomas M., "Additional Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," Manuscripta 55 (2011): 146-155. Krafzik, Sebastian: Die Herrschereinsetzung aus der Sicht des Bartolus von Sassoferato In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. Sheedy, Bartolus on Social Conditions in the Fourteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942). S. Woolf, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought (Cambridge, 1913). Social and political philosophy Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-6726 Ernst Klink (5 February 1923 – 1993) was a German military historian who specialised in Nazi Germany and World War II. As a contributor to the seminal work Germany and the Second World War from MGFA, Klink was the first to identify the independent planning by the German Army High Command for Operation Barbarossa. Klink worked with HIAG and its in-house historian Walter Harzer to screen materials donated to the German Federal Military Archive [de] in Freiburg for any information that may have implicated units and personnel in questionable activity.[4] In the 1960s and 70s, Klink maintained a friendship with Peiper until the latter''s death; the two spoke by telephone shortly before Peiper died in a fire on the night of 14 July 1976.[5] Klink was a contributor to the fourth volume, The Attack on the Soviet Union, of Germany and the Second World War, produced by historians of the MGFA. en-wikipedia-org-673 philosophical position that rejects revelation as a source of religious knowledge and asserts that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to establish the existence of a Supreme Being or creator of the universe.[3][4][5] In Natural History of Religion (1757) he contends that polytheism, not monotheism, was "the first and most ancient religion of mankind" and that the psychological basis of religion is not reason, but fear of the unknown.[33] Hume''s account of ignorance and fear as the motivations for primitive religious belief was a severe blow to the deist''s rosy picture of prelapsarian humanity basking in priestcraft-free innocence. In the United States, there is a great deal of controversy over whether the Founding Fathers were Christians, deists, or something in between.[36][37] Particularly heated is the debate over the beliefs of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.[38][39][40] Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book by E. en-wikipedia-org-674 en-wikipedia-org-6744 Hume''s compatibilist theory of free will takes causal determinism as fully compatible with human freedom.[16] His views on philosophy of religion, including his rejection of miracles and the argument from design for God''s existence, were especially controversial for their time. For over 60 years, Hume was the dominant interpreter of English history.[32]:120 He described his "love for literary fame" as his "ruling passion"[17] and judged his two late works, the so-called "first" and "second" enquiries, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding and An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, as his greatest literary and philosophical achievements.[17] He would ask of his contemporaries to judge him on the merits of the later texts alone, rather than on the more radical formulations of his early, youthful work, dismissing his philosophical debut as juvenilia: "A work which the Author had projected before he left College."[33] Despite Hume''s protestations, a consensus exists today that his most important arguments and philosophically distinctive doctrines are found in the original form they take in the Treatise. en-wikipedia-org-6753 en-wikipedia-org-6762 This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Donald Livingston is a former Professor of Philosophy at Emory University and a David Hume scholar. Philosophical views[edit] In 2003, Livingston was instrumental in founding the Abbeville Institute.[1] According to its website, the Institute is "an association of scholars in higher education devoted to a critical study of what is true and valuable in the Southern tradition". Livingston responded that, although he helped the League set up an institute in the mid-1990s, he left them before 1999 over their support for secession.[1] Terris, Ben (December 6, 2009), "Scholars Nostalgic for the Old South Study the Virtues of Secession, Quietly", Chronicle of Higher Education Donald Livingstone on "Secession and the Modern State", December 1996 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Livingston&oldid=991259158" Articles lacking in-text citations from October 2012 en-wikipedia-org-6764 Feminist political theory Wikipedia Feminist political theory as a term only consolidated in the West during Women''s Liberation movements of the 1960s and 70s. John Stuart Mill''s 1861 call for women''s suffrage in The Subjection of Women is a notable exception.[3] In the early 20th Century, Simone de Beauvoir''s 1949 work The Second Sex exposed the power dynamics surrounding womanhood and laid the foundation for subsequent feminist theories exposing women''s social subjugation. Liberal feminism marks an important approach to feminist politics which was especially pervasive during the first half of the twentieth century. In addition, according to The International Encyclopedia of Ethics, "[L]iberal feminisms of both the past and the present retain some commitment to the distinction between the public and private realms – a distinction [which is the] focus of much critique within feminist political theory."[1] Theorist studying this aspect of feminist political theory question the construction of women as an identity group. en-wikipedia-org-6765 In that same year, Calvin was recruited by Frenchman William Farel to join the Reformation in Geneva, where he regularly preached sermons throughout the week; but the governing council of the city resisted the implementation of their ideas, and both men were expelled. On 16 January 1537, Farel and Calvin presented their Articles concernant l''organisation de l''église et du culte à Genève (Articles on the Organization of the Church and its Worship at Geneva) to the city council.[20] The document described the manner and frequency of their celebrations of the Eucharist, the reason for, and the method of, excommunication, the requirement to subscribe to the confession of faith, the use of congregational singing in the liturgy, and the revision of marriage laws. He agreed and his Responsio ad Sadoletum (Letter to Sadoleto) strongly defended Geneva''s position concerning reforms in the church.[32] On 21 September 1540 the council commissioned one of its members, Ami Perrin, to find a way to recall Calvin. en-wikipedia-org-677 Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. Rushworth Kidder states that "standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as ''the science of the ideal human character'' or ''the science of moral duty''".[5] Richard William Paul and Linda Elder define ethics as "a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures".[6] The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word "ethics" is "commonly used interchangeably with ''morality'' ... State consequentialism, also known as Mohist consequentialism,[27] is an ethical theory that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the basic goods of a state.[27] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BC, as "a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare".[28] Unlike utilitarianism, which views pleasure as a moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are ... en-wikipedia-org-6770 Find sources: "Gale" publisher – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Gale is an educational publishing company based in Farmington Hills, Michigan,[2] west of Detroit. The company is known for its full-text magazine and newspaper databases, Gale OneFile (formerly known as Infotrac), and other online databases subscribed by libraries, as well as multi-volume reference works, especially in the areas of religion, history, and social science. Founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1954 by Frederick Gale Ruffner Jr., the company was acquired by the International Thomson Organization (later the Thomson Corporation) in 1985 before its 2007 sale to Cengage. In 1999, Thomson Gale acquired Macmillan Library Reference (including Scribner''s Reference, Thorndike Press, Schirmer, Twayne Publishers, and G. "Thomson''s Gale Group Acquires MacMillan Library Reference USA". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gale Cengage. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gale_(publisher)&oldid=998426596" en-wikipedia-org-679 John Francis Pollard (born 23 November 1944) is a British historian, an emeritus fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and Emeritus Professor of Modern European History at Anglia Ruskin University. After graduating from South Shields Grammar-Technical School for Boys, John Pollard took his B.A. Degree in History at Cambridge University in 1966, and M.A. in 1970. John Pollard completed his PhD at the University of Reading with Doctoral thesis on fascism ''From the Conciliazione to the Riconciliazione: The Church and the Fascist Regime in Italy, 1929 to 1932''. External links[edit] Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links en-wikipedia-org-6799 Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was an English politician, philosopher, and writer. An early example in Mary Collyer''s Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line with An Enquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit on the "moral sense".[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book material, and makes use of the Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) of Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."[37][38] The eponymous hero of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Samuel Richardson has been described as embodying the "Shaftesburian model" of masculinity: he is "stoic, rational, in control, yet sympathetic towards others, particularly those less fortunate."[39] A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy (1768) by Laurence Sterne was intended by its author to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition founded by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists and Shaftesbury relied.[40] en-wikipedia-org-6800 Jean-Louis de Lolme or Delolme[1] (1740 – 16 July 1806) was a Genevan and British political theorist and writer on constitutional matters, born in the then independent Republic of Geneva. The title page of a 1789 edition of de Lolme''s Constitution de l''Angleterre (The Constitution of England)[3] The work excited much interest as containing many acute observations on the causes of the excellence of the English constitution as compared with those of other countries.[2] However, it was termed by the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1911) as "wanting in breadth of view, being written before the period when constitutional questions were treated in a scientific manner".[2] Jean-Louis de Lolme (1775), The Constitution of England: Or, An Account of the English Government; in which it is Compared, both with the Republican Form of Government, and Occasionally with the Other Monarchies in Europe, London: Printed by T. en-wikipedia-org-6813 John Nicholas Gray (born 17 April 1948) is an English political philosopher with interests in analytic philosophy and the history of ideas.[1] He retired in 2008 as School Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and Political Science. Gray has written several influential books, including False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (1998), which argues that free market globalization is an unstable Enlightenment project currently in the process of disintegration; Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals (2003), which attacks philosophical humanism, a worldview which Gray sees as originating in religions; and Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia (2007), a critique of utopian thinking in the modern world. The most vicious of these boot-boys is John Gray, professor of European thought at the London School of Economics, who has published dozens of increasingly apocalyptic books and articles on the need to end the Enlightenment project forthwith. en-wikipedia-org-6837 This article uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources, with multiple points of view. Philosophy[edit] The characteristic position of all the different Bhedābheda Vedānta schools is that the individual self (jīvātman) is both different and not different from the ultimate reality known as Brahman. Each thinker within the Bhedābheda Vedānta tradition has their own particular understanding of the precise meanings of the philosophical terms "difference" and "non-difference". Bhedābheda predates the positions of two other major schools of Vedānta. Bhedābheda ideas had an enormous influence on the devotional (bhakti) schools of India''s medieval period. Bhāskara (8th and 9th centuries), who founded the Aupādhika Bhedābheda school.[1] This Hindu philosophy-related article is a stub. This article about Hindu religious studies, scripture or ceremony is a stub. Hindu philosophy stubs en-wikipedia-org-6852 József baron Eötvös de Vásárosnamény (pronunciation: [''jɔ:ʒef ''øtvøʃ dɛ ''va:ʃa:rɔʃnɒme:ɲ]; 3 September 1813 – 2 February 1871) was a Hungarian writer and statesman, the son of Ignác baron Eötvös de Vásárosnamény and Anna von Lilien, who stemmed from an Erbsälzer family of Werl in Germany. On 13 September 1842 he married the noble lady Ágnes Rosty de Barkóc (1825–1913), member of the illustrious noble family Rosty de Barkóc that originally hailed from the Vas county, daughter of Albert Rosty de Barkóc (1779–1847), jurist, landowner, vice-ispán of the county of Békés (alispán of Békés).[1] Baron Eötvös'' brother in law was Pál Rosty de Barkóc (1830–1874), a Hungarian nobleman, photographer, explorer, who visited Texas, New Mexico, Mexico, Cuba and Venezuela between 1857 and 1859. Eötvös, Ferenc Deák and István Széchenyi represented the pacific, moderating influence in the council of ministers, but when the premier, Lajos Batthyány, resigned, Eötvös retired for a time to Munich during the War of Independence. en-wikipedia-org-6854 Their first collaboration, When Titans Clashed, was described upon initial publication in 1995 in an H-Net review as "belong[ing] in every college library and on the shelves of all World War II historians".[4] The book was reissued in 2015 in an expanded edition; it was described by the military historian Steven Zaloga as "the best overview of the combat record of the Red Army in the Second World War".[5] Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6857 en-wikipedia-org-6863 en-wikipedia-org-6868 Depending on the system of deontological ethics under consideration, a moral obligation may arise from an external or internal source, such as a set of rules inherent to the universe (ethical naturalism), religious law, or a set of personal or cultural values (any of which may be in conflict with personal desires). Immanuel Kant''s theory of ethics is considered deontological for several different reasons.[8][9] First, Kant argues that in order to act in the morally right way, people must act from duty (Pflicht).[10] Second, Kant argued that it was not the consequences of actions that make them right or wrong, but the motives of the person who carries out the action. Iain King''s 2008 book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time uses quasi-realism and a modified form of utilitarianism to develop deontological principles that are compatible with ethics based on virtues and consequences. en-wikipedia-org-687 James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale Wikipedia James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale KT PC (26 January 1759 – 10 September 1839) was Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and a representative peer for Scotland in the House of Lords. Born at Haltoun House near Ratho, the eldest son and heir of James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale, whom he succeeded in 1789, he became a controversial Scottish politician and writer. From 1789, in the House of Lords, where he was a representative peer for Scotland, he was prominent as an opponent of the policy of William Pitt the Younger and the English government with regard to France. New peerage[edit] en-wikipedia-org-6872 He advocated individual and economic freedoms, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and (in an unpublished essay) the decriminalising of homosexual acts.[8][9] He called for the abolition of slavery, capital punishment and physical punishment, including that of children.[10] He has also become known as an early advocate of animal rights.[11][12][13][14] Though strongly in favour of the extension of individual legal rights, he opposed the idea of natural law and natural rights (both of which are considered "divine" or "God-given" in origin), calling them "nonsense upon stilts."[4][15] Bentham was also a sharp critic of legal fictions. He became deeply frustrated with the complexity of English law, which he termed the "Demon of Chicane".[21] When the American colonies published their Declaration of Independence in July 1776, the British government did not issue any official response but instead secretly commissioned London lawyer and pamphleteer John Lind to publish a rebuttal.[22] His 130-page tract was distributed in the colonies and contained an essay titled "Short Review of the Declaration" written by Bentham, a friend of Lind, which attacked and mocked the Americans'' political philosophy.[23][24] en-wikipedia-org-6892 en-wikipedia-org-69 en-wikipedia-org-6902 en-wikipedia-org-6913 Broadly speaking, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical claim that no belief can have justification which guarantees the truth of the belief, or that no beliefs are certain.[2] Not all fallibilists believe that fallibilism extends to all domains of knowledge; common candidates for infallible beliefs include those that can be known a priori (such as logical truths and mathematical truths) and self-knowledge. Additionally, some theorists embrace global versions of fallibilism (claiming that no human beliefs have truth-guaranteeing justification), while others restrict fallibilism to particular areas of human inquiry, such as empirical science or morality.[7] The claim that all scientific claims are provisional and open to revision in the light of new evidence is widely taken for granted in the natural sciences.[8] Another proponent of fallibilism is Karl Popper, who builds his theory of knowledge, critical rationalism, on falsifiability. en-wikipedia-org-6915 Some philosophers and scholars argue that the objective and subjective conditions arising in today''s unique historical moment, an emerging planetary phase of civilization, creates a latent potential for the emergence of a cosmopolitan identity as global citizens and possible formation of a global citizens movement.[15] These emerging objective and subjective conditions in the planetary phase include improved and affordable telecommunications; space travel and the first images of our fragile planet floating in the vastness of space; the emergence of global warming and other ecological threats to our collective existence; new global institutions such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, or International Criminal Court; the rise of transnational corporations and integration of markets often termed economic globalization; the emergence of global NGOs and transnational social movements, such as the World Social Forum; and so on. en-wikipedia-org-6931 en-wikipedia-org-6939 Our thought cannot grasp the One as long as any other image remains active in the soul [...] To this end, you must set free your soul from all outward things and turn wholly within yourself, with no more leaning to what lies outside, and lay your mind bare of ideal forms, as before of the objects of sense, and forget even yourself, and so come within sight of that One. Carabine notes that Plotinus'' apophasis is not just a mental exercise, an acknowledgement of the unknowability of the One, but a means to ecstasis and an ascent to "the unapproachable light that is God."[web 10] Pao-Shen Ho, investigating what are Plotinus'' methods for reaching henosis,[note 7] concludes that "Plotinus'' mystical teaching is made up of two practices only, namely philosophy and negative theology."[27] According to Moore, Plotinus appeals to the "non-discursive, intuitive faculty of the soul," by "calling for a sort of prayer, an invocation of the deity, that will permit the soul to lift itself up to the unmediated, direct, and intimate contemplation of that which exceeds it (V.1.6)."[web 8] Pao-Shen Ho further notes that "for Plotinus, mystical experience is irreducible to philosophical arguments."[27] The argumentation about henosis is preceded by the actual experience of it, and can only be understood when henosis has been attained.[27] Ho further notes that Plotinus''s writings have a didactic flavour, aiming to "bring his own soul and the souls of others by way of Intellect to union with the One."[27] As such, the Enneads as a spiritual or ascetic teaching device, akin to The Cloud of Unknowing,[28] demonstrating the methods of philosophical and apophatic inquiry.[29] Ultimately, this leads to silence and the abandonment of all intellectual inquiry, leaving contemplation and unity.[30] en-wikipedia-org-6948 Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935), the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Mandate Palestine, urged that Jewish settlement of the land should proceed by peaceful means only.[70] Contemporary settler movements follow Kook''s son Tzvi Yehuda Kook (1891–1982), who also did not advocate aggressive conquest.[70] Critics claim that Gush Emunim and followers of Tzvi Yehuda Kook advocate violence based on Judaism''s religious precepts.[71] Ian Lustick, Benny Morris, and Nur Masalha assert that radical Zionist leaders relied on religious doctrines for justification for the violent treatment of Arabs in Palestine, citing examples where pre-state Jewish militia used verses from the Bible to justify their violent acts, which included expulsions and massacres such as the one at Deir Yassin.[72] en-wikipedia-org-6958 en-wikipedia-org-6959 Category:Historians of Europe Wikipedia Category:Historians of Europe Jump to navigation ► Historians of Gibraltar‎ (3 P) ► Historians of Greece‎ (3 C, 2 P) ► Historians of Italy‎ (3 C, 38 P) ► Historians of Lithuania‎ (32 P) ► Historians of the Netherlands‎ (1 C, 14 P) ► Historians of Portugal‎ (3 P) ► Historians of Russia‎ (1 C, 151 P) ► Historians of Scotland‎ (1 C, 49 P) ► Historians of Spain‎ (10 C, 49 P) ► Historians of Sweden‎ (4 P) ► Historians of Turkey‎ (2 C, 26 P) ► Historians of Ukraine‎ (27 P) Pages in category "Historians of Europe" The following 129 pages are in this category, out of 129 total. Harold James (historian) Peter Kaiser (historian) Gordon Wright (historian) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Historians_of_Europe&oldid=883719916" Categories: History of Europe Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-6960 en-wikipedia-org-6967 The question of direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;[1][2] out of the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain. Naïve realism is known as direct realism when developed to counter indirect or representative realism, also known as epistemological dualism,[3] the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature virtual-reality replica of the world. Indirect realism is broadly equivalent to the accepted view of perception in natural science that states that we do not and cannot perceive the external world as it really is but know only our ideas and interpretations of the way the world is.