HD WIDENER HW RLRH 1 DEM MIA CHR то Class of 1875 OF BOSTON GRENVILLE HOWLAND NORCROSS THE GIFT OF TASI VE RI VARD Library arvard College VOAN SIA CCLE NONO K.M. . -- -- -- - - - - -- -- -- 375,- 10/? མ་ཡོམ་ཆ--བ ག ཡས་ s. Ebelen & Mason's precious forte restrict رع- سری 2 一一一一一一一一一一一一一一 ​ Madeiro, Azores Bermudas Tcloms] 100 Ocean Level 200 200 cot 800+ 1000+ 1300 1000 ATLANTIS 2000 25007 Bottom of Ocean 1000 Nautical Miles wide --- 2010 THE PROFILE OF ATLANTIS, Ao revealed by the deep-sea soundings of u. 1. riip "Challenger," and the U. S. alip "Dulphin." obtinhos ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. BY IGNATIUS DONNELLY. ILLUSTRATED, " The world has made such comet-like advance Lately on science, we may almost hope, Before we die of sheer decay, to learn Something about our infancy; when lived That great, original, broad-eyed, sunken race, Whose knowledge, like the sea-sustaining rocks, Hath formed the base of this world's fluctuous lore." FESTUS. SEVENTH EDITION, NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS. FRANKLIN SQUARE. Geog. 3050, 39.10 HARVARD HRVARD COLLES ili 22 L LIBRARY Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by HARPER & BROTHERS, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. All rights reserved. CONTENTS. CHAP. PART I. THE HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. Pagr I. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Plato's HistoRY OF ATLANTIS . ...... 5 III. THE PROBABILITIES OF Plato's STORY ... IV. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? ... V. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 VI. THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA ...... ... .. PART II. THE DELUGE. I. THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS DESCRIBED IN THE Deltge LEGENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 II. THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 III. THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS . . . . . . . . . . . 75 IV. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS . . . . . . . . 85 V. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . 98 VI. SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS . . . . . . 119 PART III. THE CIVILIZATION OF THE OLD WORLD AND NEW COMPARED. I. CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 II. THE IDENTITY OF THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 III. AMERICAN EVIDENCES OF INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS 165 CONTENTS. CAP. PAGE IV. CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. . . . . . . . . . . 171 V. THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION . . . . . . . . . . . 183 VI. GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS . . . . . . . 198 VII. THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET . . . . . . . . . . . 214 VIII. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. . . . . . . . . . . 237 IX. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL . . . . . . . . 268 PART IV. THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS. I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 II. The Kings OF ATLANTIS BECOME THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 283 III. THE GODS OF THE PHENICIANS ALSO Kings OF ATLANTIS . . 308 IV. The God Opix, WODEN, or Wotan . . . . . . . . . 313 V. THE PYRAMID, THE Cross, AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN ... 317 VI. GOLD AND SILVER THE SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS. ... 343 PART V. THE COLONIES OF ATLANTIS. I. THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES . . . . . 348 II. THE EGYPTIAN COLONY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 III. THE COLONIES OF THE Mississippi VALLEY . . . . . . . 370 IV. THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS . . . . . . . . . 387 V. THE PERUVIAN COLONY. . . . . . . . . . . ... 390 VI. THE AFRICAN COLONIES . ...404 VII. The Irish COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS . . . . . . . . . 408 VIII. THE OLDEST Son or Noah . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 IX. THE ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF orr GREAT INVENTIONS . . . . 440 X. THE Aryan COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. . . . . . . . . 456 XI. ATLANTIS RECONSTRUCTED . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE The Profile of Atlantis . . . . . . . . . . . . Frontispiece Coal-measures of Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Destruction of Pompeii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Calabrian Peasants Ingulſed by Crevasses (1783) ...... Fort of Sindree, on the Eastern Branch of the Indus, before it was Submerged by the Earthquake of 1819 . .. . .. . ... View of the Fort of Sindree from the West in March, 1838 . 39 Eruption of Vesuvius in 1737 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map of Atlantis, with its Islands and Connecting Ridges, from Deep. sea Soundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Ancient Islands between Atlantis and the Mediterranean, from Deep- sea Soundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ancient Carving, Stratford-on-Avon, England .60 Cereals of the Age of Stone in Europe . . . . . . . . . . 62 Ancient Irish Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Ancient Indian Pipe, New Jersey ... The World, according to Cosmos . . . . . 95 Map of Europe, after Cosmos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 The Mountain the Sun goes behind at Night . . . . . . . . 97 The Starting point of the Aztecs, according to the Gamelli Careri Pictured MS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 The Starting-point of the Aztecs, according to the Boturini Pict- ured Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Calendar Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 The God of the Flood . . . . . . . . . . . · · · · 123 Mosaics at Mitla, Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Carving on the Buddhist Tower, Sárnáth, India . . . . . . . 139 Ancient Irish Vase of the Bronze Age . . . . · · · · · · 142 Ancient Vase from the Mounds of the United States .. 143 of tho R . viii ILLUSTRATIONS. . . . 193 PAGE Ancient Mexican Vase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Bearded Head, from Teotihuacan ........ 166 Elephant Mound, Wisconsin . . . . . . . 168 Elephant Pipe, Louisa County, Iowa ... . . 169 Elephant-trunk Ilead-dress, Palenque ... . 169 Mexican Representation of Elephant . ... . 170 Negro Idols found in Central America . . . . . . . . . . 174 Negroid Figure, Palenque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Negro Head, Vera Cruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Governor and other Indians of the Pueblo of San Domingo, New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Choctaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 nees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Savonarola . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 193 The Races of Men according to the Egyptians .... Ruins of the Pyramid of Cholula . . . . . . . 201 Great Serpent-mound, Ohio......... . 205 Stone Implements of Europe and America . . . . 206 Landa's Alphabet . . . . . . . . · · · 217 The Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Implements and Ornaments of the Bronze Age .. 239 Ornaments of the Bronze Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Celtic Warrior, from Egyptian Monuments . ...... • 244 Celtic Warrior, from Assyrian Monuments . . . . . . . • 245 A Skull of the Age of Stone, Denmark. ..... .249 A Skull of the Earliest Times of the Age of Iron, Denmark . . 249 Irish Celt. . . . . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · 250 Danish Celt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Leaf-shaped Bronze Swords, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Stone Celt, Mound in Tennessee.... 253 Bronze Knives from Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Bronze Knives from Switzerland ... Hut Urn, Albano . . . . . . . . . Bronze Lake Village . . . . . .. 255 Bronze Razor-knives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Ancient Galley, from a Roman Coin · · · · · · · · . . . 257 Ship of William the Conqueror. · · · · · · · · . . . . 257 Irish Bronze Dagger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Inscribed Celt. . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · . . 258 Bronze Hair-pins . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · . . 259 Vases from Mounds in the Mississippi Valley. ... . . . . . 260 . . . . . ILLUSTRATIONS. · . . · · . . . . . . . PAGE Vases from Switzerland .. .. .. . .. .... 26 Ancient Swiss Vase and Supporter . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Bronze Chisels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Spirals from Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Spiral from New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Discoidal Stones, Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Copper Spear-head, Lake Superior ... . . 263 Bronze Hatchets, Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Spiral from New Mexico ............. Shell Ornament, Mound near Nashville, Tennessee . . . . . . 265 Copper Axe, from a Mound near Laporte, Indiana . . . . . . 266 Copper Axe, Waterford, Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Fragment of Pottery, Lake Neufchatel, Switzerland . . . . . . 266 Fragment of Pottery, San José, Mexico ........ 206 Stucco Bass-relief in the Palace of Palenque . . . . . . . . . 269 Ancient Swiss Skull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Peruvian Skull . . . . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · 271 Chinook (Flat-head), after Catlin . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Jleads from Palenque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Outlines of Skulls of Different Races. . . . . . . . . . . 273 Egyptian Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Central American Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egyptian Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Peruvian Inca Skull, from the Ancient Cemetery of Pachacamac . 275 The Empire of Atlantis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Poseidon, or Neptune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Egyptian Tau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Cross from Monuments of Palenque . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Ancient Irish Cross . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · Central American Cross . . . . . . . . . 320 Copper Coin, Teotihuacan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Ancient Irish Cross-Pre-Christian-Kilnaboy . . . . 321 Cross from Egyptian Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Pyramids of Egypt. . . . . . · · . 337 Pyramids of Teotihuacan ... . 338 The great Mound, near Miamisburg, Ohio .. · · 339 Great Pyramid of Xcoch, Mexico . . . . . · · · · · · · 311 Common Form of Arch, Central America . . . . . . . . 353 Section of the Treasure-house of Atreus at Mycenæ · · · · · 354 Arch of Las Monjas, Palenque, Central America · · · · · · . 355 Graded Way near Piketon, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . 320 . · . . · . . · . . · . . · . . . . . ILLUSTRATIONS. . . 398 PAGE Walls at Gran-Chimu, Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Cross and Pyramid Mound, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 From the Mounds of the Ohio Valley . . . . . . . . . . 381 Cyclopcan Wall, Greece . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · 397 Cyclopean Masonry, Peru · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 397 Owl-headed Vase, Troy . . . . . . . . Owl-headed Vase, Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Owl-headed Vase, Peru. . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . 399 Owl-headed Vase, Troy. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . . 400 Tamahu, from the Egyptian Monuments, 1500 B.C. . . . . . . 407 The Burgh of Moussa, in the Shetlands . . . . . . . . . . 417 Round-tower of the Cañon of the Mancos, Colorado, U.S. ... 418 Cow-headed Idol, Mycenæ (from Schliemann) . . . . . . . 427 Religious Emblem of the Bronze Age, Switzerland .... 428 Baal, the Phænician God . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Moqui Idol . . . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · 429 Dakota Idol . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · · · · · 429 Peruvian Devil . . ... 429 Greek Siren . . . . . . . . 430 Chinese Magnetic Car .... Ancient Coins of Tyre. . . . . . . · · · · · · · · · 444 Coin from Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Ancient Egyptian Plough ....460 442 · ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. PART I. TIIL HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. CHAPTER I. THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK. This book is an attempt to demonstrate several distinct and novel propositions. These are: 1. That there once existed in the Atlantic Ocean, opposite the mouth of the Mediterranean Sea, a large island, which was the remnant of an Atlantic continent, and known to the an- cient world as Atlantis. 2. That the description of this island given by Plato is not, as has been long supposed, fable, but veritable bistory. 3. That Atlantis was the region where man first rose from a state of barbarism to civilization. 4. That it became, in the course of ages, a populous and mighty nation, from whose overflowings the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River, the Amazon, the Pacific coast of South America, the Mediterranean, the west coast of Europe and Africa, the Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Caspian were populated by civilized nations. 5. That it was the true Antediluvian world ; the Garden of Eden ; the Gardens of the Hesperides; the Elysian Fields; ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. the Gardens of Alcinous; the Mesomphalos; the Olympos; the Asgard of the traditions of the ancient nations; representing a universal memory of a great land, where early mankind dwelt for ages in peace and bappiness. 6. That the gods and goddesses of the ancient Greeks, the Phænicians, the Hindoos, and the Scandinavians were simply the kings, queens, and heroes of Atlantis ; and the acts at- tributed to them in mythology are a confused recollection of real historical events. 7. That the mythology of Egypt and Pern represented the original religion of Atlantis, which was sun-worship. 8. That the oldest colony formed by the Atlanteans was probably in Egypt, whose civilization was a reproduction of that of the Atlantic island. 9. That the implements of the “Bronze Age” of Europe were derived from Atlantis. The Atlanteans were also the first manufacturers of iron. 10. That the Phænician alphabet, parent of all the Euro- pean alphabets, was derived from an Atlantis alphabet, which was also conveyed from Atlantis to the Mayas of Central America. 11. That Atlantis was the original seat of the Aryan or Indo - European family of nations, as well as of the Semitic peoples, and possibly also of the Turanian races. 12. That Atlantis perished in a terrible convulsion of nature, in which the whole island sunk into the ocean, with nearly all its inhabitants. 13. That a few persons escaped in ships and on rafts, and carried to the nations east and west the tidings of the ap- palling catastrophe, which has survived to our own time in the Flood and Deluge legends of the different nations of the old and new worlds. If these propositions can be proved, they will solve many problems which now perplex mankind; they will confirm in THE PURPOSE OF THE BOOK. many respects the statements in the opening chapters of Gen- esis; they will widen the area of human history; they will ex- plain the remarkable resemblances which exist between the ancient civilizations found upon the opposite shores of the At- lantic Ocean, in the old and new worlds; and they will aid us to rehabilitate the fathers of our civilization, our blood, and our fundamental ideas—the men who lived, loved, and labored ages before the Aryans descended upon India, or the Phæni- cian had settled in Syria, or the Goth had reached the shores of the Baltic. • The fact that the story of Atlantis was for thousands of years regarded as a fable proves nothing. There is an unbelief which grows out of ignorance, as well as a scepticism which is born of intelligence. The people nearest to the past are not always those who are best informed concerning the past. For a thousand years it was believed that the legends of the buried cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were myths: they were spoken of as “the fabulous cities.” For a thousand years the educated world did not credit the accounts given by He- rodotus of the wonders of the ancient civilizations of the Nile and of Chaldea. He was called “the father of liars.” Even Plutarch sneered at himn. Now, in the language of Frederick Schlegel, “the deeper and more comprehensive the researches of the moderns have been, the more their regard and esteem for Herodotus has increased.” Buckle says, “ His minute in- formation about Egypt and Asia Minor is admitted by all geographers.” There was a time when the expedition sent out by Pharaoh Necho to circumnavigate Africa was doubted, because the ex- plorers stated that after they had progressed a certain distance the sun was north of them; this circumstance, which then aroused suspicion, now proves to us that the Egyptian navi- gators had really passed the equator, and anticipated by 2100 years Vasquez de Gama in his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. 4 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. If I succeed in demonstrating the truth of the somewhat startling propositions with which I commenced this chapter, it will only be by bringing to bear upon the question of At- lantis a thousand converging lines of light from a multitude of researches made by scholars in different fields of modern thought. Further investigations and discoveries will, I trust, confirm the correctness of the conclusions at which I have arrived. PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. CHAPTER II. PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. Plato has preserved for us the history of Atlantis. If our views are correct, it is one of the most valuable records which have come down to us from antiquity. Plato lived 400 years before the birth of Christ. His an- cestor, Solon, was the great law-giver of Athens 600 years be- fore the Christian era. Solon visited Egypt. Plutarch says, “Solon attempted in verse a large description, or rather fabu- lous account of the Atlantic Island, which he had learned from the wise men of Sais, and which particularly concerned the Athenians; but by reason of his age, not want of leisure (as Plato would have it), he was apprehensive the work would be too much for him, and therefore did not go through with it. These verses are a proof that business was not the binderance: “I grow in learning as I grow in age.' And again : “* Wine, wit, and beauty still their charms bestow, Light all the shades of life, and cheer us as we go.' “Plato, ambitious to cultivate and adorn the subject of the Atlantic Island, as a delightful spot in some fair field unoccu- pied, to which also he had some claim by reason of his being related to Solon, laid out magnificent courts and enclosures, and erected a grand entrance to it, such as no other story, fable, or poem ever had. But, as he began it late, he ended his life before the work, so that the more the reader is delighted with ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. the part that is written, the more regret he has to find it un- finished.” There can be no question that Solon visited Egypt. The causes of his departure from Athens, for a period of ten years, are fully explained by Plutarch. He dwelt, he tells us, “On the Canopian shore, by Nile's deep mouth.” There he conversed upon points of philosophy and history with the most learned of the Egyptian priests. He was a man of extraordinary force and penetration of mind, as his laws and his sayings, which have been preserved to us, tęstify. There is no improbability in the statement that lie commenced in verse a history and description of Atlantis, which he left unfinished at his death; and it requires no great stretch of the imagina- tion to believe that this manuscript reached the hands of his successor and descendant, Plato; a scholar, thinker, and his- torian like himself, and, like himself, one of the profoundest minds of the ancient world. The Egyptian priest had said to Solon, “ You have no antiquity of history, and no history of antiquity;" and Solon doubtless realized fully the vast impor- tance of a record wbich carried human history back, not only thousands of years before the era of Greek civilization, but inany thousands of years before even the establishment of the kingdom of Egypt; and he was anxious to preserve for his half-civilized countrymen this inestimable record of the past. We know of no better way to commence a book about At- lantis than by giving in full the record preserved by Plato. It is as follows: Critias. Then listen, Socrates, to a strange tale, which is, however, certainly true, as Solon, who was the wisest of the seven sayes, declared. lle was a relative and great friend of my great-grandfather, Dropidas, as he himself says in several of his poems; and Dropidas told Critias, my grandfather, who re- membered, and told us, that there were of old great and mar- vellous actions of the Athenians, which have passed into ob- livion through time and the destruction of the human race- PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. and one in particular, which was the greatest of them all, the recital of which will be a suitable testimony of our gratitude to yon. ... Socrates. Very good; and what is this ancient famous ac- tion of which Critias spoke, not as a mere legend, but as a veritable action of the Athenian State, which Solon recounted ? Critias. I will tell an old-world story which I heard from an aged man; for Critias was, as he said, at that time nearly ninety years of age, and I was about ten years of age. Now the day was that day of the Apaturia which is called the regis- tration of youth; at which, according to custom, our parents gave prizes for recitations, and the poems of several poets were recited by us boys, and many of us sing the poems of Solon, which were new at the time. One of our tribe, either because this was his real opinion, or because he thought that he would please Critias, said that, in his judgment, Solon was not only the wisest of men but the noblest of poets. The old man, I well remember, brightened up at this, and said, smiling: “Yes, Amynander, if Solon bad only, like other poets, made poetry the business of his life, and had completed the tale which he brought with him from Egypt, and had not been compelled, by reason of the factions and troubles which he found stirring in this country when he came home, to attend to other mat- ters, in my opinion he would have been as famous as Homer, or Hesiod, or any poet." “And what was that poem about, Critias?" said the person who addressed him. " About the greatest action which the Athenians ever did, and which ought to have been most famous, but which, through the lapse of time and the destruction of the actors, has not come down to us." “Tell us,” said the other, “the whole story, and how and from whom Solon heard this veritable tradition.” He replied :" At the head of the Egyptian Delta, where the river Nile divides, there is a certain district which is called the district of Sais, and the great city of the district is also called Sais, and is the city from which Amasis the king was sprung. And the citizens have a deity who is their foundress: she is called in the Egyptian tongue Neitli, which is asserted by them to be the same whom the Hellenes called Athene. Now, the citizens of this city are great lovers of the Athenians, and 8 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. say that they are in some way related to them. Thither came Solon, who was received by them with great honor; and he asked the priests, who were most skilful in such matters, abont antiquity, and made the discovery that neither he nor any oth- er Hellene knew anything worth mentioning about the times of old. On one occasion, when he was drawing them on to speak of antiquity, he began to tell about the most ancient things in our part of the world — about Phoroneus, who is called “the first,' and about Niobe; and, after the Deluge, to tell of the lives of Deucalion and Pyrrha; and he traced the genealogy of their descendants, and attempted to reckon how many years old were the events of which he was speaking, and to give the dates. Thereupon, onc of the priests, who was of very great age, said, “O Solon, Solon, you Hellenes are but children, and there is never an old man who is an Ilellene.' Solon, hearing this, said, “What do you mean? “I mean to say,' he replied, that in mind you are all young; there is no old opinion handed down among you by ancient tradition, nor any sci- ence which is hoary with age. And I will tell you the reason of this: there have been, and there will be again, many des structions of mankind arising out of many causes. There is a story which even you have preserved, that once upon a time Phaëthon, the son of Helios, having yoked the steeds in his father's chariot, because he was not able to drive them in the path of his father, burnt up all that was upon the earth, and was himself destroyed by a thunder-bolt. Now, this has the form of a myth, but really signifies a declination of the bodies moving around the earth and in the heavens, and a great confla- gration of things upon the earth recurring at long intervals of time: when this happens, those who live upon the mountains and in dry and lofty places are more liable to destruction than those who dwell by rivers or on the sea-shore; and from this calamity the Nile, who is our never-failing savior, saves and de- livers us. When, on the other hand, the gods purge the earth with a deluge of water, among you herdsmen and shepherds on the mountains are the survivors, whereas those of you who live in cities are carried by the rivers into the sea; but in this country neither at that time nor at any other does the water come from above on the fields, having always a tendency to come up from below, for which reason the things preserved here are said to be the oldest. The fact is, that wherever the PLATO’S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. extremity of winter frost or of summer sun does not prevent, the human race is always increasing at times, and at other times diminishing in numbers. And whatever happened either in your country or in ours, or in any other region of which we are informed—if any action which is noble or great, or in any other way remarkable has taken place, all that has been writ- ten down of old, and is preserved in our temples; whereas you and other nations are just being provided with letters and the other things which States require; and then, at the usual period, the stream from heaven descends like a pestilence, and leaves only those of you who are destitute of letters and edu- cation ; and thus you have to begin all over again as children, and know nothing of what happened in ancient times, either among us or among yourselves. As for those genealogies of yours which you have recounted to us, Solon, they are no bet- ter than the tales of children; for, in the first place, you re- member one delige only, whereas there were many of them; and, in the next place, you do not know that there dwelt in your land the fairest and noblest race of men which ever lived, of whom you and your whole city are but a seed or remnant. And this was unknown to you, because for many generations the survivors of that destruction died and made no sign. For there was a time, Solon, before that great deluge of all, when the city which now is Athens was first in war, and was pre- eminent for the excellence of her laws, and is said to have per- formed the noblest deeds, and to have had the fairest consti- tution of any of which tradition tells, under the face of heaven.' Solon marvelled at this, and earnestly requested the priest to in- form him exactly and in order about these former citizens. “You are welcome to hear about them, Solon,' said the priest, ‘both for your own sake and for that of the city; and, above all, for the sake of the goddess who is the common patron and pro- tector and educator of both our cities. She founded your city a thousand years before ours, receiving from the Earth and Hephæstus the seed of your race, and then she founded ours, the constitution of which is set down in our sacred registers as 8000 years old. As touching the citizens of 9000 years ago, I will briefly inform you of their laws and of the noblest of their actions; and the exact particulars of the whole we will hereafter go through at our leisure in the sacred registers them- selves. If you compare these very laws with your own, you 1* 10 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. will find that many of ours are the counterpart of yours, as they were in the olden time. In the first place, there is the caste of priests, which is separated from all the others; next there are the artificers, who exercise their several crafts by themselves, and without admixture of any other; and also there is the class of shepherds and that of hunters, as well as that of husbandmen; and you will observe, too, that the war- riors in Egypt are separated from all the other classes, and are commanded by the law only to engage in war; moreover, the weapons with which they are equipped are shields and spears, and this the goddess taught first among you, and then in Asi- atic countries, and we among the Asiatics first adopted. ". Then, as to wisdom, do you observe what care the law took from the very first, searching out and comprehending the whole order of things down to prophecy and medicine (the lat- ter with a view to health); and out of these divine elements drawing what was needful for human life, and adding every sort of knowledge which was connected with them. All this order and arrangement the