Variation in fiber cables in the lacunae of leaves in hybrid swarms of Typha×glauca V T A a b a A R R A A K C F H I T 1 d t g p a c S l r a f i g L s S l t h 0 Aquatic Botany 124 (2015) 39–44 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Aquatic Botany j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / a q u a b o t ariation in fiber cables in the lacunae of leaves in hybrid swarms of ypha × glauca llan Witztum a, Randy Wayne b,∗ Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel Laboratory of Natural Philosophy, School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA r t i c l e i n f o rticle history: eceived 8 August 2014 eceived in revised form 24 February 2015 ccepted 26 February 2015 vailable online 28 February 2015 eywords: attail a b s t r a c t The presence or absence of fiber cables in the lacunae of the last formed leaf blades of flowering Typha plants is a diagnostic character. The fiber cables are present in all leaves of Typha angustifolia L., but are absent in the last formed leaves of Typha latifolia L. We find great variation in the presence of fiber cables in the last formed leaves of individuals in stands of Typha × glauca Godr. (pro sp.). We find that individuals that comprise the hybrid swarms that are closer to T. angustifolia in terms of standard characters have fiber cables in most or all of the last formed leaf blades before the inflorescence. By contrast, those individuals closer to T. latifolia in terms of standard characters do not have fiber cables in the last formed leaves before iber cables ybrid swarm ntrogression ypha the inflorescence. The lengths of the longest fiber cables are correlated with the lengths of the leaves in T. angustifolia and the “angustifolioid” T. × glauca, but not in T. latifolia and the “latifolioid” T. × glauca. The variability in the taxonomically, morphologically and biomechanically-significant fiber cables in the lacunae in reproductive plants may be useful in characterizing and understanding the composition of a Typha stand. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. . Introduction Typha is a cosmopolitan genus found in marshes, ponds, rainage ditches and other fresh water or slightly brackish habi- ats (Comstock, 1922). The one-to-three meter tall photosynthetic reen leaves act as a sink for carbon dioxide, a means for removing ollutants, provide habitat for red-winged blackbirds, marsh wrens nd waterfowl, and have been used by humans for roof thatch, hairs and barrel caulking (Wiegand and Eames, 1925; Marsh, 1955; mith, 2000). We studied the fiber cables in the air lacunae of the eaves of Typha that may contribute to the stability of the wind- esilient leaves (Witztum and Wayne, 2014). The occurrence or bsence of these fiber cables in the last leaves produced before the ertile spike is diagnostic for some species. Fiber cables are present n the last formed leaves of Typha angustifolia L. and Typha domin- ensis Pers., but absent in the last formed leaves of Typha latifolia . produced before the fertile spike. Here, we show that in hybrid warms of Typha × glauca Godr. (pro sp.) (1844; fide Mason, 1957; mith, 2000), the fiber cables may or may not be present in the last eaf produced before the fertile spike. The presence or absence of he fiber cables in the last leaf produced before the fertile spike in ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 607 255 8904; fax: +1 607 255 5407. E-mail address: row1@cornell.edu (R. Wayne). ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2015.02.006 304-3770/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. individual plants of T. × glauca can be used as a character to help define the relationship between the individuals that comprise a hybrid swarm of T. × glauca and pure populations of T. angustifo- lia and T. latifolia. Knowledge of the diversity in the biomechanical structures of Typha may be useful in understanding the function and distribution of these wetland plants. 2. Methods 2.1. Typha populations We studied stands of Typha in Ithaca, New York grow- ing at Beebe Lake, Flat Rocks, Newman Arboretum, Blue- grass Lane, and Ringwood Preserve, all of which are part of the Cornell Plantations (see descriptions, images and maps at http://www.cornellplantations.org/our-gardens/natural-areas/ profiles). We studied stands growing along the side of the road in Ithaca, New York near the corner of Maple Avenue and Pine Tree Road, near the corner of Arrowwood Drive and Warren Road, along Pleasant Grove Road, along Hanshaw Road, and along Neimi Road. We sampled stands growing in these habitats for three months. While the sample area was limited, the habitats and the Typha growing in them were diverse. We also studied a stand growing in a marsh in Michigan Hollow in Spencer, New York. dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2015.02.