[4] Representationalism is one of the key assumptions of cognitivism in psychology. en-wikipedia-org-697 en-wikipedia-org-6974 Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford Wikipedia Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Marquess of Hertford, KG, PC, PC (Ire) (5 July 1718 – 14 June 1794) was a British courtier and politician. In August 1750 he was created Viscount Beauchamp and Earl of Hertford, both of which titles had earlier been created for and forfeited by his ancestor Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, following his attainder and execution in 1552. Lord Hertford married Lady Isabella Fitzroy, daughter of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, on 29 May 1741. Lady Frances Seymour-Conway (4 December 1751 – 11 November 1820), married Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, Earl of Lincoln, a son of Henry Fiennes Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle. Admiral Lord Hugh Seymour (29 April 1759 – 11 September 1801), married Lady Anne Horatia Waldegrave, a daughter of James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave Lord George Seymour-Conway (21 July 1763 – 10 March 1848). en-wikipedia-org-6982 By the time he died in 1804, Priestley had been made a member of every major scientific society in the Western world and he had discovered numerous substances.[187] The 19th-century French naturalist George Cuvier, in his eulogy of Priestley, praised his discoveries while at the same time lamenting his refusal to abandon phlogiston theory, calling him "the father of modern chemistry [who] never acknowledged his daughter".[188] Priestley published more than 150 works on topics ranging from political philosophy to education to theology to natural philosophy.[189] He led and inspired British radicals during the 1790s, paved the way for utilitarianism,[190] and helped found Unitarianism.[191] A wide variety of philosophers, scientists, and poets became associationists as a result of his redaction of David Hartley''s Observations on Man, including Erasmus Darwin, Coleridge, William Wordsworth, John Stuart Mill, Alexander Bain, and Herbert Spencer.[192] Immanuel Kant praised Priestley in his Critique of Pure Reason (1781), writing that he "knew how to combine his paradoxical teaching with the interests of religion".[8] Indeed, it was Priestley''s aim to "put the most ''advanced'' Enlightenment ideas into the service of a rationalized though heterodox Christianity, under the guidance of the basic principles of scientific method".[190] en-wikipedia-org-7006 en-wikipedia-org-7009 en-wikipedia-org-7019 curprev 03:44, 3 January 2021‎ Epinoia talk contribs‎ 174,971 bytes +1‎ Undid revision 997962083 by Hfe1999 (talk) accepted nationality is Scottish if you want this changed, please discuss on Talk page undo Tag: Undo curprev 22:26, 23 December 2020‎ Epinoia talk contribs‎ 175,025 bytes +82‎ Reverted 3 edits by 188.39.36.138 (talk): Scottish is the accepted nationality if you think it should be changed, please discuss on Talk page, thanks undo Tags: Undo Twinkle curprev 02:35, 11 November 2020‎ 108.56.75.130 talk‎ 178,987 bytes +1,091‎ →‎Race theory: Views on abolition of slavery undo Tags: Visual edit Reverted curprev 15:49, 21 September 2020‎ LittleDwangs talk contribs‎ 175,682 bytes −25‎ →‎Influence: Wikilink to 40 George Sq (formerly David Hume Tower) undo Tag: Visual edit curprev 16:41, 18 September 2020‎ Suddenfootloss talk contribs‎ m 175,715 bytes +1‎ Altered view of the Hume Statue on the Royal Mile, Edinburgh undo Tag: Visual edit en-wikipedia-org-7024 Environmental philosophy is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and humans'' place within it.[1] It asks crucial questions about human environmental relations such as "What do we mean when we talk about nature?" "What is the value of the natural, that is non-human environment to us, or in itself?" "How should we respond to environmental challenges such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change?" "How can we best understand the relationship between the natural world and human technology and development?" and "What is our place in the natural world?" Environmental philosophy includes environmental ethics, environmental aesthetics, ecofeminism, environmental hermeneutics, and environmental theology.[2] Some of the main areas of interest for environmental philosophers are: These include issues related to the depletion of finite resources and other harmful and permanent effects brought on to the environment by humans, as well as the ethical and practical problems raised by philosophies and practices of environmental conservation, restoration, and policy in general. en-wikipedia-org-7031 In meta-ethics, expressivism is a theory about the meaning of moral language. More recent versions of expressivism, such as Simon Blackburn''s "quasi-realism",[11] Allan Gibbard''s "norm-expressivism",[12] and Mark Timmons'' and Terence Horgan''s "cognitivist expressivism" tend to distance themselves from the "noncognitivist" label applied to Ayer, Stevenson, and Hare.[13] What distinguishes these "new wave" expressivists is that they resist reductive analyses of moral sentences or their corresponding psychological states, moral judgments,[14] and they allow for moral sentences/judgments to have truth value.[2] Horgan and Timmons'' label "cognitivist expressivism" in particular captures the philosophical commitment they share with Blackburn and Gibbard to regard moral judgments as cognitive psychological states, i.e. beliefs, and moral sentences as vehicles for genuine assertions or truth-claims. Much of the current expressivist project is occupied with defending a theory of the truth of moral sentences that is consistent with expressivism but can resist the Frege-Geach objection (see below). en-wikipedia-org-7032 The act has been described by investigators as an Islamic terrorist attack and a hate crime, despite the revelation that he was suffering from mental health issues and acted alone.[272][273][274] Upon further review, investigators indicated Omar Mateen showed few signs of radicalization, suggesting that the shooter''s pledge to ISIL may have been a calculated move to garner more news coverage.[275] Afghanistan,[276] Algeria,[277] Azerbaijan,[278] Bahrain,[279] Djibouti,[280] Egypt,[281] Iraq,[282] Iran,[283] Pakistan,[276] Saudi Arabia,[284] Turkey,[285] Turkmenistan and United Arab Emirates condemned the attack.[286][287] Many American Muslims, including community leaders, swiftly condemned the attack.[288][289] Prayer vigils for the victims were held at mosques across the country.[290] The Florida mosque where Mateen sometimes prayed issued a statement condemning the attack and offering condolences to the victims.[291] The Council on American–Islamic Relations called the attack "monstrous" and offered its condolences to the victims. en-wikipedia-org-7038 John Francis Morrill (February 19, 1855 – April 2, 1932), nicknamed "Honest John", was an American first baseman and manager in Major League Baseball who played from 1876 to 1890 for the Boston Red Caps/Beaneaters, Washington Nationals, and Boston Reds. In an incredible season in 1883, he batted .316, played six different positions, and led the Boston Beaneaters to the National League pennant after taking over as manager from Jack Burdock in midseason.[2] Popular baseball manager King Kelly described Morrill as a careful manager who saved Boston a great deal of money through his decisions. After his retirement as a player, Morrill worked for a Boston sporting goods company, where he was manager and treasurer.[1] He died at the age of 77 in Brookline, Massachusetts, and he was interred at the Holyhood Cemetery.[4] The cause of death was pneumonia.[1] List of Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball player-managers en-wikipedia-org-7040 One of the first uses of the term green conservatism was by former United States Republican House Speaker Newt Gingrich, in a debate on environmental issues with John Kerry.[14][15] Around this time, the green conservative movement was sometimes referred to as the crunchy con movement, a term popularized by National Review magazine and the writings of Rod Dreher.[16] Green conservatism manifested itself as a movement in groups such as ConservAmerica and the American Conservation Coalition,[17] which seek to strengthen the Republican Party''s stance on environmental issues and support efforts to conserve natural resources and protect human and environmental health.[18] The second Kurz government of the Republic of Austria that has been in office since the 7th of January 2020 introduced a governing program that combines typically green political concepts such as environmental protection but also typically conservative positions on topics such as integration, migration and economic policy.[32] en-wikipedia-org-7047 en-wikipedia-org-7049 Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (Grenoble, 14 March 1709 – 2 April 1785 in Paris), sometimes known as Abbé de Mably, was a French philosopher, historian, and writer, who for a short time served in the diplomatic corps. "had just published a treatise comparing Roman institutions of government with French ones and celebrating the progress of civilization...Conversing with Mably, Condillac, [and friends he had met at Lyon''s reading club] Parisot, Bordes, and their friends, Rousseau found himself in a stimulating intellectual milieu, and the studies he had put himself through in Chambéry suddenly came to life."[1] Mably''s complete works were published in 15 volumes in 1794–1795, with an obituary/biography by Gabriel Brizard. List of 18 published works by Gabriel Bonnot de Mably Œuvres complètes de l''abbé Mably, 19 vol., Toulouse (Sens) & Nîmes (Gaude) edition, (1791) Collection complète des œuvres de l''abbé Mably, 15 vols. Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7077 en-wikipedia-org-708 en-wikipedia-org-7095 Clark''s Revolution and Rebellion, published in 1986, is a study of the historiography of seventeenth and eighteenth century English history. Clark and Erskine-Hill produced an edited volume on Johnson''s political views in 2002 and two additional volumes on the subject in 2012. English Society, 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure, and Political Practice During the Ancien Regime (Cambridge University Press, 1985). English Society 1660–1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics During the Ancien Regime (Cambridge University Press, 2000). Revolution and Rebellion: State and Society in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Cambridge University Press, 1986). W. Hill, ''Review: Revolution and Rebellion: state and society in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by J.C.D. Clark'', History, Vol. 73, No. 238 (June 1988), p. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7102 en-wikipedia-org-7117 Jędrzej Śniadecki (archaic Andrew Sniadecki; Lithuanian: Andrius Sniadeckis ; 30 November 1768 – 12 May 1838) was a Polish writer, physician, chemist, biologist and philosopher. His achievements include being the first person to develop a successful curing method for rickets[1] as well as creation of modern Polish terminology in the field of chemistry.[2] Śniadecki''s most important book was Początki chemii (The Beginnings of Chemistry), the first Polish-language chemistry textbook, prepared for the Commission of National Education. Śniadecki was also known as a writer of less serious works; a co-founder of Towarzystwo Szubrawców (The Wastrel Society), he contributed articles to its satirical weekly, Wiadomości Brukowe (The Pavement News). Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7119 en-wikipedia-org-7123 Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (/ˈdraɪfəs/; 1929–2017) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Simon in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).[9] This resulted in the publication, in 1965, of the "famously combative" Alchemy and Artificial Intelligence, which proved to be the first of a series of papers and books attacking the AI field''s claims and assumptions.[17][18] The first edition of What Computers Can''t Do would follow in 1972, and this critique of AI (which has been translated into at least ten languages) would establish Dreyfus''s public reputation.[9] However, as the editors of his Festschrift noted: "the study and interpretation of ''continental'' philosophers... Dreyfus was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001.[19] He was also awarded an honorary doctorate for "his brilliant and highly influential work in the field of artificial intelligence" and his interpretation of twentieth century continental philosophy by Erasmus University.[6] en-wikipedia-org-7124 en-wikipedia-org-7125 Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in category "Articles with Project Gutenberg links" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 13,293 total. 1886 St. Croix River log jam Charles Conrad Abbott George Frederick Abbott John Stevens Cabot Abbott George Burton Adams Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Francis Adams Sr. Charles Kendall Adams Charles Warren Adams Francis Adams (writer) Henry Adams John Adams John Greenleaf Adams John Quincy Adams John Turvill Adams John Wolcott Adams William Davenport Adams William Henry Davenport Adams William Taylor Adams Adventure (novel) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links&oldid=949793999" Categories: Wikipedia external links Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 10,001–20,000 pages CatAutoTOC generates Large category TOC en-wikipedia-org-7128 Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts.[1][2] The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book Holism and Evolution.[3] Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures.[3] However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts.[4] In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism", and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.[5] Auyang, Sunny Y (1999), Foundations of Complex-system Theories: in Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics, Cambridge University Press. ^ a b "holism, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87726. ^ "holistic, adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, September 2019, www.oed.com/view/Entry/87727. Media related to Holism at Wikimedia Commons en-wikipedia-org-7129 en-wikipedia-org-713 en-wikipedia-org-7131 Socrates established the importance of "seeking evidence, closely examining reasoning and assumptions, analyzing basic concepts, and tracing out implications not only of what is said but of what is done as well".[7] His method of questioning is now known as "Socratic questioning" and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy. Socrates set the agenda for the tradition of critical thinking, namely, to reflectively question common beliefs and explanations, carefully distinguishing beliefs that are reasonable and logical from those that—however appealing to our native egocentrism, however much they serve our vested interests, however comfortable or comforting they may be—lack adequate evidence or rational foundation to warrant belief. According to Ennis, "Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action."[27] This definition Ennis provided is highly agreed by Harvey Siegel,[28] Peter Facione,[23] and Deanna Kuhn.[29] en-wikipedia-org-7137 en-wikipedia-org-7140 One of the most contentious questions is this: "Should we assume that the problems of epistemology are perennial, and that trying to reconstruct and evaluate Plato''s or Hume''s or Kant''s arguments is meaningful for current debates, too?"[15] Similarly, there is also a question of whether contemporary philosophers should aim to rationally reconstruct and evaluate historical views in epistemology, or to merely describe them.[15] Barry Stroud claims that doing epistemology competently requires the historical study of past attempts to find philosophical understanding of the nature and scope of human knowledge.[16] He argues that since inquiry may progress over time, we may not realize how different the questions that contemporary epistemologists ask are from questions asked at various different points in the history of philosophy.[16] en-wikipedia-org-7141 Thomas Hobbes was widely viewed as an atheist for his materialist interpretation of scripture—Henry Hammond, a former friend, described him in a letter as a "Christian Atheist".[2] David Hume was accused of atheism for his writings on the "natural history of religion";[3] Pierre Bayle was accused of atheism for defending the possibility of an ethical atheist society in his Critical Dictionary; and Baruch Spinoza was frequently regarded as an atheist for his "pantheism". In the Reformation and Counter-Reformation eras, Europe was a "persecuting society" which did not tolerate religious minorities or atheism.[4] Even in France, where the Edict of Nantes had been issued in 1598, then revoked in 1685, there was very little support for religious toleration at the beginning of the eighteenth century.[5] States were concerned with maintaining religious uniformity for two reasons: first, they believed that their chosen confession was the way to God and other religions were heretical, and second, religious unity was necessary for social and political stability.[6] The advancement of toleration was the result of pragmatic political motives as well as the principles espoused by Enlightenment philosophes. en-wikipedia-org-7142 en-wikipedia-org-7143 Adam František Kollár de Keresztén (German: Adam Franz Kollar von Keresztén,[1] Hungarian: kereszténi Kollár Ádám Ferenc; 1718–1783) was a Slovak[2] jurist, Imperial-Royal Court Councillor and Chief Imperial-Royal Librarian, a member of Natio Hungarica in the Kingdom of Hungary, a historian, ethnologist, an influential advocate of Empress Maria Theresa''s Enlightened and centralist policies. His high school student report card graded his native Slovak and Latin as good, his German as above average.[3] He began his studies of theology at the University of Vienna with two years of Hebrew and the Middle Eastern languages.[8] He left the Society of Jesus upon graduation. Kollár''s editorial work with manuscripts from various cultures and languages, in addition to his familiarity with the linguistic and cultural diversity of his native Kingdom of Hungary,[9] made him an early student of ethnology and the scholar who actually coined and defined the term in Historiae jurisque publici...[10] published in 1783.[11] Unlike a later, more general definition by Alexandre César de Chavannes from 1787 (sometimes mistaken for a first occurrence of the concept[12]) who saw it as "the history of peoples progressing towards civilization",[13] Kollár coined and defined ethnologia as: en-wikipedia-org-7147 en-wikipedia-org-7148 en-wikipedia-org-715 Together with Renate Bridenthal, she edited the first anthology of European women''s history, Becoming Visible.[7] She subsequently published two books, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics and The Nazi Conscience, which analyze the sources of ordinary Germans'' support for the Nazi Party during Weimar and Nazi Germany.[5] The Nazi Conscience has been translated into Spanish, Japanese, and Russian.[8] Her current book on stereotypes in French media (forthcoming with Duke University Press) is Between Foreign and French: Prominent French Women from Muslim Backgrounds in the Media Spotlight, 1989-2020.[8] Mothers in the Fatherland integrates archival research into an exploration of "the nature of feminist commitment, complicity in the Holocaust, and the meaning of Germany''s past."[14][15] The Nazis promised "emancipation from emancipation," an appeal that resonated with Germans who feared that male-female equality meant "social and family disintegration." But Koonz highlights the paradoxes produced by the Third Reich''s dependence on women''s participation (as subordinates, to be sure) in child-bearing, social work, education, surveillance, health care, and compliance with race policy. en-wikipedia-org-7154 Index of philosophy of science articles Wikipedia Index of philosophy of science articles An index list of articles about the philosophy of science. Centre for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Leeds Commensurability (philosophy of science) Construct (philosophy of science) Heroic theory of invention and scientific development Models of scientific inquiry Philosophers of science Philosophy of physics Philosophy of Science Association Philosophy of social science Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics Structuralism (philosophy of science) The Logic of Scientific Discovery William Newton-Smith List of philosophers of science List of philosophers of science Media related to Philosophy of science at Wikimedia Commons Philosophy of science Philosophy of science Philosophy of science Scientific theory Scientific theory History and philosophy of science History and philosophy of science History of science Natural and physical sciences Technology and applied sciences Categories: Philosophy of science Categories: Philosophy of science Indexes of science articles en-wikipedia-org-7165 en-wikipedia-org-7178 en-wikipedia-org-718 en-wikipedia-org-7186 Category:British classical liberals Wikipedia Category:British classical liberals Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "British classical liberals" The following 40 pages are in this category, out of 40 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton John Bright William Ewart Gladstone George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen Auberon Herbert David Hume David Laws John Locke Thomas Babington Macaulay Thomas Mackay John Stuart Mill John Morley Thomas Paine David Ricardo Thomas Spence Herbert Spencer George Watson (scholar) Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_classical_liberals&oldid=993798648" European classical liberals Classical liberals by nationality Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 15:33 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-7196 Italy was also affected by the enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the Renaissance and changed the road of Italian philosophy.[8] Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of Milan, Rome and Venice. The church''s power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.[8] Cesare Beccaria was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers, who was famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages.[8] Italian philosophers were also influential in the development of the non-Marxist liberal socialism philosophy, including Carlo Rosselli, Norberto Bobbio, Piero Gobetti, Aldo Capitini, and Guido Calogero; Gianni Vattimo borders this tradition, defending a "weak Marxism", as part of his pensiero debole (weak thought) take on hermeneutics. en-wikipedia-org-7217 Much of the historical debate about causes has focused on the relationship between communicative and other actions, between singular and repeated ones, and between actions, structures of action or group and institutional contexts and wider sets of conditions.[56] John Gaddis has distinguished between exceptional and general causes (following Marc Bloch) and between "routine" and "distinctive links" in causal relationships: "in accounting for what happened at Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, we attach greater importance to the fact that President Truman ordered the dropping of an atomic bomb than to the decision of the Army Air Force to carry out his orders."[57] He has also pointed to the difference between immediate, intermediate and distant causes.