goddess first imparted to you when establishing your city; and she chose the spot of earth in which you were born, because she saw that the happy tem- perament of the seasons in that land would produce the wisest of men. Wherefore the goddess, who was a lover both of war and of wisdom, selected, and first of all settled that spot which was the most likely to produce men likest herself. And there you dwelt, having such laws as these and still better ones, and excelled all mankind in all virtue, as became the children and disciples of the gods. Many great and wonderful deeds are recorded of your State in our histories; but one of them ex- ceeds all the rest in greatness and valor; for these histories tell of a mighty power which was aggressing wantonly against the whole of Europe and Asia, and to which your city put an end. This power came forth out of the Atlantic Ocean, for in those days the Atlantic was navigable; and there was an island situated in front of the straits which you call the Col- umns of Heracles: the island was larger than Libya and Asia put together, and was the way to other islands, and from the islands you might pass through the whole of the opposite con- tinent which surrounded the true ocean ; for this sea which is within the Straits of Heracles is only a harbor, having a nar- row entrance, but that other is a real sea, and the surrounding PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 11 land may be most truly called a continent. Now, in the island of Atlantis there was a great and wonderful empire, which had rule over the whole island and several others, as well as over parts of the continent; and, besides these, they subjected the parts of Libya within the Columns of Heracles as far as Egypt, and of Europe as far as Tyrrhenia. The vast power thus gath- ered into one, endeavored to subdue at one blow our country and yours, and the whole of the land which was within the straits; and then, Solon, your country shone forth, in the ex- cellence of her virtue and strength, among all mankind; for she was the first in courage and military skill, and was the leader of the Hellenes. And when the rest fell off from her, being compelled to stand alone, after having undergone the very extremity of danger, she defeated and triumphed over the invaders, and preserved from slavery those who were not yet subjected, and freely liberated all the others who dwelt within the limits of Heracles. But afterward there occurred violent earthquakes and floods, and in a single day and night of rain all your warlike men in a body sunk into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared, and was sunk beneath the sea. And that is the reason why the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, because there is such a quantity of shallow mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the island.' (* Plato's Dialogues,” ii., 517, Timæus.) ... “But in addition to the gods whom you have mentioned, I would specially invoke Mnemosyne; for all the important part of what I have to tell is dependent on her favor, and if I can recollect and recite enough of what was said by the priests, and brought hither by Solon, I doubt not that I shall satisfy the requirements of this theatre. To that task, then, I will at once address myself. “Let me begin by observing, first of all, that nine thou- sand was the sun of years which had clapsed since the war which was said to have taken place between all those who dwelt outside the Pillars of lleracles and those who dwelt within tben : this war I am now to describe. Of the combat- ants on the one side the city of Athens was reported to have been the ruler, and to have directed the contest ; the combat- ants on the other side were led by the kings of the islands of Atlantis, which, as I was saying, once had an extent greater 12 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. than that of Libya and Asia; and, when afterward sink by an earthquake, became an impassable barrier of mud to voyagers sailing from hence to the ocean. The progress of the history will unfold the various tribes of barbarians and Hellenes which then existed, as they successively appear on the scene; but I inust begin by describing, first of all, the Athenians as they were in that day, and their enemies who fought with them; and I shall have to tell of the power and form of government of both of thein. Let us give the precedence to Athens. ... “Many great deluges have taken place during the nine thon- sand years, for that is the number of years which have elapsed since the time of which I am spcaking; and in all the ages and changes of things there has never been any settlement of the cartb flowing down from the mountains, as in other places, which is worth speaking of; it has always been carried round in a circle, and disappeared in the depthis below. The conse- quence is that, in comparison of what then was, there are re- maining in small islets only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere skeleton of the country being left. ::: “And next, if I have not forgotten what I heard when I was a child, I will impart to you the character and origin of their adversaries; for friends should not keep their stories to them- selves, but hare them in common. Yet, before proceeding far- ther in the narrative, I ought to warn you that you must not be surprised if you should hear Hellenic names given to for- eigners. I will tell you the reason of this: Solon, who was in- tending to use the tale for his poein, made an investigation into the meaning of the names, and found that the early Egyptians, in writing them down, bad translated them into their own lan- guage, and he recovered the meaning of the several names and retranslated them, and copied them out again in our language. My great-grandfather, Dropidas, had the original writing, which is still in my possession, and was carefully studied by me when I was a child. Therefore, if you hear names such as are used in this country, you must not be surprised, for I have told you the reason of them. “The tale, which was of great length, began as follows: I have before remarked, in speaking of the allotments of the gods, that they distributed the whole earth into portions dif- PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 13 fering in extent, and made themselves temples and sacrifices. And Poscidon, receiving for his lot the island of Atlantis, be- gat children by a mortal woman, and settled them in a part of the island which I will proceed to describe. On the side to- ward the sea, and in the centre of the whole island, there was a plain which is said to have been the fairest of all plains, and very fertile. Near the plain again, and also in the centre of the island, at a distance of about fifty stadia, there was a mountain, not very high on any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval men of that country, whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named Leucippe, and they had an only danghter, who was named Cleito. The maiden was growing up to womanhood when her father and mother died ; Poseidon fell in love with her, and had intercourse with her; and, breaking the ground, enclosed the bill in which she dwelt all round, making alternate zones of sea and land, larger and smaller, encircling one another, there were two of land and three of water, which he turned as with a lathe out of the cen- tre of the island, equidistant every way, so that no man could get to the island, for ships and voyages were not yet heard of. He himself, as he was a god, found no difficulty in making special arrangements for the centre island, bringing two streams of water under the earth, which he caused to ascend as springs, one of warm water and the other of cold, and making every variety of food to spring up abundantly in the earth. He also begat and brought up five pairs of male children, dividing the island of Atlantis into ten portions: he gave to the first-born of the eldest pair his mother's dwelling and the surrounding allotment, which was the largest and best, and made him king over the rest; the others he made princes, and gave them rule over many men and a large territory. And he named them all: the eldest, who was king, he named Atlas, and from him the whole island and the ocean received the name of Atlantic. To his twin-brother, who was born after him, and obtained as his lot the extremity of the island toward the Pillars of Heracles, as far as the country which is still called the region of Gades in that part of the world, he gave the name which in the Ilel- lenic language is Eumelus, in the language of the country which is named after him, Gadeirus. Of the second pair of twins, he called one Ampheres and the other Evamon. To the third pair of twins he gave the name Mneseus to the elder, and Au- 14 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. tochthon to the one who followed him. Of the fourth pair of twins he called the elder Elasippus and the younger Nestor. And of the fifth pair he gave to the elder the name of Azaes, and to the younger Diaprepes. All these and their descendants were the inhabitants and rulers of divers islands in the open sea; and also, as has been already said, they held sway in the other direction over the country within the Pillars as far as Egypt and Tyrrhenia. Now Atlas had a numerous and honor- able family, and his eldest branch always retained the kingdom, which the eldest son handed on to his eldest for many genera- tions; and they had such an amount of wealth as was never be- fore possessed by kings and potentates, and is not likely ever to be again, and they were furnished with everything which they could have, both in city and country. For, because of the great- ness of their empire, many things were brought to them from foreign countries, and the island itself provided much of what was required by them for the uscs of life. In the first place, they dug out of the earth whatever was to be found there, min- eral as well as metal, and that which is now only a name, and was then something more than a name-orichalcum-was dug ont of the earth in many parts of the island, and, with the exception of gold, was esteemed the most precious of metals among the men of those days. There was an abundance of wood for carpenters' work, and sufficient maintenance for tame and wild animals. Moreover, there were a great number of ele- phants in the island, and there was provision for animals of every kind, both for those which live in lakes and marshes and rivers, and also for those which live in mountains and on plains, and therefore for the animal which is the largest and most vó- racious of them. Also, whatever fragrant things there are in the earth, whether roots, or herbage, or woods, or distilling drops of flowers or fruits, grew and thrived in that land; and again, the cultivated fruit of the earth, both the dry edible fruit and other species of food, which we call by the general name of legumes, and the fruits having a hard rind, affording drinks, and meats, and ointments, and good store of chestnuts and the like, which may be used to play with, and are fruits which spoil with keeping-and the pleasant kinds of dessert which console us after dinner, when we are full and tired of eating--all these that sacred island lying beneath the sun brought forth fair and won- drous in infinite abundance. All these things they received PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 15 from the earth, and they employed themselves in constructing their teinples, and palaces, and harbors, and docks; and they arranged the whole country in the following manner: First of all they bridged over the zones of sea which surrounded the ancient metropolis, and made a passage into and out of the royal palace; and then they began to build the palace in the habitation of the god and of their ancestors. This they con- tinued to ornament in successive generations, every king sur- passing the one who came before him to the utmost of his power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for size and for beauty. And, beginning from the sea, they dug a canal three hundred feet in width and one hundred feet in depth, and fifty stadia in length, which they carried through to the outermost zone, making a passage from the sea up to this, which became a harbor, and leaving an opening sufficient to en- able the largest vessels to find ingress. Moreover, they divided the zones of land which parted the zones of sea, constructing bridges of such a width as would leave a passage for a single trireme to pass out of one into another, and roofed thein over; and there was a way underneath for the ships, for the banks of the zones were raised considerably above the water. Now the largest of the zones into which a passage was cut from the sea was three stadia in breadth, aud the zone of land which cane next of equal breadth; but the next two, as well the zone of water as of land, were two stadia, and the one which surrounded the central island was a stadinm only in width. The island in which the palace was situated had a diameter of five stadia. This, and the zones and the bridge, which was the sixth part of a stadiun in width, they surrounded by a stone wall, on either side placing towers, and gates on the bridges where the sea passed in. The stone which was used in the work they quarried from underneath the centre island and from under- neath the zones, on the outer as well as the inner side. One kind of stone was wbite, another black, and a third red; and, as they quarried, they at the saine tiine hollowed out docks double within, having roofs formed out of the native rock. Some of their buildings were simple, but in others they put together dif- ferent stones, which they intermingled for the sake of orna- ment, to be a natural source of delight. The entire circuit of the wall which went round the outermost one they covered with a coating of brass, and the circuit of the next wall thev 16 ATLANTIS: THE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. coated with tin, and the third, which encompassed the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum. The palaces in the interior of the citadel were constructed in this wise: In the centre was a holy temple dedicated to Cleito and Poseidon, which remained inaccessible, and was surrounded by an enclos- ure of gold ; this was the spot in which they originally begat the race of the ten princes, and thither they annually brought the fruits of the earth in their season from all the ten portions, and performed sacrifices to each of them. llere, too, was Po- seidon's own temple, of a stadium in length and half a stadium in width, and of a proportionate height, having a sort of bai- baric splendor. All the outside of the temple, with the excep. tion of the pinnacles, they covered with silver, and the pinnacles with gold. In the interior of the temple the roof was of ivory, adorned everywhere with gold and silver and orichalcum; all the other parts of the walls and pillars and floor they lined with orichalcum. In the temple they placed statues of gold : there was the god himself standing in a chariot-the charioteer of six winged horses—and of such a size that he touched the roof of the building with his head; around him there were a hun- dred Nereids riding on dolphins, for such was thought to be the number of them in that day. There were also in the inte- rior of the temple other images which had been dedicated by private individuals. And around the temple on the outside were placed statues of gold of all the ten kings and of their wives; and there were many other great offerings, both of kings and of private individuals, coming both from the city itself and the for eign cities over which they hield sway. There was an altar, too, which in size and workmanship corresponded to the rest of the work, and there were palaces in like manner which answered to the greatness of the kingdom and the glory of the temple. "In the next place, they used fountains both of cold and hot springs; these were very abundant, and both kinds wonder- fuliy adapted to use by reason of the sweetness and excellence of their waters. They constructed buildings about them, and planted suitable trees; also cisterns, some open to the heaven, others which they roofed over, to be used in winter as warm baths: there were the king's baths, and the baths of private persons, which were kept apart; also separate baths for women, and others again for horses and cattle, and to them they gave as much adornment as was suitable for them. The water which ... 17 PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. ran off they carried, some to the grove of Poseidon, where were growing all manner of trees of wonderful height and beauty, owing to the excellence of the soil; the remainder was con- veyed by aqueducts which passed over the bridges to the outer circles: and there were many temples built and dedicated to many gods; also gardens and places of exercise, some for men, and some set apart for horses, in both of the two islands forin- ed by the zones; and in the centre of the larger of the two there was a race-course of a stadium in width, and in length allowed to extend all round the island, for horses to race in. Also there were guard-honses at intervals for the body-guard, the more trusted of whom had their duties appointed to them in the lesser zone, which was nearer the Acropolis; while the most trusted of all had houses given them within the citadel, and about the persons of the kings. The docks were full of triremes and naval stores, and all things were quite ready for use. Enough of the plan of the royal palace. Crossing the outer harbors, which were three in number, you would come to a wall which began at the sea and went all round: this was crerywhere distant fifty stadia from the largest zone and har- bor, and enclosed the whole, meeting at the mouth of the chan- nel toward the sea. The entire area was densely crowded with habitations; and the canal and the largest of the harbors were full of vessels and merchants coming from all parts, who, from their numbers, kept up a multitudinous sound of human voices and din of all sorts night and day. I have repeated his de- scriptions of the city and the parts about the ancient palace nearly as he gave them, and now I must endeavor to describe the nature and arrangement of the rest of the country. The whole country was described as being very loftv and precipi- tous on the side of the sea, but the country immediately about and surrounding the city was a level plain, itself surrounded by mountains which descended toward the sea; it was smooth and even, but of an oblong shape, extending in one direction three thousand stadia, and going up the country from the sea through the centre of the island two thousand stadia; the whole region of the island lies toward the south, and is shelter- ed from the north. The surrounding mountains he celebrated for their number and size and beauty, in which they exceeded all that are now to be seen anywhere; having in them also many wealthy inhabited villages, and rivers and lakes, and 18 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. meadows supplying food enough for every animal, wild or tame, and wood of various sorts, abundant for every kind of work. I will now describe the plain, which had been cultivated during many ages by many generations of kings. It was rect- angular, and for the most part straight and oblong; and what it wanted of the straight line followed the line of the circular ditch. The depth and width and length of this ditch were incredible, and gave the impression that such a work, in addition to so many other works, could hardly have been wrought by the hand of man. But I must say what I have heard. It was excavated to the depth of a hundred feet, and its breadth was a stadium everywhere; it was carried round the whole of the plain, and was ten thousand stadia in length. It received the streams which came down from the mountains, and winding round the plain, and touching the city at various points, was there let off into the sea. From above, likewise, straight canals of a huna dred feet in width were cut in the plain, and again let off into the ditch, toward the sca; these canals were at intervals of a hundred stadia, and by them they brought down the wood from the mountains to the city, and conveyed the fruits of the earth in ships, cutting transverse passages from one canal into another, and to the city. Twice in the year they gathered the fruits of the earth-in winter having the benefit of the rains, and in summer introducing the water of the canals. As to the population, each of the lots in the plain had an appointed chief of men who were fit for military service, and the size of the lot was to be a square of ten stadia each way, and the total number of all the lots was sixty thousand. “And of the inhabitants of the mountains and of the rest of the country there was also a vast multitude having leaders, to whom they were assigned according to their dwellings and villages. The leader was required to furnish for the war the sixth portion of a war-chariot, so as to make up a total of ten thousand chariots; also two horses and riders upon them, and a light chariot without a seat, accompanied by a fighting man on foot carrying a small shield, and having a charioteer mount- ed to guide the horses; also, he was bound to furnish two heavy-arined men, two archers, two slingers, three stone-shoot- ers, and three javelin men, who were skirmishers, and four sail- ors to make up a complement of twelve hundred ships. Such was the order of war in the royal city-that of the other nine PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 19 governments was different in each of them, and would be wea- risome to narrate. As to offices and honors, the following was the arrangement from the first: Each of the ten kings, in his own division and in his own city, had the absolute control of the citizens, and in many cases of the laws, puuishing and slay- ing whioinsoever he would. "Now the relations of their governments to one another were regulated by the injunctions of Poseidon as the law had banded them down. These were inscribed by the first men on a column of orichalcum, which was situated in the iniddle of the island, at the temple of Poseidon, whither the people were gathered together every fifth and sixth years alternately, thus giving equal honor to the odd and to the even number. And when they were gathered together they consulted about public affairs, and inquired if any one had transgressed in anything, and passed judgment on him accordingly-and before they passed judgment they gave their pledges to one another in this wise: There were bulls who had the range of the temple of Poseidon ; and the ten who were left alone in the temple, after they had offered prayers to the gods that they might take the sacrifices which were acceptable to them, bunted the bulls without weapons, but with staves and nooses; and the bull which they caught they led up to the column; the victim was then struck on the head by them, and slain over the sacred inscription. Now on the column, besides the law, there was inscribed an oath invoking mighty cuirses on the disobedient. When, therefore, after offering sacrifice according to their cus- toms, they had burnt the limbs of the bull, they mingled a cup and cast in a clot of blood for each of them; the rest of the victime they took to the fire, after having made a purification of the column all round. Then they drew from the cup in golden vessels, and, pouring a libation on the fire, they swore that they would judge according to the laws on the column, and would punish any one who had previously transgressed, and that for the future they would not, if they could help, transgress any of the inscriptions, and would not command or obey any ruler who commanded them to act otherwise than according to the laws of their father Poseidon. This was the prayer which each of them offered up for himself and for his family, at the same time drinking, and dedicating the vessel in the temple of the god; and, after spending some necessary 20 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. time at supper, when darkness came on and the fire about the sacrifice was cool, all of them put on most beautiful azure robes, and, sitting on the ground at night near the embers of the sacrifices on which they had sworn, and extinguishing all the fire about the temple, they received and gave judy- ment, if any of them had any accusation to bring against any one; and, when they had given judgment, at daybreak they wrote down their sentences on a golden tablet, and deposited them as memorials with their robes. There were many special laws which the several kings had inscribed about the temples, but the most important was the following: That they were not to take up arms against one another, and they were all to come to the rescue if any one in any city attempted to over- throw the royal house. Like their ancestors, they were to de- liberate in common about war and other matters, giving the supremacy to the family of Atlas; and the king was not to have the power of life and death over any of his kinsmen, un- less he had the assent of the majority of the ten kings. “Such was the vast power which the god settled in the lost island of Atlantis; and this he afterward directed against onr land on the following pretext, as traditions tell: For many generations, as long as the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and well - affectioned toward the gods, who were their kinsmen; for they possessed true and in every way great spirits, practising gentleness and wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their intercourse with one another. They despised everything but virtne, not caring for their present state of life, and thinking lightly on the posses- sion of gold and other property, which seemed only a burden to them; neither were they intoxicated by luxury; nor did wealth deprive them of their self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods are increased by virtuous friendship with one another, and that by excessive zeal for them, and honor of them, the good of them is lost, and friend- sbip perishes with them. "By such reflections, and by the continuance in them of a divine nature, all that which we have described waxed and in- creased in them; but when this divine portion began to fade away in them, and became diluted too often, and with too much of the mortal admixture, and the human nature got the : upper-hand, then, they being unable to bear their fortune, be- PLATO'S HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 21 came unseemly, and to him who had an eye to see, they began to appear base, and had lost the fairest of their precious gifts; but to those who had no eye to see the true happiness, they still appeared glorious and blessed at the very time when they were filled with unrighteous avarice and power. Zeus, the god of gods, who rules with law, and is able to see into such things, perceiving that an honorable race was in a most wretched state, and wanting to inflict punishment on them, that they might be chastened and improved, collected all the gods into his most holy habitation, which, being placed in the centre of the world, sees all things that partake of generation. And when he had called them together he spake as follows:” [Here Plato's story abruptly ends.] ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER III. THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY. There is nothing improbable in this narrative, so far as it describes a great, rich, cultured, and educated people. Almost every part of Plato's story can be paralleled by descriptions of the people of Egypt or Peru; in fact, in some respects Plato's account of Atlantis falls short of Herodotus's description of the grandeur of Egypt, or Prescott's picture of the wealth and civilization of Pern. For instance, Prescott, in his “Conquest of Peru " (vol. i., p. 95), says: “The most renowned of the Peruvian temples, the pride of the capital and the wonder of the empire, was at Cuzco, where, under the munificence of successive sovereigns, it had become so enriched that it received the name of Coricancha, or the Place of Gold.' ... The interior of the temple was literally a mine of gold. On the western wall was emblazoned a rep- resentation of the Deity, consisting of a human countenance looking forth from amid innumerable rays of light, which ema- nated from it in every direction, in the same manner as the sun is often personified with us. The figure was engraved on a massive plate of gold, of enormous dimensions, thickly pow- dered with emeralds and precious stones. ... The walls and ceilings were everywhere incrusted with golden ornaments; every part of the interior of the temple glowed with burnished plates and studs of the precious metal; the cornices were of the same material." There are in Plato's narrative no marvels; no myths; no tales of gods, gorgons, hobgoblins, or giants. It is a plain and reasonable history of a people who built temples, ships, and canals; who lived by agriculture and commerce; who, in THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY. 23 pursuit of trade, reached out to all the countries around them. The early history of most nations begins with gods and de- mons, while here we have nothing of the kind; we see an im- migrant enter the country, marry one of the native women, and settle down; in time a great nation grows up around him. It reminds one of the information given by the Egyptian priests to Herodotus. “During the space of eleven thousand three hundred and forty years they assert,” says Herodotus, " that no divinity has appeared in human shape, ... they ab- solutely denied the possibility of a human being's descent from a god.” If Plato bad sought to draw from his imagination a wonderful and pleasing story, we should not have had so plain and reasonable a narrative. He would have given us a bistory like the legends of Greek mythology, full of the adventures of gods and goddesses, nymphs, fauns, and satyrs. Neither is there any evidence on the face of this history that Plato sought to convey in it a moral or political lesson, n the guise of a fable, as did Bacon in the “New Atlantis," and More in the “Kingdom of Nowhere.” There is no ideal republic delineated here. It is a straightforward, reasonable history of a people ruled over by their kings, living and pro- gressing as other nations have lived and progressed since their day. Plato says that in Atlantis there was “ a great and wonderful empire,” which "aggressed wantonly against the whole of Eu rope and Asia," thus testifying to the extent of its dominion. It not only subjugated Africa as far as Egypt, and Europe as far as Italy, but it ruled “as well over parts of the continent,” to wit, " the opposite continent” of America, " which surrounded the true ocean." Those parts of America over which it ruled were, as we will show hereafter, Central America, Perii, and the valley of the Mississippi, occupied by the “Mound Builders.” Moreover, he tells us that “this vast power was gathered one;" that is to say, from Egypt to Peru it was one con- ndated empire. We will see hereafter that the legends of 24 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD, the Hindoos as to Deva Nahusha distinctly refer to this vast empire, which covered the whole of the known world. Another corroboration of the truth of Plato's narrative is found in the fact that upon the Azores black lava rocks, and rocks red and white in color, are now found. He says they built with white, red, and black stone. Sir C. Wyville Thom- son describes a narrow neck of land between Fayal and Monte da Guia, called “Monte Queimada” (the burnt mountain), as follows: “It is formed partly of stratified tufa of a dark choc- olate color, and partly of lumps of black lava, porous, and cach with a large cavity in the centre, which must have been ejected as volcanic bonibs in a glorious display of fireworks at some period beyond the records of Acorean history, but late in the geological annals of the island” (“ Voyage of the Challenger," vol. ii., p. 24). He also describes immense walls of black vol- canic rock in the island. The plain of Atlantis, Plato tells us, “had been cultivated during many ages by many generations of kings.” If, as we believe, agriculture, the domestication of the horse, ox, sheep, goat, and hoy, and the discovery or development of wheat, oats, rye, and barley originated in this region, then this lan- guage of Plato in reference to "the many ages, and the suc- cessive generations of kings,” accords with the great periods of time which were necessary to bring man from a savage to a civilized condition. In the great ditch surrounding the whole land like a circle, and into which streams flowed down from the mountains, we probably see the original of the four rivers of Paradise, and the emblem of the cross surrounded by a circle, which, as we will show hereafter, was, from the carliest pre-Christian ages, accepted as the emblem of the Garden of Eden. We know that Plato did not invent the name of Poseidon, for the worship of Poseidon was universal in the earliest ages of Europe; “Poseidon-worship seems to have been a peculi- arity of all the colonies previous to the time of Sidon” (“Pre- TIE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY. 25 historic Nations," p. 148.) This worship“ was carried to Spain, and to Northern Africa, but most abundantly to Italy, to many of the islands, and to the regions around the Ægean Sca; also to Thrace.” (Ibid., p. 155.) Poseidon, or Neptune, is represented in Greek mythology as a sea-god; but he is figured as standing in a war-chariot drawn by horses. The association of the horse (a land animal) with a sca-god is inexplicable, except with the light given by Plato. Poseidon was a sea-god because he ruled over a great land in the sea, and was the national god of a maritime people; he is associated with horses, because in Atlantis the horse was first domesticated; and, as Plato shows, the Atlanteans bad great race-courses for the development of speed in horses; and Posei. don is represented as standing in a war-chariot, becanse doubt- less wheeled vehicles were first invented by the same people who tamed the horse; and they transmitted these war-chariots to their descendants from Egypt to Britain. We know that horses were the favorite objects chosen for sacrifice to Posei- don by the nations of antiquity within the Historical Period; they were killed, and cast into the sea from high precipices. The religious horse-feasts of the pagan Scandinavians were a survival of this Poseidon-worship, which once prevailed along all the coasts of Europe; they continued until the conversion of the people to Christianity, and were then suppressed by the Church with great difficulty. We find in Plato's narrative the names of some of the Phe- nician deities among the kings of Atlantis. Where did the Greek, Plato, get these names if the story is a fable ? Does Plato, in speaking of “the fruits having a hard rind, affording drinks and meats and ointments,” refer to the cocoa nut? Again : Plato tells us that Atlantis abounded in both cold and hot springs. How did he come to hit upon the hot springs if he was drawing a picture from his imagination? It is a singular confirmation of his story that hot springs abound in bi''! Dieselltis 111 , 26 : ATLANTIS: THE-ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. A Vows .thie Azores, which are the surviving fragments of Atlantis; and an experience wider than that possessed by Plato has taught 1 scientific men that hot springs are a common feature of regions subject to volcanic convulsions. Plato tells us, “The whole country was very lofty and pre- cipitous on the side of the sea, but the country immediately about and surrounding the city was a level plain, itself sur- rounded by mountains which descended toward the sea.” One has but to look at the profile of the “Dolphin's Ridge,” as revealed by the deep-sea soundings of the Challenger, given as the frontispiece to this volume, to see that this is a faithful description of that precipitous elevation. “The surrounding mountains," which sheltered the plain from the north, are rep- resented in the present towering peaks of the Azores. Plato tells us that the destruction of Atlantis filled the sea with mud, and interfered with navigation. For thousands of years the ancients believed the Atlantic Ocean to be "a muddy, shallow, dark, and misty sea, Mare tenebrosum.” (“Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 151.) The three-pronged sceptre or trident of Poseidon reappears constantly in ancient history. We find it in the hands of Ilindoo gods, and at the base of all the religious beliefs of antiquity. “ Among the numerals the sacred three has ever been con- sidered the mark of perfection, and was therefore exclusively ascribed to the Supreme Deity, or to its earthly representative —a king, emperor, or any sovereign. For this reason triple einblems of various shapes are found on the belts, neckties, or any encircling fixture, as can be seen on the works of ancient art in Yucatan, Guatemala, Chiapas, Mexico, etc., whenever the object has reference to divine supremacy.” (Dr. Arthur Schiott, “Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 391.) We are reminded of the “ tiara," and the “triple round of sovereignty.” In the same manner the ten kingdoms of Atlantis are per- petuated in all the ancient traditions. THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY. 27 “In the number given by the Bible for the Antediluvian patriarchs we have the first instance of a striking agreement with the traditions of various nations. Ten are mentioned in the Book of Genesis. Other nations, to whatever epoch they carry back their ancestors, whether before or after the Deluge, whether the mythical or historical character prevail, they are constant to this sacred number ten, which some have vainiy attempted to connect with the specuations of later religious philosophers on the mystical value of numbers. In Chaldea, Berosus enumerates ten Antcdiluvian kings whose fabulous reign extended to thousands of years. The legends of the Iranian race commence with the reign of ten Peisdadien (Posei- dou?) kings, 'men of the ancient law, who lived on pure lloma (water of lifc)' (nectar?), “and who preserved their sanctity.' In India we meet with the nine Brahinadikas, who, with Brah- ina, their founder, make ten, and who are called the Ten Pe- tris, or Fathers. The Chinese count ten emperors, partakers of the divine nature, before the dawn of historical times. The Germans believed in the ten ancestors of Odin, and the Arabs in the ten mythical kings of the Adites." (Lenormant and Chevallier, “ Anc. Hist. of the East," vol. i., p. 13.) The story of Plato finds confirmation from other sources. An extract preserved in Proclus, taken from a work now ! lost, which is quoted by Boeckh in bis commentary on Plato, i mentions islands in the exterior sea, beyond the Pillars of Her- cules, and says it was known that in one of these islands "the inbabitants preserved from their ancestors a remembrance of Atlantis, an extremely large island, which for a long time held dominion over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean.” Ælian, in his “ Varia Historia” (book iii., chap. xviii.), tells ns that Theopompus (400 B.c.) related the particulars of an interview between Midas, King of Phrygia, and Silenus, in which Silenus reported the existence of a great continent be- yond the Atlantic, “larger than Asia, Europe, and Libya to- gether." He stated that a race of men called Meropes dwelt there, and had extensive cities. They were persuaded that their country alone was a continent. Out of curiosity some of them crossed the ocean and visited the Ilyperboreans. 28 ATLANTIS: TUE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. "The Gauls possessed traditions upon the subject of Atlan- tis which were collected by the Roman historian Timagenes, who lived in the first century before Christ. He represents that three distinct people dwelt in Gaul: 1. The indigenous population, which I suppose to be Mongoloids, who had long dwelt in Eu- rope; 2. The invaders from a distant island, which I under- stand to be Atlantis; 3. The Aryan Gauls.” (“Preadamites," p. 380.) Marcellus, in a work on the Ethiopians, speaks of seven isl. ands lying in the Atlantic Ocean-probably the Canaries-and the inhabitants of these islands, he says, preserve the memory of a much greater island, Atlantis, " which had for a long time exercised dominion over the smaller ones.” (Didot Mül- ler, “ Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum," vol. iv., p. 443.) Diodorus Siculus relates that the Phænicians discovered “a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Her- cules, several days' sail from the coast of Africa. This island abounded in all manner of riches. The soil was exceedingly fertile; the scenery was diversified by rivers, mountains, and forests. It was the custom of the inhabitants to retire during the summer to magnificent conntry-houses, which stood in the midst of beautiful gardens. Fish and game were found in great abundance; the climate was delicious, and the trees bore fruit at all seasons of the year.” Homer, Plutarch, and other ancient writers mention islands situated in the Atlantic, “ sev- eral thousand stadia from the Pillars of Hercules." Silenus tells Midas that there was another continent besides Europe, Asia, and Africa—“a country where gold and silver are so plentiful that they are esteemed no more than we estcem iron.” St. Clement, in bis Epistle to the Corinthians, says that there were other worlds beyond the ocean. Attention may here be called to the extraordinary number of instances in which allusion is made in the Old Testament to the “islands of the sea,” especially in Isaiah and Ezekiel. What had an inland people, like the Jews, to do with seas and THE PROBABILITIES OF PLATO'S STORY. 29 islands? Did these references grow out of vague traditions linking their race with “islands in the sea ?” The Orphic Argonaut sings of the division of the ancient Lyktonia into separate islands. He says, “When the dark- haired Poseidon, in anger with Father Kronion, struck Lyk- tonia with the golden trident.” Plato states that the Egyptians told Solon that the destruc- tion of Atlantis occurred 9000 years before that date, to wit, about 9600 years before the Christian era. This looks like an extraordinarily long period of time, but it must be remem- bered that geologists clain that the remains of man found in the caves of Europe date back 500,000 years; and the fossil Calaveras skull was found deep under the base of Table Moun- tain, California, the whole mountain having been formed since the man to whom it belonged lived and died. "M. Oppert read an essay at the Brussels Congress to show, from the astronomical observations of the Egyptians and As- syrians, that 11,542 years before our era man existed on the earth at such a stage of civilization as to be able to take note of astronomical phenomena, and to calculate with considerable accuracy the length of the year. The Egyptians, says he, cal- culated by cycles of 1460 years—zodiacal cycles, as they were called. Their year consisted of 365 days, which caused them to lose one day in every four solar years, and, consequently, they would attain their original starting-point again only after 1460 years (365 X 4). Therefore, the zodiacal cycle ending in the year 139 of our era commenced in the year 1322 B.C. On the other hand, the Assyrian cycle was 1805 years, or 22,325 lunations. An Assyrian cycle began 712 B.C. The Chaldeans state that between the Deluge and their first his- toric dynasty there was a period of 39,180 years. Now, what means this number? It stands for 12 Egyptian zodiacal cy- cles plus 12 Assyrian lunar cycles. 12 x 1460 = 17,520 1 00 12 X 1805 = 21,660 “These two modes of calculating time are in agreement with each other, and were known simultaneously to one peo- 30 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAY WORLD. ple, the Chaldeans. Let us now build up the series of both cycles, starting from our cra, and the result will be as follows: Zodiacal Cycle. Lunar Cycle. 1,460 .................. ......... 1,805 1,322 ......................... ....... 712 . 2,782 4,242 5,702 ... 7,162 ... 8,622 10,082 11,542 . ............. 2,517 4,322 . . 6,127 7,932 ..... 9,737 ...11,542 ... “At the year 11,542 B.c. the two cycles came together, and consequently they had on that year their common origin in one and the same astronomical observation." That observation was probably made in Atlantis. The wide divergence of languages which is found to exist among the Atlanteans at the beginning of the Historical Pe- riod implies a vast lapse of time. The fact that the nations of the Old World remembered so little of Atlantis, except the colossal fact of its sudden and overwhelming destruction, would also seem to remove that event into a remote past. Herodotus tells us that he learned from the Egyptians that Hercules was one of their most ancient deities, and that he was one of the twelve produced from the eight gods, 17,000 years before the reign of Amasis. In short, I fail to see why this story of Plato, told as his- tory, derived from the Egyptians, a people who, it is known, preserved most ancient records, and who were able to trace their existence back to a vast antiquity, should have been con- temptuously set aside as a fable by Greeks, Romans, and the modern world. It can only be because our predecessors, with their limited knowledge of the geological history of the world, did not believe it possible that any large part of the earth's surface could have been thus suddenly swallowed up by the sea. Let us then first address ourselves to that question. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE ? 31 CHAPTER IV. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE ? OL FSC All that is needed to answer this question is to briefly refer to some of the facts revealed by the study of geology. In the first place, the earth's surface is a record of successive risings and fallings of the land. The accompanying picture represents a section of the anthracite coal- measures of Pennsylvania. Each of the coal deposits here shown, indicated by the black lines, was created when the land had risen sufficiently above the sea to maintain vegetation ; each of the strata of rock, many of them hundreds of feet in thickness, was deposited under water. Here we have twenty-three different changes of the level of the land during the formation of 2000 feet of rock and coal; and these changes took place over vast areas, embracing thousands of square miles. All the continents which now exist were, it is well understood, once under water, and the rocks of which they are composed were deposited beneath the water; more than this, most of the rocks so deposited were the detritus or wash- ings of other continents, which then stood Stace Coal Coal State Coal Coal COAL-MEASURES OF PENN- SYLVANIA 32 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. where the occans now roll, and whose mountains and plains were ground down by the action of volcanoes and earthquakes, and frost, ice, wind, and rain, and washed into the sea, to form the rocks upon which the nations now dwell; so that we have changed the conditions of land and water: that which is now continent was once sea, and that which is now sea was formerly continent. There can be no question that the Au- stralian Archipelago is simply the mountain-tops of a drowned continent, which once reached from India to South America. Science has gone so far as to even give it a name; it is called “Lemuria," and here, it is claimed, the human race originated. An examination of the geological formation of our Atlantic States proves beyond a doubt, from the manner in wbich the sedimentary rocks, the sand, gravel, and mud-aggregating a thickness of 45,000 feet—are deposited, that they came from the north and east. “They represent the detritus of pre-exist- ing lands, the washings of rain, rivers, coast-currents, and other agencies of erosion; and since the areas supplying the waste could scarcely have been of less extent than the new strata it formed, it is reasonably inferred that land masses of continen- tal magnitude must have occupied the region now covered by the North Atlantic before America began to be, and onward at least through the palæozoic ages of American history. The proof of this fact is that the great strata of rocks are thicker the nearer we approach their source in the cast: the maximum thickness of the palæozoic rocks of the Appalachian formation is 25,000 to 35,000 feet in Pennsylvania and Virginia, while their minimum thickness in Illinois and Missouri is from 3000 to 4000 feet; the rougher and grosser-textured rocks predom- inate in the east, while the farther west we go the finer the deposits were of which the rocks are composed; the finer ma- terials were carried farther west by the water.” (“New Amer. Cyclop.," art. Coal.) The history of the growth of the European Continent, as recounted by Professor Geikie, gives an instructive illustration WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? 33 TEC US TIS CE ES ALLET LE ch COM ILU 2A TELE TUA NES Sunt cha . LE 12 V . DESTRUCTION OF POMPEII. of the relations of geology to geography. The carliest Euro- pean land, he says, appears to have existed in the north and north-west, comprising Scandinavia, Finland, and the north- west of the British area, and to have extended thence through boreal and arctic latitudes into North America. Of the height and mass of this primeval land some idea may be formed by considering the enormous bulk of the material derived from its disintegration. In the Silurian formations of the British Isl- ands alone there is a mass of rock, worn from the land, whicli would form a mountain-chain extending from Marseilles to the North Cape (1800 miles), with a mean breadth of over thirty- three miles, and an average height of 16,000 feet. As the great continent which stood where the Atlantic Ocean now is wore away, the continents of America and Eu- 2* 34 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. rope were formed; and there seems to have been from remote times a continuous rising, still going on, of the new lands, and a sinking of the old ones. Within five thousand years, or since the age of the “polished stone," the shores of Sweden, Den- mark, and Norway have risen from 200 to 600 feet. Professor Winchell says ("The Preadamites," p. 437): “We are in the widst of great changes, and are scarcely conscious of it. We have seen worlds in flames, and have felt a comet strike the earth. We have seen the whole coast of South America lifted up bodily ten or fifteen feet and let down again in an hour. We have seen the Andes sivk 220 feet in seventy years. . . . Vast transpositions have taken place in the coast-line of China. The ancient capital, located, in all probability, in an accessible position near the centre of the empire, has now become nearly surrounded by water, and its site is on the peninsula of ('orea. ... There was a time when the rocky barriers of the Thracian Bosphorus gave way and the Black Sea subsided. It had covered a vast area in the north and east. Now this area became drained, and was known as the ancient Lectonia : it is now the prairie region of Russia, and the granary of Europe." There is ample geological evidence that at one time the entire area of Great Britain was submerged to the depth of ut least seventeen hundred feet. Over the face of the submerged land was strewn thick beds of sand, gravel, and clay, termed by geologists “the Northern Drift.” The British Islands rose again from the sea, bearing these water-deposits on their bos- om. What is now Sicily once lay deep beneath the sea : it subsequently rose 3000 feet above the sea-level. The Desert of Sahara was once under water, and its now burning sands are a deposit of the sea. Geologically speaking, the submergence of Atlantis, within the historical period, was simply the last of a number of vast changes, by which the continent which once occupied the V greater part of the Atlantic had gradually sunk under the ocean, while the new lands were rising on both sides of it. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? 35 We come now to the second question, Is it possible that I Atlantis could have been suddenly destroyed by such a con- vulsion of nature as is described by Plato ? The ancients regarded this part of his story as a fable. With the wider knowledge which scientific research has afforded the modern world, we can affirm that such an event is not only possible, but that the history of even the last two centuries has fur- nished us with striking parallels for it. We now possess the record of numerous islands lifted above the waters, and others sunk beneath the waves, accompanied by storms and earth- quakes similar to those which marked the destruction of At- lantis. In 1783 Iceland was visited by convulsions more tremen- dous than any recorded in the modern annals of that country. About a month previous to the eruption on the main-land a submarine volcano burst forth in the sea, at a distance of thirty miles from the shore. It ejected so much pumice that the sea was covered with it for a distance of 150 miles, and ships were considerably impeded in their course. A new island was thrown up, consisting of high cliffs, which was claimed by his Danish Majesty, and named “Nyöe,” or the New Island ; but before a year had elapsed it sunk beneath the sea, leaving a reef of rocks thirty fathoms under water. The earthquake of 1783 in Iceland destroyed 9000 people out of a population of 50,000; twenty villages were consumed by fire or inundated by water, and a mass of lava thrown out "greater than the bulk of Mont Blanc." On the 8th of October, 1822, a great earthquake occurred on the island of Java, near the mountain of Galung Gung. "A loud explosion was heard, the earth shook, and immense columns of hot water and boiling mud, mixed with burning brimstone, ashes, and lapilli, of the size of nuts, were projected from the mountain like a water-spout, with such prodigious violence that large quantities fell beyond the river Tandoi, which is forty miles distant. . . . The first ernption lasted 36 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. nearly five hours; and on the following days the rain fell in torrents, and the rivers, densely charged with mud, deluged the country far and wide. At the end of four days (October 12th), a second eruption occurred, more violent than the first, in which hot water and mud were again vomited, and great blocks of basalt were thrown to the distance of seven miles from the volcano. There was at the same time a violent earth- quake, the face of the mountain was utterly changed, its sum- mits broken down, and one side, which had been covered with trees, became an enormous gulf in the form of a seinicircle. Over 4000 persons were killed and 114 villages destroyed." (Lyell's “ Principles of Geology," p. 430.) In 1831 a new island was born in the Mediterranean, ncar the coast of Sicily. It was called Graham's Island. It came up with an earthquake, and "a water-spout sixty feet high and eight hundred yards in circumference rising from the sea." In about a month the island was two hundred feet high and three miles in circumference; it soon, however, sunk beneath the sea. The Canary Islands were probably a part of the original empire of Atlantis. On the 1st of September, 1730, the earth split open near Yaira, in the island of Lancerota. In one night a considerable hill of ejected matter was thrown up; in a few days another vent opened and gave out a lava stream which overran several villages. It flowed at first rapidly, like water, but became afterward heavy and slow, like honey. On the 11th of September more lava flowed out, covering up a village, and precipitating itself with a horrible roar into the sea. Dead fish floated on the waters in indescribable multitudes, or were thrown dying on the shore; the cattle throughout the country dropped lifeless to the ground, suffocated by putrid vapors, which condensed and fell down in drops. These manifesta- tions were accompanied by a storm such as the people of the country had never known before. These dreadful commotions lasted for five years. The lavas thrown out covered one-third of the whole island of Lancerota. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? 37 The Gulf of Santorin, in the Grecian Archipelago, has been for two thousand years a scene of active volcanic operations. Pliny informs us that in the year 186 B.C. the island of “Old Kaimeni,” or the Sacred Isle, was lifted up from the sea; and in A.D. 19 the island of “Thia" (the Divine) made its appear- ance. In A.D. 1573 another island was created, called “the small sunburnt island." In 1848 a volcanic convulsion of three months' duration created a great shoal; an carthquake TO CALABRIAN PEASANTS INGULFED BY OREVASSES (1783). destroyed many lionses in Thera, and the sulphur and hydrogen issuing from the sea killed 50 persons and 1000 domestic ani- mals. A recent examination of these islands shows that the whole mass of Santorin has sunk, since its projection from the sea, over 1200 feet. 38 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The fort and village of Sindree, on the eastern arm of the In- dus, above Luckput, was subinerged in 1819 by an earthquake, together with a tract of country 2000 square miles in extent. “In 1828 Sir A. Burnes went in a boat to the ruins of Sindree, where a single remaining tower was seen in the midst of a wide expanse of sea. The tops of the ruined walls still rose two or three feet above the level of the water; and, stand- ing on one of these, he could behold nothing in the horizon but water, except in one direction, where a blue streak of land to the north indicated the Ullah Bund. This scene," sars Lyell (“Principles of Geology," p. 462), “presents to the im- agination a lively picture of the revolutions now in progress on the earth-a waste of waters where a few years before all was land, and the only land visible consisting of ground uplift- ed by a recent carthquake.” We give from Lyell's great work the following curious pict- ures of the appearance of the Fort of Sindree before and after the inundation. In April, 1815, one of the most frightful cruptions recorded in history occurred in the province of Tomboro, in the island of Sumbawa, about two hundred miles from the castern ex- tremity of Java. It lasted from April 5th to July of that year; but was most violent on the 11th and 12th of July. The sound of the explosions was heard for nearly one thon- sand miles. Out of a population of 12,000, in the province of Tombora, only twenty-six individuals escaped. “Violent whirl- winds carried up men, horses, and cattle into the air, tore up the largest trees by the roots, and covered the whole sea with floating timber.” (Raffles's “ History of Java," vol. i., p. 28.) The ashes darkened the air ; " the floating cinders to the west- ward of Sumatra formed, on the 12th of April, a mass two feet thick and several miles in extent, through which ships with dif- ficulty forced their way." The darkness in daytime was more profound than the blackest night. “The town called Tom- boro, on the west side of Sumbawa, was overflowed by the sea, which encroached upon the shore, so that the water remained WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE ? 