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043770 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/aquabot http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.aquabot.2015.02.006&domain=pdf mailto:row1@cornell.edu http://www.cornellplantations.org/our-gardens/natural-areas/profiles http://www.cornellplantations.org/our-gardens/natural-areas/profiles dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2015.02.006 40 A. Witztum, R. Wayne / Aquatic F m o l a o t b i a y A d s o p p c t t p s ( c s n b F a male parts of the inflorescence, chestnut color of female part of the inflorescence, single pollen grains (monads), sterile pistils more truncate, stigmas linear-lanceolate (more filiform and less spathu- late)), the last formed leaves bore fiber cables (Table 4; Fig. 4). In ig.1. The end of the longest fiber cable in a leaf of T. × glauca observed with a stereo icroscope. Observation of characters and determination of the ratio (B/A) f the length of the longest fiber cable (B) to the length of the eaf blade (A). Leaves of Typha were sliced open with a razor blade long the length of the leaf blade close to the abaxial surface and bserved with an Olympus SZH stereo microscope. The length of he longest fiber cable (B) that traversed the longitudinal air cham- ers of the leaf blade was noted. The end of the cable is shown n Fig. 1. Leaf blade measurements were from the point of highest ttachment of the basal leaf sheath to the tip of leaf blade (A). Anal- sis of variance and analysis of covariance using the ANOVA and NCOVA functions were performed on non-zero log transformed ata with XLSTAT. Stigmas and pistils were also observed with the tereo microscope. Lengths of leaf blades, fiber cables, female part f the inflorescences and sterile zone between the female and male arts of the inflorescences were measured with a ruler. An Olym- us BH-2 microscope was used to observe pollen and isolated fiber ables. When viewed with polarizing optics and a full wave plate, he fibers in the fiber cables isolated from the lacunae are seen o be enveloped by a monolayer of cells, each containing a single rismatic calcium oxalate crystal (Fig. 2). These fiber cables were hown by McManus et al. (2002) in their Fig. 1H and by Ni et al. 2014) in their Fig. 1E and Fig. 2J. However, the fiber cables, which ontain no tracheary elements (tracheids or vessel elements) or ieve elements (sieve cells or sieve-tube elements) and which are ot hollow, have been wrongly referred to as “vascular bundles” y Ni et al. (2014) or “vertical ducts” by Kaul (1974). The evidence ig. 2. An isolated fiber cable of T. × glauca observed with polarized light microscopy nd a full wave plate compensator. Botany 124 (2015) 39–44 for the construction and physical properties of the fiber cables has been presented in Witztum and Wayne (2014). Digital images of the fiber cables in the lacunae were captured with a 5 MP digital camera (AmScope, Irvine, CA) using the ToupView (Ver. ×86, 3.7.939) image processing pro- gram and calibrated scale bars were inserted using ImageJ (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). In a previous paper (Witztum and Wayne, 2014), we numbered leaves from the oldest to the youngest. Since the emphasis in this paper is on the youngest leaves, here we have numbered the leaves from the youngest to the oldest. 3. Results Individuals in hybrid swarms of T. × glauca may look more like either T. angustifolia or T. latifolia (Fig. 3). An individual plant of Typha collected from the pond in the Newman Arboretum of Cor- nell Plantations had the morphological characters (Table 1) of T. angustifolia and serves as an example. There are fiber cables present in the lacunae of all the leaves produced before the flowering spike (Table 2). An individual plant of Typha collected from the pond in Ringwood Preserve of Cornell Plantations had the morphological characters (Table 1) of T. latifolia and serves as an example. There are no fiber cables present in the lacunae of the last five leaves pro- duced before the flowering spike (Table 3). Statistical analysis with ANOVA and ANCOVA indicates that the lengths of the longest fiber cables are significantly