[58] For his part, Christopher Lloyd puts forward four "general concepts of causation" used in history: the "metaphysical idealist concept, which asserts that the phenomena of the universe are products of or emanations from an omnipotent being or such final cause"; "the empiricist (or Humean) regularity concept, which is based on the idea of causation being a matter of constant conjunctions of events"; "the functional/teleological/consequential concept", which is "goal-directed, so that goals are causes"; and the "realist, structurist and dispositional approach, which sees relational structures and internal dispositions as the causes of phenomena".[59] en-wikipedia-org-7219 en-wikipedia-org-7222 The principle of creative synthesis was first mentioned by Wilhelm Wundt in 1862.[1][2] He wanted to identify the different elements of consciousness and to see what laws govern the connections of these different elements. This relates to the fact that Wundt viewed the mind as "active, creative, dynamic, and volitional." Volitional acts are creative but they are not free. The sensory organs can be described endlessly in physics and other sciences, but these descriptions do not include explanations of the psychological qualities that are experienced. Wundt believed that creative synthesis was entwined with all acts of apperception. ^ Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology, 2002 edition, Springer, 2001, p. ^ Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology, 2002 edition, Springer, 2001, p. ^ Wilhelm Wundt in History: The Making of a Scientific Psychology, 2002 edition, Springer, 2001, p. en-wikipedia-org-7226 Jerry Alan Fodor (/ˈfoʊdər/; April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of many crucial works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science.[1] His writings in these fields laid the groundwork for the modularity of mind and the language of thought hypotheses, and he is recognized as having had "an enormous influence on virtually every portion of the philosophy of mind literature since 1960."[1] Until his death in 2017 he held the position of State of New Jersey Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Rutgers University. en-wikipedia-org-7230 en-wikipedia-org-7246 en-wikipedia-org-7247 German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, translated as Die Grossunternehmer und der Aufstieg Hitlers, Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1985. Hitler: Memoirs of a Confidant (editor), New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. The Two Germanies since 1945, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987, revised as Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-7249 en-wikipedia-org-7263 View source for David Hume Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. 384–385]}} A popular story, consistent with some historical evidence, suggests that the street was named after Hume.{{sfn|Burton|1846|loc= [https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02burtgoog/page/n410 Hume was well received in Paris, and while there he met with [[Isaac de Pinto]].{{Cite journal|title=Hume and Isaac de Pinto|author=Popkin, Richard H.|author-link=Richard Popkin|year=1970|journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language|volume=12|issue=3|pages=417–430|jstor = 40754109}} "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154616/http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1130&context=ssl David Hume''s Last Words: The Importance of My Own Life]." ''''Studies in Scottish Literature'''' 19(1):132–47. 384–385]}} A popular story, consistent with some historical evidence, suggests that the street was named after Hume.{{sfn|Burton|1846|loc= [https://archive.org/details/lifeandcorrespo02burtgoog/page/n410 -link= parameters contain a wikilink or a URL, or they contain any of the characters not permitted in Wikipedia article titles per WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS (except _ (underscore), used as a replacement for spaces, and #, used as a fragment identifier when linking to article sections). Articles are listed in this category when Module:Citation/CS1 identifies template |title= parameters that use place-holder titles. en-wikipedia-org-8363 en-wikipedia-org-8368 en-wikipedia-org-8369 An alphabetical index for articles about Philosophy To find topics by core area, field, major philosophical tradition, or time periods, see the subheadings further below. List of schools of philosophy Philosophy articles[edit] Index of philosophy articles (A–C) Index of philosophy articles (D–H) Index of philosophy articles (I–Q) Index of philosophy articles (R–Z) Index of social and political philosophy articles Index of philosophy of law articles Index of philosophy of language articles Index of philosophy of mind articles Index of philosophy of religion articles Index of philosophy of science articles Index of ancient philosophy articles Index of medieval philosophy articles Index of modern philosophy articles Index of contemporary philosophy articles Index of analytic philosophy articles Index of continental philosophy articles Index of Eastern philosophy articles Lists of philosophers[edit] List of social and political philosophers List of Korean philosophers Outlines of philosophy[edit] Main article: Outline of philosophy List of years in philosophy en-wikipedia-org-8409 en-wikipedia-org-8411 en-wikipedia-org-8415 en-wikipedia-org-8418 Category:Burials at Old Calton Cemetery Wikipedia Category:Burials at Old Calton Cemetery Jump to navigation Jump to search Scotland portal This category contains articles about notable people buried in the Old Calton Cemetery, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Pages in category "Burials at Old Calton Cemetery" The following 14 pages are in this category, out of 14 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). David Allan (painter) John Gillies (botanist) David Hume David Hume (advocate) John McDougall (VC) John Playfair John Steell Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Burials_at_Old_Calton_Cemetery&oldid=701495017" Categories: People associated with Edinburgh Burials in Edinburgh by place Burials in Scotland by cemetery Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views View history Navigation Learn to edit Recent changes Tools Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2016, at 22:54 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-8433 Category:Philosophers of ethics and morality Wikipedia Category:Philosophers of ethics and morality Jump to navigation Jump to search Pages in category "Philosophers of ethics and morality" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 202 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Roger Bacon Friedrich Eduard Beneke Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher) Peter Byrne (philosopher) Peter Carruthers (philosopher) Charles Fourier John Gray (philosopher) Charles Hartshorne Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Johann Friedrich Herbart Karl Christian Friedrich Krause David Lewis (philosopher) David Lyons (philosopher) John Stuart Mill Friedrich Nietzsche Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Paul Sartre Friedrich Schleiermacher Marcus George Singer Adam Smith Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Philosophers_of_ethics_and_morality&oldid=994841932" Categories: Ethics Philosophers by field Philosophers of social science Social philosophers View history Navigation Main page Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2020, at 20:31 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-8445 en-wikipedia-org-8454 en-wikipedia-org-847 John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and intellectual who served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. Samuel Johnson praised Paradise Lost as "a poem which...with respect to design may claim the first place, and with respect to performance, the second, among the productions of the human mind", though he (a Tory and recipient of royal patronage) described Milton''s politics as those of an "acrimonious and surly republican".[3] Poets such as William Blake, William Wordsworth and Thomas Hardy revered him. Title page of a 1752–1761 edition of "The Poetical Works of John Milton with Notes of Various Authors by Thomas Newton" printed by J. Samuel Johnson wrote numerous essays on Paradise Lost, and Milton was included in his Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets (1779–1781). "The Poet in the Poem: John Milton''s Presence in "Paradise Lost"". en-wikipedia-org-8471 en-wikipedia-org-8472 Also, the Croatian historiography came to be dominated by the multidisciplinary approach combining demographics, culturology, history of economy and art only in the second half of the 20th century, putting Šišić in the position of a classic who laid inestimable foundations but cannot be the role model for contemporary historical science. Another relevant aspect of his work is the personal library he built during his life, containing more than 20,000 titles (books, articles, historiography collections). Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8473 Sir John Robert Seeley, KCMG (10 September 1834 – 13 January 1895) was an English Liberal[1][2] historian and political essayist. Subsequently, Seeley was a master at his old school in London until, in 1863, he was appointed professor of Latin at University College, London.[4] He was made Regius Professor of Modern History, Cambridge, in 1869.[5] He described himself as a Liberal in politics, but a Radical in education; he made important contributions to education reform, including the admission of women into the ancient universities.[1][2] His later essay on Natural Religion, signed "by the Author of Ecce Homo," which denied that supernaturalism is essential to religion and maintained that the negations of science tend to purify rather than destroy Christianity, satisfied few and excited far less interest than his earlier work.[7] In 1869, he was appointed professor of modern history at the University of Cambridge. Works by or about John Robert Seeley at Internet Archive en-wikipedia-org-8483 en-wikipedia-org-8488 en-wikipedia-org-8501 Alessandra Kersevan (born (1950-12-18)18 December 1950 in Monfalcone) is an historian, author and editor living and working in Udine.[1] Her research (confirmed by the documents found in British archives by the British historian Effie Pedaliu and by the Italian historians Costantino Di Sante[2] and Davide Conti[3]) pointed out that the memory of the existence of the Italian concentration camps and Italian war crimes in general has been repressed due to the Cold War.[4] In the collective memory of the Italian public and media this has led to historical revisionism, in particular concerning post-war foibe massacres.[5] Yugoslavia, Greece and Ethiopia requested extradition of 1,200 Italian war criminals who however never saw anything like the Nuremberg trial, because the British government with the beginning of cold war saw in Pietro Badoglio a guarantee of an anti-communist post-war Italy.[4][6] 2008 Lager italiani : Pulizia etnica e campi di concentramento Fascisti per civili Jugoslavi 1941-1943, Nutrimenti edizioni, Rome, 288 pp, en-wikipedia-org-8509 en-wikipedia-org-851 File:DodgerBlue flag waving.svg Wikipedia File:DodgerBlue flag waving.svg Red_flag_waving.svg Red_flag_waving.svg: Wereon derivative work: Dove (talk) The original can be viewed here: Red flag waving.svg: . File:Red_flag_waving.svg licensed with PD-self 2007-02-24T15:18:43Z Wereon 249x268 (3790 Bytes) A stylized representation of a red flag, useful for articles related to [[en:socialism|socialism]] in one way or another. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 16:45, 13 January 2010 249 × 268 (8 KB) Dove {{Information |Description=A stylized representation of a dodgerblue flag. More than 100 pages use this file. The following list shows the first 100 pages that use this file only. Talk:Conservative Party (UK) Talk:Constitution of the United States Talk:Friedrich Hayek Talk:John Howard Talk:Political conservatism Talk:Political conservative Talk:Ronald Reagan Talk:The Washington Times View more links to this file. Usuario:Linfocito B/Taller/Plantillas/Elecciones View more global usage of this file. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg" Talk Talk Talk Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-8516 In 1955 he completed his thesis, "Ireland''s participation in the military activities of English kings in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries." Revised for publication, it became the first of many scholarly contributions to the history of the era.[2] Having a full year left on his Travelling Fellowship after his studies were concluded, he was advised by his mentor Powicke to "use the residue of the funding to travel on the continent...stay clear of archives...read, visit galleries, listen to music, meet people and generally lift his eyes beyond the confines of the [Public] Record Office in Chancery Lane." This experience "gave him an appreciation of European ''culture'' in its broadest sense" and enabled Lydon to "bring the historiography of late medieval Ireland to maturity."[citation needed] Returning to Galway in 1956 he taught history through the media of Irish and English and, in 1959, moved to Dublin to lecture at Trinity College. en-wikipedia-org-8517 Chirnside is a hillside village in Berwickshire in Scotland, 9 miles (14 km) west of Berwick-upon-Tweed and 7 miles (11 km) east of Duns. David Hume, the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, lived in Ninewells House, just south of the village (see below). His nephew, the noted Scottish jurist David, later Baron Hume, was baptised at Chirnside in 1757.[1] Below Chirnside stands the estate of Whitehall, with a Georgian manor house containing Palladian windows, which is a Listed Building. Ninewells House[edit] Dialect of Chirnside[edit] The local football team Chirnside F.C. plays in the Border Amateur league and appeared nine times in the Scottish Cup between 1935 and 1966. List of places in the Scottish Borders List of places in Scotland List of castles in Scotland ^ The Buildings of Scotland Borders, by Kitty Cruft, John Dunbar and Richard Fawcett, Yale University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-300-10702-1 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chirnside. Villages in the Scottish Borders en-wikipedia-org-852 Although he did not achieve complete control over Spain''s finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased revenue to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy.[3] In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with the aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. "The Family of Philip V of Spain 1743"; (L-R) Mariana Victoria, Princess of Brazil; Barbara, Princess of Asturias; Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias; King Philip V; Luis, Count of Chinchón; Elisabeth Farnese; Infante Philip; Princess Louise Élisabeth of France; Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela; Infanta Maria Antonia; Maria Amalia, Queen of Naples and Sicily; Charles, King of Naples and Sicily. Prince Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno Jose Januario Serafin Diego of Naples and Sicily Palace of Portici, 11 November 1748 Palazzo Barberini, Rome, 19 January 1819 future King Charles IV of Spain; married Princess Maria Luisa of Parma and had issue. en-wikipedia-org-8531 He is best known for his biography of his friend and older contemporary, the English writer Samuel Johnson, which is commonly said to be the greatest biography written in the English language.[2][3] A great mass of Boswell''s diaries, letters and private papers were recovered from the 1920s to the 1950s, and their ongoing publication by Yale University has transformed his reputation. Boswell returned to London in February 1766 accompanied by Rousseau''s mistress, with whom he had a brief affair on the journey home.[7] After spending a few weeks in the capital, he returned to Scotland, buying (or perhaps renting) the former house of David Hume on James Court on the Lawnmarket.[8] He studied for his final law exam at Edinburgh University. ^ James Boswell Life of Samuel Johnson, [1992] Everyman ed, p247 ^ Correspondence of James Boswell and William Johnson Temple, Edinburgh 1997, page 140 footnote 4 [1] James Boswell''s Life of Samuel Johnson en-wikipedia-org-8533 The overriding theme of Dewey''s works was his profound belief in democracy, be it in politics, education, or communication and journalism.[5] As Dewey himself stated in 1888, while still at the University of Michigan, "Democracy and the one, ultimate, ethical ideal of humanity are to my mind synonymous."[6] Dewey considered two fundamental elements—schools and civil society—to be major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. Dewey was also a major educational reformer for the 20th century.[3] A well-known public intellectual, he was a major voice of progressive education and liberalism.[10][11] While a professor at the University of Chicago, he founded the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, where he was able to apply and test his progressive ideas on pedagogical method.[12][13] Although Dewey is known best for his publications about education, he also wrote about many other topics, including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics, art, logic, social theory, and ethics. en-wikipedia-org-8537 en-wikipedia-org-8543 In philosophy of science, confirmation holism, also called epistemological holism, is the view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but rather that only a set of statements (a whole theory) can be so. It is attributed to Willard Van Orman Quine who motivated his holism through extending Pierre Duhem''s problem of underdetermination in physical theory to all knowledge claims.[1][2] A related claim made by Quine, though contested by some (see Adolf Grünbaum 1962),[4] is that one can always protect one''s theory against refutation by attributing failure to some other part of our web of belief. One early advocate of partial confirmational holism is Adolf Grünbaum (1962).[4] Another is Ken Gemes (1993).[8] The latter provides refinements to the hypothetico-deductive account of confirmation, arguing that a piece of evidence may be confirmationally relevant only to some content parts of a hypothesis. ''Hypothetico-Deductivism, Content, and the Natural Axiomatization of Theories'', Philosophy of Science, vol. en-wikipedia-org-8548 George Lachmann Mosse (September 20, 1918 – January 22, 1999) was an emigre from Nazi Germany, first to Great Britain and then to the United States, who taught history as a professor at the University of Iowa, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the Hebrew University.[1] Best known for his studies of Nazism, he authored more than 25 books on topics as diverse as constitutional history, Protestant theology, and the history of masculinity. Mosse''s first academic appointment as an historian was at the University of Iowa, where he focused on religion in early modern Europe and published a concise study of the Reformation that became a widely used textbook. Franklin, "Mosse, George L." in Kelly Boyd, ed., Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers (1999) 2:841. Mosse and the Remaking of Cultural History (University of Wisconsin Press; 2014), 280 pages; scholarly biography en-wikipedia-org-8576 An agnostic thinks it impossible to know the truth in matters such as God and the future life with which Christianity and other religions are concerned. Canon Bernard Iddings Bell (1886-1958), a popular cultural commentator, Episcopal priest, and author, lauded the necessity of agnosticism in Beyond Agnosticism: A Book for Tired Mechanists, calling it the foundation of "all intelligent Christianity."[71] Agnosticism was a temporary mindset in which one rigorously questioned the truths of the age, including the way in which one believed God.[72] His view of Robert Ingersoll and Thomas Paine was that they were not denouncing true Christianity but rather "a gross perversion of it."[71] Part of the misunderstanding stemmed from ignorance of the concepts of God and religion.[73] Historically, a god was any real, perceivable force that ruled the lives of humans and inspired admiration, love, fear, and homage; religion was the practice of it. en-wikipedia-org-8581 More contemporary notable critics of Jesus include Ayn Rand, Hector Avalos, Sita Ram Goel, Christopher Hitchens, Bertrand Russell, and Dayananda Saraswati. Avery Robert Dulles held the opinion that "Jesus, though he repeatedly denounced sin as a kind of moral slavery, said not a word against slavery as a social institution", and believes that the writers of the New Testament did not oppose slavery either.[30] In his paper published in Evangelical Quarterly, Kevin Giles notes that Jesus often encountered slavery, "but not one word of criticism did the Lord utter against slavery." Giles points to this fact as being used as an argument that Jesus approved of slavery.[31] In certain major non-English translations,[attribution needed] the first statement in the first sermon of Jesus (Luke 4:18),[32] is a call to free the slaves: "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to proclaim good news to the poor. en-wikipedia-org-8598 en-wikipedia-org-8607 His work on 19th century monetary theory has won praise from present-day economists for his forward-thinking ideas, including Friedrich Hayek, who wrote an introduction to his ''An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain'', and John Maynard Keynes alike.[3] In 1802 Thornton was one of the founders of the Christian Observer, the Clapham Sect''s journal edited by Zachary Macaulay, to which he contributed many articles. He was a pioneer of deaf education, setting up, with Rev John Townsend and Henry Cox Mason, rector of Bermondsey, Britain''s first free school for deaf pupils,[4] the London Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb.[5] Its name and location changed over the centuries;[6] The Royal School for Deaf Children Margate closed in 2015.[7] "Thornton, Henry (1760–1815)," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Henry Thornton (reformer). en-wikipedia-org-8619 en-wikipedia-org-8627 en-wikipedia-org-8630 en-wikipedia-org-8645 View that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other Incompatibilism is the view that a deterministic universe is completely at odds with the notion that persons have a free will; that there is a dichotomy between determinism and free will where philosophers must choose one or the other. ''Hard incompatibilism'' is a term coined by Derk Pereboom to designate the view that both determinism and indeterminism are incompatible with having free will and moral responsibility.[10] Like the hard determinist, the hard incompatibilist holds that if determinism were true, our having free will would be ruled out. en-wikipedia-org-8646 en-wikipedia-org-8653 Among his most prominent students were the pragmatic philosopher Herbert Schnädelbach (theorist of discourse distinction and rationality), the political sociologist Claus Offe (professor at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin), the social philosopher Johann Arnason (professor at La Trobe University and chief editor of the journal Thesis Eleven), the social philosopher Hans-Herbert Kögler (Chair of Philosophy at the University of North Florida), the sociological theorist Hans Joas (professor at the University of Erfurt and at the University of Chicago), the theorist of societal evolution Klaus Eder, the social philosopher Axel Honneth (the current director of the Institute for Social Research), the political theorist David Rasmussen (professor at Boston College and chief editor of the journal "Philosophy & Social Criticism"), the environmental ethicist Konrad Ott, the anarcho-capitalist philosopher Hans-Hermann Hoppe (who came to reject much of Habermas''s thought),[16] the American philosopher Thomas McCarthy, the co-creator of mindful inquiry in social research Jeremy J. en-wikipedia-org-8663 A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:]]; see its history for attribution. Denis Fonvizin was born in Moscow into a noble Russian Orthodox family, the first of eight children.