39 VE SEL BLO WI MEG FORT OF BINDREE, OX TILE EASTERN BRANOIL OF TUE INDUS, BEFORE IT WAS SUBMERGED BY THE EARTUQUAKE OF 1819. HE IN OLLIE ! TO VIEW OF THE FORT OF SINDREE FROM THE WEST IN MARCII, 1938. permanently eighteen feet deep in places where there was land before. The area covered by the convulsion was 1000 Eng- lish miles in circumference. “In the island of Amboyna, in the same month and year, the ground opened, threw out water, 40 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and then closed again.” (Raffles's “ History of Java," vol. i., p. 25.) But it is at that point of the European coast nearest to the site of Atlantis at Lisbon that the most tremendous carth- quake of modern times bas occurred. On the 1st of Novein- ber, 1775, a sound of thunder was heard underground, and inmediately afterward a violent shock threw down the greater part of the city. In six minutes 60,000 persons perished. A great concourse of people had collected for safety upon a new quay, built entirely of marble; but suddenly it sunk down with all the people on it, and not one of the dead bodies ever float- ed to the surface. A great number of small boats and vessels anchored near it, and, full of people, were swallowed up as in a whirlpool. No fragments of these wrecks ever rose again to the surface; the water where the quay went down is now 600 feet deep. The area covered by this earthquake was very great. Humboldt says that a portion of the earth's surface, four times as great as the size of Europe, was simultaneously shaken. It extended from the Baltic to the West Indies, and from Canada to Algiers. At eight leagues from Morocco the grond opened and swallowed a village of 10,000 inhabitants, and closed again over them. It is very probable that the centre of the convulsion was in the bed of the Atlantic, at or near the buried island of Atlan- tis, and that it was a successor of the great earth throe which, thousands of years before, bad brought destruction upon that land. Ireland also lies near the axis of this great volcanic area, reaching from the Canaries to Iceland, and it lias been many times in the past the seat of disturbance. The ancient annals contain numerous accounts of eruptions, preceded by volcanic action. In 1490, at the Ox Mountains, Sligo, one occurred by which one hundred persons and numbers of cattle were destroy- ed; and a volcanic eruption in May, 1788, on the hill of Knock- lade, Antrim, poured a stream of lava sixty yards wide for thir- he IS RE . S PIE TE GERE EL LORE SET C22 ELUPTION OF VESUVIUS IN 1737. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE ? 43 ty-nine bours, and destroyed the village of Ballyowen and all the inhabitants, save a man and his wife and two children. (* Amer. Cyclop.," art. Ireland.) While we find Lisbon and Ireland, cast of Atlantis, subjected to these great earthquake shocks, the West India Islands, west of the same centre, have been repeatedly visited in a similar manner. In 1692 Jamaica suffered frora a violent earthquake. The earth opened, and great quantities of water were cast out; many people were swallowed up in these rents; the carth caught some of them by the middle and squeezed them to death; the heads of others only appeared above-ground. A tract of land near the town of Port Royal, about a thousand acres in extent, sunk down in less than one minute, and the sca immediately rolled in. The Azore Islands are undoubtedly the peaks of the moun- tains of Atlantis. They are even yet the centre of great vol- canic activity. They have suffered severely from eruptions and earthquakes. In 1808 a volcano rose suddenly in San Jorge to the height of 3500 feet, and burnt for six days, desolating the entire island. In 1811 a volcano rose from the sea, near San Miguel, creating an island 300 fect high, which was named Sambrina, but which soon sunk beneath the sea. Sim- ilar volcanic eruptions occurred in the Azores in 1691 and 1720. Along a great line, a mighty fracture in the surface of the globe, stretching north and south through the Atlantic, we find a continuous series of active or extinct volcanoes. In Iceland we have Qerafa, Hecla, and Rauda Kamba; another in Pico, in the Azores; the peak of Teneriffe; Fogo, in one of the Cape de Verde Islands: while of extinct volcanoes we have several in Icelard, and two in Madeira; while Fernando de Noronha, the island of Ascension, St. Helena, and Tristan d'Acunha are all of volcanic origin. (“Cosmos," vol. V., p. 331.) The following singular passage we quote entire from Lyell's “ Principles of Geology," p. 436 : 44 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. “In the Nautical Magazine for 1835, p. 642, and for 1838, p. 361, and in the Comptes Rendus, April, 1838, accounts are given of a series of volcanic phenomena, earthquakes, troubled water, floating scoria, and columns of smoke, which have been observed at intervals since the middle of the last century, in a space of open sea between longitudes 20° and 22° W., about half a degree south of the equator. These facts, says Mr. Dar- win, seem to show that an island or archipelago is in process of formation in the middle of the Atlantic. A line joining St. Ilelena and Ascension would, if prolonged, intersect this slowly nascent focus of volcanic action. Should land be event- ually formed here, it will not be the first that has been produced by igneous action in this occan since it was inhabited by the existing species of testacea. At Porto Prava, in St. Jago, one of the Azores, a horizontal, calcareous stratum occurs, contain- ing shells of recent marine species, covered by a great sheet of basalt eighty feet thick. It would be difficult to estimate too highly the commercial and political importance which a group of islands might acquire if, in the next two or three thou- sand years, they should rise in mid-ocean between St. Helena and Ascension." These facts would seem to show that the great fires which destroyed Atlantis are still smouldering in the depths of the ocean; that the vast oscillations which carried Plato's conti- nent beneath the sea may again bring it, with all its buried treasures, to the light; and that even the wild imagination of Jules Verne, when he described Captain Nemo, in his diving- armor, looking down upon the temples and towers of the lost island, lit by the fires of submarine volcanoes, had some ground- work of possibility to build upon. But who will say, in the presence of all the facts here enumerated, that the submergence of Atlantis, in some great world-shaking cataclysm, is either impossible or improbable ? As will be shown hereafter, when we come to discuss the Flood legends, every particular which has come down to us of the destruction of Atlantis has been duplicated in some of the ac- counts just given. WAS SUCH A CATASTROPHE POSSIBLE? 45 We conclude, therefore: 1. That it is proven beyond question, by geological evidence, that vast masses of land once existed in the region where Atlantis is located by Plato, and that there- fore such an island must have existed; 2. That there is noth- ing improbable or impossible in the statement that it was de- stroyed suddenly by an earthquake “in one dreadful night and day." 46 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER V. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA. SUPPOSE we were to find in mid-Atlantic, in front of the Mediterranean, in the neighborhood of the Azores, the remains of an immense island, sunk beneath the sea-one thousand miles in width, and two or three thousand miles long-would it not go far to confirm the statement of Plato that, “beyond the strait where you place the Pillars of Hercules, there was an island larger than Asia (Minor) and Libya combined,” called Atlantis ? And suppose we found that the Azores were the mountain peaks of this drowned island, and were torn and rent by tremendous volcanic convulsions; while around them, de- scending into the sea, were found great strata of lava; and the whole face of the sunken land was covered for thousands of miles with volcanic débris, would we not be obliged to confess that these facts furnished strong corroborative proofs of the truth of Plato's statement, that “in one day and one fatal night there came mighty carthquakes and inundations which ingulfed that mighty people? Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea; and then that sea became inaccessible on account of the quantity of mud which the ingulfed island left in its place.” And all these things recent investigation bas proved conclu- sively. Deep-sea soundings have been made by ships of differ- ent nations; the United States ship Dolphin, the German frig- ate Gazelle, and the British ships Hydra, Porcupine, and Chal- lenger have mapped out the bottom of the Atlantic, and the result is the revelation of a great elevation, reaching from a point on the coast of the British Islands southwardly to the coast of South America, at Cape Orange, thence south-east- 50 10 20 20 30 SIRELA91 GT.BRITA RANCE Brass o FRA SPAI "Dolphin's Ridge" (ATLANTIS) гс А SUR I R .C.Verde Islands F A Connecting Ridge" est, oSt.Paulo Ascension SOUTH E RICA 000 St.IIelena 20 LA MER "Challenger Ridge's D 56 20 30 20 10 MAP OF ATLANTIS, WITH ITS ISLANDS AND CONNECTING I TS AND CONNECTING LIDGES, FROM DEEP - SEA ., FROM SOUNDINGS. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA, 49 wardly to the coast of Africa, and thence southwardly to Tristan d'Acunha. I give one map showing the profile of this eleva- tion in the frontispiece, and another map, showing the outlines of the submerged land, on page 47. It rises about 9000 feet above the great Atlantic depths around it, and in the Azores, St. Paul's Rocks, Ascension, and Tristan d'Acunha it reaches the surface of the ocean. Evidence that this elevation was once dry land is found in the fact that “the inequalities, the mountains and valleys of its surface, could never have been produced in accordance with any laws for the deposition of sediment, nor by submarine ele- vation; but, on the contrary, must have been carved by agen- cies acting above the water level.” (Scientific American, July 28th, 1877.) Mr. J. Starke Gardner, the eminent English geologist, is of the opinion that in the Eocene Period a great extension of Jand existed to the west of Cornwall. Referring to the loca- tion of the "Dolpbin ” and “ Challenger” ridges, he asserts that "a great tract of land formerly existed where the sea now is, and that Cornwall, the Scilly and Channel Islands, Ireland and Brittany, are the remains of its highest summits.” (Popular Science Review, July, 1878.) Here, then, we have the backbone of the ancient continent which once occupied the whole of the Atlantic Ocean, and from whose washings Europe and America were constructed; the deepest parts of the ocean, 3500 fathoms deep, represent those portions which sunk first, to wit, the plains to the east and west of the central mountain range; some of the loftiest peaks of this range—the Azores, St. Paul's, Ascension, Tristan d'Acunba-are still above the ocean level; while the great body of Atlantis lies a few hundred fathoms beneath the sea. In these “connecting ridges” we see the pathway which once extended between the New World and the Old, and by means of which the plants and animals of one continent travelled to the other; and by the same avenues black men found their 50 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. way, as we will show hereafter, from Africa to America, and red men from America to Africa. And, as I have shown, the same great law which gradually depressed the Atlantic continent, and raised the lands cast and west of it, is still at work: the coast of Greenland, which may be regarded as the northern extremity of the Atlantic continent, is still sinking “so rapidly that ancient buildings on low rock-islands are now submerged, and the Greenlander has learned by experience never to build near the water's edge." (“North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 504.) The same subsidence is going on along the shore of South Carolina and Georgia, while the north of Europe and the Atlantic coast of South America are rising rapidly. Along the latter raised beaches, 1180 miles long and from 100 to 1300 feet high, have been traced. When these connecting ridges extended from America to Europe and Africa, they shut off the flow of the tropical wa- ters of the ocean to the north ; there was then no “Gulf Stream;" the land-locked ocean that laved the shores of North- ern Europe was then intensely cold; and the result was the Glacial Period. When the barriers of Atlantis sunk suffi- ciently to permit the natural expansion of the heated water of the tropics to the north, the ice and snow which covered Europe gradually disappeared; the Gulf Stream flowed around Atlantis, and it still retains the circular motion first iinparted to it by the presence of that island. The officers of the Challenger found the entire ridge of At- lantis covered with volcanic deposits; these are the subsided mud which, as Plato tells us, rendered the sea impassable after the destruction of the island. It does not follow that, at the time Atlantis was finally in- gulfed, the ridges connecting it with America and Africa rose above the water-level; these may have gradually subsided into the sea, or have gone down in cataclysms such as are described in the Central American books. The Atlantis of Plato may have been confined to the “Dolphin Ridge” of our map. 1320 1610 2100 / 1925 2790 Roca PORTUGAL 250 1890 1500 ..1000 St. Vincent 466 Josephine BK. 82. Gettysburg Bk. 1400. ....32 1525 1525 1525 835 1090 051 85 2675 12110252 2100...2823 MADEIRA AVON 11702225 2000 1500- 1000 MOROCCO 2400 2350 OTOVO 4 NARIES ANOLENT ISLANDS BETWEEN ATLANTIS AND TUE MEDITERRANEAN, FROM DEEP-SEA BOUNDINGS. THE TESTIMONY OF THE SEA. 53 The United States sloop Gettysburg has also made some remarkable discoveries in a neighboring field. I quote from Jobn James Wild (in Nature, March 1st, 1877, p. 377): “The recently announced discovery by Commander Gor- ringe, of the United States sloop Gettysburg, of a bank of soundings bearing N. 85° W., and distant 130 miles from Cape St. Vincent, during the last voyage of the vessel across the Atlantic, taken in connection with previous soundings ob- tained in the same region of the North Atlantic, suggests the probable existence of a submarine ridge or plateau connecting the island of Madeira with the coast of Portugal, and the prob- able subaerial connection in prehistoric times of that island with the south-western extremity of Europe." ... “These soundings reveal the existence of a channel of an average depth of from 2000 to 3000 fathoms, extending in a north- easterly direction from its entrance between Madeira and the Canary Islands toward Cape St. Vincent. ... Commander Gorringe, when about 150 miles from the Strait of Gibraltar, found that the soundings decreased from 2700 fathoms to 1600 fathoms in the distance of a few miles. The subsequent soundings (five miles apart) gave 900, 500, 400, and 100 fath- oms; and eventually a depth of 32 fathoms was obtained, in which the vessel anchored. The bottom was found to consist of live pink coral, and the position of the bank in lat. 36° 29' N., long. 11° 33' W.". The map on page 51 shows the position of these elevations. They must have been originally islands ;-stepping-stones, as it were, between Atlantis and the coast of Europe. Sir C. Wyville Thomson found that the specimens of the fauna of the coast of Brazil, brought up in his dredging-ma- chine, are similar to those of the western coast of Southern Europe. This is accounted for by the connecting ridges reach- ing from Europe to South America. A member of the Challenger staff, in a lecture delivered in London, soon after the termination of the expedition, gave it as his opinion that the great submarine plateau is the remains of "the lost Atlantis." ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER VI. THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. Proofs are abundant that there must have been at one time uninterrupted land communication between Europe and Ameri- ca. In the words of a writer upon this subject, “When the animals and plants of the Old and New World are compared, one cannot but be struck with their identity; all or nearly all belong to the same genera, while many, even of the species, are common to both continents. This is most important in its bearing on our theory, as indicating that they radiated from a common centre after the Glacial Period. ... The hairy mammoth, woolly-haired rhinoceros, the Irish elk, the musk-ox, the reindeer, the glutton, the lemming, etc., more or less accompanied this flora, and their remains are always found in the post-glacial deposits of Europe as low down as the South of France. In the New World beds of the same age contain similar remains, indicating that they came from a com- mon centre, and were spread out over both continents alike.” (Westminster Review, January, 1872, p. 19.) Recent discoveries in the fossil beds of the Bad Lands of Nebraska prove that the horse originated in America. Pro- fessor Marsh, of Yale College, has identified the several preced- ing forms from which it was developed, rising, in the course of ages, from a creature not larger than a fox until, by succes- sive steps, it developed into the true horse. How did the wild horse pass from America to Europe and Asia if there was not continuous land communication between the two conti- nents? He seems to have existed in Europe in a wild state prior to his domestication by man. THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 55 The fossil remains of the camel are found in India, Africa, South America, and in Kansas. The existing alpacas and llamas of South America arc but varieties of the camel family. The care bear, whose remains are found associated with the bones of the mammoth and the bones and works of man in the caves of Europe, was identical with the grizzly bear of our Rocky Mountains. The musk-ox, whose relics are found in the same deposits, now roams the wilds of Arctic America. The glutton of Northern Europe, in the Stone Age, is identical with the wolverine of the United States. According to Ruti- meyer, the ancient bison (Bos priscus) of Europe was identical with the existing American buffalo. “Every stage between the ancient care bison and the European aurochs can be traced.” The Norway elk, now nearly extinct, is identical with the American moose. The Cervus Americanus found in Kentucky was as large as the Irish elk, which it greatly resembled. The lagomys, or tailless hare, of the European caves, is now found in the colder regions of North America. The reindeer, which once occupied Europe as far down as France, was the same as the reindeer of America. Remains of the cave lion of Europe (Felix spelæa), a larger beast than the largest of the existing species, have been found at Natchez, Mississippi. The Euro- pean cave wolf was identical with the American wolf. Cattle were domesticated among the people of Switzerland during the earliest part of the Stone Period (Darwin's “Ani- mals Under Domestication,” vol. i., p. 103), that is to say, be- fore the Bronze Age and the Age of Iron. Even at that remote period they had already, by long-continued selection, been de- veloped out of wild forms akin to the American buffalo. M. Gervais (“Hist. Nat. des Mammifores,” vol. xi., p.191) concludes that the wild race from which our domestic sheep was derived is now extinct. The remains of domestic sheep are found in the debris of the Swiss lake-dwellings during the Stone Age. The domestic horse, ass, hog, and goat also date back to a like great antiquity. We have historical records 7000 years old, 56 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and during that time no similar domestication of a wild animal has been made. This fact speaks volumes as to the vast periods of time during which man must have lived in a civilized state to effect the domestication of so many and such useful animals. And when we turn from the fauna to the flora, we find the same state of things. An examination of the fossil beds of Switzerland of the Miocene Age reveals the remains of more than eight hundred different species of flower-bearing plants, besides mosses, ferns, etc. The total number of fossil plants catalogued from those beds, cryptogamous as well as phænogamous, is upward of three thousand. The majority of these species have migrated to America. There were others that passed into Asia, Africa, and even to Australia. The American types are, however, in the largest proportion. The analogues of the flora of the Miocene Age of Europe now grow in the forests of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Florida; they include such familiar examples as magnolias, tulip-trees, evergreen oaks, maples, plane-trees, robinas, sequoias, etc. It would seem to be impos- sible that these trees could have migrated from Switzerland to America unless there was unbroken land communication be- tween the two continents. It is a still more remarkable fact that a comparison of the flora of the Old World and New goes to show that not only was there communication by land, over which the plants of one continent could extend to another, but that man must have existed, and have helped this transmigration, in the case of certain plants that were incapable of making the journey un- aided. Otto Kuntze, a distinguished German botanist, who has spent many years in the tropics, announces his conclusion that " In America and in Asia the principal domesticated tropical plants are represented by the same species.” Ile instances the Manihot utilissima, whose roots yield a fine flour; the tarro (Colocasia esculenta), the Spanish or red pepper, the tomato, TIE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 57 the bamboo, the guava, the mango-fruit, and especially the banana. He denies that the American origin of tobacco, maize, and the cocoa-nut is proved. He refers to the Paritium tiliaceum, a malvaceous plant, hardly noticed by Europeans, but very highly prized by the natives of the tropics, and culti- vated everywhere in the East and West Indies; it supplies to the natives of these regions so far apart their ropes and cord- age. It is always seedless in a cultivated state. It existed in America before the arrival of Columbus. But Professor Kuntze pays especial attention to the banana, or plantain. The banana is seedless. It is found throughout tropical Asia and Africa. Professor Kuntze asks, “In what way was this plant, which cannot stand a voyage through the temperate zone, carried to America ?” And yet it was general- ly cultivated in America before 1492. Says Professor Kuntze, "It must be remembered that the plantain is a tree-like, herba- ceous plant, possessing no easily transportable bulbs, like the potato or the dahlia, nor propagable by cuttings, like the wil- low or the poplar. It has only a perennial root, which, once planted, needs hardly any care, and yet produces the most abundant crop of any known tropical plant.” He then pro- ceeds to discuss how it could have passed from Asia to Amer- ica. He admits that the roots must have been transported from one country to the other by civilized man. He argues that it could not have crossed the Pacific from Asia to Ameri- ca, becanse the Pacific is nearly thrice or four times as wide as the Atlantic. The only way he can account for the plantain reaching America is to suppose that it was carried there when the North Pole bad a tropical climate! Is there any proof that civilized man existed at the North Pole when it possessed the climate of Africa ? Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the plantain, or banana, was cultivated by the people of Atlantis, and carried by their civilized agricultural colonies to the east and the west ? Do we not find a confirmation of this view in the fact alluded 3* 58 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. to by Professor Kuntze in these words: “A cultivated plant which does not possess seeds must have been under culture for a very long period—we have not in Europe a single exclusively seedless, berry-bearing, cultivated plant—and hence it is per- haps fair to infer that these plants were cultivated as early as the beginning of the middle of the Diluvial Period." Is it possible that a plant of this kind could have been cul- tivated for this immense period of time in both Asia and America? Where are the two nations, agricultural and highly civilized, on those continents by whom it was so cultivated ? What has become of them? Where are the traces of their civilization? All the civilizations of Europe, Asia, and Africa radiated from the Mediterranean; the Hindoo-Aryans advanced from the north-west ; they were kindred to the Persians, who were next-door neighbors to the Arabians (cousins of the Phæ- nicians), and who lived along-side of the Egyptians, who had in turn derived their civilization from the Phænicians. It would be a marvel of marvels if one nation, on one con- tinent, had cultivated the banana for such a vast period of time until it became seedless; the nation retaining a peaceful, con- tinuous, agricultural civilization during all that time. But to suppose that two nations could have cultivated the same plant, under the same circumstances, on two different continents, for the same unparalleled lapse of time, is supposing an impossi- bility. We find just such a civilization as was necessary, according to Plato, and under just such a climate, in Atlantis and no- where else. We have found it reaching, by its contiguous islands, within one hundred and fifty miles of the coast of Europe on the one side, and almost touching the West India Islands on the other, while, by its connecting ridges, it bound together Brazil and Africa. But it may be said these animals and plants may have passed from Asia to America across the Pacific by the continent of Lemuria ; or there may have been continuous land communi- THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 59 cation at one time at Behring's Strait. True; but an exami- pation of the flora of the Pacific States shows that very many of the trees and plants common to Europe and the Atlantic States are not to be seen west of the Rocky Mountains. The magnificent magnolias, the tulip-trees, the plane - trees, etc., which were found existing in the Miocene Aye in Switzerland, and are found at the present day in the United States, are al- together lacking on the Pacific coast. The sources of supply of that region seem to have been far inferior to the sources of supply of the Atlantic States. Professor Asa Gray tells us that, out of sixty-six genera and one hundred and fifty-five species found in the forests east of the Rocky Mountains, only thirty-one genera and seventy-eight species are found west of the mountains. The Pacific coast possesses no papaw, no lin- den or basswood, no locust-trees, no cherry-tree large enough for a timber tree, no gum-trees, no sorrel-tree, nor kalmia; no persimmon-trees, not a holly, only one ash that may be called a timber tree, no catalpa or sassafras, not a single elm or hack- berry, not a mulberry, not a hickory, or a beech, or a true chest- nnt. These facts would seem to indicate that the forest flora of North America entered it from the east, and that the Pa- cific States possess only those fragments of it that were able to struggle over or around the great dividing mountain-chain. We thus see that the flora and fauna of America and Eu-! rope testify not only to the existence of Atlantis, but to the fact that in an earlier age it must have extended from the shores of one continent to those of the other; and by this bridge of land the plants and animals of one region passed to the other. The cultivation of the cotton-plant and the manufacture of its product was known to both the Old and New World. HIerodotus describes it (450 B.c.) as the tree of India that bears a fleece more beautiful than that of the sheep. Colum- bus found the natives of the West Indies using cotton cloth. It was also found in Mexico and Peru. It is a significant fact 60 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. that the cotton-plant has been found growing wild in many parts of America, but never in the Old World. This would seem to indicate that the plant was a native of America ; and this is confirmed by the superiority of American cotton, and the further fact that the plants taken from America to India constantly degenerate, while those taken from India to America as constantly improve. There is a question whether the potato, maize, and tobacco were not cultivated in China ages before Columbus discovered America. A recent trav- eller says, “The interior of China, along the course of the Yang-tse - Kiang, is a land full of wonders. In one place piscicultural nurseries line the banks for nearly fifty miles. All sorts of in- ventions, the cotton-gin in- cluded, claimed by Euro- peans and Americans, are to be found there forty centuries old. Plants, yield- ing drugs of great value, without number, the fa- miliar tobacco and potato, maize, white and yellow corn, and other plants believed to be indigenous to America, have been cultivated there from time immemorial.” Bonafous (“Histoire Naturelle du Mais,” Paris, 1826) attrib- utes a European or Asiatic origin to maize. The word maize, (Indian corn) is derived from mahiz or mahis, the name of the plant in the language of the Island of Hayti. And yet, strange to say, in the Lettish and Livonian languages, in the north of Europe, mayse signifies bread; in Irish, maise is food, and in the Old High German, maz is meat. May not likewise the Span- : ANCIENT CARVING-STRATFORD-ON-AVON ENGLAND. THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 61 ish maiz have antedated the time of Columbus, and borne tes- timony to early intercommunication between the people of the Old and New Worlds ? It is to Atlantis we must look for the origin of nearly all our valuable plants. Darwin says (" Animals and Plants under Domestication," vol. i., p. 374), “ It has often been remarked that we do not owe a single useful plant to Australia, or the Cape of Good Hope-countries abounding to an unparalleled degree with endemic species-or to New Zealand, or to Ameri- ca south of the Plata ; and, according to some authors, not to America north of Mexico.” In other words, the domesticated plants are only found within the limits of what I shall show hereafter was the Empire of Atlantis and its colonies ; for only here was to be found an ancient, long-continuing civilization, capable of developing from a wild state those plants which were valuable to man, including all the cereals on which to-day civilized man depends for subsistence. M. Alphonse de Can- dolle tells us that we owe 33 useful plants to Mexico, Peru, and Chili. According to the same high authority, of 157 valuable cultivated plants 85 can be traced back to their wild state; as to 40, there is donbt as to their origin; while 32 are utterly un- known in their aboriginal condition. (“Geograph. Botan. Rai- sonnée," 1855, pp. 810–991.) Certain roses—the imperial lily, the tuberose and the lilac—are said to have been cultivated from such a vast antiquity that they are not known in their wild state. (Darwin, “Animals and Plants,” vol. i., p. 370.) And these facts are the more remarkable because, as De Candolle has shown, all the plants historically known to have been first cultivated in Europe still exist there in the wild state. (Ibid.) The inference is strong that the great cereals -- wheat, oats, barley, rye, and maize-must have been first domesticated in a vast antiquity, or in some continent which has since disap- peared, carrying the original wild plants with it. Darwin quotes approvingly the opinion of Mr. Bentham (“ llist. Notes Cult. Plants”), “ as the result of all the most 62 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAY WORLD. reliable evidence that none of the Ceralia-wheat, rye, barley, and oats—exist or have existed truly wild in their present state." In the Stone Age of Europe five varieties of wheat and three of barley were cultivated. (Darwin, “ Animals and Plants," vol. i., p. 382.) Ile says that it may be inferred, from the presence in CEREALS OF THE AGE OF STONE IN EUROPE. the lake habitations of Switzerland of a variety of wheat known as the Egyptian wheat, and from the nature of the weeds that grew among their crops, “ that the lake inhabitants either still kept up commercial intercourse with some southern people, or had originally proceeded as colonists from the south.” I should argue that they were colonists from the land where wheat and THE TESTIMONY OF THE FLORA AND FAUNA. 