correlated with the lengths of the leaves in T. angustifolia but not in T. latifolia. We measured the total length of the longest fiber cable that tra- verses the lacunae of each leaf blade of flowering individuals in various stands of T. × glauca. In hybrid individuals that were most like T. angustifolia (narrower and more semicylindrical leaf blades, more auriculate sheath, longer sterile axis between the female and Fig. 3. T. × glauca from a stand on the corner of Maple Avenue and Pine Tree Road in Ithaca, New York. None of the specimens were pure T. angustifolia or T. latifolia but contained various combinations of characters from each species. A meter stick is included for scale. http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ A. Witztum, R. Wayne / Aquatic Botany 124 (2015) 39–44 41 Table 1 Some morphological diagnostic characters of T. angustifolia and T. latifolia compiled from Gray (1859, 1870), Hotchkiss and Dozier (1949), Fernald (1950), Smith (1967, 2000), Cronquist et al. (1977), Grace and Harrison (1986) and Kuehn and White (1999). Character Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia Leaf blade Narrow and semicylindrical Wide and planar Leaf sheath Auriculate Tapering Sterile gap between female and male parts of the inflorescence Present Absent Color of female part of the inflorescence Chestnut Dark brown Pollen grains Monads Tetrads Sterile pistils Truncate Oval-shaped Stigmas Linear (filiform) Lance-ovate (spathulate) Fiber cables in last formed leaf blades of flowering plants Present Absent Table 2 Length and width of leaf blades and longest fiber cable length and B/A ratio of an individual of T. angustifolia collected from the Newman Arboretum. Leaf number Leaf length (A) (cm) Fiber cable length (B) (cm) B/A Leaf width (mm) 1 56.2 20.9 0.37 7.5 2 73.7 36.8 0.50 8.0 3 87.1 43.4 0.50 8.0 4 84.9 49.5 0.58 7.0 5 91.2 45.3 0.50 7.0 Sterile zone, 4 cm; leaf sheaths, auriculate; pollen, monads; female part of the inflorescence, 14 cm × 1.7 cm, chestnut; stigmas, filiform; abortive pistil, truncate. Analysis of variance shows that the longest fiber cable length is significantly cor- related with the leaf length (p = 0.007) and not significantly correlated with leaf width (p = 0.212). The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.967 for the longest fiber cable length and leaf length and r = −0.788 for the longest fiber cable length and leaf w n a h p a b t ( fi a l t l T L i S i o n w fi a i w Table 4 Length and width of leaf blades and longest fiber cable length and B/A ratio of an individual of an “angustifolioid” T. × glauca collected from Newman Arboretum. Leaf number Leaf length (A) (cm) Fiber cable length (B) (cm) B/A Leaf width (mm) 1 52.6 12.9 0.25 9.0 2 73.4 32.1 0.44 12.0 3 88.5 49.1 0.55 12.5 4 101.9 59.9 0.59 13.0 5 108.7 58.2 0.54 13.5 6 110.7 54.9 0.50 13.5 7 110.1 60.4 0.55 13.5 Sterile zone, 1.2 cm; leaf sheaths, auriculate; pollen, monads; female part of the inflorescence, 20.4 cm × 2.1 cm, chestnut; stigmas, more filiform than spathulate; abortive pistil, truncate. Analysis of variance shows that the longest fiber cable length is significantly correlated with the leaf length (p < 0.0001) and significantly correlated with leaf width (p < 0.0001). The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.973 for the longest fiber cable length and leaf length and r = 0.982 for the longest fiber cable idth. Analysis of covariance shows that the longest fiber cable length is not sig- ificantly correlated with the leaf length and width together (p = 0.066) and width lone (p = 0.935), but is significantly correlated with length alone (p = 0.036). ybrid individuals that were more like T. latifolia (wider and more lanar leaf blades, more tapering leaf sheath, shorter or no sterile xis between female and male parts of the inflorescences, darker rown color of female part of the inflorescence, pollen grains in etrads, sterile pistils more oval shaped, stigmas linear-lanceolate less filiform and more spathulate)), the last formed leaves lacked ber cables as was the case in T. latifolia (Table 5; Fig. 5). Statistical nalysis with ANOVA and ANCOVA indicates that the lengths of the ongest fiber cables are significantly correlated with the lengths of he leaves in the “angustifolioid” T. × glauca but not in the “latafo- ioid” T. × glauca. able 3 ength and width of leaf blades and longest fiber cable length and B/A ratio of an ndividual of T. latifolia collected from Ringwood Preserve. Leaf number Leaf length (A) (cm) Fiber