[1][2][3] His mother Ekaterina Vasilievna Fonvizina (née Dmitrieva-Mamonova) (born 1718) belonged to the Smolensk Rurik branch on her father''s side and to the Grushetsky family on her mother''s side; she was a cousin-niece of Tsaritsa Agafya Grushetskaya and an aunt to Alexander Dmitriev-Mamonov who was famously a lover of Catherine the Great.[4][5] Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia Articles containing Russian-language text Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-867 Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Jump to navigation This category is for articles with GND identifiers. It is not part of the encyclopedia and contains non-article pages, or groups articles by status rather than subject. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 347,044 total. 08/15 (film series) 10 Years (band) The 39 Steps (1935 film) Categories: Pages with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information Template Large category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with over 20,000 pages By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8674 View source for David Hume Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Pp. 13–15 in ''''The Letters of David Hume'''' 1, edited by [[J. "Disease of the Learned." ''''{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|title=The Life of David Hume|url-access=limited}}'''' {{ISBN|9780199243365|}}. "A Military Campaign." In ''''{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofdavidhume0000moss/page/204|title=The Life of David Hume|url-access=limited}}'''' {{ISBN|9780199243365|}}. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" en-wikipedia-org-8677 en-wikipedia-org-8679 en-wikipedia-org-8690 en-wikipedia-org-8696 en-wikipedia-org-870 Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Wikipedia Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list It is used to build and maintain lists of pages—primarily for the sake of the lists themselves and their use in article and category maintenance. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Even with this CSS installed, older pages in Wikipedia''s cache may not have been updated to show these error messages even though the page is listed in one of the tracking categories. Pages in category "CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list" Draft:21st Century Icon Awards 2004 United States Senate election in Illinois 2010 United States Senate elections 2010 United States Senate elections 2010 United States Senate elections 2016 United States Senate election in New York 2018 New York''s 14th congressional district election en-wikipedia-org-8700 en-wikipedia-org-8701 Joseph Addison (1 May 1672 – 17 June 1719) was an English essayist, poet, playwright and politician. Dryden, Lord Somers and Charles Montague, 1st Earl of Halifax, took an interest in Addison''s work and obtained for him a pension of £300 a year to enable him to travel to Europe with a view to diplomatic employment, all the time writing and studying politics. In 1789, Edmund Burke quoted the play in a letter to Charles-Jean-François Depont entitled Reflections on the revolution in France, saying that the French people may yet be obliged to go through more changes and "to pass, as one of our poets says, ''through great varieties of untried being,''" before their state obtains its final form.[10] The poet referred to is Addison and the passage quoted is from Cato (V.i. II): "Through what variety of untried being, through what new scenes and changes must we pass!" en-wikipedia-org-8707 en-wikipedia-org-8708 Dietrich Bonhoeffer (German: [ˈdiːtʁɪç ˈbɔn.høː.fɐ] (listen); 4 February 1906 – 9 April 1945) was a Lutheran pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, and key founding member of the Confessing Church. Apart from his theological writings, Bonhoeffer was known for his staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship, including vocal opposition to Hitler''s euthanasia program and genocidal persecution of the Jews.[2] He was arrested in April 1943 by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Tegel prison for one and a half years. It was around this time that Bonhoeffer published his best-known book, The Cost of Discipleship, a study on the Sermon on the Mount, in which he not only attacked "cheap grace" as a cover for ethical laxity, but also preached "costly grace." "The Value of Dietrich Bonhoeffer''s Theological-Ethical Reading of Søren Kierkegaard." European Journal of Science and Theology 13.1 (2017): 47-58 online. ^ Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics, p. en-wikipedia-org-8714 Thierry''s main ideas on the Germanic invasions, the Norman Conquest, the formation of the Communes, the gradual ascent of the nations towards free government and parliamentary institutions, are set forth in the articles he contributed to the Censeur européen (1817–20), and later in his Lettres sur l''histoire de France (1820). French classical liberals Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with Léonore identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8715 en-wikipedia-org-8719 In the book Taylor argued against the widespread belief that the outbreak of the Second World War (specifically between Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and France, September 1939) was the result of an intentional plan on the part of Adolf Hitler. Taylor''s Account of the Origins of the Second World War pages 149–172 from History and Theory, Volume 17, Issue #1, 1978. Taylor and the Origins of the Second World War" pages 257–280 from Canadian Journal of History, Volume 32, Issue #2, 1996. en-wikipedia-org-8721 en-wikipedia-org-8722 en-wikipedia-org-8724 en-wikipedia-org-8746 en-wikipedia-org-8747 en-wikipedia-org-8755 Good is generally considered to be the opposite of evil, and is of interest in the study of morality, ethics, religion and philosophy. A sense of moral judgement and a distinction "right and wrong, good and bad" are cultural universals.[1] Medieval Christian philosophy was founded on the work of the Bishop Augustine of Hippo and theologian Thomas Aquinas who understood evil in terms of Biblical infallibility and Biblical inerrancy, as well as the influences of Plato and Aristotle in their appreciation of the concept of the Summum bonum. John Rawls''s book A Theory of Justice prioritized social arrangements and goods based on their contribution to justice. Main article: Good and evil In religion, ethics, and philosophy, "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy. As a religious concept, basic ideas of a dichotomy between good and evil has developed so that today: Objectivist theory of good and evil Good and evil en-wikipedia-org-8761 Derek Antony Parfit FBA (/ˈpɑːrfɪt/; 11 December 1942 – 1[3][4][5][6] or 2[7][8] January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."[11] In Part I of Reasons and Persons Parfit discussed self-defeating moral theories, namely the self-interest theory of rationality ("S") and two ethical frameworks: common-sense morality and consequentialism. Applying total utilitarian standards (absolute total happiness) to possible population growth and welfare leads to what he calls the repugnant conclusion: "For any possible population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some much larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living."[14]:388 Parfit illustrates this with a simple thought experiment: imagine a choice between two possible futures. en-wikipedia-org-8787 A school of Bhakti-Yoga Vedanta Vaishnava representing the philosophy of inconceivable one-ness and difference The Gaudiya Vaishnava religious tradition employs the term in relation to the relationship of creation and creator (Krishna, Svayam Bhagavan),[2][3] between God and his energies.[4] It is believed that this philosophy was taught by the movement''s theological founder Chaitanya Mahaprabhu[5] (1486–1534) and differentiates the Gaudiya tradition from the other Vaishnava Sampradayas. Advaita schools assert the monistic view that the individual soul and God are one and the same,[7] whereas Dvaita schools give the dualistic argument that the individual soul and God are eternally separate.[8] The philosophy of Achintya-bheda-abheda includes elements of both viewpoints. Difference in concept to Advaita Vedanta[edit] Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.Madhya 20.108-109 Archived 11 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine "It is the living entity''s constitutional position to be an eternal servant of Krishna because he is the marginal energy of Krishna and a manifestation simultaneously one with and different from the Lord, like a molecular particle of sunshine or fire." en-wikipedia-org-8812 en-wikipedia-org-8818 On the subject of a mythical Jesus and the possibility of a historical Jesus in the Gospels, a number of sources on the Internet attribute the controversial quote "Jesus is Santa Claus for adults"'' to Hitchens and God Is Not Great, but those words do not appear in this chapter or this book. In a 2015 interview, art and literary critic Camille Paglia called God Is Not Great "a travesty", saying "[Hitchens] sold that book on the basis of the brilliant chapter titles. Mormonism: A Racket Becomes a Religion in Fighting Words: God Is Not Great", Slate, archived from the original on February 22, 2014, retrieved February 5, 2014 God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything: Christopher Hitchens: 9780446579803: Amazon.com: Books. Hitchens, Christopher (2007), God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, New York: Twelve Books, ISBN 9780446579803. en-wikipedia-org-8821 en-wikipedia-org-8823 Jonathan Sperber (born 26 December 1952) is an American professor emeritus at the University of Missouri and author of modern European History. His 2013 book Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life was critically well-reviewed, which the New York Times described as an "absorbing, meticulously researched biography".[2] The book was a 2014 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Biography.[3] Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Princeton University Press, 1984, ISBN 9780691054322) "Missouri University profile for Jonathan Sperber". Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links en-wikipedia-org-8826 Comedy (from the Greek: κωμῳδία, kōmōidía) is a genre of fiction consisting of discourses or works intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, film, stand-up comedy, television, radio, books, or any other entertainment medium. The term originated in Ancient Greece: in Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by political satire performed by comic poets in theaters.[1] The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance pitting two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. The figure of Punch derives from the Neapolitan stock character of Pulcinella.[16] The figure who later became Mr. Punch made his first recorded appearance in England in 1662.[17] Punch and Judy are performed in the spirit of outrageous comedy — often provoking shocked laughter — and are dominated by the anarchic clowning of Mr. Punch.[18] Appearing at a significant period in British history, professor Glyn Edwards states: "[Pulcinella] went down particularly well with Restoration British audiences, fun-starved after years of Puritanism. en-wikipedia-org-8835 en-wikipedia-org-8839 en-wikipedia-org-8841 en-wikipedia-org-8842 en-wikipedia-org-8852 en-wikipedia-org-8859 Galen recalls the correspondence between humors and seasons in his On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato, and says that, "As for ages and the seasons, the child (παῖς) corresponds to spring, the young man (νεανίσκος) to summer, the mature man (παρακµάζων) to autumn, and the old man (γέρων) to winter".[11] Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body but he does not apply this idea to the hippocratic humours. Jouanna, Jacques (2012), "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours", Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen, Brill, p. Jouanna, Jacques (2012), "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours", Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen, Brill, p. Jouanna, Jacques (2012), "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours", Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen, Brill, p. en-wikipedia-org-886 Alvin Carl Plantinga[a] (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher who works primarily in the fields of philosophy of religion, epistemology (particularly on issues involving epistemic justification), and logic. He has delivered the Gifford Lectures two times and was described by Time magazine as "America''s leading orthodox Protestant philosopher of God".[5] William Lane Craig wrote in his work Reasonable Faith that he considers Plantinga to be the greatest Christian philosopher alive.[6] In 2014, Plantinga was the 30th most-cited contemporary author in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.[7] A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was awarded the Templeton Prize in 2017.[8] Some of Plantinga''s most influential works include God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and a trilogy of books on epistemology, culminating in Warranted Christian Belief (2000) that was simplified in Knowledge and Christian Belief (2015).[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-8864 Due to its strategic location and its history as a country of contact between different cultures, Belgium has been called the "crossroads of Europe"; for the many armies fighting on its soil, it has also been called the "battlefield of Europe" or the "cockpit of Europe".[citation needed] It is also remarkable as a European nation which contains, and is divided by, a language boundary between Latin-derived French and Germanic Dutch. After the defeat of the French in 1814, a new United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created, which eventually split one more time during the Belgian Revolution of 1830–1839, giving three modern nations, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. During this period of systematic exploitation, about 800,000 Belgians fled the Southern Netherlands.[30] The French occupation in Belgium led to further suppression of the Dutch language across the country, including its abolition as an administrative language. en-wikipedia-org-8872 en-wikipedia-org-8875 He was professor of history at Stockholm University, specializing in 20th-century Swedish industry and banking as well as the connection between state formation and naval history in early modern Europe. Glete also developed a passionate interest in maritime history, which he combined with an interest in the state-building process in the early modern period, publishing several books on this topic in English using a comparative perspective. Contributor of several important articles published in the Swedish periodical Forum Navale: Death announcement by Stockholm University[permanent dead link] Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-8877 en-wikipedia-org-8878 Category:Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia Category:Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers This category is for articles with NLG identifiers. These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. Pages in this category should only be added by Module:Authority control. Pages in category "Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers" Heinrich Friedrich Otto Abel Adam Smith (Kentucky) Patsy Adam-Smith Adolphe Adam William Adam (malacologist) William Adam (trumpeter) Louis Adamic Charles Baker Adams Francis Adams (writer) Francis Colburn Adams Henry Adams John Adams John Jay Adams Joseph Adams (physician) Friedrich Adler (writer) Jean-Louis van Aelbroeck Jacob Georg Agardh François Albert-Buisson Michel Albert Categories: Pages with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with authority control information By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-8903 en-wikipedia-org-8913 In this capacity he instituted the "Riforma Gentile" – a reformation of the secondary school system that had a long-lasting impact on Italian education.[10][11] His philosophical works included The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (1916) and Logic as Theory of Knowledge (1917), with which he defined actual idealism, a unified metaphysical system reinforcing his sentiments that philosophy isolated from life, and life isolated from philosophy, are but two identical modes of backward cultural bankruptcy. his belief that Fascism could be made subservient to his philosophical thought, along with his gathering of influence through the work of students like Armando Carlini (leader of the so-called "right Gentilians") and Ugo Spirito (who applied Gentile''s philosophy to social problems and helped codify Fascist political theory); and en-wikipedia-org-8916 In analytic philosophy, anti-realism is an epistemological position first articulated by British philosopher Michael Dummett which encompasses many varieties such as metaphysical, mathematical, semantic, scientific, moral and epistemic. Because it encompasses statements containing abstract ideal objects (i.e. mathematical objects), anti-realism may apply to a wide range of philosophic topics, from material objects to the theoretical entities of science, mathematical statement, mental states, events and processes, the past and the future.[5] In ancient Greek philosophy, nominalist (anti-realist) doctrines about universals were proposed by the Stoics, especially Chrysippus.[7][8] In early modern philosophy, conceptualist anti-realist doctrines about universals were proposed by thinkers like René Descartes, John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, George Berkeley, and David Hume.[9][10] In late modern philosophy, anti-realist doctrines about knowledge were proposed by the German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. en-wikipedia-org-8917 The Quran is viewed to be the scriptural foundation of Islam and is believed by Muslims to have been sent down by God (Allah) and revealed to Muhammad by the angel Jabreel (Gabriel). Opponents of Islam (such as Ibn Warraq, Sam Shamoun) have worked to find internal inconsistency and scientific errors in the holy book, and faults with its clarity, authenticity, and ethical message.[2] The most common criticisms concern various pre-existing sources that Quran relies upon, internal consistency, clarity and ethical teachings. Dr Saud al-Sarhan, Director of Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh, questions whether the parchment might have been reused as a palimpsest, and also noted that the writing had chapter separators and dotted verse endings – features in Arabic scripts which are believed not to have been introduced to the Quran until later.[21] Dr Saud''s criticisms was affirmed by several Saudi-based experts in Quranic history, who strongly rebut any speculation that the Birmingham/Paris Quran could have been written during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad. en-wikipedia-org-8921 en-wikipedia-org-8922 His interdisciplinary discourse spans such topics as epistemology and communication, the human body, modern art and postmodern art, literature and critical theory, music, film, time and memory, space, the city and landscape, the sublime, and the relation between aesthetics and politics. Lyotard was a key personality in contemporary Continental philosophy and author of 26 books and many articles.[8] He was a director of the International College of Philosophy which was founded by Jacques Derrida, François Châtelet, Jean-Pierre Faye and Dominique Lecourt.[9] en-wikipedia-org-893 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Hume''s principle or HP—the terms were coined by George Boolos—says that the number of Fs is equal to the number of Gs if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between the Fs and the Gs. HP can be stated formally in systems of second-order logic. Hume''s principle appears in Frege''s Foundations of Arithmetic (§73), which quotes from Part III of Book I of David Hume''s A Treatise of Human Nature (1740). Concerning one of these, proportion in quantity or number, Hume argues that our reasoning about proportion in quantity, as represented by geometry, can never achieve "perfect precision and exactness", since its principles are derived from sense-appearance. The principle that cardinal number was to be characterized in terms of one-to-one correspondence had previously been used to great effect by Georg Cantor, whose writings Frege knew. en-wikipedia-org-8939 en-wikipedia-org-8944 However, in 2004 he changed his position, and stated that he now believed in the existence of an Intelligent Creator of the universe,[7] shocking colleagues and fellow atheists.[7] In order to further clarify his personal concept of God, Flew openly made an allegiance to Deism,[7][8] more specifically a belief in the Aristotelian God,[7][8] and dismissed on many occasions a hypothetical conversion to Christianity, Islam or any other religion.[7][8] He stated that in keeping his lifelong commitment to go where the evidence leads, he now believed in the existence of a God.[8][9] In October 2004 (before the December publication of the Flew–Habermas interview), in a letter written to the internet atheist advocate Richard Carrier of the Secular Web Flew stated that he was a deist, and wrote "I think we need here a fundamental distinction between the God of Aristotle or Spinoza and the Gods of the Christian and the Islamic Revelations."[45] Flew also said: "My one and only piece of relevant evidence [for an Aristotelian God] is the apparent impossibility of providing a naturalistic theory of the origin from DNA of the first reproducing species... en-wikipedia-org-8948 Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters Wikipedia Category:Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters Jump to navigation These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category contains pages transcluding Template:Infobox philosopher (talk) with unknown parameters (undefined, misspelled, etc.). To show the information listed here on a category page, use {{Unknown parameters category}} on the category page. Pages in category "Pages using infobox philosopher with unknown parameters" The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 484 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Abd-Allah ibn Numayr Ali ibn al-Madini Ibn Abd al-Hadi Mary Louise Gill Muhammad ibn al-Habib Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Pages_using_infobox_philosopher_with_unknown_parameters&oldid=926150145" Categories: Unknown parameters Infoboxes with unknown parameters Template Category TOC via CatAutoTOC on category with 301–600 pages en-wikipedia-org-8953 en-wikipedia-org-8958 en-wikipedia-org-8968 en-wikipedia-org-897 en-wikipedia-org-8970 * {{Cite book | last=Forbes | first=Duncan | title= Hume''s Philosophical Politics | author-link=Duncan Forbes (historian) | series=Cambridge paperback library | edition=reprint | publisher=CUP Archive | year=1985 | isbn= 9780521319973 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PX86AAAAIAAJ }} * {{Cite book | last=Huxley | first=Thomas Henry | title=Hume | author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley | series=English Men of Letters | volume=39 | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2011 | isbn=9781108034777 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eH67vOxyjEYC }} * {{Cite book | last=Livingston | first = Donald | author-link=Donald Livingston | chapter=Foreword | title=David Hume: Prophet of the Counter-revolution | year= 1965 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/72/1/201/171086 }} * {{Cite book | last= Mossner | first= Ernest Campbell | author-link= Ernest Campbell Mossner | title= The Life of David Hume | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year= 1980 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HXJAqqNl4QC | isbn= 9780199243365 }} en-wikipedia-org-8981 en-wikipedia-org-8996 en-wikipedia-org-9010 John Baptist Wolf Wikipedia John Baptist Wolf Jump to navigation John Baptiste Wolf (July 16, 1907 – April 22, 1996) was an American historian, specializing in modern European history. Wolf received his B.A. and M.A. from the University of Colorado, then attended Northwestern University, before entering the doctoral program at the University of Minnesota. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Baptist_Wolf&oldid=994606579" Hidden categories: Articles with short description Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers View history This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 16:19 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9038 James Pryor Wikipedia Jump to navigation philosophy of language James Vincent Pryor (born 1968) is an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He is known for his expertise on epistemology and philosophy of language.[1][2] Analytic Philosophy. External links[edit] This biography of an American philosopher is a stub. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Pryor&oldid=992144968" Categories: 21st-century American philosophers Philosophers of language New York University faculty Princeton University faculty American philosopher stubs Hidden categories: Articles with short description Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers All stub articles Personal tools Main page This page was last edited on 3 December 2020, at 19:07 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia en-wikipedia-org-9042 You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. In his discussion of [[miracle]]s, Hume argues that we should not believe miracles have occurred and that they do not therefore provide us with any reason to think God exists.{{sfn|Bailey|O''Brien|2006|p=101}} In ''''An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding'''' (Section 10), Hume defines a miracle as "a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity, or by the interposition of some invisible agent". There must be a stream before anything can be interrupted."{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/essayinanswertom00adamiala#page/14/mode/2up |title=An essay in answer to Mr. Hume''s Essay on miracles |access-date=16 March 2017|publisher=London : White |year=1767 }} They have also noted that it requires an appeal to inductive inference, as none have observed every part of nature nor examined every possible miracle claim, for instance those in the future. en-wikipedia-org-9044 en-wikipedia-org-9046 The term "Classical Realism" first appeared as a description of literary style, as in an 1882 criticism of Milton''s poetry.[1] Its usage relating to the visual arts dates back to at least 1905 in a reference to Masaccio''s paintings.[2] It originated as the title of a contemporary but traditional artistic movement with Richard Lack (1928–2009), who was a pupil of Boston artist R. In a separate vein, another major contributor to the revival of traditional drawing and painting knowledge is the painter and art instructor Ted Seth Jacobs (born 1927), who taught students at the Art Students League and the New York Academy of Art in New York City.[3] Their lineage is rooted in the Académie Julian, the Golden Age of Illustration in New York, and the School of Paris. Classical Realist painters have attempted to restore curricula of training that develop a sensitive, artistic eye and methods of representing nature that pre-date Modern Art. They seek to create paintings that are personal, expressive, beautiful, and skillful. en-wikipedia-org-9050 John Davies (historian) Wikipedia John Davies (25 April 1938 – 16 February 2015) was a Welsh historian, and a television and radio broadcaster. Davies was married with four children although in later life he admitted to being bisexual.[3] After teaching Welsh history at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, he retired to Cardiff, and appeared frequently as a presenter and contributor to history programmes on television and radio. Hanes Cymru was translated into English and published in 1993, as there was "a demand among English-speakers to read what was already available to Welsh-speakers," wrote Davies.[4] A revised edition was published (in both languages) in 2007. The Making of Wales, The History Press, 2nd edition printing: Oct 1, 2009, ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/john-davies-academic-and-broadcaster-whose-peerless-histories-of-wales-were-rich-with-insight-and-10054868.html Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9052 Francis John Byrne Wikipedia Francis John Byrne (1934 – 30 December 2017)[1] was an Irish historian. He studied Early Irish History at University College Dublin where he excelled, graduating with first class honours. Byrne''s best known work is his Irish Kings and High-Kings (1973). Francis John Byrne, Monkstown, Dublin, Ireland". (ed.), Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. External links[edit] Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_John_Byrne&oldid=993513702" Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 00:36 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9053 Modern religious[3][11][12] and secular[13][14][15][16] criticism of Islam[11][12][13][14][15][16] has concerned Muhammad''s sincerity in claiming to be a prophet, his morality, his ownership of slaves,[17][18] his treatment of enemies, his marriages,[19] his treatment of doctrinal matters, and his alleged psychological condition. Many early former Muslims such as Ibn al-Rawandi, Al-Ma''arri, and Abu Isa al-Warraq were famous religious skeptics, polymaths, and philosophers that criticized Islam,[10] the alleged authority and reliability of the Qu''ran,[10] Muhammad''s morality,[10] and his claims to be a prophet.[10][29] en-wikipedia-org-9063 en-wikipedia-org-9064 John Toland (30 November 1670 – 11 March 1722) was an Irish rationalist philosopher and freethinker, and occasional satirist, who wrote numerous books and pamphlets on political philosophy and philosophy of religion, which are early expressions of the philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment. Born in Ireland, he was educated at the universities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leiden and Oxford and was influenced by the philosophy of John Locke. His republican sympathies were also evidenced by his editing of the writings of some of the great radicals of the 1650s, including James Harrington, Algernon Sydney, Edmund Ludlow and John Milton. After his Christianity not Mysterious, Toland''s "Letters to Serena" constitute his major contribution to philosophy. However, Toland managed to find success after his death: Thomas Hollis, the great 18th century book collector and editor, commissioned the London bookseller Andrew Millar to publish works advocating republican government a list of titles which included Toland''s work in 1760.[10] en-wikipedia-org-9078 Category:British monarchists Wikipedia Category:British monarchists Jump to navigation Jump to search This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total. Pages in category "British monarchists" The following 36 pages are in this category, out of 36 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Robert Hugh Benson John Bramhall David Cameron David Hume William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne Gilbert Monckton, 2nd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley John Henry Newman David Starkey Robert Worcester Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:British_monarchists&oldid=670157992" Categories: British people by political orientation Monarchists Navigation menu Personal tools Category Views Edit View history Navigation Main page Learn to edit Recent changes Tools What links here Special pages Page information Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2015, at 06:22 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikipedia About Wikipedia Contact Wikipedia Mobile view en-wikipedia-org-91 en-wikipedia-org-9104 en-wikipedia-org-9111 However, as Ruge remained a Young Hegelian in his belief, Marx and Ruge soon split and Ruge left the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher.[44] Nonetheless, following the split, Marx remained friendly enough with Ruge that he sent Ruge a warning on 15 January 1845 that the Paris police were going to execute orders against him, Marx and others at the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher requiring all to leave Paris within 24 hours.[45] Marx himself was expelled from Paris by French authorities on 3 February 1845 and settled in Brussels with his wife and one daughter.[46] Having left Paris on 6 September 1844, Engels returned to his home in Barmen, Germany, to work on his The Condition of the Working Class in England, which was published in late May 1845.[47] Even before the publication of his book, Engels moved to Brussels in late April 1845, to collaborate with Marx on another book, German Ideology.[48] While living in Barmen, Engels began making contact with Socialists in the Rhineland to raise money for Marx''s publication efforts in Brussels.[49] However, these contacts became more important as both Marx and Engels began political organizing for the Social Democratic Workers'' Party of Germany. en-wikipedia-org-9113 en-wikipedia-org-9115 Founded by primarily Christian-democratic parties in 1976, it has since broadened its membership to include liberal-conservative parties and parties with other centre-right political perspectives.[6][7][8][9][10] On 20 November 2019 the party elected as its President the former Prime Minister of Poland and President of the European Council, Donald Tusk.[11] The EPP includes major centre-right parties such as the CDU/CSU of Germany, The Republicans of France, CD&V of Belgium, PNL of Romania, Fine Gael of Ireland, National Coalition Party of Finland, New Democracy of Greece, Forza Italia of Italy, the People''s Party (PP) of Spain, the Civic Platform of Poland and the Social Democratic Party of Portugal, but also the right-wing populist Fidesz of Hungary. It aims at the political unification of a democratic Europe, the development of the EPP on the basis of Christian social teaching, and the defence of workers'' interests in European policy-making. en-wikipedia-org-9119 The fact that language is not a transparent medium of thought had been stressed by a very different form of philosophy of language which originated in the works of Johann Georg Hamann and Wilhelm von Humboldt.[135] Ernst Gombrich and Nelson Goodman in his book Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols came to hold that the conceptual encounter with the work of art predominated exclusively over the perceptual and visual encounter with the work of art during the 1960s and 1970s.[136] He was challenged on the basis of research done by the Nobel prize winning psychologist Roger Sperry who maintained that the human visual encounter was not limited to concepts represented in language alone (the linguistic turn) and that other forms of psychological representations of the work of art were equally defensible and demonstrable. en-wikipedia-org-912 Daniel Robert Woolf FSA FRHistS FRSC (born 5 December 1958) is a British-Canadian historian. He served as the 20th Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Queen''s University in Kingston, Ontario, a position to which he was appointed in January 2009 and took up as of 1 September 2009.[1] He was previously Professor, Department of History and Classics, at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, where he also served as Dean of the Faculty of Arts until April 2009. Along with historians John Morrill and Paul Slack, Woolf would eventually co-edit the festschrift honouring Aylmer (1993). Woolf returned to Canada in 1984 and taught at Queen''s University as a SSHRCC postdoctoral fellow (1984–86), Bishop''s University (1986–87), Dalhousie University (1987–1999), McMaster University (1999–2002), and the University of Alberta.[3] He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Society of Antiquaries of London, and the Royal Historical Society.[3] In 1996–97 he was a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, a class that included noted sociologist of science Thomas F. en-wikipedia-org-9120 In 1760, he was, to his surprise, appointed Professor of Moral Philosophy at Marischal College (later part of Aberdeen University) as a result of the influence exerted by his close friend, Robert Arbuthnot of Haddo.[2] In the following year he published a volume of poems, The Judgment of Paris (1765), which attracted attention. Beattie was prominent in arguing against the institution of slavery,[3] notably in his Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770), and in Elements of Moral Science (1790–93), where he used the case of Dido Belle to argue the mental capacity of black people.[4] His philosophical work have generally been assessed very negatively in the time since his death, with Immanuel Kant stating that his misunderstanding of most of David Hume''s work was "positively painful".[10] Philosopher John Immerwahr states that among contemporary scholars, Beattie is regarded as "a superficial thinker who is primarily known because he was the source for some of Kant''s knowledge of Hume".[10] en-wikipedia-org-9125 He is traditionally identified as Kauṭilya or Vishnugupta, who authored the ancient Indian political treatise, the Arthashastra,[3] a text dated to roughly between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE.[4] As such, he is considered the pioneer of the field of political science and economics in India, and his work is thought of as an important precursor to classical economics.[5][6][7][8] His works were lost near the end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE and not rediscovered until the early 20th century.[6] Thomas Trautmann identifies four distinct accounts of the ancient Chanakya-Chandragupta katha (legend):[9] According to the Buddhist legend, the Nanda kings who preceded Chandragupta were robbers-turned-rulers.[10] Chanakya (IAST: Cāṇakka in Mahavamsa) was a Brahmin from Takkāsila (Takshashila). Chanakya Chandragupta (1977), retrieved 24 May 2017 en-wikipedia-org-9133 This article is about explanatory power in the context of the philosophy of science. By that expression, he intended to state that a hard-to-vary explanation provides specific details that fit together so tightly that it is impossible to change any detail without affecting the whole theory. The philosopher and physicist David Deutsch offers a criterion for a good explanation that he considered to be possibly just as important to scientific progress as learning to reject appeals to authority and falsifiability. It can be argued that the criterion hard to vary is closely related to Occam''s razor: both imply logical consistency and a minimum of assumptions. The philosopher Karl Popper acknowledged it is logically possible to avoid falsification of a hypothesis by changing details to avoid any criticism, adopting the term an immunizing stratagem from Hans Albert.[3] Popper argued that scientific hypotheses should be subjected to methodological testing to select for the strongest hypothesis.[4] en-wikipedia-org-9134 en-wikipedia-org-9164 Barry Stroud (/straʊd/; 18 May 1935 – 9 August 2019) was a Canadian philosopher and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Over 1986-1987, as a visiting fellow of New College and All Souls College, Stroud gave the John Locke Lectures at Oxford University under the title ''The Quest for Reality.''[13][2] He also delivered the Gareth Evans Memorial Lecture at Oxford and Whitehead Lectures at Harvard.[9] To the American Philosophical Association, which he served as Pacific Division President in 1995–1996,[2] he gave the Dewey Lecture in 2008[14][15] and the Patrick Romanell Lecture in 2009.[16][17] Stroud also delivered the Tanner Lectures on Human Values at the University of Buenos Aires in 1988.[4] He would return to Brazil, where several of his works have been translated into Portuguese and discussed in print,[18][19] most recently in 2014 to participate in the 16th ANPOF conference in Campos do Jordão,[20][21][22] en-wikipedia-org-9176 Mansfield is the author and co-translator of studies of and/or by major political philosophers such as Aristotle, Edmund Burke, Niccolò Machiavelli, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Thomas Hobbes, of Constitutional government, and of Manliness (2006). Mansfield''s father, Harvey Mansfield Sr., had been editor of the American Political Science Review, and was the Ruggles Professor Emeritus of Public Law and Government at Columbia University at the time of his death in 1988 at the age of 83.[5] Mansfield has been at Harvard since his own student days in 1949, having joined the faculty in 1962. "Harvey Mansfield on Donald Trump and Political Philosophy," Conversations with Bill Kristol, December 19, 2016.[28] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Harvey Mansfield, Noted American Author and Political Theorist, to Deliver the 2007 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities", press release, National Endowment for the Humanities, March 22, 2007. en-wikipedia-org-9180 Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomy.[55][56] On October 31, 2019, the United States Department of Defense''s Defense Innovation Board published the draft of a report recommending principles for the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense that would ensure a human operator would always be able to look into the ''black box'' and understand the kill-chain process. Machine ethics (or machine morality) is the field of research concerned with designing Artificial Moral Agents (AMAs), robots or artificially intelligent computers that behave morally or as though moral.[67][68][69][70] To account for the nature of these agents, it has been suggested to consider certain philosophical ideas, like the standard characterizations of agency, rational agency, moral agency, and artificial agency, which are related to the concept of AMAs.[71] en-wikipedia-org-9185 en-wikipedia-org-9187 But an investigation of dependent lines which are often incommensurable forces us to adopt the contradictory fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in other words, the conception of Continuity.[note 1] But the contradiction here is one we cannot eliminate by the method of relations, because it does not involve anything real; and in fact as a necessary outcome of an intelligible form, the fiction of continuity is valid for the objective semblance. Herbart''s concept of the Real[edit] Kant believed that we become knowledgeable through studying the innate categories of thought, while Herbart believed that one learns only from studying external and real objects in the world as well as the ideas that come about from observing them. J. Davidson, A new Interpretation of Herbart''s Psychology and Educational Theory through the Philosophy of Leibniz (1906) en-wikipedia-org-919 Find sources: "Christian Felix Weiße" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Christian Felix Weiße (1726–1804) was a German writer and pedagogue. Jakob Minor (1896), "Weiße, Christian Felix", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), 41, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. Media related to Christian Felix Weiße at Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9194 According to historian Keith Brown, Buchanan was "the most profound intellectual sixteenth century Scotland produced." His ideology of resistance to royal usurpation gained widespread acceptance during the Scottish Reformation. His brother, Patrick Buchanan, was also a scholar.[4] In 1520 he was sent by his uncle, James Heriot, to the University of Paris, where he first came in contact with the two great influences of the age, the Renaissance and the Reformation. In addition to these works, Buchanan wrote in prose Chamaeleon, a satire in Scots against Maitland of Lethington, first printed in 1711; a Latin translation of Linacre''s Grammar (Paris, 1533); Libellus de Prosodia (Edinburgh, 1640); and Vita ab ipso scripta biennio ante mortem (1608), edited by R. In the lead-up to the anniversary Professor Roger Mason of the University of St Andrews has published A Dialogue on the Law of Kingship among the Scots, a critical edition and translation of George Buchanan''s ''De Iure Regni apud Scotos Dialogus ( en-wikipedia-org-9195 en-wikipedia-org-9197 en-wikipedia-org-9197 en-wikipedia-org-9235 en-wikipedia-org-9248 Humanistic naturalism Wikipedia Humanistic naturalism is the branch of philosophical naturalism wherein human beings are best able to control and understand the world through use of the scientific method, combined with the social and ethical values of humanism. Concepts of spirituality, intuition, and metaphysics are considered subjectively valuable only, primarily because they are unfalsifiable, and therefore can never progress beyond the realm of personal opinion. Humanistic naturalists are generally concerned with the ethical aspects of "worldview naturalism."[2] For those who do believe in such threats, the thought is that the majority of human history, societies were largely agricultural and hunter-gatherer and lived in relative harmony and balance with nature. ^ Living Issues in Philosophy (4th ed.; New York: American Book Co., 1963): 215-221. Living Issues in Philosophy (4th ed.; New York: American Book Company, 1963). American Humanist Association, What is Humanism? American Humanist Association, What is Humanism? Human nature Naturalism (philosophy) en-wikipedia-org-9249 Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell OM FRS[68] (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British polymath, philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.[69][70] Throughout his life, Russell considered himself a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, although he sometimes suggested that his sceptical nature had led him to feel that he had "never been any of these things, in any profound sense".[71] Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom.[72] The matter was however taken to the New York Supreme Court by Jean Kay who was afraid that her daughter would be harmed by the appointment, though her daughter was not a student at CCNY.[148][149] Many intellectuals, led by John Dewey, protested at his treatment.[150] Albert Einstein''s oft-quoted aphorism that "great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds" originated in his open letter, dated 19 March 1940, to Morris Raphael Cohen, a professor emeritus at CCNY, supporting Russell''s appointment.[151] Dewey and Horace M. en-wikipedia-org-9262 View source for David Hume Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. **Hume intended to see whether the ''''Treatise of Human Nature'''' met with success, and if so, to complete it with books devoted to Politics and Criticism. See also [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hume-essays-moral-political-literary-lf-ed Liberty Fund edition]. ''''A Letter from a Gentleman to His Friend in Edinburgh: Containing Some Observations on a Specimen of the Principles concerning Religion and Morality, said to be maintain''d in a Book lately publish''d, intituled A Treatise of Human Nature etc''''. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" en-wikipedia-org-9265 en-wikipedia-org-9267 Historical method is the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write histories of the past. Secondary sources, primary sources and material evidence such as that derived from archaeology may all be drawn on, and the historian''s skill lies in identifying these sources, evaluating their relative authority, and combining their testimony appropriately in order to construct an accurate and reliable picture of past events and environments. The study of historical method and of different ways of writing history is known as historiography. Subsequent descriptions of historical method, outlined below, have attempted to overcome the credulity built into the first step formulated by the nineteenth century historiographers by stating principles not merely by which different reports can be harmonized but instead by which a statement found in a source may be considered to be unreliable or reliable as it stands on its own. From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods. en-wikipedia-org-9270 Index of epistemology articles Wikipedia Index of epistemology articles Main article: Epistemology Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη – episteme-, "knowledge, science" and λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge.[1] It addresses the questions "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", and "Why do we know what we know?". Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. Articles related to epistemology include: – A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge – Bertrand Russell''s views on philosophy – Causal Theory of Knowing – Epistemic theories of truth – Epistemological realism – New realism (philosophy) – Philosophical problems of testimony – Pragmatic theory of truth – Semantic theory of truth en-wikipedia-org-9284 Evolutionary epistemology refers to three distinct topics: (1) the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans, (2) a theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection, and (3) the study of the historical discovery of new abstract entities such as abstract number or abstract value that necessarily precede the individual acquisition and usage of such abstractions. "Evolutionary epistemology" can also refer to a theory that applies the concepts of biological evolution to the growth of human knowledge, and argues that units of knowledge themselves, particularly scientific theories, evolve according to selection. One of the hallmarks of evolutionary epistemology is the notion that empirical testing alone does not justify the pragmatic value of scientific theories, but rather that social and methodological processes select those theories with the closest "fit" to a given problem. Popper gave its first comprehensive treatment in his 1970 article "Sketch of an Evolutionary Epistemology",[4] after Donald T. en-wikipedia-org-9290 Charles Kahn states; "Down to the time of Plutarch and Clement, if not later, the little book of Heraclitus was available in its original form to any reader who chose to seek it out".[6] Laërtius comments on the notability of the text, stating; "the book acquired such fame that it produced partisans of his philosophy who were called Heracliteans".[17] Prominent philosophers identified today as Heracliteans include Cratylus and Antisthenes—not to be confused with the cynic.[47] The later Stoics understood the Logos as "the account which governs everything";[61] Hippolytus, a Church Fathers in the 3rd century AD, identified it as meaning the Christian "Word of God", such as in John 1:1, "In the beginning was the Word (logos) and the Word was God".[62] John Burnet viewed the relationship between Heraclitean logos and Johannine logos as fallacious, saying; "the Johannine doctrine of the logos has nothing to do with Herakleitos or with anything at all in Greek philosophy, but comes from the Hebrew Wisdom literature".[d][63] en-wikipedia-org-93 en-wikipedia-org-9310 In 1908 Bullough married Enrichetta Angelica Marchetti (daughter of the actor Eleonora Duse), with whom he would have a son and a daughter.[13] He was elected to a Drosier Fellowship at Gonville and Caius College in 1912,[14] and in the same year published his noted theoretical paper, "''Psychical Distance'' as a Factor in Art and an Aesthetic Principle". He served for four years, finally as a Lieutenant of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.[22] After the war he returned to Caius, where he had been re-elected to a fellowship in January 1915.[23] He published in the British Journal of Psychology two more papers on aesthetic theory, "The Relation of Aesthetics to Psychology" (1919) and "Mind and Medium in Art" (1920), and a review of experimental work (1921).[24] In 1920, he was appointed College Lecturer in modern languages and University Lecturer in German,[25] and he edited the anthology Cambridge Readings in Italian Literature.[26] en-wikipedia-org-9314 en-wikipedia-org-9332 The word "counter-revolutionary" originally referred to thinkers who opposed themselves to the 1789 French Revolution, such as Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald or, later, Charles Maurras, the founder of the Action française monarchist movement. regenerated by Wesleyan preaching."[4] The practice of temperance among Methodists, as well as their rejection of gambling, allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital.[4] Individuals who attended Methodist chapels and Sunday schools "took into industrial and political life the qualities and talents they had developed within Methodism and used them on behalf of the working classes in non-revolutionary ways."[5] The spread of the Methodist Church in Great Britain, author and professor Michael Hill states, "filled both a social and an ideological vacuum" in English society, thus "opening up the channels of social and ideological mobility ... The anti-communist Kuomintang party in China used the term "counter-revolutionary" to disparage the communists and other opponents of its regime. The term received wide usage during the Cultural Revolution, in which thousands of intellectuals and government officials were denounced as "counter-revolutionaries" by the Red Guards. In Hungary, the 1956 uprising was condemned as a counter-revolution by the ruling Communist authorities (who claimed to be revolutionary themselves). en-wikipedia-org-9333 en-wikipedia-org-9344 However, in a later edition of "Practical Ethics" after the work of Næss and Sessions, Singer admits that, although unconvinced by deep ecology, the argument from intrinsic value of non-sentient entities is plausible, but at best problematic. In order to solidify the understanding that God had intended for humankind to use earths natural resources, environmental writers and religious scholars alike proclaimed that humans are separate from nature, on a higher order.[14] Those that may critique this point of view may ask the same question that John Muir asks ironically in a section of his novel A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf, why are there so many dangers in the natural world in the form of poisonous plants, animals and natural disasters, The answer is that those creatures are a result of Adam and Eve''s sins in the garden of Eden.[15] In Germany, the University of Greifswald has recently established an international program in Landscape Ecology & Nature Conservation with a strong focus on environmental ethics. en-wikipedia-org-9358 This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Bogo Grafenauer (16 March 1916 – 12 May 1995) was a Slovenian historian, who mostly wrote about medieval history in the Slovene Lands. From 1946 to 1982, he taught Slovene medieval history and theory of historiography at the University of Ljubljana. Biography on the page of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Ljubljana Slovenian historians Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2013 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9366 It was Habermas''s attack in Die Zeit in July 1986 that first drew attention to Zweierlei Untergang, which had until then been an obscure book published in the spring of 1986 by the Siedler press of Berlin.[168] Habermas wrote in his essay first published in Die Zeit newspaper on 11 July 1986 that the work of Hillgruber in glorifying the last days of the German Army on the Eastern Front was, together with the work of Michael Stürmer and Ernst Nolte, intended to serve as a "...kind of NATO philosophy colored with German nationalism".[177] Habermas argued that Hillgruber''s claims that Allied plans for the borders of a post-war Germany were due to anti-German prejudices and a "cliché-image of Prussia" was absurd, and that "it does not occur to Hillgruber that the structure of power in the Reich could actually have had something to do, as the Allies had assumed, with the social structure especially well-preserved in Prussia".[178] Writing of Hillgruber''s intentionist theories about the Holocaust, Habermas claimed that Hillgruber wrote in such a way as to imply that even top Nazis were opposed to the Shoah, and were only reluctantly forced to participate in the "Final Solution" by Hitler.[179] Apart from philosopher Habermas, numerous historians took issue with Hillgruber''s essay, including Hans Mommsen, Eberhard Jäckel, Heinrich August Winkler, Martin Broszat, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Karl Dietrich Bracher, and Wolfgang Mommsen.[180] en-wikipedia-org-9368 en-wikipedia-org-9369 en-wikipedia-org-9374 According to constructivists, the world is independent of human minds, but knowledge of the world is always a human and social construction.[1] Constructivism opposes the philosophy of objectivism, embracing the belief that a human can come to know the truth about the natural world not mediated by scientific approximations with different degrees of validity and accuracy. The expression "constructivist epistemology" was first used by Jean Piaget, 1967, with plural form in the famous article from the "Encyclopédie de la Pléiade" Logique et connaissance scientifique or "Logic and Scientific knowledge", an important text for epistemology.[citation needed] He refers directly to the mathematician Brouwer and his radical constructivism. Kincheloe has published numerous social and educational books on critical constructivism (2001, 2005, 2008), a version of constructivist epistemology that places emphasis on the exaggerated influence of political and cultural power in the construction of knowledge, consciousness, and views of reality. en-wikipedia-org-9378 Find sources: "Argument from inconsistent revelations" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hinduism, with its conception of multiple avatars being expressions of one Supreme God, is more open to the possibility that other religions might be correct for their followers, but this same principle requires the rejection of the exclusivity demanded by each of the Abrahamic religions.[citation needed] In some forms of Pantheism (where God is the Universe) and in Pandeism (where God has become the Universe), the appearance of many inconsistent divine revelations or miracles might simply result unintentionally from the divine nature of the Universe itself.[citation needed] The concept of mutual exclusivity of different religions itself (as opposed to religious pluralism) is primarily associated with Abrahamic faiths. It is also manifested in Denis Diderot''s statement that, whatever proofs are offered for the existence of God in Christianity or any other religion, "an Imam can reason the same way".[1] en-wikipedia-org-9386 Allied Publishers Wikipedia Jump to navigation Allied Publishers is an Indian-based academic and literary publishing house, established in 1934 by M. Graham Brash, and acquired by R.N. Sachdev in 1947. A wholly Indian management publishing company which operates from Mumbai and New Delhi. Allied publishes academic (text books and reference books) books for schools, colleges and higher academic institutes. External links[edit] Allied Publishers Official Website Allied Publishers, Chennai Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allied_Publishers&oldid=962494548" Categories: Publishing companies established in 1934 Book publishing companies of India Literary publishing companies Academic publishing companies Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers This page was last edited on 14 June 2020, at 11:22 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9400 en-wikipedia-org-9418 In 1961, Fischer, who by then had risen to the rank of full professor at the University of Hamburg, rocked the history profession with his first postwar book, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1918 (published in English as Germany''s Aims in the First World War), in which he argued that Germany had deliberately instigated World War I in an attempt to become a world power.[1] In this book, which was primarily concerned with the role played in the formation of German foreign policy by domestic pressure groups, Fischer argued that various pressure groups in German society had ambitions for aggressive imperialist policy in Eastern Europe, Africa and the Middle East.[1] In Fischer''s opinion, the "September Program" of September 1914 calling for the annexation of parts of Europe and Africa was an attempt at compromise between the demands of the lobbying groups in German society for wide-ranging territorial expansion.[1] Fischer argued that the German government used the July Crisis caused by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the summer of 1914 to act on plans for a war against the Dual Entente to create Mitteleuropa, a German-dominated Europe, and Mittelafrika, a German-dominated Africa.[7] Though Fischer argued that the German government did not want a war with the British Empire, they were ready to run the risk in pursuit of annexation and hegemony.[8] en-wikipedia-org-9434 en-wikipedia-org-9440 en-wikipedia-org-9444 View source for David Hume Wikipedia You are currently unable to edit Wikipedia due to a block affecting your IP address. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN. If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption. Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page and email other editors and administrators. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume" en-wikipedia-org-9449 en-wikipedia-org-9464 File:DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg Wikipedia Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license: This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original. {{subst:Please link images|File:DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg}} ~~~~ URL: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:Suddenfootloss Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. current 16:34, 18 September 2020 3,335 × 4,802 (16.66 MB) Suddenfootloss Cross-wiki upload from en.wikipedia.org The following pages on the English Wikipedia use this file (pages on other projects are not listed): This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. File change date and time 17:33, 18 September 2020 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidHumeStatueEdinburgh.jpg" Upload file Upload file en-wikipedia-org-947 en-wikipedia-org-9479 John Ramsay McCulloch (1 March 1789 – 11 November 1864) was a Scottish economist, author and editor, widely regarded as the leader of the Ricardian school of economists after the death of David Ricardo in 1823. McCulloch was a co-founder, and one of the first editors, of The Scotsman newspaper, and worked on the Edinburgh Review. McCulloch collected the early literature of political economy, and wrote on the scope and method of economics and the history of economic thought.[3][4] After his death his library was purchased by Lord Overstone and eventually presented to the University of Reading. McCulloch''s works include a textbook, Principles of Political Economy (Edinburgh 1825). McCulloch used it to illustrate that "time cannot of itself produce effect; it merely affords space for really efficient causes to operate, and it is therefore clear it can have nothing to do with value." Reflecting on discussions in the Political Economy Club, Ricardo had privately expressed his famous opinion about the "non-existence of any measure of absolute value."[6] "On Ricardo''s Principles of Political Economy and Taxation", 1818, Edinburgh Review en-wikipedia-org-9490 Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize a materialist interpretation of history, dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and political program of revolution or, at least, reform. Karl Marx is regarded as the father of social conflict theory,[citation needed] which is a component of the four major paradigms of sociology. These conflicts would be then reflected in society and Ward assumed there had been a "perpetual and vigorous struggle" among various "social forces" that shaped civilization.[6][7] Ward was more optimistic than Marx and Gumplowicz and believed that it was possible to build on and reform present social structures with the help of sociological analysis. C. Wright Mills has been called the founder of modern conflict theory.[12] In Mills''s view, social structures are created through conflict between people with differing interests and resources. en-wikipedia-org-9505 en-wikipedia-org-9517 Ethical subjectivism Wikipedia The specific problem is: clarification is needed on how it relates to--but is a distinct concept from--moral relativism. Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all.[2] The latter view, as put forward by Protagoras, holds that there are as many distinct scales of good and evil as there are subjects in the world.[3] However, there are also universalist forms of subjectivism such as ideal observer theory (which claims that moral propositions are about what attitudes a hypothetical ideal observer would hold). ^ "George Hourani is one such philosopher who claims this by referring to Divine Command theory as ''theistic subjectivism''.".The Ethics and Metaphysics of Divine Command Theory en-wikipedia-org-9523 José María Luis Mora Lamadrid (12 October 1794, Chamacuero, Guanajuato – 14 July 1850, Paris, France[1]) was a priest, lawyer, historian, politician and liberal ideologue. Blocked from advance within the Catholic Church, he turned in 1821 to secular political matters, becoming a journalist and following Mexican independence in September 1821, a liberal politician shaping the newly sovereign state.[4] In 1823 Mora advocated for the curricular reform of San Ildefonso to emphasize more modern approaches to learning in Spanish, rather than rote memorization and emphasis on Latin.[5] "José María Luis Mora and the Structure of Mexican Liberalism," Hispanic American Historical Review 45 (1965) 196–227. "Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico" The Americas, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Jan., 1994), pp. "Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico". Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_María_Luis_Mora&oldid=989093744" en-wikipedia-org-9528 en-wikipedia-org-953 These three stages are found succeeding one another throughout the whole realm of thought and being, from the most abstract logical process up to the most complicated concrete activity of organized mind in the succession of states or the production of systems of philosophy. Hegel''s philosophy of the State, his theory of history, and his account of absolute mind are perhaps the most often-read portions of his philosophy due to their accessibility. In relation to other States it develops international law; and in its general course through historical vicissitudes it passes through what Hegel calls the "Dialectics of History". The Leftists accentuated the anti-Christian tendencies of Hegel''s system and developed schools of materialism, socialism, rationalism, and pantheism. Hegelianism also inspired Giovanni Gentile''s philosophy of actual idealism and fascism, the concept that people are motivated by ideas and that social change is brought by the leaders. en-wikipedia-org-9550 The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge".[notes 2][notes 3] It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. The Internet Archive currently holds over 28 million books and texts, 6 million movies and videos, 600,000 software programs, 15 million audio files, and 492 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine.[needs update] In August 2012, the Archive announced[11] that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.[12][13] This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.[12][notes 11] On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive''s headquarters in San Francisco''s Richmond District caught fire,[14] destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.[15] According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".[16] The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.[17] en-wikipedia-org-9558 Currently and historically there have been four views and practices within Christianity toward violence and war: non-resistance, Christian pacifism, just war, and preventive war (Holy war, e.g., the Crusades).[1] The early church in the Roman empire adopted a nonviolent stance when it came to war since imitating Jesus''s sacrificial life was preferable.[2] The concept of "just war", whereby limited uses of war were considered acceptable originated with earlier non-Christian Roman and Greek thinkers such as Cicero and Plato.[3][4] This theory was adapted later by Christian thinkers such as St Augustine, who like other Christians, borrowed much of the justification from Roman writers like Cicero and Roman Law.[5][6][7] Even though "Just War" concept was widely accepted early on, warfare was not regarded as a virtuous activity and expressing concern for the salvation of those who killed enemies in battle, regardless of the cause for which they fought, was common.[8] Concepts such as "Holy war", whereby fighting itself might be considered a penitential and spiritually meritorious act, did not emerge before the 11th century.[8][9] en-wikipedia-org-9566 Trevor-Roper was educated at Belhaven Hill School, Charterhouse, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he read first Classics (Literae Humaniores) and then Modern History, later moving to Merton College, Oxford, to become a Research Fellow.[6][7] Whilst at Oxford, he was a member of the exclusive Stubbs Society and was initiated as a Freemason in the Apollo University Lodge.[8][9] In 2002, at the age of 88, Trevor-Roper submitted a sizable article on Thomas Sutton, the founder of Charterhouse School, to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography in part with notes he had written decades earlier, which editor Brian Harrison praised as "the work of a master". Essays in British history presented to Sir Keith Feiling edited by H.R. Trevor-Roper; with a foreword by Lord David Cecil (1964) The Age of Expansion, Europe and the World, 1559–1600, edited by Hugh Trevor-Roper, 1968. Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson edited by Richard Davenport-Hines (2007) en-wikipedia-org-9578 en-wikipedia-org-9588 Category:Skepticism Wikipedia Category:Skepticism Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skepticism. The main article for this category is Skepticism. This category has the following 11 subcategories, out of 11 total. ► Ancient Skeptic philosophers‎ (1 C, 11 P) ► Skeptic organizations‎ (6 C, 6 P) Pages in category "Skepticism" The following 82 pages are in this category, out of 82 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more). Skepticism Academic skepticism Betteridge''s law of headlines List of books about skepticism Cartesian doubt Chinese views of democracy Doubt European Skeptics Podcast Littlewood''s law Local skepticism Moral skepticism Philosophical skepticism Radical skepticism Reasonable doubt Religious skepticism Skeptical theism The Skeptics Society Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Skepticism&oldid=894604969" Categories: Critical thinking Hidden categories: Commons category link is on Wikidata Category Views Navigation Edit links By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy en-wikipedia-org-9593 Conservatism in Turkey (Turkish: Muhafazakârlık) is a national variant of conservatism throughout Turkey reflected in the agendas of many of the country''s political parties, most notably the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP), which describes its prevailing ideology as conservative democracy.