63 barley were first domesticated, to wit, Atlantis. And when the Bronze Age came, we find oats and rye making their appear- ance with the weapons of bronze, together with a peculiar kind of pea. Darwin concludes (Ibid., vol. i., p. 385) that wheat, bar- ley, rye, and oats were either descended from ten or fifteen dis- tinct species, “most of which are now unknown or extinct," or from four or eight species closely resembling our present forms, or so“ widely different as to escape identification;" in which lat- ter case, he says, “inan must have cultivated the cereals at an enormously remote period," and at that time practised “some degree of selection.” Rawlinson (" Ancient Monarchics," vol. i., p. 578) expresses the opinion that the ancient Assyrians possessed the pineapple. “The representation on the monuments is so exact that I can scarcely doubt the pineapple being intended." (See Layard's “Nineveh and Babylon,” p. 338.) The pineapple (Bromelia an- anassa) is supposed to be of American origin, and unknown to Europe before the time of Columbus; and yet, apart from the revelations of the Assyrian monuments, there has been some dispute upon this point. (“Amer. Cyclop.," vol. xiii., p. 528.) It is not even certain that the use of tobacco was not known ANCIENT IRISHI PIPES. 64 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. to the colonists from Atlantis settled in Ireland in an age long prior to Sir Walter Raleigh. Great numbers of pipes have been found in the raths and tumuli of Ireland, which, there is every reason to believe, were placed there by men of the Prehistoric Period. The illustration on p. 63 represents some of the so-called “Danes' pipes” now in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy. The Danes entered Ireland many cen- turies before the time of Columbus, and if the pipes are theirs, they must have used tobacco, or some substitute for it, at that early period. It is probable, however, that the tumuli of Ire- land antedate the Danes thousands of years. Compare these pipes from the ancient mounds of Ireland with the accompanying picture of an Indian pipe of the Stone Age of New Jersey. (“Smithsonian Rep.,” 1875, p. 342.) ANCIENT INDIAN PIPE, NEW JERSKY. Recent Portuguese travellers have found the most remote tribes of savage negroes in Africa, holding no commercial in- tercourse with Europeans, using strangely shaped pipes, in which they smoked a plant of the country. Investigations in America lead to the conclusion that tobacco was first burnt as an incense to the gods, the priest alone using the pipe; and from this beginning the extraordinary practice spread to the people, and thence over all the world. It may have crossed the Atlantic in a remote age, and have subsequently disap- peared with the failure of retrograding colonists to raise the tobacco-plant. THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS. 65 PART II. THE DELUGE. CHAPTER I. THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS DESCRIBED IN THE DELUGE LEGENDS. Having demonstrated, as we think successfully, that there is no improbability in the statement of Plato that a large island, almost a continent, existed in the past in the Atlantic Ocean, nay, more, that it is a geological certainty that it did exist; and having further shown that it is not improbable but very possible that it may have sunk beneath the sea in the manner described by Plato, we come now to the next ques- tion, Is the memory of this gigantic catastrophe preserved among the traditions of mankind? We think there can be no doubt that an affirmative answer must be given to this question. An event, which in a few hours destroyed, amid horrible con- vulsions, an entire country, with all its vast population—that population the ancestors of the great races of both continents, and they themselves the custodians of the civilization of their agecould not fail to impress with terrible force the minds of inen, and to project its gloomy shadow over all human his- tory. And hence, whether we turn to the Hebrews, the Ary- ans, the Phænicians, the Greeks, the Cushites, or the inhabi- tants of America, we find everywhere traditions of the Del- 66 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. 47 uge; and we shall sce that all these traditions point unmis- takably to the destruction of Atlantis. François Lenormant says (Contemp. Rev., Nov., 1879): “The result authorizes us to affirm the story of the Deluge to be a universal tradition among all branches of the human race, with the one exception, however, of the black. Now, a recollection thus precise and concordant cannot be a myth vol- untarily invented. No religious or cosmogonic myth presents this character of universality. It must arise from the reminis- cence of a real and terrible event, so powerfully impressing the imagination of the first ancestors of our race as never to have been forgotten by their descendants. This cataclysin must have occurred near the first cradle of mankind, and before the dispersion of the families from which the principal races were to spring; for it would be at once improbable and uncritical to adınit that, at as many different points of the globe as we should have to assume in order to explain the wide spread of these traditions, local phenomena so exactly alike should have occurred, their memory having assumed an identical forin, and presenting circumstances that need not necessarily have oc- curred to the mind in such cases. “Let us observe, however, that probably the diluvian tradition is not primitive, but imported in America ; that it undoubtedly wears the aspect of an importation among the rare populations of the yellow race where it is found ; and lastly, that it is doubtful among the Polynesians of Oceania. There will still remain three great races to which it is undoubtedly peculiar, who have not borrowed it from each other, but among whom the tradition is primitive, and goes back to the most ancient times, and these three races are precisely the only ones of which the Bible speaks as being descended from Noah—those of which it gives the ethnic filiation in the tenth chapter of Genesis. This observation, which I hold to be undeniable, attaches a singularly historic and exact value to the tradition as recorded by the Sacred Book, even if, on the other hand, it may lead to giving it a more limited geographical and eth- nological significance. ... “But, as the case now stands, we do not hesitate to declare that, far from being a myth, the Biblical Deluge is a real and historical fact, having, to say the least, left its impress on the THE DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTIS. 67 ancestors of three races-Aryan, or Indo-European, Semitic, or Syro-Arabian, Chamitic, or Cushite-that is to say, on the three great civilized races of the ancient world, those which constitute the bigher humanity-before the ancestors of those races had as yet separated, and in the part of Asia they together in- habited.” Such profound scholars and sincere Christians as M. Sche- bel (Paris, 1858), and M. Omalius d'Halloy (Bruxelles, 1866), deny the universality of the Deluge, and claim that “it ex- tended only to the principal centre of humanity, to those who remained near its primitive cradle, without reaching the scat- tered tribes who had already spread themselves far away in almost desert regions. It is certain that the Bible narrative commences by relating facts common to the whole human species, confining itself subscquently to the annals of the race peculiarly chosen by the designs of Providence." (Lenormant and Chevallier, “ Anc. Hist. of the East,” p. 44.) This theory is supported by that eminent authority on anthropology, M. de Quatrefages, as well as by Cuvier; the Rev. R. P. Bellynck, S.J., admits that it has nothing expressly opposed to orthodoxy. Plato identifies “the great deluge of all” with the destruc- tion of Atlantis. The priest of Sais told Solon that before “the great deluge of all ” Athens possessed a noble race, who performed many noble deeds, the last and greatest of which was resisting the attempts of Atlantis to subjugate them; and after this came the destruction of Atlantis, and the same great convulsion which overwhelmed that island destroyed a num- ber of the Greeks. So that the Egyptians, who possessed the memory of many partial deluges, regarded this as “the great deluge of all.” 68 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER II. THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE. We give first the Bible history of the Deluge, as found in Genesis (chap. vi. to chap. viii.): “And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. "And the Lord said, My Spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also is flesh : yet his days shall be a hundred and twenty years. “There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. “And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented the Lord that he bad made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart. And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. But Noah found grace in the eyes of the Lord. [“ These are the generations of Noah: Noah was a just man and perfect in his generations, and Noah walked with God. And Noah begat three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth.] “The earth also was corrupt before God; and the earth was filled with violence. And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth. And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth is filled with violence THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE. 69 through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth. Make thee an ark of gopher wood; rooms shalt thou make in the ark, and shalt pitch it within and without with pitch. And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. A window shalt thoi make to the ark, and in a cubit shalt thou finish it above; and the door of the ark shalt thou set in the side thereof; with lower, second, and third stories shalt thou make it. And, be- hold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and everything that is in the earth shall die. But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons' wives with thee. And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female. Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind; two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive. And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them, “Thus did Noah; according to all that God commanded bim, so did he. “And the Lord said unto Noah, Come thou and all thy house into the ark; for thee have I seen righteous before me in this generation. Of every clean beast thou shalt take to thee by sevens, the male and his female: and of beasts that are not clean by two, the male and his female. Of fowls also of the air by sevens, the male and the female; to keep seed alive npon the face of all the earth. For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living substance that I have made will I destroy from off the face of the earth. “And Noah did according unto all that the Lord command- ed him. And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth. “And Noah went in, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with bim, into the ark, because of the waters of the flood. Of clean beasts, and of beasts that are not clean, and of fowls, and of everything that creepeth upon the earth, there 70 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. went in two and two unto Noah into the ark, the male and the female, as God had commanded Noal. “And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth. In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. In the self- sume day entered Noah, and Shem, and Ilam, and Japbeth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife, and the three wives of his sons with them, into the ark; they, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort. And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life. And they that went in, went in male and female of all flesh, as God had commanded him: and the Lord shut him in. “ And the flood was forty days upon the earth; and the wa- ters increased, and bare up the ark, and it was lifted up above the earth. And the waters prevailed, and were increased greatly upon the earth; and the ark went upon the face of the waters. And the waters prevailed exceedingly upon the earth; and all the high bills, that were under the whole heaven, were covered. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail; and the mountains were covered. And all flesh died that moved upon the earth, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of beast, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth, and every man: ali in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died. And every liv- ing substance was destroyed which was upon the face of the ground, both man, and cattle, and the creeping things, and the fowl of the heaven; and they were destroyed from the earth : and Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark. And the waters prevailed upon the earth a hundred and fifty days. “ And God remembered Noah, and every living thing, and all the cattle that was with him in the ark : and God made a wind to pass over the earth, and the waters assuaged. The fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped, and the rain from heaven was restrained. And the THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE. waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty days the waters were abated. And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, upon the mountains of Ararat. And the waters decreased continually until the tenth month: in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, were the tops of the mountains seen. “And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made: and be sent forth a raven, which went forth to and fro, until the wa- ters were dried up from off the earth. Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground. But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark; for the waters were on the face of the whole earth. Then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark. And the dove came in to him in the evening, and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days, and sent forth the dove, which returned not again unto him any more. “And it came to pass in the six hundredth and first year, in the first month, the first day of the month, the waters were dried up from off the earth : and Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and, behold, the face of the ground was dry. And in the second month, on the seven and twenti- eth day of the month, was the earth dried. "And God spake unto Noah, saying, Go forth of the ark, thou, and thy wife, and thy sons, and thy sons' wives with thee. Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth. “And Noah went forth, and his sons, and his wife, and his sons' wives with him: every beast, every creeping thing, and every fowl, and whatsoever creepeth upon the earth, after their kinds, went forth out of the ark. “And Noah builded an altar unto the Lord; and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. And the Lord smelled a sweet savour; 72 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and the Lord said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth: neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done. While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and win- ter, and day and night shall not cease." Let us briefly consider this record. It shows, taken in connection with the opening chapters of Genesis: 1. That the land destroyed by water was the country in which the civilization of the human race originated. Adam was at first naked (Gen., chap. ii., 7); then he clothed himself in leaves; then in the skins of animals (chap. iii., 21): he was the first that tilled the earth, having emerged from a more primitive condition in which he lived upon the fruits of the forest (chap. ii., 16); his son Abel was the first of those that kept flocks of sheep (chap. iv., 2); his son Cain was the build- er of the first city (chap. iv., 17); his descendant, Tubal-cain, was the first metallurgist (chap. iv., 22); Jabal was the first that erected tents and kept cattle (chap. iv., 20); Jubal was the first that made musical instruments. We have here the successive steps by which a savage race advances to civiliza- tion. We will see hereafter that the Atlanteans passed through precisely similar stages of development. 1,2. The Bible agrees with Plato in the statement that these Antediluvians had reached great populousness and wickedness, and that it was on account of their wickedness God resolved to destroy them. " 3. In both cases the inhabitants of the doomed land were 4.• destroyed in a great catastrophe by the agency of water; they were drowned. 4. The Bible tells us that in an earlier age, before their de- struction, mankind bad dwelt in a happy, peaceful, sinless con- - dition in a Garden of Eden. Plato tells us the same thing of the earlier ages of the Atlanteans. THE DELUGE OF THE BIBLE. 73 5. In both the Bible history and Plato's story the destruc- tion of the people was largely caused by the intermarriage of the superior or divine race," the sons of God," with an infe- ferior stock, “ the children of men,” whereby they were de- graded and rendered wicked. We will see hereafter that the Hebrews and their Flood legend are closely connected with the Phænicians, whose con- nection with Atlantis is established in many ways. It is now conceded by scholars that the genealogical table given in the Bible (Gen., chap. x.) is not intended to include the true negro races, or the Chinese, the Japanese, the Finns or Lapps, the Australians, or the American red men. It refers al- together to the Mediterranean races, the Aryans, the Cushites, the Phænicians, the Hebrews, and the Egyptians. “The sons of Ham” were not true negroes, but the dark - brown races. (Sec Winchell's “Preadamites," chap. vii.) If these races (the Chinese, Australians, Americans, etc.) are not descended from Noah they could not have been included in the Deluge. If neither China, Japan, America, Northern Europe, nor Australia were depopulated by the Deluge, the Deluge could not have been universal. But as it is alleged that it did destroy a country, and drowned all the people thereof except Noah and his family, the country so destroyed could not have been Europe, Asia, Africa, America, or Aus- tralia, for there has been no universal destruction of the peo- ple of those regions; or, if there had been, how can we ac- count for the existence to-day of people on all of those conti- nents whose descent Genesis does not trace back to Noah, and, in fact, abont whom the writer of Genesis seems to have known nothing? We are thus driven to one of two alternative conclusions : either the Deluge record of the Bible is altogether fabulous, or it relates to some land other than Europe, Asia, Africa, or Australia, some land that was destroyed by water. It is not fabulous; and the land it refers to is not Europe, Asia, Africa, 74 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. or Australia—but Atlantis. No other land is known to history or tradition that was overthrown in a great catastrophe by the agency of water; that was civilized, populous, powerful, and given over to wickedness. That high and orthodox authority, François Lenormant, says (“Ancient Hist. of the East," vol. i., p. 64), “ The descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japhet, so admirably catalogued by Moses, include one only of the races of humanity, the white race, whose three chief divisions he gives us as now recognized by anthropologists. The other three races — yellow, black, and red-have no place in the Bible list of nations sprung from Noah.” As, therefore, the Deluge of the Bible destroyed only the land and people of Noah, it could not have been universal. The religious world does not pretend to fix the location of the Garden of Eden. The Rev. George Leo Ilaydock says, “The precise situation cannot be ascertained; how great might be its extent we do not know;" and we will see hereafter that the unwritten traditions of the Church pointed to a region in the west, beyond the ocean which bounds Europe in that direction, as the locality in which “mankind dwelt before the Deluge." It will be more and more evident, as we proceed in the con- sideration of the Flood legends of other nations, that the Ante- diluvian World was none other than Atlantis. THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS. 75 CHAPTER III. THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS. We have two versions of the Chaldean story- unequally developed, incleod, but exbibiting a remarkable agreement. The one most anciently known, and also the sliorter, is that which Berosus took from the sacred books of Babylon, and introduced into the history that he wrote for the use of the Greeks. After speaking of the last nine antediluvian kings, the Chaldean priest continues thus; “ Obartès Elbaratutu being dead, his son Xisuthros (Kha- sisatra) reigned eighteen sares (64,800 years). It was under him that the Great Deluge took place, the history of which is told in the sacred documents as follows: Cronos (Ea) ap- peared to him in his sleep, and announced that on the fifteenth of the month of Daisios (the Assyrian month Sivan-a little before the summer solstice) all men should perish by a flood. He therefore commanded him to take the beginning, the mid- dle, and the end of whatever was consigned to writing, and to bury it in the City of the Sun, at Sippara; then to build a ves- sel, and to enter it with his family and dearest friends; to place in this vessel provisions to eat and drink, and to cause animals, birds, and quadrupeds to enter it; lastly, to prepare everything for navigation. And when Xisuthros inquired in what direc- tion he should steer his bark, he was answered, 'toward the gods,' and enjoined to pray that good might come of it for men. “Xisuthros obeyed, and constructed a vessel five stadia long and five broad; he collected all that had been prescribed to him, and embarked his wife, his children, and bis intimate friends. “The Deluge baving come, and soon going down, Xisuthros 76 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. loosed some of the birds. These, finding no food nor place to alight on, returned to the ship. A few days later Xisutbros again let them free, but they returned again to the vessel, their feet full of mud. Finally, loosed the third time, the birds came no more back. Then Xisuthros understood that the earth was bare. He made an opening in the roof of the ship, and saw that it had grounded on the top of a mountain. He then de- scended with his wife, his daughter, and his pilot, who wor- shipped the earth, raised an altar, and there sacrificed to the gods; at the same moment he vanished with those who ac- companied bim. “ Meanwhile those who had remained in the vessel, not see- ing Xisuthros return, descended too, and began to seek him, calling him by his name. They saw Xisuthros no more; but a voice from heaven was heard commanding them piety to- ward the gods; that he, indeed, was receiving the reward of his piety in being carried away to dwell thenceforth in the midst of the gods, and that his wife, his daughter, and the pilot of the ship shared the same honor. The voice further said that they were to return to Babylon, and, conformably to the de- crees of fate, disinter the writings buried at Sippara in order to transmit them to men. It added that the country in which they found themselves was Armenia. These, then, having heard the voice, sacrificed to the gods and returned on foot to Babylon. Of the vessel of Xisnthros, which had finally land- ed in Armenia, a portion is still to be found in the Gordyan Mountains in Armenia, and pilgrims bring thence asphalte that they have scraped from its fragments. It is used to keep off the influence of witchcraft. As to the companions of Xisuthros, they came to Babylon, disinterred the writings left at Sippara, founded numerous cities, built temples, and restored Babylon." "By the side of this version," says Lenormant, “ which, in- teresting though it be, is, after all, second-hand, we are now able to place an original Chaldeo - Babylonian edition, which the lamented George Smith was the first to decipher on the cuneiform tablets exhumed at Nineveh, and now in the British Museum. Here the narrative of the Deluge appears as an epi- sode in the eleventh tablet, or eleventh chant of the great THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS. 77 epic of the town of Uruk. The hero of this poem, a kind of Hercules, whose name has not as yet been made out with cer- tainty, being attacked by disease (a kind of leprosy), goes, with a view to its cure, to consult the patriarch saved from the Del- uge, Khasisatra, in the distant land to which the gods have transported him, there to enjoy eternal felicity. He asks Khasisatra to reveal the secret of the events which led to bis obtaining the privilege of immortality, and thus the patriarch is induced to relate the cataclysın. “By a comparison of the three copies of the poem that the library of the palace of Nineveh contained, it has been possible to restore the narrative with hardly any breaks. These three copies were, by order of the King of Assyria, Asshurbanabal, made in the eighth century B.C., from a very ancient specimen in the sacerdotal library of the town of Uruk, founded by the monarchs of the first Chaldean empire. It is difficult precisely to fix the date of the original, copied by Assyrian scribes, but it certainly goes back to the ancient empire, seventeen centu- ries at least before our era, and even probably beyond; it was therefore much anterior to Moses, and nearly contemporaneous with Abraham. The variations presented by the three exist- ing copies prove that the original was in the primitive mode of writing called the hieratic, a character which must have al- ready become difficult to decipher in the eighth century B.C., as the copyists have differed as to the interpretation to be given to certain signs, and in other cases have simply repro- duced exactly the forms of such as they did not understand. Finally, it results from a comparison of these variations, that the original, transcribed by order of Asshurbanabal, must it- self have been a copy of some still more ancient manuscript, in which the original text had already received interlinear com- ments. Some of the copyists have introduced these into their text, others have omitted them. With these preliminary ob- servations, I proceed to give integrally the narrative ascribed in the poem to Kbasisatra : 78 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. “I will reveal to thee, O Izdhubar, the history of my pres- ervation—and tell to thee the decision of the gods. “The town of Shurippak, a town which thou knowest, is situated on the Euphrates—it was ancient, and in it (men did not honor) the gods. [I alone, I was their servant, to the great gods-[The gods took counsel on the appeal of] Anu- [a deluge was proposed by] Bel-[and approved by Nabon, Nergal and] Adar. “* And the god [Ea), the immutable lord, repeated this com- mand in a dream.- I listened to the decree of fate that he an- nounced, and he said to me:—“Man of Shurippak, son of Uba- ratutu—thou, build a vessel and finish it (quickly).—(By a del- uge] I will destroy substance and life.—Cause thon to go up into the vessel the substance of all that has life.—The vessel thou shall build-600 cubits shall be the measure of its length —and 60 cubits the amount of its breadth and of its height.- Launch it] thus on the ocean, and cover it with a roof."--I understood, and I said to Ea, my lord:-"The vessel] that thou commaudest me to build thus-[when] I shall do it,- young and old [shall laugh at me.]”—[Ea opened his mouth and spoke. -He said to me, his servant:-"If they laugh at thee) thou shalt say to them :-(shall be punished] he who has insulted me, [for the protection of the gods] is over me.- ... like to cav- erns ...- ... I will exercise my judgment on that which is on high and that which is below ...- ... Close the ves- sel ...- ... At a given moment that I shall cause thee to know,-enter into it, and draw the door of the ship toward thee. — Within it, thy grains, thy furniture, thy provisions, thy riches, thy men-servants, and thy maid-servants, and thy young people—the cattle of the field, and the wild beasts of the plain that I will assemble—and that I will send thee, shall be kept behind thy door."-Khasisatra opened his mouth and spoke ;-he said to Ea, his lord :-“No one has made such a) ship.—On the prow I will fix ...-I shall see ... and the vessel...-the vessel thou commandest me to build thus- which in ..." “On the fifth day (the two sides of the bark] were raised. -In its covering fourteen in all were its rafters-fourteen in all did it count above.-I placed its roof, and I covered it.