cablelength (B) (cm) B/A Leaf width (mm) 1 47.3 0 0 15.5 2 65.8 0 0 18.0 3 77.5 0 0 20.0 4 87.6 0 0 21.0 5 98.6 0 0 22.0 6 116.9 21.9 0.19 22.5 7 115.4 47.9 0.42 23.0 8 115.5 59.1 0.51 23.0 9 119.4 64.5 0.54 23.0 10 117.9 64.7 0.55 21.0 11 110.5 66.5 0.60 20.0 terile zone, none; leaf sheaths, tapering; pollen, tetrads; female part of the nflorescence, 13.5 cm × 2.8 cm, dark brown; stigmas, spathulate; abortive pistil, val-shaped. Analysis of variance shows that the longest fiber cable length is not sig- ificantly correlated with the leaf length (p = 0.764) and not significantly correlated ith leaf width (p = 0.533). The correlation coefficient (r) is −0.322 for the longest ber cable length and leaf length and r = −0.159 for the longest fiber cable length nd leaf width. Analysis of covariance also shows that the longest fiber cable length s not significantly correlated with the leaf length and width together (p = 0.845), idth alone (p = 0.638) or length alone (p = 0.929). length and leaf width. Analysis of covariance shows that the longest fiber cable length is significantly correlated with the leaf length and width together (p = 0.001), but not to width alone (p = 0.117) or length alone (p = 0.310). While in T. × glauca, there is a correlation between the presence of fiber cables in the last leaf formed before the fertile spike and a consensus of the morphological characters that define T. angustifo- lia, and there is a correlation between the absence of fiber cables in the last leaf formed before the fertile spike and a consensus of the morphological characters that define T. latifolia, there seems to be no correlation between any single character in T. × glauca and the presence or absence of fiber cables in the last leaf formed before the fertile spike in T. × glauca. While the presence or absence of fiber cables in the last leaf formed before the fertile spike in T. × glauca is a dichotomous Fig. 4. Presence of fiber cables in the lacunae of the last leaf blade produced before the fertile spike in T. × glauca observed with a stereo microscope 20 cm above the sheath attachment. The scale is calibrated in millimeters. 42 A. Witztum, R. Wayne / Aquatic Botany 124 (2015) 39–44 Table 5 Length and width of leaf blades and longest fiber cable length and B/A ratio of an individual of a “latifolioid” T. × glauca collected from Newman Arboretum. Leaf number Leaf length (A) (cm) Fiber cable length (B) (cm) B/A Leaf width (mm) 1 71.3 0 0 18.0 2 95.4 0 0 21.0 3 112.2 25.3 0.23 23.0 4 121.2 48.1 0.40 25.5 5 130.1 58.5 0.45 26.0 6 136.8 58.4 0.43 27.0 Sterile zone, none; leaf sheaths, auriculate; pollen, tetrads; female part of the inflo- rescence 37.2 cm × 2.4 cm, dark brown; stigmas, more spathulate than filiform; abortive pistil, oval-shaped. Analysis of variance shows that the longest fiber cable length is not significantly correlated with the leaf length (p = 0.084) but is signifi- cantly correlated with leaf width (p = 0.027). The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.973 for the longest fiber cable length and leaf length and r = 0.916 for the longest fiber cable length and leaf width. Analysis of covariance shows that the longest fiber cable length is not significantly correlated with the leaf length and width together (p = 0.222), nor to width alone (p = 0.375) or length alone (p = 0.838). Fig. 5. Absence of fiber cables in the lacunae of the last leaf blade produced before the fertile spike in T. × glauca observed with a stereo microscope 20 cm above the sheath attachment. The scale is calibrated in millimeters. Fig. 7. Variation in the color and size of the female parts of the inflorescences of Fig. 6. The ratio of length of the longest fiber cable to leaf blade length in the leaves of va color represents a different plant. Typha collected from the Newman Arboretum. The isolated 10 cm segment of the fertile spike serves as a scale bar. character that distinguishes affinity with T. angustifolia or T. latifo- lia, the rate in which the fiber cables decrease as the plants proceed developmentally into the flowering phase also varies (Fig. 6). The greater the number of last formed leaves that lack the fiber cables in an individual of T. × glauca, the greater the affinity of that indi- vidual to T. latifolia. The presence of fiber cables is generally but not absolutely correlated with the color and morphology of the fertile spike in T. × glauca (Fig. 7). In the leaves of plants represented by the female parts of the inflorescences shown in Fig. 7, there