[1] Elements of Turkish conservatism are also reflected in most parties situated on the political right, including the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). Conservatism in Turkey tends to be inspired and strongly influenced by political Islam,[4] with conservative values arising from local orders, Islamic tarikats and village traditions.[5] Turkish conservatism therefore tends to be more socially conservative, religious and in favour of strong centralised leadership, therefore often being characterised as authoritarian by critics.[6] Turkish conservatives also tend to show greater approval to the return of Ottoman culture as opposed to the western-inspired culture and values originating from the Republic era.[7] List of conservative political parties in Turkey[edit] en-wikipedia-org-9594 The IEP was founded by philosopher James Fieser in 1995, operating through a non-profit organization with the aim of providing accessible and scholarly information on philosophy.[4] The current general editors are philosophers James Fieser and Bradley Dowden, with the staff also including numerous area editors as well as volunteers.[5][6] The entire website was redesigned in the summer of 2009, moving from static HTML pages to the open-source publishing platform WordPress.[7] The IEP is included by the American Library Association in its listing of Best Free Reference Sites;[11] listed as an online philosophy resource by the Federation of Australasian Philosophy in Schools Associations;[12] listed by EpistemeLinks as one of the "outstanding resources" in philosophy on the internet;[13] and listed as a reliable resource in many university philosophy guides.[14] ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', in Reference Review, Vol.29, No.4, p. ''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', in Reference Review, Vol.29, No.4, p. en-wikipedia-org-9599 Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈʃlaɪɐˌmaχɐ]; November 21, 1768 – February 12, 1834) was a German Reformed theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity. While he preached every Sunday, Schleiermacher also gradually took up in his lectures in the university almost every branch of theology and philosophy: New Testament exegesis, introduction to and interpretation of the New Testament, ethics (both philosophic and Christian), dogmatic and practical theology, church history, history of philosophy, psychology, dialectics (logic and metaphysics), politics, pedagogy, aesthetics[7] and translation. From Leibniz, Lessing, Fichte, Jacobi and the Romantic school, Schleiermacher had imbibed a profound and mystical view of the inner depths of the human personality.[7] His religious thought found its expression most notably in The Christian Faith, one of the most influential works of Christian theology of its time. en-wikipedia-org-9626 en-wikipedia-org-9637 Erik Lönnroth Wikipedia Erik Lönnroth (1 August 1910 in Gothenburg – 10 March 2002) was one of the most notable Swedish historians of the 20th century. Personal life[edit] Lönnroth became a life member of the Swedish Academy in 1962. Selected works[edit] Statsmakt och statsfinans i det medeltida Sverige (1940) References[edit] ^ Om Erik Lönnroth (Peter Englund) Archived 2011-06-28 at the Wayback Machine Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Wikimedia Commons Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2020, at 02:05 (UTC). By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9643 Late in his career while at the University of California, Berkeley, although officially retired in 1952, Kelsen rewrote his short book of 1934, Reine Rechtslehre (Pure Theory of Law), into a much enlarged "second edition" published in 1960 (it appeared in an English translation in 1967). During this time period, Hans Morgenthau departed from Germany to complete his habilitation dissertation in Geneva, which resulted in his book The Reality of Norms and In Particular the Norms of International Law: Foundations of a Theory of Norms.[25] By remarkable good fortune for Morgenthau, Kelsen had just arrived in Geneva as a professor and he became an adviser for Morgenthau''s dissertation. The Pure Theory of Law is generally considered among the most original contributions made by Hans Kelsen to legal theory. Ronald Moore, Legal Norms and Legal Science: a Critical Study of Hans Kelsen''s Pure Theory of Law, Honolulu 1978. en-wikipedia-org-965 Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon Wikipedia Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon is a 2006 book by the philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett, in which the author argues that religion is in need of scientific analysis so that its nature and future may be better understood. After answering in the affirmative, Part II proceeds to use the tools of evolutionary biology and memetics to suggest possible theories regarding the origin of religion and subsequent evolution of modern religions from ancient folk beliefs. In Scientific American, George Johnson describes the book''s main draw as being "a sharp synthesis of a library of evolutionary, anthropological and psychological research on the origin and spread of religion".[3] The University of Edinburgh (2009-02-10), Daniel Dennett: Breaking the Spell Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, retrieved 2018-04-24 en-wikipedia-org-9654 Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2015 Wikipedia Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2015 These categories are used to track, build and organize lists of pages needing "attention en masse" (for example, pages using deprecated syntax), or that may need to be edited at someone''s earliest convenience. This category combines all articles with failed verification from August 2015 (2015-08) to enable us to work through the backlog more systematically. It is a member of Category:Articles with failed verification. To add an article to this category add {{Failed verification|date=August 2015}} to the article. Pages in category "Articles with failed verification from August 2015" The following 82 pages are in this category, out of 82 total. February 2007 North American blizzard Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_August_2015&oldid=673861438" Monthly clean-up category (Articles with failed verification) counter Clean-up categories from August 2015 By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. en-wikipedia-org-9664 Rev John Home FRSE (13 September 1722 – 4 September 1808) was a Scottish minister, soldier and author.[1] His play Douglas was a standard Scottish school text until the Second World War, but his work is now largely neglected. Home died at Merchiston Bank, near Edinburgh, in his eighty-sixth year.[1] He is buried in South Leith Parish Church.[4] He died on 4 September and was buried on the 5th. The Works of John Home were collected and published by Henry Mackenzie in 1822 with "An Account of the Life and Writings of Mr John House," which also appeared separately in the same year, but several of his smaller poems seem to have escaped the editor''s observation. See also Sir W Scott, "The Life and Works of John Home" in the Quarterly Review (June 1827).[5] Douglas is included in numerous collections of British drama. "Review of The Works of John Home, Esq.; now first collected: to which is prefixed an Account of his Life and Writings. en-wikipedia-org-9673 en-wikipedia-org-9684 Find sources: "Irving Singer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. Irving Singer (December 24, 1925 – February 1, 2015) was an American professor of philosophy who was on the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for 55 years and wrote over 20 books.[1] He was the author of books on various topics, including cinema, love, sexuality, and the philosophy of George Santayana. "Irving Singer, MIT philosopher and author, retires after 55 years" (Press release). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences. MIT philosophy: faculty: Irving Singer — main faculty biography Philosophy of Love in the Western World Session 1 on YouTube — Irving Singer course lecture, derived from the MIT OpenCourseWare project en-wikipedia-org-9687 en-wikipedia-org-9708 en-wikipedia-org-9714 Ivo Banac (Croatian pronunciation: [iːʋo baːnats]; 1 March 1947 – 30 June 2020) was a Croatian-American historian, a professor of European history at Yale University and a politician of the former Liberal Party in Croatia, known as the Great Bard of Croatian historiography.[4] As of 2012[update], Banac was a consultant for the Bosnian Institute.[5] He died after a serious illness at age 73.[6] During his stay in the United States, Banac regularly visited Yugoslavia.[7] While visiting Zagreb in 1971, he met Vlado Gotovac and Franjo Tuđman, who would both become major Croatian political figures after the fall of communism.[7] Banac remained in close contact with Gotovac until his death in 2000;[7] on the other hand, he reportedly didn''t think highly of Tuđman, describing him as a person who could not tolerate dissent.[7] Nonetheless, Banac organized Tuđman''s lecture at Yale University in 1990.[7] en-wikipedia-org-9715 The planned divestiture was aligned with Wiley''s "increased strategic focus on content and services for research, learning, and professional practices, and on lifelong learning through digital technology".[18] On August 13, 2012, Wiley announced it entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommer''s brand, to Google Inc.[19] On November 6, 2012, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt acquired Wiley''s cookbooks, dictionaries and study guides.[20] In 2013, Wiley sold its pets, crafts and general interest lines to Turner Publishing Company and its nautical line to Fernhurst Books.[21] HarperCollins acquired parts of Wiley Canada''s trade operations in 2013; the remaining Canadian trade operations were merged into Wiley U.S.[22] With the integration of digital technology and the traditional print medium, Wiley has stated that in the near future its customers will be able to search across all its content regardless of original medium and assemble a custom product in the format of choice.[30] Web resources are also enabling new types of publisher-customer interactions within the company''s various businesses. en-wikipedia-org-9716 He became increasingly worried about the disunity of the states and the weakness of the central government after the end of the Revolutionary War in 1783.[32] He believed that "excessive democracy" caused social decay, and was particularly troubled by laws that legalized paper money and denied diplomatic immunity to ambassadors from other countries.[33] He was also profoundly concerned about the inability of Congress to capably conduct foreign policy, protect American trade, and foster the settlement of the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.[34] As Madison wrote, "a crisis had arrived which was to decide whether the American experiment was to be a blessing to the world, or to blast for ever the hopes which the republican cause had inspired."[35] He committed to an intense study of law and political theory, and was heavily influenced by Enlightenment texts sent by Jefferson from France.[36] He especially sought out works on international law and the constitutions of "ancient and modern confederacies" such as the Dutch Republic, the Swiss Confederation, and the Achaean League.[37] He came to believe that the United States could improve upon past republican experiments by virtue of its size; with so many distinct interests competing against each other, Madison hoped to minimize the abuses of majority rule.[38] Additionally, navigation rights to the Mississippi River highly concerned Madison. en-wikipedia-org-9719 en-wikipedia-org-973 en-wikipedia-org-9732 en-wikipedia-org-9748 en-wikipedia-org-9765 en-wikipedia-org-9766 Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important for me not just because some of my main areas of interest in economics relate quite closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory makes intense use of mathematical logic and also draws on moral philosophy, and so does the study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I found philosophical studies very rewarding on their own."[10] His interest in philosophy, however, dates back to his college days at Presidency, where he read books on philosophy and debated philosophical themes. Sen''s contribution to the literature was to show under what conditions Arrow''s impossibility theorem[14] applied, as well as to extend and enrich the theory of social choice, informed by his interests in history of economic thought and philosophy. en-wikipedia-org-977 International Federation of Liberal Youth Wikipedia IFLRY holds full member status to Liberal International[2] and the European Youth Forum (YFJ),[3] which operates within the Council of Europe and European Union areas and works closely with both these bodies. The first was the World Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (WFLRY), founded in 1947 in Cambridge, United Kingdom. This led in 1969 to the separate forming of the European Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth (EFLRY). In 1979, at the EFLRY 6th Congress in Silkeborg, Denmark, EFLRY renamed itself IFLRY International Federation of Liberal and Radical Youth. In 2001, the organization was renamed into IFLRY – International Federation of Liberal Youth. This map shows the status of each individual country that have political youth organizations affiliated with International Federation of Liberal Youth (IFLRY). International Federation of Liberal Youth International Federation of Liberal Youth International Federation of Liberal Youth International Federation of Liberal Youth International Federation of Liberal Youth en-wikipedia-org-9773 en-wikipedia-org-9774 en-wikipedia-org-9776 en-wikipedia-org-9777 en-wikipedia-org-9780 Joseph Butler (18 May 1692 – 16 June 1752) was an English Anglican bishop, theologian, apologist, and philosopher. Butler was ordained a deacon on 26 October 1718 by William Talbot, Bishop of Salisbury, in his Bishop''s Palace, Salisbury, his palace chapel[11] and a priest on 21 December 1718 by Talbot at St James''s Church, Piccadilly.[1] After holding various other high positions, he became rector of the rich living of Stanhope, County Durham. During his lifetime and for many years after his death, Butler was most famous for his Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed (1736), which, according to historian Will Durant, "remained for a century the chief buttress of Christian argument against unbelief."[13] English deists such as John Toland and Matthew Tindal had argued that nature provides clear evidence of an intelligent designer and artificer, but they rejected orthodox Christianity because of the incredibility of miracles and the cruelties and contradictions contained in the Bible. en-wikipedia-org-9786 Gerhard Hirschfeld (born 19 September 1946 in Plettenberg, Germany) is a German historian and author. Hirschfeld has written and edited more than 50 books and 100 articles and has lectured at numerous universities and conferences in Europe, USA, Canada, Israel, Australia, Japan and China. Hirschfeld is or was member of numerous academic committees and advisory councils, inter alia the Centre de Recherche des Historial de la Grande Guerre,[4] Péronne, the Comité Scientique du Mémorial de Verdun, memorial for the victims of the NS-euthanasia in Baden-Württemberg, Grafeneck, the Fritz Bauer Institute, Deutsches Historisches Museum in Berlin,[5] the Landschaftsverband Rheinland: Forum Vogelsang and 1914: Mitten in Europa, the Centre for Second World War Studies, University of Birmingham; further he is or was member of several editorial advisory boards, including the international encyclopedia of the First World War 1914-1918-Online and the journals Zeithistorische Forschungen and Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis.[6][7] Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9808 The Italian translation of Aristotle''s Nicomachean Ethics is often misattributed to Brunetto Latini: it is a work of Taddeo Alderotti instead. It was perhaps Latini who induced Dante to read Cicero and Boethius, after the death of Beatrice. Many of the characters in Dante''s Inferno are also mentioned in the legal and diplomatic documents Brunetto Latini wrote in Latin. There is a portrait of Latini in the Bargello in Florence, once reputed to be by Giotto, next but one to the side of Dante (between them is Corso Donati). "Restaging Sin in Medieval Florence: Augustine, Brunetto Latini, and the Streetscape of Dante''s Vita nuova." Italian Studies 73 (2018): 15-21. Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9810 Infinitism is the view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons. Klein, challenges this consensus, referring back to work of Paul Moser (1984) and John Post (1987).[2] In this view, the evidential ancestry of a justified belief must be infinite and non-repeating, which follows from the conjunction of two principles that Klein sees as having straightforward intuitive appeal: "The Principle of Avoiding Circularity" and "The Principle of Avoiding Arbitrariness." A reason that is both objectively and subjectively available to a subject is a candidate for justification according to infinitism (or, at least for Klein).[7] "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". "Human Knowledge and the Infinite Regress of Reasons". en-wikipedia-org-9815 en-wikipedia-org-9818 Method of reasoning by which premises understood to be true produce logically certain conclusions Deductive reasoning goes in the same direction as that of the conditionals, and links premises with conclusions. If all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion reached is necessarily true. An example of an argument using deductive reasoning: An example of an argument using deductive reasoning leading to erroneous conclusion: Reasoning with modus ponens, modus tollens, and the law of syllogism[edit] It validates an argument that has as premises a conditional statement (formula) and the negation of the consequent ( It is possible to have a deductive argument that is logically valid but is not sound. This theory of deductive reasoning – also known as term logic – was developed by Aristotle, but was superseded by propositional (sentential) logic and predicate logic.[citation needed] en-wikipedia-org-9827 en-wikipedia-org-9831 Boris Nikolayevich Chicherin (Russian: Бори́с Никола́евич Чиче́рин) (May 26, 1828 – February 3, 1904) was a Russian jurist and political philosopher, who worked out a theory that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government to persevere with liberal reforms. By the time of the Russian Revolution, Chicherin was probably the most reputable legal philosopher and historian in Russia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Hidden categories: Articles containing Russian-language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RSL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9835 Marion is a former student of Jacques Derrida whose work is informed by patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy.[1] Much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, but also religion. He studied at the University of Nanterre (now the University Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense) and the Sorbonne and then did graduate work in philosophy from the École normale supérieure in Paris from 1967 to 1971, where he was taught by Jacques Derrida, Louis Althusser and Gilles Deleuze.[2] At the same time, Marion''s deep interest in theology was privately cultivated under the personal influence of theologians such as Louis Bouyer, Jean Daniélou, Henri de Lubac, and Hans Urs von Balthasar. He was then appointed the John Nuveen Professor of the Philosophy of Religion and Theology there in 2004, a position he held until 2010.[4] That year, he was appointed the Andrew Thomas Greeley and Grace McNichols Greeley Professor of Catholic Studies at the Divinity School, a position that had been vacated by the retirement of theologian David Tracy.[5] en-wikipedia-org-9840 It comprises the legal and ritual Halakha, the collective body of Jewish laws, and exegesis of the written Law; and the non-legalistic Aggadah, a compendium of Rabbinic homilies of the parts of the Pentateuch not connected with Law. Biblical interpretation by the Tannaim and the Amoraim, which may be best designated as scholarly interpretations of the Midrash, was a product of natural growth and of great freedom in the treatment of the words of the Bible. But side by side with these elements of a natural and simple Bible exegesis, of value even today, the traditional literature contains an even larger mass of expositions removed from the actual meaning of the text. In the halakhic as well as in the haggadic exegesis the expounder endeavored not so much to seek the original meaning of the text as to find authority in some Bible passage for concepts and ideas, rules of conduct and teachings, for which he wished to have a biblical foundation. en-wikipedia-org-9859 Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Wikipedia Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Formation October 15, 1993; 27 years ago (1993-10-15) CALD has also opened its membership to like-minded individuals, and regularly engages with non-member political parties from Japan and South Korea with which it shares the same democratic values. The Democratic Party of Hong Kong is represented in CALD by Martin Lee and Sin Chung Kai. The third individual member of the CALD was Indonesia''s ex-President Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009). Taiwan Democratic Progressive Party in government Centre-left ^ "History : CALD | Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats". "PKB Becomes Full CALD Member : CALD | Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats". Member parties of international liberal organisations Canada: Liberal Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats en-wikipedia-org-9860 All souls who have achieved the natural state of infinite bliss, infinite knowledge (kevala jnana), infinite power and infinite perception are regarded as God in Jainism. According to Jain doctrine, the universe and its constituents (soul, matter, space, time, and principles of motion) have always existed. In Jainism, godliness is said to be the inherent quality of every soul (or every living organism) characterizing infinite bliss, infinite power, Kevala Jnana (pure infinite knowledge),[3] infinite perception, and perfect manifestations of (countably) infinite other attributes. Jain cosmology offers an elaborate description of heavenly beings (devas), but these beings are neither viewed as creators nor are they immortal; they are subject to suffering and change like all other living beings, and must eventually die. English-language material tends to retain the term "deva" or describe these beings as "deities", "gods" and "goddesses."[15] Jain scriptures reject God as the creator of the universe. en-wikipedia-org-9864 He was educated at the Jesuit school of Pézenas, and received priest''s orders, but he was dismissed for unexplained reasons from the parish of Saint-Sulpice, Paris.[citation needed] He became a writer and journalist, leaving the religious life.