—I embarked in it on the sixth day; I divided its floors on the seventh ;-I divided the interior compartments on the eighth. THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS. 79 I stopped up the chinks through which the water entered in ; -I visited the chinks, and added what was wanting.-I poured on the exterior three times 3600 measures of asphalte,-and three times 3600 measures of asphalte within.— Three times 3600 men, porters, brought on their heads the chests of pro- visions.—I kept 3600 chests for the nourishment of my fami- ly, -and the mariners divided among themselves twice 3600 chests. — For (provisioning] I had oxen slain ;-I instituted (ra- tions for each day.-In (anticipation of the need of] drinks, of barrels, and of wine-[I collected in quantity] like to the waters of a river, [of provisions] in quantity like to the dust of the earth.—[To arrange them in the chests I set my hand to. - ... of the sun ... the vessel was completed.- ... strong and—I had carried above and below the furniture of the ship. –[This lading filled the two-thirds.] “* All that I possessed I gathered together; all I possessed of silver I gathered together; all that I possessed of cold I gathered-all that I possessed of the substance of life of every kind I gathered together.-I made all ascend into the vessel; my servants, male and female,—the cattle of the fields, the wild beasts of the plains, and the sons of the people, I made them all ascend. “Shamash (the sun) made the moment determined, and he announced it in these terms :-“In the evening I will cause it to rain abundantly from heaven; enter into the vessel and close the door.”— The fixed moment had arrived, which he announced in these terms:-“In the evening I will cause it to rain abundantly from heaven."— When the evening of that day arrived, I was afraid, I entered into the vessel and shut my door. In shutting the vessel, to Buzur-shadi-rabi, the pilot, I confided this dwelling, with all that it contained. "M11-sheri-ida-namari-rose from the foundations of heav- en in a black cloud ;-Ramman thundered in the midst of the cloud, -and Nabon and Sharru marched before ;—they march- ed, devastating the mountain and the plain :-Nergal the pow- erful dragged chastisements after him ;-Adar advanced, over- throwing before him ;-the archangels of the abyss brought destruction,-in their terrors they agitated the earth.—The in- undation of Ramman swelled up to the sky,—and [the earth] became without lustre, was changed into a desert. ““They broke ... of the surface of the earth like ...;- 80 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. (they destroyed] the living beings of the surface of the earth. —The terrible [Deluge] on men swelled up to [heaven]. - The brother no longer saw his brother; men no longer knew each other. In heaven-the gods became afraid of the water- spout, and-sought a refuge; they mounted up to the heaven of Anu.— The gods were stretched out motionless, pressing one against another like dogs.—Ishtar wailed like a child, - the great goddess pronounced her discourse :“Here is hu- manity returned into mud, and—this is the misfortune that I have announced in the presence of the gods.—So I announced the misfortune in the presence of the gods for the evil I an- nounced the terrible (chastisement) of men who are mine.-I am the mother who gave birth to men, and like to the race of fishes, there they are filling the sea ;—and the gods, by rea- son of that—which the archangels of the abyss are doing, weep with me.”—The gods on their seats were seated in tears,-and they held their lips closed, [revolving] future things. "Six days and as many nights passed; the wind, the water- spout, and the diluvian rain were in all their strength. At the approach of the seventh day the diluvian rain grew weaker, the terrible water-spout—which had assailed after the fashion of an earthquake-grew calın, the sea inclined to dry up, and the wind and the water-spout came to an end. I looked at the sea, attentively observing - and the whole of humanity had returned to mud; like unto sea-weeds the corpses floated. I opened the window, and the light smote on my face. I was seized with sadness; I sat down and I wept;-and my tears came over my face. “I looked at the regions bounding the sea : toward the twelve points of the horizon; not any continent.—The vessel was borne above the land of Nizir,—the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over.-A day and a second day the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over ;—the third and fourth day the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over ;—the fifth and sixth day the mountain of Nizir arrested the vessel, and did not permit it to pass over. At the approach of the seventh day, I sent out and loosed a dove. The dove went, turned, and found no place to light on, and it came back. I sent out and loosed a swallow; the swallow went, turned, and found no place to light on, and it came THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEA VS. back. I sent out and loosed a raven; the raven went and saw the corpses on the waters; it ate, rested, turned, and came not back. “I then sent out (what was in the vessel) toward the four winds, and I offered a sacrifice. I raised the pile of my burnt- offering on the peak of the mountain ; seven by seven I dis- posed the measured vases, -and beneath I spread rushes, cedar, and juniper-wood. The gods were seized with the desire of it-the gods were seized with a benevolent desire of it;-and the gods assembled like flies above the master of the sacrifice. From afar, in approaching, the great goddess raised the great zones that Anu has made for their glory (the gods). These gods, luminous crystal before me, I will never leave them; in that day I prayed that I might never leave them. “Let the gods come to my sacrificial pile !—but never may Bel come to my sacrificial pile! for he did not master himself, and he has made the water-spout for the Deluge, and he has numbered my men for the pit." “ * From far, in drawing near, Bel-saw the vessel, and Bel stopped ;-he was filled with anger against the gods and the celestial archangels :- *** No one shall come out alive! No man shall be pre- served from the abyss !"— Adar opened his mouth and said, he said to the warrior Bel :-“What other than Ea should have formed this resolution ?-for Ea possesses knowledge, and [he foresees) all.”—Ea opened his mouth and spake; he said to the warrior Bel:—“O thou, herald of the gods, warrior,-as thou didst not master thyself, thou hast made the water-spout of the Deluge.—Let the sinner carry the weight of his sins, the blasphemer the weight of his blasphemy.- Please thyself with this good pleasure, and it shall never be infringed; faith in it never [shall be violated).—Instead of thy making a new deluge, let lions appear and reduce the number of men ;-in- stead of thy making a new deluge, let hyenas appear and re- duce the number of men ;-instead of thy making a new del- uge, let there be famine, and let the earth be [devastated] ;- instead of thy making a new deluge, let Dibbara appear, and let men be (mown down). I have not revealed the decision of the great gods ;—it is Khasisatra who interpreted a dream and comprehended what the gods had decided.” “Then, when his resolve was arrested, Bel entered into the 23 82 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. vessel.--He took my band and made me rise.—He macle my wife rise, and made her place herself at my side.—He turned around us and stopped short; he approached our group.- “Until now Khasisatra has made part of perishable humani- ty ;—but lo, now Khasisatra and bis wife are going to be car- ried away to live like the gods,—and Khasisatra will reside afar at the mouth of the rivers.”—They carried me away, and established me in a remote place at the mouth of the streams. "This narrative," says Lenormant, “ follows with great ex- actness the same course as that, or, rather, as those of Genesis; and the analogies are, on both sides, striking." When we consider these two forms of the same legend, we see many points wherein the story points directly to Atlantis. 1. In the first place, Berosus tells us that the god who gave warning of the coming of the Deluge was Chronos. Chronos, it is well known, was the same as Saturn. Saturn was an an- cient king of Italy, who, far anterior to the founding of Rome, introduced civilization from some other country to the Ital- ians. He established industry and social order, filled the land with plenty, and created the golden age of Italy. He was suddenly removed to the abodes of the gods. His name is connected, in the mythological legends, with “a great Satur- nian continent” in the Atlantic Ocean, and a great kingdom which, in the remote ages, embraced Northern Africa and the European coast of the Mediterranean as far as the peninsula of Italy, and “certain islands in the sea ;" agreeing, in this re- spect, with the story of Plato as to the dominions of Atlantis. The Romans called the Atlantic Ocean “ Chronium Mare," the Sea of Chronos, thus identifying Chronos with that ocean. The pillars of Hercules were also called by the ancients “the pil- lars of Chronos.” llere, then, we have convincing testimony that the country referred to in the Chaldean legends was the land of Chronos, or Saturn-the ocean world, the dominion of Atlantis. 2. Hea or Ea, the god of the Nineveh tablets, was a fish-god; THE DELUGE OF THE CHALDEANS. 83 he was represented in the Chaldean monuments as half man and half fish; he was described as the god, not of the rivers and seas, but of “the abyss "—to wit, the ocean. He it was who was said to bave brought civilization and letters to the ancestors of the Assyrians. He clearly represented an ancient, inaritime, civilized nation; he came from the ocean, and was associated with some land and people that had been destroyed by rain and inundations. The fact that the scene of the Del- uge is located on the Euphrates proves nothing, for we will see hereafter that almost every nation had its especial moun- tain on which, according to its traditions, the ark rested; just as every Greek tribe had its own particular mountain of Olym- pos. The god Bel of the legend was the Baal of the Phæni- cians, who, as we shall show, were of Atlantean origin. Bel, or Baal, was worshipped on the western and northern coasts of Europe, and gave his name to the Baltic, the Great and Little Belt, Baleshaugen, Balestranden, etc.; and to many localities in the British Islands, as, for instance, Belan and the Baal hills in Yorkshire. 3. In those respects wherein the Chaldean legend, evidently the older form of the tradition, differs from the Biblical rec- ord, we see that in each instance we approach nearer to Atlan- tis. The account given in Genesis is the form of the tradition that would be natural to an inland people. Although there is an allusion to “the breaking up of the fountains of the great deep” (about which I shall speak more fully hereafter), the principal destruction seems to have been accomplished by rain; hence the greater period allowed for the Deluge, to give time enough for the rain to fall, and subsequently drain off from the land. A people dwelling in the midst of a continent could not conceive the possibility of a whole world. sinking beneath the sea; they therefore supposed the destruction to have been caused by a continuous down-pour of rain for forty days and forty nights. In the Chaldean legend, on the contrary, the rain lasted but 84 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. seven days; and we see that the writer had a glimpse of the fact that the destruction occurred in the midst of or near the sea. The ark of Genesis (tébâh) was simply a chest, a cof- fer, a big box, such as might be imagined by an inland people. The ark of the Chaldeans was a veritable ship; it had a prow, a helm, and a pilot, and men to manage it; and it navigated " the sea." 4. The Chaldean legend represents not a mere rain-storm, but a tremendous cataclysm. There was rain, it is true, but there was also thunder, lightning, earthquakes, wind, a water-spout, and a devastation of mountain and land by the war of the elements. All the dreadful forces of nature were fighting together over the doomed land : “the archangel of the abyss brought destruction,” “the water rose to the sky,” “the broth- er no longer saw his brother; men no longer knew each other;" the men “ filled the sea like fishes ;" the sea was filled with mud, and“ the corpses floated like sea-weed.” When the storm abated the land had totally disappeared—there was no longer “ any continent." Does not all this accord with “that dread- ful day and night” described by Plato ? 5. In the original it appears that Izdhubar, when he started to find the deified Khasisatra, travelled first, for nine days' jour- ney, to the sea; then secured the services of a boatman, and, entering a ship, sailed for fifteen days before finding the Chal- dean Noah. This would show that Khasisatra dwelt in a far country, one only attainable by crossing the water; and this, too, seems like a reminiscence of the real site of Atlantis. The sea which a sailing - vessel required fifteen days to cross must have been a very large body of water; in fact, an ocean. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 85 CHAPTER IV. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. A COLLECTION of the Deluge legends of other nations will throw light upon the Biblical and Chaldean records of that great event. The author of the treatise “ On the Syrian Goddess" ac- quaints us with the diluvian tradition of the Arameans, di- rectly derived from that of Chaldea, as it was narrated in the celebrated Sanctuary of Hierapolis, or Bambyce. “The generality of people,” he says, “tells us that the found- er of the temple was Deucalion Sisythes—that Deucalion in whose time the great inundation occurred. I have also heard the account given by the Greeks themselves of Deucalion; the myth runs thus: The actual race of men is not the first, for there was a previous one, all the members of which perished. We belong to a second race, descended from Deucalion, and multiplied in the course of time. As to the former men, they are said to have been full of insolence and pride, committing many crimes, disregarding their oath, neglecting the rights of hospitality, unsparing to suppliants; accordingly, they were pun- ished by an immense disaster. All on a sudden enormous vol- umes of water issued from the earth, and rains of extraordinary abundance began to fall; the rivers left their beds, and the sea overflowed its shores ; the whole earth was covered with water, and all men perished. Deucalion alone, because of his virtue and piety, was preserved alive to give birth to a new race. This is how he was saved: He placed himself, his children, and his wives in a great coffer that he had, in which pigs, horses, lions, serpents, and all other terrestrial animals came to seek refuge with him. He received them all; and while they 86 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. were in the coffer Zeus inspired them with reciprocal amity, which prevented their devouring one another. In this man ner, shut up within one single coffer, they floated as long as the waters remained in force. Such is the account given by the Greeks of Deucalion. “But to this, which they equally tell, the people of Hicrapo- Jis add a marvellous narrative: That in their country a great chası opened, into which all the waters of the Deluge poured. Then Deucalion raised an altar, and dedicated a temple to Hera (Atargatis) close to this very chasm. I have seen it; it is very narrow, and situated under the temple. Whether it was once large, and has now shrunk, I do not know; but I have seen it, and it is quite small. In memory of the event the following is the rite accomplished : Twice a year sea-water is bronglit to the temple. This is not only done by the priests, but nu- merous pilgrims come from the whole of Syria and Arabia, and even from beyond the Euphrates, bringing water. It is poured out in the temple and goes into the cleft, which, nar- row as it is, swallows up a considerable quantity. This is said to be in virtue of a religions law instituted by Deucalion to preserve the memory of the catastrople, and of the benefits that he received from the gods. Such is the ancient tradition of the temple.” “ It appears to me difficult,” says Lenormant, “not to recog- nize an echo of fables popular in all Semitic countries about this chasm of Hierapolis, and the part it played in the Del- nge, in the enigmatic expressions of the Koran respecting the oven (tannur) which began to bubble and disgorge water all around at the commencement of the Deluge. We know that this tannur has been the occasion of most grotesque imagin- ings of Mussulman commentators, who had lost the tradition of the story to which Mohammed made allusion. And, more- over, the Koran formally states that the waters of the Deluge were absorbed in the bosom of the earth.” Here the Xisuthros of Berosus becomes Deucalion-Sisythes. The animals are not collected together by Deucalion, as in the case of Noah and Khasisatra, but they crowded into the vessel of their own accord, driven by the terror with which the storm THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 87 had inspired them; as in great calamities the creatures of the forest have been kuown to seek refuge in the houses of men. India affords us an account of the Deluge which, by its pov- erty, strikingly contrasts with that of the Bible and the Chal- deans. Its most simple and ancient form is found in the Ça- tapatha Brâhmana of the Rig Veda. It has been translated for the first time by Max Müller. “One morning water for washing was brought to Manu, and when he had washed himself a fish remained in his hands, and it addressed these words to him: “Protect me, and I will save thee.' 'From what wilt thou save me?' 'A deluge will sweep all creatures away ; it is from that I will save thee.' How shall I protect thee?" The fish replied, “While we are small we run great dangers, for fish swallow fish. Keep me at first in a vasc; when I become too large for it, dig a basin to put me into. When I shall have grown still more, throw me into the ocean; then I shall be preserved from destruction.' Soon it grew a large fish. It said to Manu, . The very year I shall have reached my full growth the Deluge will happen. Then build a vessel and worship me. When the waters vise, enter the vessel, and I will save thee.' “After keeping him thus, Manu carried the fish to the sea. In the year indicated Manu built a vessel and worshipped the fish. And when the Deluge came he entered the vessel. Then the fish came swimming up to him, and Manu fastened the cable of the ship to the horn of the fish, by which means the latter made it pass over the Mountain of the North. The fish said, 'I have saved thec; fasten the vessel to a tree, that the water may not sweep it away while thou art on the mountain ; and in proportion as the waters decrease thou shalt descend.' Manu descended with the waters, and this is what is called the descent of Manu on the Mountain of the North. The Deluge had carried away all creatures, and Manu remained alone." There is another form of the Hindoo legend in the Purânas. Lenormant says: “We must also remark that in the Puranas it is no longer Manu Vaivasata that the divine fish saves from the Deluge, but a different personage, the King of the Dâstas—i. e., fishers 88 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. -Satyravata,' the man who loves justice and truth,' strikingly corresponding to the Chaldean Khasisatra. Nor is the Puranic version of the Legend of the Deluge to be despised, though it be of recent date, and full of fantastic and often puerile details. In certain aspects it is less Aryanized than that of Brâhmana or than the Mahâbhârata ; and, above all, it gives some circum- stances omitted in these carlier versions, which must yet have belonged to the original foundation, since they appear in the Babylonian legend; a circumstance preserved, no doubt, by the oral tradition-popular, and not Brahmanic-with which the Puranas are so deeply imbued. This has already been ob- served by Pictet, who lays due stress on the following passage of the Bhagavata - Purâna : 'In seven days,' said Vishnu to Satyravata, 'the three worlds shall be submerged.' There is nothing like this in the Brahmana nor the Mahâbhârata, but in Genesis the Lord says to Noah, ‘Yct seven days and I will cause it to rain upon the earth ;' and a little farther we read, ‘After seven days the waters of the flood were upon the earth.' ... Nor must we pay less attention to the directions given by the fish-god to Satyravata for the placing of the sacred Script- ures in a safe place, in order to preserve them from Havagrica, a marine horse dwelling in the abyss. ... We recognize in it, under an Indian garb, the very tradition of the interment of the sacred writings at Sippara by Khasisatra, such as we have seen it in the fragment of Berosus.” The references to “the three worlds " and the "fish-god" in these legends point to Atlantis. The "three worlds" probably refers to the great empire of Atlantis, described by Plato, to wit, the western continent, America, the eastern continent, Eu- rope and Africa, considered as one, and the island of Atlantis. As we have seen, Poseidon, the founder of the civilization of Atlantis, is identical with Neptune, who is always represented riding a dolphin, bearing a trident, or three-pronged symbol, in his hand, emblematical probably of the triple kingdom. He is thus a sea-god, or fish-god, and he comes to save the representa- tive of his country. And we have also a new and singular form of the legend in the following. Lenormant says: THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 89 “Among the Iranians, in the sacred books containing the fundamental Zoroastrian doctrines, and dating very far back, we meet with a tradition which must assuredly be looked upon as a variety of that of the Deluge, though possessing a special character, and diverging in some essential particulars from those we have been examining. It relates how Yima, who, in the original and primitive conception, was the father of the human race, was warned by Ahuramazda, the good deity, of the carth being about to be devastated by a flood. The god ordered Yima to construct a refuge, a square garden, vara, protected by an enclosure, and to cause the germs of men, beasts, and plants to enter it, in order to escape annihilation. According- ly, when the inundation occurred, the garden of Yima, with all that it contained, was alone spared, and the message of safety was brought thither by the bird Karshipta, the envoy of Abu- ramazda.” (“Vendûdid,” vol. ii., p. 46.) This clearly signifies that, prior to the destruction of Atlan- tis, a colony had been sent out to some neighboring country. These emigrants built a walled town, and brought to it the grains and domestic animals of the mother country; and when the island of Atlantis sunk in the ocean, a messenger brought the terrible tidings to them in a ship. “The Greeks had two principal legends as to the cataclysm by which primitive humanity was destroyed. The first was connected with the name of Ogyges, the most ancient of the kings of Baotia or Attica—a quite mythical personage, lost in the night of ages, his very name seemingly derived from one signifying deluge in Aryan idioms, in Sanscrit Angha. It is said that in his time the whole land was covered by a flood, whose waters reached the sky, and from which he, together with some companions, escaped in a vessel. "The second tradition is the Thessalian legend of Deucalion. Zeus having worked to destroy the men of the age of bronze, with whose crimes he was wroth, Deucalion, by the advice of Prometheus, his father, constructed a coffer, in which he took refuge with his wife, Pyrrha. The Deluge came; the chest, or coffer, floated at the mercy of the waves for nine days and nine nights, and was finally stranded on Mount Parnassus. Deucalion and Pyrrha leave it, offer sacrifice, and, according 90 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. to the command of Zeus, repeople the world by throwing be- hind them the bones of the earth'- namely, stones, which change into men. This Deluge of Deucalion is, in Grecian tradition, what most resembles a universal deluge. Many au- thors aflirm that it extended to the whole earth, and that the whole human race perished. At Athens, in memory of the event, and to appcase the manes of its victims, a ceremony called Hydrophoria was observed, having so close a resem- blance to that in use at Ilierapolis, in Syria, that we can hard- ly fail to look upon it as a Syro-Phænician jinportation, and the result of an assimilation established in remote antiquity between the Deluge of Deucalion and that of Khasisatra, as described by the author of the treatise “On the Syrian God- dess.' Close to the temple of the Olympian Zeus a fissure in the soil was shown, in length but one cubit, through which it was said the waters of the Deluge bad been swallowed up, Thus, every year, on the third day of the festival of the An- thestéria, a day of mourning consecrated to the dead-that is, on the thirteenth of the month of Anthestérion, toward the be- ginning of March-it was customary, as at Bambyce, to pour water into the fissure, together with flour mixed with honey, poured also into the trench dog to the west of the tomb, in the funeral sacrifices of the Athenians.” In this legend, also, there are passages which point to Atlan- tis. We will see hereafter that the Greek god Zeus was one of the kings of Atlantis. ' “ The men of the age of bronze” indicates the civilization of the doomed people; they were the great metallurgists of their day, who, as we will see, were probably the source of the great number of implements and weapons of bronze found all over Europe. llere, also, while no length of time is assigned to the duration of the storm, we find that the ark floated but nine days and nights. Noah was one year and ten days in the ark, Khasisatra was not half that time, while Deucalion was afloat only nine days. At Megara, in Greece, it was the eponym of the city, Mega- ros, son of Zeus and one of the nymphs, Sithnides, who, warn- ed by the cry of cranes of the imminence of the danger of the coming flood, took refuge on Mount Geranien. Again, there THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 91 was the Thessalian Cerambos, who was said to have escaped the flood by rising into the air on wings given him by the nymphs; and it was Perirrhoos, son of Eolus, that Zens Naios had preserved at Dodona. For the inhabitants of the Isle of Cos the hero of the Deluge was Merops, son of Hyas, who there assembled under his rule the remnant of humanity pre- served with him. The traditions of Rhodes only supposed the Telchines, those of Crete Sasion, to have escaped the cat- aclysm. In Samothracia the same character was attributed to Saon, said to be the son of Zeus or of llermes. It will be observed that in all these legends the name of Zeus, King of Atlantis, reappears. It would appear probable that many parties had escaped from the catastrophe, and had landed at the different points named in the traditions; or else that colonies had already been established by the Atlanteans at those places. It would appear impossible that a maritime peo- ple could be totally destroyed; doubtless many were on ship- board in the harbors, and others going and coming on distant voyages. "The invasion of the East,” says Baldwin ('Prehistoric Na- tions,' p. 396), “ to which the story of Atlantis refers, seems to have given rise to the Panathenxa, the oldest, greatest, and most splendid festivals in honor of Athena celebrated in Atti- ca. These festivals are said to have been established by Erich- thonns in the most ancient times remembered by the historical traditions of Athens. Boeckh says of them, in his ‘Commen- tary on Plato: “In the greater Panathenaa there was carried in proces- sion a peplum of Minerva, representing the war with the giants and the victory of the gods of Olympus. In the lesser Pan- athenæa they carried another peplum (covered with symbolic devices), which showed how the Athenians, supported by Mi- nerva, bad the advantage in the war with the Atlantes. A scholia quoted from Proclus by Humboldt and Boeckh says: “The historians who speak of the islands of the exterior sea ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. tell us that in their time there were seven islands consecrated to Proserpine, and three others of immense extent, of which the first was consecrated to Pluto, the second to Ammon, and the third to Neptune. The inhabitants of the latter had pre- served a recollection (transmitted to them by their ancestors) of the island of Atlantis, which was extremely large, and for a long time held sway over all the islands of the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantis was also consecrated to Neptune.'” (See Humboldt's “Histoire de la Géographie du Nouveau Continent,” vol. i.) No one can read these legends and doubt that the Flood was an historical reality. It is impossible that in two different places in the Old World, remote from each other, religious ceremo- nies should have been established and perpetuated from age to age in memory of an event which never occurred. We have seen that at Athens and at Hierapolis, in Syria, pilgrims came from a distance to appease the god of the earthquake, by pour- ing offerings into fissures of the earth said to have been made at the time Atlantis was destroyed. More than this, we know from Plato's history that the Athe- nians long preserved in their books the memory of a victory won over the Atlanteans in the early ages, and celebrated it by national festivals, with processions and religious ceremonies. It is too much to ask us to believe that Biblical history, Chaldean, Iranian, and Greek legends signify nothing, and that even religious pilgrimages and national festivities were based upon a myth. I would call attention to the further fact that in the Deluge legend of the Isle of Cos the hero of the affair was Merops. Now we have seen that, according to Theopompus, one of the names of the people of Atlantis was “Meropes." But we have not reached the end of our Flood legends. The Persian Magi possessed a tradition in which the waters issued from the oven of an old woman. Mohammed borrowed this story, and in the Koran he refers to the Deluge as coming from an oven. “All men were drowned save Noah and his family; and then God said, 'O earth, swallow up thy waters; THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 93 and thon, O heaven, withhold thy rain ;' and immediately the waters abated.” In the bardic poems of Wales we have a tradition of the Deluge which, although recent, under the concise forms of the triads, is still deserving of attention. As usual, the legend is localized in the country, and the Deluge counts among three terrible catastrophes of the island of Prydian, or Britain, the 1.