were no fiber cables in the last 3–5 leaf blades of the four “latifolioid” plants on the left, there were fiber cables in all leaf blades of the rious individuals of T. × glauca plotted against leaf number from fertile spike. Each uatic f t t t 4 t t e H o b e e t o t ( a c f f o e w i w p i r d a b I b t h r T s a t l 1 W 2 F T t A t t h s i l a S t A. Witztum, R. Wayne / Aq our “angustifolioid” plants on the right. There were fiber cables in he last two leaf blades in one of the four center plants—the one on he right and no fiber cables in the last two leaf blades of the other hree plants in the center. . Discussion According to Kuehn and White (1999), “Accurate identifica- ion of the cattail taxa has become increasingly important over he past several decades as it appears that T. × glauca stands are xpanding throughout northeastern and central North America.” owever, accurate identifications of the taxa are difficult as a result f introgression. While “The cattail genus Typha is perhaps the est-studied example of hybridization in water plants from an xperimental perspective” (Les and Philbrick, 1993), any additional asily-determined character would be useful in the accurate iden- ification of cattail taxa. In a study of fiber cables that traverse the lacunae in leaf blades f T. domingensis, T. angustifolia, T. × glauca and T. latifolia, we noted hat all leaf blades of non-flowering individuals bore fiber cables Witztum and Wayne, 2014). T. angustifolia also bore fiber cables in ll leaf blades of both non-flowering and flowering individuals. By ontrast in flowering individuals of T. latifolia, the last 4 or 5 leaves ormed lack fiber cables entirely. We originally found that in plants from a morphologically uni- orm stand of T. × glauca fiber cables were present in all the leaves f non-flowering individuals and in all or most of the leaves of flow- ring individuals (Witztum and Wayne, 2014). In the present work, here we studied mixed stands in a variety of habitats where many ntermediates between T. angustifolia and T. latifolia grew together, e found that the presence or absence of fiber cables in the last leaf roduced before the fertile spike is a variable character that may ndicate an affinity to one or the other parental species that gave ise to T. × glauca. The presence of fiber cables in the last leaf pro- uced before the fertile spike is an indication of an affinity with T. ngustifolia and the absence of fiber cables in the last leaf produced efore the fertile spike is an indication of an affinity with T. latifolia. n addition, the greater the number of leaves that lack fiber cables efore the fertile spike, the greater is the affinity with T. latifolia. While Hotchkiss and Dozier (1949) considered T. × glauca Godr. o be a definite and readily distinguished species, more recent work as suggested that T. × glauca is neither a distinct species nor a esult of a single hybridization event between T. angustifolia and . latifolia (Smith, 1962, 1967, 1987, 2000). As a result of introgres- ion (Wiegand, 1935; Anderson, 1949; Mason, 1957), T. × glauca is genotypically and phenotypically diverse collection of individuals hat make up a hybrid swarm between T. angustifolia and T. latifo- ia (Fassett and Calhoun, 1952; Bayly and O’Neill, 1971; Krattinger, 975; Lee, 1975; Sharitz et al., 1980; Kuehn et al., 1999; Kuehn and hite, 1999; Tsyusko et al., 2005; Snow et al., 2010; Travis et al., 010, 2011; Kirk et al., 2011; McKenzie-Gopsill et al., 2012; Ball and reeland, 2013; Freeland et al., 2013; Nowińska et al., 2014). Indeed, . × glauca was the first taxon in which a graphical method was used o show introgressive hybridization (Fassett and Calhoun, 1952; nderson, 1953). Variability in the presence of the fiber cables in he lacunae of the leaves produced before the fertile spike supports he claim that T. × glauca is a diverse collection of individuals that ave undergone introgressive hybridization to make up a hybrid warm. In 1844, Dominique-Alexandre Godron (1844) described a plant n Europe that was intermediate between T. angustifolia and T. atifolia. However, intermediate types between T. latifolia and T. ngustifolia were observed even before 1844. In his “A Flora of the tate of New-York” Torrey (1843) cited a posthumous contribu- ion of Ludovici Claudii Richard (1833) which described specimens Botany 124 (2015) 39–44 43 growing together that connect the two parent species. Torrey (1843) noted that he “also found similar intermediate forms in New-York.” Likewise, Henry