[1] The Abbé Raynal wrote for the Mercure de France, and compiled a series of popular but superficial works, which he published and sold himself. He had the assistance of various members of the philosophe côteries in his most important work, L''Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies[4] Amsterdam, 4 vols., 1770[1]). Its introduction into France was forbidden in 1779; the book was burned by the public executioner, and an order was given for the arrest of the author, whose name had not appeared in the first edition, but was printed on the title page of the Geneva edition of 1780.[2] Seven new maps for the 1798 English edition were engraved by Thomas Kitchin, Jr.[1] Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers en-wikipedia-org-9868 en-wikipedia-org-9871 en-wikipedia-org-9874 Find sources: "Faculty of Advocates" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Faculty of Advocates is a constituent part of the College of Justice and is based in Edinburgh. The first woman to be admitted to the faculty was Margaret Kidd in July 1923, who remained Scotland''s only female advocate until 1948.[3] Kidd served as Keeper of the Advocates'' Library 1956–1969. In 1925 the National Library of Scotland was established when the Faculty gifted to the nation its whole non-law collections comprising 750,000 books, pamphlets, manuscripts, maps and sheet music. In recent years the Advocates Library has expanded to take account of the increase in membership of the Faculty. Deans of the Faculty of Advocates[edit] Main article: List of Deans of the Faculty of Advocates Members of the Faculty of Advocates en-wikipedia-org-9877 en-wikipedia-org-9882 Denis Diderot (French: [dəni did(ə)ʁo]; 5 October 1713 – 31 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d''Alembert. Although the Encyclopédie was Diderot''s most monumental product, he was the author of many other works that sowed nearly every intellectual field with new and creative ideas.[3] Diderot''s writing ranges from a graceful trifle like the Regrets sur ma vieille robe de chambre (Regrets for my Old Dressing Gown) up to the heady D''Alembert''s Dream (Le Rêve de d''Alembert) (composed 1769), a philosophical dialogue in which he plunges into the depths of the controversy as to the ultimate constitution of matter and the meaning of life.[3] Jacques le fataliste (written in 1773, but not published until 1792 in German and 1796 in French) is similar to Tristram Shandy and The Sentimental Journey in its challenge to the conventional novel''s structure and content.[31] en-wikipedia-org-9895 en-wikipedia-org-9913 Reidel Publishing Company) Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. D. Reidel was an academic publishing company based in Dordrecht established in the 1960s which was independent until the 1990s.[when?] Reidel was established in the 1960s, with a focus on publishing research in physics.[citation needed] Reidel himself had been trained under an ex-Elsevier manager, M. D. Frank, who considered third generation Dutch publishers like Reidel to be the "grandchildren" of the German publishing company, Aka GmbH Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft (academic publishing company) of Leipzig, where Frank himself was trained. Reidel Publishing Company in Dordrecht. Publishers like Reidel, trained by Frank — who in turn had had his training at Aka — were termed by Frank ''grandchildren of Aka.''"[1] External links[edit] This publishing-related article is a stub. Categories: Book publishing companies of the Netherlands Defunct publishing companies of the Netherlands Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2020 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020 Edit links en-wikipedia-org-9918 en-wikipedia-org-9919 The Muslim conquerors (also known as "Moors") were Arabs and Berbers; following the conquest, conversion and arabization of the Hispano-Roman population took place, [37] (muwalladum or Muladi).[38][39] After a long process, spurred on in the 9th and 10th centuries, the majority of the population in Al-Andalus eventually converted to Islam.[40] The Muslim population was divided per ethnicity (Arabs, Berbers, Muladi), and the supremacy of Arabs over the rest of group was a recurrent causal for strife, rivalry and hatred, particularly between Arabs and Berbers.[41] Arab elites could be further divided in the Yemenites (first wave) and the Syrians (second wave).[42] Male Muslim rulers were often the offspring of female Christian slaves.[43] Christians and Jews were allowed to live as subordinate groups of a stratified society under the dhimmah system,[44] although Jews became very important in certain fields.[45] Some Christians migrated to the Northern Christian kingdoms, while those who stayed in Al-Andalus progressively arabised and became known as musta''arab (mozarabs).[46] Besides slaves of Iberian origin,[43] the slave population also comprised the Ṣaqāliba (literally meaning "slavs", although they were slaves of generic European origin) as well as Sudanese slaves.[47] The frequent raids in Christian lands provided Al-Andalus with continuous slave stock, including women who often became part of the harems of the Muslim elite.[43] Slaves were also shipped from Spain to elsewhere in the Ummah.[43] en-wikipedia-org-995 Han Fei is often considered to be the greatest representative of "Chinese Legalism" for his eponymous work the Han Feizi,[5] synthesizing the methods of his predecessors.[6] Han Fei''s ideas are sometimes compared with Niccolò Machiavelli[7] and his book is considered by some to be superior to the "Il Principe" of Niccolò Machiavelli both in content and in writing style.[8] It is said that Shu Han''s chancellor Zhuge Liang demanded emperor Liu Shan read the Han Feizi for learning the way of ruling.[9] Despite its outcast status throughout the history of imperial China, Han Fei''s political theory and the concept of Legalism as a whole continued to heavily influence every dynasty thereafter, and the Confucian ideal of a rule without laws was never to be realised.[6] In this context, his works have been interpreted by some scholars as being directed to his cousin, the King of Han.[1] Sima Qian''s Shi ji says that Han Fei studied together with future Qin chancellor Li Si under the Confucian philosopher Xunzi. en-wikipedia-org-9951 Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German idealism, situating him between Johann Gottlieb Fichte, his mentor in his early years, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, his one-time university roommate, early friend, and later rival. Its realization did not come about until 1841, when Schelling''s appointment as Prussian privy councillor and member of the Berlin Academy, gave him the right, a right he was requested to exercise, to deliver lectures in the university.[29] Among those in attendance at his lectures were Søren Kierkegaard (who said Schelling talked "quite insufferable nonsense" and complained that he did not end his lectures on time),[30] Mikhail Bakunin (who called them "interesting but rather insignificant"), Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt[31][32] (who never accepted Schelling''s natural philosophy),[33] and Friedrich Engels (who, as a partisan of Hegel, attended to "shield the great man''s grave from abuse").[34] The opening lecture of his course was attended by a large and appreciative audience. en-wikipedia-org-996 His father pressured him to earn a living, but Swammerdam persevered and in late 1669 published Historia insectorum generalis ofte Algemeene verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens (The General History of Insects, or General Treatise on little Bloodless Animals). Swammerdam therefore dispelled the seventeenth-century notion of metamorphosis —the idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. caterpillar and butterfly) represent different individuals[7] or a sudden change from one type of animal to another.[8] John Ray, author of the 1705 Historia insectorum, praised Swammerdam'' methods, they were "the best of all".[9] Though Swammerdam''s work on insects and anatomy was significant, many current histories remember him as much for his methods and skill with microscopes as for his discoveries. Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about "Jan Swammerdam". An English Edition of Swammerdam''s "The Book of Nature, or, The History of Insects" From the History of Science Digital Collection: Utah State University en-wikipedia-org-9966 en-wikipedia-org-9969 en-wikipedia-org-9981 A few scholars label Catholics who reject modern theology in favor of more traditional doctrines fundamentalists.[4] Scholars debate how much the terms evangelical and fundamentalist are synonymous.[5] In keeping with traditional Christian doctrines concerning biblical interpretation, the role of Jesus in the Bible, and the role of the church in society, fundamentalists usually believe in a core of Christian beliefs which include the historical accuracy of the Bible and all of the events which are recorded in it as well as the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.[6] Some mark this conference as the public start of Christian fundamentalism.[36][37] Although the fundamentalist drive to take control of the major Protestant denominations failed at the national level during the 1920s, the network of churches and missions fostered by Riley showed that the movement was growing in strength, especially in the U.S. South. en-wikipedia-org-9990 historicalapologetics-org-2376 katalog-nsk-hr-8275 NSK normativna baza Cjeloviti prikaz Baza podataka: NSK normativna baza Popis baza podataka PRETRAŽIVANJE | POPIS REZULTATA | PRETHODNA PRETRAŽIVANJA Pohranite / Pošaljite e-poštom Zapis 000006638 od NSK10 Sistemski broj Odrednica Hume, David Neusvojeni oblik Hjum, Dejvid Hume Biografski podaci Britanski filozof, povjesničar. Rođen 26. u Edinburghu, umro 25. u Edinburghu. Pristup Proleksis enciklopedija online (Hume, David) Hrvatska enciklopedija online (Hume, David) Wikipedija (David Hume) Prikaz: Prikaz: Prikaz: Cjeloviti prikaz | Cjeloviti prikaz | MARC MARC Početna Postavke Pišite nam Pomoć Pretraživanje Popis rezultata Prethodna pretraživanja Odaberite drugu bazu © Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu 2020. Sva prava pridržana. | Ul. Hrvatske bratske zajednice 4 p.p. 550, 10000 Zagreb. HRVATSKA | Tel. Izjava o pristupačnosti mak-bn-org-pl-2021 BAZY BIBLIOTEKI NARODOWEJ Baza: Deskryptory BN Indeks: Nr_rekordu Szukasz: 981064514010560 Dokument 1 LDR b n c z d + e + f n g + h +4500 008 a 050119n!!aznnnaabn++++++++++!a+aaa++++!+ a Hume, David d (1711-1776) a Hume, Dawid 550 a Dualizm bytu i powinności 550 a Filozofia oświecenia 550 a Kontraktualizm 667 a Szkocki filozof, historyk, ekonomista i esseista. 667 a osobowe 670 a EBrit. 670 a WEP 670 a Istraživanje o ljudskom razumu / David Hume. Zagreb, 1988. Program MAKWWW, wersja 1.47 z dnia 03.09.2012 (LINUX) Program opracowany przez: Właściciel programu: Biblioteka Narodowa Biblioteka Narodowa Zakład Technologii Informatycznych Niepodległości 213 02-086 Warszawa mindrxiv-org-5234 muse-jhu-edu-3217 onlinebooks-library-upenn-edu-5263 Hume, David, 1711-1776: Essays: moral, political, and literary, (London, New York, Longmans, Green, 1889), also by Thomas Hodge Grose and Thomas Hill Green (page images at HathiTrust) Hume, David, 1711-1776: The history of England, from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the abdication of James the Second, 1688 / (London : Frederick Warne & Co., 1884) (page images at HathiTrust; US access only) Hume, David, 1711-1776: The history of England from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the abdication of James the Second, 1688 / (New York : Harper & Brothers, 1851-1860) (page images at HathiTrust) Hume, David, 1711-1776: The history of England, from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the revolution in 1688, (London, 1822) (page images at HathiTrust) Hume, David, 1711-1776: The history of England from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the revolution in 1688 / (New York : Worthington, 1889) (page images at HathiTrust; US access only) people-uwplatt-edu-6208 plato-stanford-edu-1016 David Hume''s various writings concerning problems of religion A good starting point for understanding Hume''s views on theism clear idea of God. Hume''s views about the origins and nature of Treatise Hume barely mentions our idea of God, much less Hume''s point is not that the reality of evil proves that God was to discredit miracle claims of this kind — a concern Hume 8. Hume''s Genealogy of Religion: Causes and Dynamics of Religious Belief 8. Hume''s Genealogy of Religion: Causes and Dynamics of Religious Belief Religion Hume suggests that the argument from design — understood as the (human) incarnation of God. The conclusion that Hume draws from all this is that religion necessitarian conception of human nature, Hume aims to show how moral Hume denies, therefore, that human nature is wholly Dialogues and Natural History of Religion, edited by J.A.C. Gaskin, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Hume''s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Dordrecht: plato-stanford-edu-1685 role of common sense in Thomas Reid''s philosophical system. dictate of common sense, it is, Reid thinks, as justified as it needs causes" in natural philosophy gives rise to the belief that Reid Reid''s theory of conception is at the heart of his philosophical Reid''s is an act-based theory of conception, in contrast to the Way of Reid''s reductio of the Way of Ideas'' theory of thought is intended to to the ontology of general conceptions, Reid says that human minds Reid believes that we can conceive of non-existent objects. Reid understands the Way of Ideas'' error theory of the conception of a sense in which, for Reid, we are directly aware of objects, this much Reid''s theory of the relation between sensations and qualities will the external world through perception, making Reid a moral sense Powers, Reid implies that moral judgments about an action are not plato-stanford-edu-2861 plato-stanford-edu-492 plato-stanford-edu-6160 be a necessary condition of moral responsibility, compatibilism is self-conception as free and responsible agents would be seriously by arguing that such freedom is necessary for moral responsibility. threat to our status as morally responsible agents (notice the freedom of this sort is in any way connected to morally responsible also seems like a plausible condition on morally responsible agency. acting with free will requires alternative possibilities. his arguments was his general theory of what moral responsibility is, to moral responsibility concerns what an agent does do and her actual freely willed action for which an agent is morally responsible wholly Wolf, free will concerns an agent''s ability to act in accord the sort of freedom that morally responsible agents need. their own free wills and are morally responsible for their The most natural way to understand a reasons-responsive theory is in challenge an agent-based reasons-responsive theory (Fischer Frankfurt examples, Fischer argued that reasons-responsive plato-stanford-edu-6410 Human Understanding (1748), Hume began to present his views on advanced: it aims to prove the necessary existence of God. Finally, it should also be noted that Hume''s Scottish that Hume''s views about the origins and nature of our ideas must Hume''s account of our idea of God, as presented in this passage, Hume''s views concerning our idea of God, as they are presented in this evidently, Hume''s considered view that in respect of our idea of God Hume''s "concession" that evil and God''s existence are 8. Hume''s Genealogy of Religion: Causes and Dynamics of Religious Belief 8. Hume''s Genealogy of Religion: Causes and Dynamics of Religious Belief case of Jesus Christ understood as the (human) incarnation of God. The conclusion that Hume draws from all this is that religion conception of human nature, Hume aims to show how moral motivation and Hume denies, therefore, that human nature is plato-stanford-edu-6561 plato-stanford-edu-7284 plato-stanford-edu-8011 plato-stanford-edu-8923 David Hume (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy/Winter 2011 Edition) philosophical works — A Treatise of Human Nature Hume''s program for reform in philosophy thus has two related aspects: complex ideas of things we haven''t experienced, Hume is adamant that generated by the imagination in the way the idea of the missing shade experience in "internal sensation." Hume identifies "three principles Hume believes that the science of human nature can only be Hume explains more about how "the universe of the imagination" works Hume''s account of causation provides a paradigm of how philosophy, as Hume''s central point is that we experience this "feeling for humanity" The Philosophical Works of David Hume, edited by T. Hume''s Treatise, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Hume''s Place in Moral Philosophy, New Impressions of Hume, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reading Hume on Human Hume''s Reason, Oxford: Oxford University Hume''s Scepticism and the Science of Human David Hume, Oxford: Oxford University Press. press-princeton-edu-2600 This new edition, illustrated for the first time, also features a new foreword by philosopher John Gray, in which he discusses Berlin''s belief that the influence of romanticism has been unpredictable and contradictory in the extreme, fuelling anti-liberal political movements but also reinvigorating liberalism; a revised text; and a new appendix that includes some of Berlin''s correspondence about the lectures and the reactions to them. A Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, he was renowned as an essayist and as the author of many books, among them Karl Marx, Four Essays on Liberty, Russian Thinkers, The Sense of Reality, The Proper Study of Mankind, and from Princeton, Concepts and Categories, Personal Impressions, The Crooked Timber of Humanity, The Roots of Romanticism, The Power of Ideas, and Three Critics of the Enlightenment. "The publication of the second edition of Isaiah Berlin''s The Roots of Romanticism is a welcome event. www-britannica-com-3368 www-britannica-com-3694 This article has three basic purposes: (1) to provide an overview of the history of philosophy in the West, (2) to relate philosophical ideas and movements to their historical background and to the cultural history of their time, and (3) to trace the changing conception of the definition, the function, and the task of philosophy. But a first attempt in this direction might be to define philosophy either as "a reflection upon the varieties of human experience" or as "the rational, methodical, and systematic consideration of those topics that are of greatest concern to humankind." Vague and indefinite as such definitions are, they do suggest two important facts about philosophizing: (1) that it is a reflective, or meditative, activity and (2) that it has no explicitly designated subject matter of its own but is a method or type of mental operation (like science or history) that can take any area or subject matter or type of experience as its object. www-britannica-com-587 www-britannica-com-6431 www-britannica-com-7274 David Hume | Biography, Philosophy, Empiricism, Skepticism, & Works | Britannica In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Hume David Hume, (born May 7 [April 26, Old Style], 1711, Edinburgh, Scotland—died August 25, 1776, Edinburgh), Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. David Hume''s philosophical works included A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751), An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1758), and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (posthumously published in 1779). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.See all videos for this article The latter is a rewriting of Book I of the Treatise (with the addition of his essay "On Miracles," which became notorious for its denial that a miracle can be proved by any amount or kind of evidence); it is better known as An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, the title Hume gave to it in a revision of 1758. www-britannica-com-7723 David Hume | Biography, Philosophy, Empiricism, Skepticism, & Works | Britannica https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Hume Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Biography of David Hume Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Biography of David Hume David Hume, (born May 7 [April 26, Old Style], 1711, Edinburgh, Scotland—died August 25, 1776, Edinburgh), Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism. David Hume''s philosophical works included A Treatise of Human Nature (1739–40), An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (1751), An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1758), and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion (posthumously published in 1779). The latter is a rewriting of Book I of the Treatise (with the addition of his essay "On Miracles," which became notorious for its denial that a miracle can be proved by any amount or kind of evidence); it is better known as An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, the title Hume gave to it in a revision of 1758. www-davidhume-org-4577 www-english-upenn-edu-9692 www-humesociety-org-7511 The Hume Society The Hume Society Society News Next Editors of Hume Studies Named We are happy to announce that Elizabeth Radcliffe (William and Mary) and Mark Spencer (Brock University) will serve as the next editors of the Society''s journal, Hume Studies. They will begin handling new submissions now and will work with the current editors to manage the transition before their official term begins on July 1 of this year. We are enormously grateful to the journal''s current editors, Ann Levey (University of Calgary), Karl Schafer (University of California Irvine), and Amy Schmitter (University of Alberta) for their work shepherding the journal over the past five years and for their continuing service during the transition period. 47th International Hume Society Conference Join the Society © 2019 The Hume Society / web@humesociety.org The Hume Society receives institutional support from Illinois Wesleyan University and from St. Olaf College. www-iep-utm-edu-6818 Hume''s ethical thought grapples with questions about the relationship between morality and reason, the role of human emotion in thought and action, the nature of moral evaluation, human sociability, and what it means to live a virtuous life. Hume''s moral philosophy is found primarily in Book 3 of The Treatise of Human Nature and his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, although further context and explanation of certain concepts discussed in those works can also be found in his Essays Moral, Political, and Literary. In the second Enquiry Hume argues that, although our determinations of virtue and vice are based upon an "internal sense or feeling," reason is needed to ascertain the facts required to form an accurate view of the person being evaluated and, thus, is necessary for accurate moral evaluations (EPM 1.9). www-iep-utm-edu-7738 www-iep-utm-edu-7923 Whether the Problem of induction is in fact separable from Hume''s account of necessary connection, he himself connects the two by arguing that "…the knowledge of this relation is not, in any instance, attained by reasonings a priori; but arises entirely from experience, when we find that any particular objects are constantly conjoined with each other." (EHU 4.6; SBN 27) Here, Hume invokes the account of causation explicated above to show that the necessity supporting (B) is grounded in our observation of constant conjunction. The realist Hume says that there is causation beyond constant conjunction, thereby attributing him a positive ontological commitment, whereas his own skeptical arguments against speculative metaphysics rejecting parity between ideas and objects should, at best, only imply agnosticism about the existence of robust causal powers. www-iep-utm-edu-7985 www-iep-utm-edu-9021 www-millar-project-ed-ac-uk-8693 www-pdcnet-org-6595