-'* other two consisting of devastation by fire and by drought. “The first of these events," it is said," was the eruption of Llyn-llion, or the lake of waves,' and the inundation (bawdd) of the whole country, by which all mankind was drowned with the exception of Dwyfan and Dwyfach, who saved themselves in a vessel without rigging, and it was by them that the island of Prydian was repeopled.” Pictet here observes : “Although the triads in their actual form hardly date far- ther than the thirteenth or fourteenth century, some of them are undoubtedly connected with very ancient traditions, and nothing here points to a borrowing from Genesis. “But it is not so, perhaps, with another triad, speaking of the vessel Nefyddnuf-Neifion, which at the time of the over- flow of Llyon-llion, bore a pair of all living creatures, and rather too much resembles the ark of Noah. The very name of the patriarch may have suggested this triple epithet, obscure as to its meaning, but evidently formed on the principle of Cymric alliteration. In the same triad we have the enigmatic story of the horned oxen (ychain banog) of Hu the mighty, who drew ont of Llyon-llion the avanc (beaver or crocodile ?), in order that the lake should not overflow. The meaning of these enigmas could only be hoped from deciphering the chaos of barbaric monuments of the Welsh middle age; but mean while we cannot doubt that the Cymri possessed an indigenous tra- dition of the Deluge.” We also find a vestige of the same tradition in the Scandi- navian Ealda. Here the story is combined with a cosmogonic myth. The three sons of Borr-Othin, Wili, and We-grand- sons of Buri, the first man, slay Ymir, the father of the Hrim- 94 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. thursar, or ice giants, and his body serves them for the con- struction of the world. Blood flows from his wounds in such abundance that all the race of giants is drowned in it except Bergelmir, who saves himself, with his wife, in a boat, and reproduces the race. In the Edda of Sæmund, “The Vala's Prophecy” (stz. 48–56, p. 9), we seem to catch traditional glimpses of a terrible catas- trophe, which reminds us of the Chaldean legend : “Then trembles Yggdrasil's ash yet standing, groans that an- cient tree, and the Jötun Loki is loosed. The shadows groan on the ways of Hel (the goddess of death), until the fire of Surt has consumed the tree. Hyrm steers from the east, the waters rise, the mundane snake is coiled in jötun-rage. The worm beats the water and the eagle screams; the pale of beak tears carcasses ; (the ship) Naglfar is loosed. Surt from the sonth comes with fickering flame; shines from his sword the Valgod's sun. The stony hills are dashed together, the giant- esses totter; men tread the path of Ilel, and heaven is cloven. The sun darkens, earth in ocean sinks, fall from heaven the bright stars, fire's breath assails the all-nourishing, towering fire plays against heaven itself." Egypt does not contain a single allusion to the Flood. Le- normant says: “While the tradition of the Deluge holds so considerable a place in the legendary memories of all branches of the Aryan race, the monuments and original texts of Egypt, with their many cosmogonic speculations, have not afforded one, even dis- tant, allusion to this cataclysm. When the Greeks told the Egyptian priests of the Deluge of Deucalion, their reply was that they had been preserved from it as well as from the con- flagration produced by Phaëthon; they even added that the Hellenes were childish in attaching so much importance to that event, as there had been several other local catastrophes resembling it. According to a passage in Manetho, much sus- pected, however, of being an interpolation, Thoth, or Hermes Trismegistus, had himself, before the cataclysm, inscribed on stelæ, in hieroglyphical and sacred language, the principles of all knowledge. After it the second Thoth translated into the THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 95 valgar tongue the contents of these stelæ. This would be the only Egyptian mention of the Deluge, the same Manetho not speaking of it in what remains to us of his ‘Dynasties,' his only complete authentic work. The silence of all other myths of the Pharaonic religion on this head render it very likely that the above is merely a foreign tradition, recently intro- duced, and no doubt of Asiatic and Chaldean origin.” To my mind the explanation of this singular omission is very plain. The Egyptians had preserved in their annals the pre- cise history of the destruction of Atlantis, out of which the Flood legends grew; and, as they told the Greeks, there had been no universal flood, but only local catastrophes. Possess- ing the real history of the local catastrophe which destroyed Atlantis, they did not indulge in any myths about a univer- sal deluge covering the mountain-tops of all the world. They had no Ararat in their neighborhood. Thc traditions of the early Christian ages touching the Del- uge pointed to the quar- ter of the world in which Atlantis was situated. There was a quaint old monk named Cos- inos, who, about one thousand years ago, pub- lished a book, "Topo- graphia Christiana,” ac- companied by a map, in which he gives his view of the world as it was then understood. It was THE WORLD, ACCORDING TO COSMOS. a body surrounded by water, and resting on nothing. “The earth," says Cosmos, “presses downward, but the igneous parts tend upward," and between the conflicting forces the earth hangs suspended, like Mohammed's coffin in the old story. The accompanying illus- .96 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. tration (page 95) represents the earth surrounded by the ocean, and beyond this ocean was “the land where men dwelt before the Deluge." He then gives us a more accurate map, in detail, of the known world of bis day. I copy this map, not to show how much more we know than poor Cosmos, but because he taught that all around this habitable world there was yet another world, adhering closely on all sides to the circumscribing walls of heaven. “Upon the castern side of this transmarine land he judges man was created; and that there the paradise of gladness was located, ALANYA HUBUH MAP OF EUROPE, AFTER OOSMOS. such as here on the eastern edge is described, where it re- ceived our first parents, driven out of Paradise to that extreme point of land on the sea-shore. Hence, upon the coming of the Deluge, Noah and his sons were borne by the ark to the earth we now inbabit. The four rivers be supposes to be gushing up the spouts of Paradise.” They are depicted on the above map: 0 is the Mediterranean Sea; P, the Arabian Gulf; L, the Caspian Sea; Q, the Tigris; M, the river Pison; "and J, the land where men dwelt before the Flood.” THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF OTHER NATIONS. 97 It will be observed that, while he locates Paradise in the east, he places the scene of the Deluge in the west ;, and he supposes that Noah came from the scene of the Deluge to Europe. This shows that the traditions in the time of Cosmos looked to the west as the place of the Deluge, and that after the Del- uge Noah came to the shores of the Mediterranean. The fact, too, that there was land in the west beyond the ocean is recog- nized by Cosmos, and is probably a dim echo from Atlantean times. The following rude cut, from Cosmos, represents the high mountain in the north behind which the sun hid himself at night, thus producing the alternations of day and night. His solar majesty is just getting behind the mountain, while Luna looks calmly on at the operation. The mountain is as crooked as Culhuacan, the crooked mountain of Atzlan described by the Aztecs. o THE MOUNTAIN THE SUN HORS BEHIND AT NIGHT. 98 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER V. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. "It is a very remarkable fact,” says Alfred Maury, “that we find in America traditions of the Deluge coming infinitely nearer to that of the Bible and the Chaldean religion than among any people of the Old World. It is difficult to sup- pose that the emigration that certainly took place from Asia into North America by the Kourile and Aleutian Islands, and still does so in our day, should have brought in these mem- ories, since no trace is found of them among those Mongol or Siberian populations which were fused with the natives of the New World. ... The attempts that have been made to trace the origin of Mexican civilization to Asia have not as yet led to any sufficiently conclusive facts. Besides, had Buddhism, which we doubt, made its way into America, it could not have introduced a myth not found in its own scriptures. The cause of these similarities between the diluvian traditions of the na- tions of the New World and that of the Bible remains there- fore unexplained.” The cause of these similarities can be easily explained: the legends of the Flood did not pass into America by way of the Aleutian Islands, or through the Buddhists of Asia, but were derived from an actual knowledge of Atlantis possessed by the people of America. Atlantis and the western continent had from an immemo- rial age held intercourse with cach other; the great nations of America were simply colonies from Atlantis, sharing in its civilization, language, religion, and blood. From Mexico to the peninsula of Yucatan, from the shores of Brazil to the heights of Bolivia and Peru, from the Gulf of Mexico to the head-waters of the Mississippi River, the colonies of Atlantis THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 99 extended ; and therefore it is not strange to find, as Alfred Manry says, American traditions of the Deluge coming nearer to that of the Bible and the Chaldean record than those of any people of the Old World. “The most important among the American traditions are the Mexican, for they appear to have been definitively fixed by syin bolic and mnemonic paintings before any contact with Europeans. According to these documents, the Noah of the Mexican cataclysm was Coxcox, called by certain peoples Teo- cipactli or Tezpi. He had saved himself, together with his wife Xochiquetzal, in a bark, or, according to other traditions, on a raft macle of cypress-wood (Cupressus disticha). Paint- ings retracing the deluge of Coxcox bave been discovered among the Aztecs, Miztecs, Zapotecs, Tlascaltecs, and Mechoa- caneses. The tradition of the latter is still more strikingly in conformity with the story as we have it in Genesis, and in Chal- dean sources. It tells how Tezpi embarked in a spacious ves- sel with his wife, his children, and several animals, and grain, whose preservation was essential to the subsistence of the human race. When the great god Tezcatlipoca decreed that the waters should retire, Tezpi sent a vulture from the bark. The bird, feeding on the carcasses with which the earth was laden, did not return. Tezpi sent out other birds, of which the humming-bird only came back with a leafy branch in its beak. Then Tezpi, seeing that the country began to vegetatc, left bis bark on the mountain of Colhuacan. "The document, however, that gives the most valuable in- formation," says Lenormant, “as to the cosmogony of the Mexicans is one known as “Codex Vaticanus,' from the libra- ry where it is preserved. It consists of four syinbolic pictures, representing the four ages of the world preceding the actual one. They were copied at Chobula from a manuscript ante- rior to the conquest, and accompanied by the explanatory con- mentary of Pedro de los Rios, a Dominican monk, who, in 1566, less than fifty years after the arrival of Cortez, devoted himself to the research of indigenous traditions as being neces- sary to his missionary work.” There were, according to this document, four ages of the world. The first was an age of giants (the great mammalia) 100 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. who were destroyed by famine; the second age ended in a conflagration; the third age was an age of monkeys. “Then comes the fourth age, Atonatiuh, “Sun of Water,' whose number is 10 X 400+8, or 4008. It ends by a great inundation, a veritable deluge. All mankind are changed into fish, with the exception of one man and his wife, who save themselves in a bark made of the trunk of a cypress-tree. The picture represents Matlalcueye, goddess of waters, and consort of Tlaloc, god of rain, as darting down toward earth. Coxcox and Xochiquetzal, the two human beings preserved, are seen seated on a trec-trunk and floating in the midst of the waters. This flood is represented as the last cataclysm that devastates the earth." The learned Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg translates from the Aztec language of the “Codex Chimalpopoca" the follow- ing Flood legend : “This is the sun called Nahui-atl, '4 water. Now the wa- ter was tranquil for forty years, plus twelve, and men lived for the third and fourth times. When the sun Nahui-atl came there had passed away four hundred years, plus two ages, plus seventy-six years. Then all mankind was lost and drowned, and found themselves changed into fish. The sky came near- er the water. In a single day all was lost, and the day Nahui- xochiti, ‘4 flower,' destroyed all our flesh. “ And that vear was that of cé-calli, ‘1 bouse,' and the day Nahui -atl all was lost. Even the mountains sunk into the water, and the water remained tranquil for fifty-two springs. “Now at the end of the year the god Titlacahuan had warn- ed Nata and his spoiise Nena, saying, “Make no more wine of Agave, but begin to hollow out a great cypress, and you will enter into it when in the month Tozontli the water approaches the sky.' " Then they entered in, and when the god had closed the door, he said, “Thou shalt eat but one car of maize, and thy wife one also.' “But as soon as they had finished they went out, and the water remained calm, for the wood no longer moved, and, on opening it, they began to see fish. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 101 “Then they lit a fire, by rubbing together pieces of wood, and they roasted fish. “The gods Citlallinicué and Citlalatonac, instantly looking down said: “Divine Lord, what is that fire that is making there? Why do they thus smoke the sky? At once Titla- cahuan - Tezcatlipoca descended. He began to chide, saying, *Who has made this fire here ? And, seizing hold of the fish, he shaped their loins and heads, and they were transformed into dogs (chichime).” Here we note a remarkable approximation to Plato's account of the destruction of Atlantis. “In one day and one fatal night,” says Plato," there came mighty earthquakes and inun- dations that ingulfed that warlike people.” “In a single day all was lost," says the Aztec legend. And, instead of a rain- fall of forty days and forty nights, as represented in the Bible, here we see “in a single day ... even the mountains sunk into the water ;" not only the land on which the people dwelt who were turned into fish, but the very mountains of that land sunk into the water. Does not this describe the fate of Atlantis ? In the Chaldean legend "the great goddess Ishtar wailed like a child,” saying, “ I am the mother who gave birth to men, and, like to the race of fishes, they are filling the sea." In the account in Genesis, Noah“ builded an altar unto the Lord, and took of every clean beast, and of every clean fowl, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. And the Lord smell- ed a sweet savor; and the Lord said in his heart, ‘I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake.'” In the Chaldean legend we are told that Khasisatra also offered a sacrifice, a burnt offering, “and the gods assembled like flies above the master of the sacrifice.” But Bel came in a high state of indignation, just as the Aztec god did, and was about to finish the work of the Deluge, when the great god Ea took pity in his heart and interfered to save the remnant of mankind. These resemblances cannot be accidental; neither can they be the interpolations of Christian missionaries, for it will be observed the Aztec legends differ from the Bible in points 102 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. where they resemble on the one hand Plato's record, and on the other the Chaldean legend. The name of the hero of the Aztec story, Nata, pronounced with the broad sound of the a, is not far from the name of Noah or Noe. The Deluge of Genesis is a Phænician, Semitic, or Hebraic legend, and yet, strange to say, the name of Noah, which occurs in it, bears no appropriate meaning in those tongues, but is derived from Aryan sources; its fundamental root is Na, to which in all the Aryan language is attached the meaning of water-vákıv, to flow; võua, water; Nympha, Neptunus, water deities. (Lenormant and Chevallier, “Anc. Hist. of the East,” vol. i., p. 15.) We find the root Na re- peated in the name of this Central American Noah, Na-ta, and probably in the word "Na-bui-atl”—the age of water. But still more striking analogies exist between the Chaldean legend and the story of the Deluge as told in the “Popul Vuh " (the Sacred Book) of the Central Americans : “Then the waters were agitated by the will of the IIeart of Heaven (Hurakan), and a great inundation came upon the leads of these creatures. ... They were ingulfed, and a resinous thick- ness descended from heaven;... the face of the earth was ob- scured, and a heavy darkening rain commenced—rain by day and rain by night. ... There was heard a great noise above their heads, as if produced by fire. Then were men seen run- ning, pushing each other, filled with despair; they wished to climb upon their houses, and the houses, tumbling down, fell to the ground; they wished to cli:nb upon the trees, and the trees shook them off; they wished to enter into the grottoes (caves), and the grottoes closed themselves before them. ... Water and fire contributed to the universal ruin at the time of the last great cataclysm which preceded the fourth creation.” Observe the similarities here to the Chaldean legend. There is the saine graphic description of a terrible event. The “black cloud” is referred to in both instances; also the dread- ful noises, the rising water, the earthquake rocking the trees, overthrowing the houses, and crushing even the mountain cav- THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 103 erns; "the men running and pushing each other, filled with despair,” says the “Popul Vuh;” “the brother no longer saw his brother," says the Assyrian legend. And here I may note that this word hurakan—the spirit of the abyss, the god of storm, the hurricane-is very suggestive, and testifies to an early intercourse between the opposite shores of the Atlantic. We find in Spanish the word huracan; in Portuguese, furacan; in French, ouragan; in German, Danish, and Swedish, orcan—all of them signifying a storm; while in Latin furo, or furio, means to rage. And are not the old Swed- ish hurra, to be driven along; our own word hurried; the Ice- landic word hurra, to be rattled over frozen ground, all derived from the same root from which the god of the abyss, Hura- kan, obtained his name? The last thing a people forgets is the name of their god; we retain to this day, in the names of the days of the wcek, the designations of four Scandinavian gods and one Roman deity. It seems to me certain the above are simply two versions of the same event; that while ships from Atlantis carried terrified passengers to tell the story of the dreadful catastrophe to the people of the Mediterranean shores, other ships, flying from the tempest, bore similar awful tidings to the civilized races around the Gulf of Mexico. The native Mexican historian, Ixtlilxochit, gave this as the Toltec legend of the Flood: “It is found in the histories of the Toltecs that this age and first world, as they call it, lasted 1716 years; that men were destroyed by tremendous rains and lightning from the sky, and even all the land, without the exception of anything, and the highest mountains, were covered up and submerged in water fifteen cubits (caxtolmolatli); and here they added other fables of how men came to multiply from the few who escaped from this destruction in a “toptlipetlocali;" that this word nearly signifies a close chest; and how, after men had multi- plied, they erected a very bigh “zacuali,” wbich is to-day a tower of great height, in order to take refuge in it should the 104 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. second world (age) be destroyed. Presently their languages were confused, and, not being able to understand each other, they went to different parts of the earth. “The Toltecs, consisting of seven friends, with their wives, who understood the same language, came to these parts, hav- ing first passed great land and seas, having lived in caves, and having endured great hardships in order to reach this land; ... they wandered 104 years through different parts of the world before they reached Hue Hue Tlapalan, which was in Ce Tecpatl, 520 vears after the Flood.” (“Ixtlilxochitl Rela- ciones," in Kingsborough's “Mex. Ant.," vol. ix., pp. 321, 322.) It will of course be said that this account, in those particu- lars where it agrees with the Bible, was derived from the teach- ings of the Spanish priests; but it must be remembered that Ixtlilxochitl was an Indian, a native of Tezcuco, a son of the queen, and that his “Relaciones” were drawn from the archives of his family and the ancient writings of bis nation: he bad no motive to falsify documents that were probably in the hands of hundreds at that time. Here we see that the depth of the water over the earth, “ fifteen cubits,” given in the Toltec legend, is precisely the same as that named in the Bible: “fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail.” (Gen., chap. vii., 20.) In the two curious picture-histories of the Aztecs preserved in the Boturini collection, and published by Gamelli Careri and UU THE STARTING-POINT OF THE AZ- TEOS, AOCORDING TO THIE GA- NELLI QALERT PIOTURED MS. TUE STARTING - POINT OF TIIE AZTEOS, AO- OORDING TO TIE BOTURINI PIOTU RED WRITING, THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 105 others, there is a record of their migrations from their origi- nal location through various parts of the North American con- tinent until their arrival in Mexico. In both cases their start- ing-point is an island, from which they pass in a boat; and the island contains in one case a mountain, and in the other a high temple in the inidst thereof. These things seem to be reminiscences of their origin in Atlantis. in each case we see the crooked mountain of the Aztec le- gends, the Calbuacan, looking not unlike the bent mountain of the monk, Cosmos. In the legends of the Chibchas of Bogota we seem to have distinct reminiscences of Atlantis. Bocbica was their leading divinity. During two thousand years he employed himself in elevating his subjects. He lived in the sun, while his wife Chia occupied the moon. This would appear to be an allu- sion to the worship of the sun and moon. Beneath Bochica in their mythology was Chibchacum. In an angry mood he brought a deluge on the people of the table-land. Bochica punished him for this act, and obliged him ever after, like Atlas, to bear the burden of the earth on his back. Occa- sionally he shifts the earth from one shoulder to another, and this causes earthquakes ! Here we have allusions to an ancient people who, during thousands of years, were elevated in the scale of civilization, and were destroyed by a deluge; and with this is associated an Atlantean god bearing the world on his back. We find even the rainbow appearing in connection with this legend. When Bochica appeared in answer to prayer to quell the deluge he is seated on a rainbow. He opened a breach in the earth at Tequendama, through which the waters of the flood escaped, precisely as we have seen them disappearing through the crev- ice in the earth near Bambyce, in Greece. The Toltecs traced their migrations back to a starting-point called “Aztlan,” or “Atlan.” This could be no other than Atlantis. (Bancroft's “Native Races," vol. v., p. 221.) “The 5* 106 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. original home of the Nahuatlacas was Aztlan, the location of which has been the subject of much discussion. The causes that led to their exodus from that country can only be con- jectured; but they may be supposed to have been driven out by their enemies, for Aztlan is described as a land too fair and beantiful to be left willingly in the mere hope of finding a better.” (Bancroft's “Native Races,” vol. v., p. 306.) The Aztecs also claimed to have come originally from Aztlan. (Ibid., p. 321.) Their very name, Aztecs, was derived from Aztlan. (Ibid., vol. ii., p. 125). They were Atlanteans. The “Popul Vuh" tells us that after the migration from Aztlan three sons of the King of the Quiches, upon the death of their father, “determined to go as their fathers had ordered. to the East, on the shores of the sea whence their fathers had come, to receive the royalty,' bidding adieu to their brothers and friends, and promising to return.' Doubtless they passed over the sea when they went to the East to receive the royalty. Now this is the name of the lord, of the monarch of the peo- ple of the East where they went. And when they arrived before the lord Nacxit, the name of the great lord, the only judge, whose power was without limit, behold he granted them the sign of royalty and all that represents it ... and the in- signia of royalty ... all the things, in fact, which they brought on their return, and which they went to receive from the other side of the sca—the art of painting from Tulan, a system of writing, they said, for the things recorded in their histories." (Bancroft's “ Native Races," vol. v., p. 553; “Popul Vuh,” p. 294.) This legend not only points to the East as the place of origin of these races, but also proves that this land of the East, this Aztlan, this Atlantis, exercised dominion over the colonies in Central America, and furnished them with the es- sentials of civilization. How completely does this agree with the statement of Plato tbat the kings of Atlantis held domin- ion over parts of “the great opposite continent!". THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 107 Professor Valentini (“Maya Archæol.,” p. 23) describes an Aztec picture in the work of Gemelli (“Il giro del mondo," vol. vi.) of the migration of the Aztecs from Aztlan : “Out of a sheet of water there projects the peak of a moun- tain; on it stands a tree, and on the tree a bird spreads its wings. At the foot of the mountain-peak there comes out of the water the heads of a man and a woman. The one wears on his head the symbol of his name, Coxcox, a pheasant. The other head bears that of a band with a bouquet (zochitl, a flower, and quetzal, shining in green gold). In the foreground is a boat, out of which a naked man stretches out his hand imploringly to heaven. Now turn to the sculpture in the Flood tablet (on the great Calendar stone). There you will find represented the Flood, and with great emphasis, by the accuinolation of all those symbols with which the ancient Mexicans conveyed the idea of water: a tub of standing wa- ter, drops springing out-not two, as heretofore in the symbol for Atl, water — but four drops; the picture for moisture, a snail ; above, a crocodile, the king of the rivers. In the midst of these symbols you notice the profile of a man with a fillet, and a smaller one of a woman. There can be no doubt these are the Mexican Noah, Coxcox, and his wife, Xochiquetzal ; and at the same time it is evident (the Calendar stone, we know, was made in A.D., 1478) that the story of CALENDAR STONE. them, and the pictures representing the story, have not been invented by the Catholic clergy, but really existed among these nations long before the Conquest.” The above figure represents the Flood tablet on the great Calendar stone. When we turn to the uncivilized Indians of America, while we still find legends referring to the Deluge, they are, with one exception, in such garbled and uncouth forms that we can only see glimpses of the truth shining through a mass of fable. The following tradition was current among the Indians of the Great Lakes : 108 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. “In former times the father of the Indian tribes dwelt to- ward the rising sun. Having been warned in a dream that a deluge was coming upon the earth, he built a raft, on which he saved himself, with his family and all the animals. He floated thus for several months. The animals, who at that time spoke, loudly complained and murmured against him. At last a new earth appeared, on which he landed with all the animals, who from that time lost the power of speech, as a punishment for their murmurs against their deliverer.” According to Father Charlevoix, the tribes of Canada and the valley of the Mississippi relate in their rude legends that all mankind was destroyed by a flood, and that the Good Spir- it, to repeople the earth, had changed animals into men. It is to J. S. Kohl we owe our acquaintance with the version of the Chippeways — full of grotesque and perplexing touches — in which the man saved from the Deluge is called Menaboshu. To know if the earth be drying, he sends a bird, the diver, out of his bark; then becomes the restorer of the buman race and the founder of existing society. A clergyman who visited the Indians north-west of the Ohio in 1764 met, at a treaty, a party of Indians from the west of the Mississippi. “They informed him that one of their most ancient tradi- tions was that, a great while ago, they had a common father, who lived toward the rising of the sun, and governed the whole world; that all the white people's heads were under