David Thoreau noticed on July 31, 1859 a “remarkable large and tall Typha, apparently T. latifolia (yet there is at least more than an inch interval between the two kinds of flowers. . .). It is seven or eight feet high. . .much taller than any I see elsewhere as to appear a peculiar species. . ..They are what you may call the tallest reed of the meadows. . .” (Thoreau, 1906). It is possi- ble that the tall plant Thoreau saw on July 31, 1859 was the hybrid T. × glauca (Angelo, 2014). In the first edition of the “Manual of the Botany of the North- ern United States,” Asa Gray (1848) considered T. angustifolia L. and T. latifolia L. to be separate species. In subsequent editions, Gray (1856, 1859, 1870) considered the possibility that T. angus- tifolia was a “mere variety” of T. latifolia. In Gray’s “New Manual of Botany” (seventh edition; Robinson and Fernald, 1908), T. angus- tifolia and T. latifolia are included but T. × glauca Godr. does not appear. There is no mention that T. angustifolia may be a “mere variety” of T. latifolia. Intermediates between T. angustifolia and T. latifolia were becoming more recognized. Knowlton et al. (1909) observed that “where the two species grow together there are all kinds of intermediate forms” that are “especially noticeable in the big swamps at West Cambridge” and Muriel Roscoe (1927) noted that the formation of “angustifolioid” and “latifolioid” intermedi- ates were widespread. In the eighth edition of “Gray’s Manual of Botany,” revised by Fernald (1950), T. × glauca Godr. is included and its great stature is noted. In a recent note, Gibson (2012) presented a photograph of Typha growing in the Meadow at Harvard Univer- sity’s Arnold Arboretum that is T. × glauca and may be similar in appearance to the plant that Thoreau saw in 1859. T. × glauca is considered to be an aggressively invasive wetland taxon (Bohlen, 1990; Galatowitsch et al., 1999; Trebitz and Taylor, 2007; Tulbure et al., 2007; Tuchman et al., 2009; Lishawa et al., 2010; Mitchell et al., 2011; Larkin et al., 2012; Ciotir et al., 2013; Freeland et al., 2013; Farrer and Goldberg, 2014), however, as a taxon, it is highly diverse. Molecular markers have been used to characterize the diversity in Typha (Lamote et al., 2005). We are beginning to use the fiber cables as a biomechanical marker to char- acterize the diversity in Typha. Since the lengths of the longest fiber cables in T. angustifolia and the “angustifolioid” T. × glauca are sig- nificantly correlated with the lengths of the leaves while they are not correlated with the lengths of the leaves in T. latifolia and the “latifolioid” T. × glauca, the presence of fiber cables may play a role in the fitness of individuals with tall thin leaves and the absence of fiber cables may play a role in the fitness of individuals with shorter and wider leaves. Being able to distinguish the “angustifo- lioid” type or the “latifolioid” type may be useful in understanding the ability of each type of this protean taxon to invade wetland habitats. Our morphological and biomechanical approach comple- ments the molecular approaches used to characterize the diversity in the protean taxon referred to T. × glauca Godr. (pro sp.), and we hope that this morphological and biomechanical analysis will be extended throughout its wide distribution in order to characterize better, the fiber cables and their biomechanical role in this invasive taxon. Acknowledgements We thank James L. Reveal for many helpful suggestions, Thomas A. Zanoni for sending us information about the Typha specimens in Torrey’s collection at the New York Botanical Gardens, Anna M. Stalter of the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University for showing us the Typha specimens, including those with Hotchkiss’s annota- tions, and Ray Angelo for showing AW the only Typha specimen present in the Thoreau collection at Harvard University. We thank 4 uatic t t R A A A B B B C C C F F F F G G G G G G G G H K K K K K K L L 4 A. Witztum, R. Wayne / Aq he reviewers for their helpful comments. We dedicate this paper o Jim Reveal, who passed away on January 9, 2015. eferences nderson, E., 1949. Introgressive Hybridization. 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http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0304-3770(15)00026-1/sbref0300 Variation in fiber cables in the lacunae of leaves in hybrid swarms of Typha×glauca 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Typha populations 3 Results 4 Discussion Acknowledgements References