his feet; that he had twelve sons, by whom he administered the govern- ment; that the twelve sons behaved very bad, and tyrannized over the people, abusing their power; that the Great Spirit, be- ing thus angry with them, suffered the white people to intro- duce spirituous liquors among them, made them drunk, stole the special gift of the Great Spirit from them, and by this means usurped power over them; and ever since the Indians' heads were under the white people's feet.” (Boudinot's “Star in the West,” p. 111.) Here we note that they looked" toward the rising sun"-to- ward Atlantis—for the original home of their race; that this THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 109 region governed “the whole world;" that it contained white people, who were at first a subject race, but who subsequently rebelled, and acquired dominion over the darker races. We will see reason hereafter to conclude that Atlantis had a com- posite population, and that the rebellion of the Titans in Greek mythology was the rising up of a subject population. In 1836 C. S. Rafinesque published in Philadelphia, Pa., a work called “The American Nations," in which he gives the historical songs or chants of the Lenni-Lenapi, or Delaware In- dians, the tribe that originally dwelt along the Delaware River. After describing a time" when there was nothing but sea-water on top of the land," and the creation of sun, moon, stars, earth, and man, the legend depicts the Golden Age and the Fall in these words: “All were willingly pleased, all were easy-think- ing, and all were well-bappified. But after a while a snake- priest, Powako, brings on earth secretly the snake-worship (Ini- tako) of the god of the snakes, Wakon. And there came wick- edness, crime, and unhappiness. And bad weather was com- ing, distemper was coming, with death was coming. All this happened very long ago, at the first land, Netamaki, beyond the great ocean Kitahikau." Then follows the Song of the Flood: “There was, long ago, a powerful snake, Maskanako, when the men had become bad beings, Makowini. This strong snake had become the foe of the Jins, and they became troubled, hat- ing each other. Both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful. And they were fighting, least man Mat- tapewi with dead-keeper Nihaulowit. And the strong snake readily resolved to destroy or fight the beings or the men. The dark snake he brought, the monster (Amanyam) he bronght, snake-rushing water he brought (it). Much water is rushing, much go to hills, much penetrate, much destroying. Meanwhile at Tula (this is the same Tula referred to in the Central Ameri- can legends), at that ISLAND, Nana-Bush (the great hare Nana) becomes the ancestor of beings and men. Being born creep- ing, he is ready to move and dwell at Tula. The beings and men all go forth from the flood creeping in shallow water or 110 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. swimming afloat, asking which is the way to the turtle-back, Tula-pin. But there are many monsters in the way, and some men were devoured by them. But the daughter of a spirit helped them in a boat, saying, 'Come, come; they were com- ing and were helped. The name of the boat or raft is Mo- kol. . . . Water running off, it is drying; in the plains and the mountains, at the path of the cave, elsewhere went the power- ful action or motion.” Then follows Song 3, describing the condition of mankind after the Flood. Like the Aryans, they moved into a cold country: “It freezes was there; it snows was there; it is cold was there.” They move to a milder re- gion to hunt cattle; they divided their forces into tillers and hunters. “The good and the holy were the hunters ;" they spread themselves north, south, east, and west. “Meantime all the snakes were afraid in their huts, and the Snake-priest Na- kopowa said to all, “Let us go.' Eastwardly they go forth at Snakeland ( Akhokink), and they went away earnestly grieving." Afterward the fathers of the Delawares, who “were always boating and navigating," find that the Snake-people have taken possession of a fine country; and they collect together the peo- ple from north, south, east, and west, and attempt “to pass over the waters of the frozen sea to possess that land." They seem to travel in the dark of an Arctic winter until they come to a gap of open sea. They can go no farther ; but some tarry at Firland, while the rest return to where they started from," the old turtle land.” Here we find that the land that was destroyed was the “first land;" that it was an island" beyond the great ocean.” In an early age the people were bappy and peaceful; they became wicked; “snake worship” was introduced, and was associated, as in Genesis, with the “fall of man;" Nana-Bush became the ancestor of the new race; his name reminds us of the Toltec Nata and the Hebrew Noah. After the flood came a disper- sion of the people, and a separation into hunters and tillers of the soil. Among the Mandan Indians we not only find flood legends, but, more remarkable still, we find an image of the ark preserved from generation to generation, and a religious ceremony per- THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 111 formed which refers plainly to the destruction of Atlantis, and to the arrival of one of those who escaped from the Flood, bringing the dreadful tidings of the disaster. It must be re- membered, as we will show hereafter, that many of these Man- dan Indians were wbite men, with hazel, gray, and blue eyes, and all shades of color of the hair froin black to pure white; that they dwelt in houses in fortified towns, and manufactured earthen-ware pots in which they could boil water—an art un- known to the ordinary Indians, who boiled water by putting heated stones into it. I quote the very interesting account of George Catlin, who visited the Mandans nearly fifty years ago, lately republished in London in the “ North American Indians," a very curious and valuable work. He says (vol. i., p. 88): “In the centre of the village is an open space, or public square, 150 feet in diameter and circular in form, which is used for all public games and festivals, shows and exhibitions. The lodges around this open space front in, with their doors toward the centre; and in the middle of this stands an object of great religious veneration, on account of the importance it has in connection with the annual religious ceremonies. This object is in the form of a large hogshead, some eight or ten feet high, made of planks and hoops, containing within it some of their choicest mysteries or medicines. They call it the ‘Big Canoe.'” This is a representation of the ark; the ancient Jews vener- ated a similar image, and some of the ancient Greek States followed in processions a model of the ark of Deucalion. But it is indeed surprising to find this practice perpetuated, even to our own times, by a race of Indians in the heart of America. On page 158 of the first volume of the same work Catlin de- scribes the great annual mysteries and religious ceremonials of which this image of the ark was the centre. He says: “On the day set apart for the commencement of the cere- monies a solitary figure is seen approaching the village. “During the deafening din and confusion within the pickets 112 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. of the village the figure discovered on the prairie continued to approach with a dignified step, and in a right line toward the village; all eyes were upon him, and he at length made his appearance within the pickets, and proceeded toward the cen- tre of the village, where all the chiefs and braves stood ready to receive him, which they did in a cordial manner by shaking hands, recognizing him as an old acquaintance, and pronounc- ing his name, Nu-mohk-muck-a-nah (the first or only man). The body of this strange personage, which was chiefly naked, was painted with white clay, so as to resemble at a distance a white man. Ile enters the medicine lodge, and goes through certain mysterious ceremonies. “During the whole of this day Nu-mohk-muck-a-nah (the first or only man) travelled through the village, stopping in front of each man's lodge, and crying until the owner of the lodge came out and asked who he was, and what was the mat- ter? To which he replied by narrating the sad catastrophe which had happened on the earth's surface by the over flowing of the waters, saying that he was the only person saved from the universal calamity; that he landed his big canoe on a high mountain in the west, where he now resides; that he has come to open the medicine lodge, which must needs receive a pres- ent of an edged tool from the owner of every wigwam, that it may be sacrificed to the water; for,' he says, 'if this is not done there will be another flood, and no one will be saved, as it was with such tools that the big canoe was made.' “Having visited every lodge in the village during the day, and having received such a present from each as a hatchet, a knife, etc. (which is undoubtedly always prepared ready for the occasion), he places them in the medicine lodge; and, on the last day of the ceremony, they are thrown into a deep place in the river— sacrificed to the Spirit of the Waters.'” Among the sacred articles kept in the great medicine lodge are four sacks of water, called Eeh-tech-ka, sewed together, each of them in the form of a tortoise lying on its back, with a bunch of eagle feathers attached to its tail. “These four tor- toises,” they told me, "contained the waters from the four quarters of the world—that those waters had been contained therein ever since the settling down of the waters," "I did THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 113 not,” says Catlin, who knew nothing of an Atlantis theory, “think it best to advance anything against such a ridiculous belief." Catlin tried to purchase one of these water-sacks, but could not obtain it for any price; he was told they were “a society property." He then describes a dance by twelve men around the ark: “They arrange themselves according to the four cardinal points; two are painted perfectly black, two are vermilion color, some were painted partially white. They dance a dance called “Bel- lohck-na-pie,'” with horns on their heads, like those used in Europe as symbolical of Bel, or Baal. Could anything be more evident than the connection of these ceremonies with the destruction of Atlantis? Ilere we have the image of the ark; here we have a white man coming with the news that “the waters had overflowed the land," and that all the people were destroyed except himself; here we have the sacrifice to appease the spirit that caused the Flood, just as we find the Flood terminating, in the Hebrew, Chaldean, and Central American legends, with a sacrifice. Here, too, we have the image of the tortoise, which we find in other flood legends of the Indians, and which is a very natural symbol for an island. As one of our own poets has expressed it, “Very fair and full of promise Lay the island of St. Thomas; Like a great green turtle slumbered On the sea which it encumbered," Here we have, too, the four quarters of Atlantis, divided by its four rivers, as we shall see a little farther on, represented in a dance, where the dancers arrange themselves according to the four cardinal points of the compass; the dancers are paint- ed to represent the black and red races, while “the first and only. man” represents the white race; and the name of the dance is a reminiscence of Baal, the ancient god of the races derived from Atlantis. But this is not all. The Mandans were evidently of the race 114 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. of Atlantis. They have another singular legend, which we find in the account of Lewis and Clarke: “Their belief in a future state is connected with this theory of their origin: The whole nation resided in one large village, underground, near a subterranean lake. A grape-vine extend- ed its roots down to their habitation, and gave them a view of the light. Some of the most adventurous climbed up the vine, and were delighted with the sight of the earth, which they found covered with buffalo, and rich with every kind of fruit. Returning with the grapes they had gathered, their country- men were so pleased with the taste of them that the whole na- tion resolved to leave their dull residence for the charms of the upper region. Men, women, and children ascended by means of the vine, but, when about half the nation had reached the surface of the earth, a corpulent woman, who was clambering up the vine, broke it with ber weight, and closed upon berself and the rest of the nation the light of the sun." the ll This curious tradition means that the present nation dwelt in a large settlement underground, that is, beyond the land, in the sea; the sea being represented by “the subterranean lake." At one time the people had free intercourse between this “ large village” and the American continent, and they found- ed extensive colonies on this continent; whereupon some mis- hap cut them off from the mother country. This explanation is confirmed by the fact that in the legends of the Iowa In- dians, who were a branch of the Dakotas, or Sioux Indians, and relatives of the Mandans (according to Major James W. Lynd), “ all the tribes of Indians were formerly one, and all dwelt together on an island, or at least across a large wa- ter toward the east or sunrise. They crossed this water in skin canoes, or by swimming; but they know not how long they were in crossing, or whether the water was salt or fresh.” While the Dakotas, according to Major Lynd, who lived among them for nine years, possessed legends of “huge skiffs, in which the Dakotas of old floated for weeks, finally gaining dry land"--a reminiscence of ships and long sea-voyages. THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 115 The Mandans celebrated their great religious festival above described in the season when the willow is first in leaf, and a dove is mixed up in the ceremonies; and they further relate a legend that “the world was once a great tortoise, borne on the waters, and covered with earth, and that when one day, in dig- ging the soil, a tribe of white men, who had made boles in the earth to a great depth digging for badgers, at length pierced the shell of the tortoise, it sank, and the water covering it drowned all men with the exception of one, who saved himself in a boat; and when the earth re-emerged, sent out a dove, who returned with a branch of willow in its beak.” The holes dug to find badgers were a sarage's recollection of mining operations; and when the great disaster came, and the island sunk in the sea amid volcanic convulsions, doubtless men said it was due to the deep mines, which bad opened the way to the central fires. But the recurrence of “white men” as the miners, and of a white man as “the last and only man,” and the presence of white blood in the veins of the people, all point to the same conclusion—that the Man- dans were colonists from Atlantis. And here I might add that Catlin found the following singu- lar resemblances between the Mandan tongue and the Welsh : English. Mandan. Welsh. Pronounced. Mi. You. Me. Ne. Me. Chwe. Chwi. A. E. He. She. It. A Ea. Ount. We. They. Noo. No; or there is not. Eonah. Megosh. Hwynt. Hooynt. Ni. Ne. Hona, fem. Hona. Nagoes. Nagosh. Na. Pen. Pan. 1 Mawr Mosoor Penathir. 17 Panæther. No. Head. The Great Spirit. Pan. Maho Peneta. Major Lynd found the following resemblances between the akota tongue and the languages of the Old World: 116 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. COMPARISON OF DAKOTA, OR SIOUX, WITII OTHER LANGUAGES. Latin. English. Saxon. Sanscrit. German. Danish. Sioux, Other Languages. Primary Signification. Pinso.... Vudo Appearing, visible. Benting. Passage Qni.. See, seen.. Seon.... Pound..... Puuian.. Went....) Wendan.. Wend... Town..... Tun....... Who. Hwa.... Was.... Weapon... Wepu..... Ic......... Agam... Core ..... Eight ..... Achta..... Aute..... Ego. 1...... Sionx dimin. Wi- I pena. Centre, beart. Cor.. Reed, weed, wood. Swelling. Canna... Cane......... Pock.... Pock...... Poc. With...... With ... Donghty... Dohtig.... Tight..... Tian..... Trungo... Touch... Trecan. Take.... Tactus... Child.... Cild... Work ..... Wercan... Sehen...... Sigt......... Sin...... Pau...... . Pwynian..... Winta.... Zann. Tun...... Tonwe... Gaelic, Dun.... Wir........ Trwe..... Wapeu.... Vanpen.. Wipe.... Ich........ Jek......... Mish........ Co..... Gr., Keap........ Acht...... Otte... Shaktogan... Gr., OKTW....... Arm., Caven.. Can. Heb., Can......? W., Cawu......) Pocke..... Pukkel...... Poka.... Dutch, Poca.. Wider..... Wila...... Goth., Gewithan. Dita...... Taugen .... Digtig..... Dilara... Dicht... Digt....... Tital.. T:0.. Ticken .... Tekkan ... Hauka. Kind...... Kuld...... Cin. Woccan ... Dritch, Werkan. Wirken.... Hecoll..... Span., Hecho. Ar., Shakula...) Shka... Teton, Shakulan) Kniva.... Schubig.... Schabbig.... Shabya.... Ilot, brave, daring. Strain. Touch, take. Progeny. Labor, motion. Shackle... Seoacul... To bind (a lipk). Query....... Shabby .... THE DELUGE LEGENDS OF AMERICA. 117 According to Major Lynd, the Dakotas, or Sionx, belonged to the same race as the Mandans; hence the interest which attaches to these verbal similarities. “Among the Iroquois there is a tradition that the sea and waters infringed upon the land, so that all human life was de- stroyed. The Chickasaws assert that the world was once de- stroyed by water, but that one family was saved, and two ani- mals of every kind. The Sioux ray there was a time when there was no dry land, and all men had disappeared from ex- istence.” (See Lynd's “MS. History of the Dakotas," Library of Historical Society of Minnesota.) “The Okanagans have a god, Skyappe, and also one called Chacha, who appear to be endowed with omniscience; but their principal divinity is their great mythical ruler and hero- ine, Scomalt. Long ago, when the sun was no bigger than a star, this strong medicine-woman ruled over what appears to have now become a lost island. At last the peace of the island was destroyed by war, and the noise of battle was heard, with which Scoinalt was exceeding wroth, whereupon she rose up in her might and drove her rebellious subjects to one end of the island, and broke off the piece of land on which they were huddled and pushed it out to sea, to drift whither it would. This floating island was tossed to and fro and buffcted by the winds till all but two died. A man and woman escaped in a canoe, and arrived on the main-land; and from these the Oka- nagaus are descended.” (Bancroft's “Native Races," vol. iii., p. 149.) Here we have the Flood legend clearly connected with a lost island. The Nicaraguans believed “that ages ago the world was de- stroyed by a flood, in which the most part of mankind per- ished. Afterward the teotes, or gods, restored the earth as at the beginning.” (Ibid., p. 75.) The wild A paches, "wild from their natal hour," have a legend that “the first days of the world were happy and peaceful days;" then came a great flood, from which Montezuma and the coyote alone escaped. Montezuma became then very wicked, and attempted to build a house that would reach to heaven, but the Great 118 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Spirit destroyed it with thunderbolts. (Bancroft's “Native Races,” vol. iii., p. 76.) The Pimas, an Indian tribe allied to the Papagos, have a peculiar flood legend. The son of the Creator was called Szeu- kha (Ze-us?). An eagle prophesied the deluge to the proph- ct of the people three times in succession, but his warning was despised; "then in the twinkling of an eye there came a peal of thunder and an awful crash, and a green mound of water reared itself over the plain. It seemed to stand upright for a second, then, cut incessantly by the lightning, goaded on like a great beast, it flung itself upon the prophet's hut. When the morning broke there was nothing to be seen alive but one man-if indeed he were a man; Szeu-kha, the son of the Cre- ator, had saved himself by floating on a ball of gum or resin.” This instantaneous catastrophe reminds one forcibly of the de- struction of Atlantis. Szeu-kha killed the eagle, restored its victims to life, and repeopled the earth with them, as Deucalion repeopled the earth with the stones. SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. 119 CHAPTER VI. SOJE CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. The Fountains of the Great Deep.—As Atlantis perished in a volcanic convulsion, it must have possessed volcanoes. This is rendered the more probable when we remember that the ridge of land of which it was a part, stretching from north to south, from Iceland to St. Helena, contains even now great volca- noes—as in Iceland, the Azores, the Canaries, etc.—and that the very sea- bed along the line of its original axis is, to this day, as we have shown, the scene of great volcanic disturb- ances. If, then, the mountains of Atlantis contained volcanoes, of which the peaks of the Azores are the surviving representa- tives, it is not improbable that the convulsion which drowned it in the sea was accompanied by great discharges of water. We have seen that such discharges occurred in the island of Java, when four thousand people perished. “Immense col- umns of hot water and boiling mud were thrown out” of the volcano of Galung Gung; the water was projected from the mountain "like a water-spout." When a volcanic island was created near Sicily in 1831, it was accompanied by “a water- spout sixty feet high.” In the island of Dominica, one of the islands constituting the Leeward group of the West Indies, and nearest to the site of Atlantis, on the 4th of January, 1880, occurred a series of convulsions which reminds us forcibly of the destruction of Plato's island; and the similarity extends to another particu- lar: Dominica contains, like Atlantis, we are told, numerous 120 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. hot and sulphur springs. I abridge the account given by the New York Herald of January 28th, 1880: “A little after 11 o'clock A.m., soon after high-mass in the Roman Catholic cathedral, and while divine service was still going on in the Anglican and Wesleyan chape!s, all the in. dications of an approaching thunder-storm suddenly showed themselves; the atmosphere, which just previously had been cool and pleasant-slight showers falling since early morning -became at once nearly stilling hot; the rumbling of distant thunder was heard, and the light-blue and fleecy white of the sky turned into a heavy and lowering black. Soon the thun- der-peals came near and loud, the lightning flashes, of a blue and red color, more frequent and vivid; and the rain, first with a few heavy drops, commenced to pour as if the floodgates of heaven were open. In a moment it darkened, as if night had come; a strong, nearly overpowering smell of sulphur an- nounced itself; and people who happened to be out in the streets felt the rain - drops falling on their heads, backs, and shoulders lilie showers of hailstones. The cause of this was to be noted by looking at the spouts, from wbich the water was rushing like so many cataracts of molten lead, while the gutters below ran swollen streams of thick gray mud, looking like nothing ever seen in them before. In the mean time the Roseau River had worked itself into a state of mad fury, overflowing its banks, carrying down rocks and large trees, and threatening destruction to the bridges over it and the houses in its neighborhood. When the storm ceased—it last- ed till twelve, mid-day—the roofs and walls of the buildings in town, the street pavement, the door-steps and back-yards were found covered with a deposit of volcanic débris, holding together like clay, dark-gray in color, and in some places lying more than an inch thick, with small, shining metallic particles on the surface, which could be easily identified as iron pyrites. Scraping up some of the stuff, it required only a slight exami- nation to determine its main constituents—sandstone and mag- nesia, the pyrites being slightly mixed, and silver showing itself in even sınaller quantity. This is, in fact, the composition of the volcanic mud thrown up by the soufrières at Watton Wa- ven and in the Boiling Lake country, and it is found in solu- tion as well in the lake water. The Devil's Billiard - table, SOJE CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. 121 within half a mile of the Boiling Lake, is composed wholly of this substance, which there assumes the character of stone in formation. Inquiries instituted on Monday morning revealed the fact that, except on the south-east, the mud shower had not extended beyond the limits of the town. On the north-west, in the direction of Fond Colo and Morne Daniel, nothing but pure rain-water had fallen, and neither Loubière nor Pointe Michel had seen any signs of volcanic disturbance. ... "But what happened at Pointe Mulâtre enables us to spot the locale of the eruption. Pointe Mulâtre lies at the foot of the range of mountains on the top of which the Boiling Lake frets and seethes. The only outlet of the lake is a cascade which falls into one of the branches of the Pointe Mulâtre River, the color and temperature of which, at one time and another, shows the existence or otherwise of volcanic activity in the lake-country. We may observe, en passant, that the fall of the water from the lake is similar in appearance to the falls on the sides of Roairama, in the interior of British Guiana; there is no continuous stream, but the water overleaps its ba- sin like a kettle boiling over, and comes down in detached cascades from the top. May there not be a boiling lake on the unapproachable summit of Roairama? The phenomena noted at Pointe Mulâtre on Sunday were similar to what we witnessed in Roscan, but with every feature more strongly marked. The fall of mud was heavier, covering all the fields; the atmospheric disturbance was greater, and the change in the appearance of the running water about the place more surpris- ing. The Pointe Mulâtre River suddenly began to run volcan- ic mud and water; then the mud predominated, and almost buried the stream under its weight, and the odor of sulphur in the air became positively oppressive. Soon the fish in the wa- ter-brochet, camoo, meye, crocro, mullet, down to the eel, the crawfish, the loche, the tétar, and the dormer--died, and were thrown on the banks. The mud carried down by the river has formed a bank at the mouth which nearly dams up the stream, and threatens to throw it back over the low-lving lands of the Pointe Mulâtre estate. The reports from the Laudat section of the Boiling Lake district are curious. The Bach- elor and Admiral rivers, and the numerous mineral springs which arise in that part of the island, are all running a thick white flood, like cream milk. The face of the entire country, 122 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. from the Admiral River to the Solfatera Plain, has undergone some portentous change, which the frightened peasants who bring the news to Roseau seem unable clearly and connectedly to describe, and the volcanic activity still continues." From this account it appears that the rain of water and mud came from a boiling lake on the mountains; it must have risen to a great height, “like a water-spout," and then fallen in showers over the face of the country. We are reminded, in this Boiling Lake of Dominica, of the Welsh legend of the eruption of the Llyn-llion, “ the Lake of Waves," which “in- undated the whole country.” On the top of a mountain in the county of Kerry, Ireland, called Mangerton, there is a deep lake known as Poulle-i-feron, which signifies Hell-hole; it fre- quently overflows, and rolls down the mountain in frightful torrents. On Slieve-donart, in the territory of Mourne, in the county of Down, Ireland, a lake occupies the mountain-top, and its overflowings help to form rivers. If we suppose the destruction of Atlantis to have been, in like manner, accompanied by a tremendous outpour of water from one or more of its volcanoes, thrown to a great height, and delaging the land, we can understand the description in the Chaldean legend of “ the terrible water-spout,” which even “the gods grew afraid of,” and which “rose to the sky," and which seems to have been one of the chief causes, together with the earthquake, of the destruction of the country. And in this view we are confirmed by the Aramean legend of the Deluge, probably derived at an earlier age from the Chaldean tradition. In it we are told, “All on a sudden enormous vol- umes of water issued from the earth, and rains of extraordinary abundance began to fall; the rivers left their beds, and the ocean overflowed its banks.” The disturbance in Dominica duplicates this description exactly: "In a moment ” the water and mud burst from the mountains, “ the floodgates of heaven were opened,” and “the river overflowed its banks.” And here, again, we are reminded of the expression in Gen- SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. 123 esis," the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up” (chap. vii., 11). That this does not refer to the rain is clear from the manner in which it is stated: “The same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the rain was upon the earth," etc. And when the work of destruction is finished, we are told “the fountains also of the deep and the windows of heaven were stopped.” This is a reminiscence by an inland people, living where such tremendous volcanic dis- turbances were nearly unknown, of "the terrible water-spout” which “ rose to the sky," of the Chaldean legend, and of "the enormous voluines of water issuing from the carth" of the Aramaan tradition. The Hindoo legend of the Flood speaks of “the marine god Hayagriva, who dwelt in the abyss," who produced the cataclysm. This is doubtless “the archangel of the abyss " spoken of in the Chaldean tradition. The Mountains of the North.—We have in Plato the fol- lowing reference to the mountains of Atlantis: “The whole country was described as being very lofty and precipitous on the side of the sea. ... The whole region of the island lies toward the south, and is sheltered from the north. ... The surrounding mountains ... exceeded all that are to be seen now anywhere." These mountains were the present Azores. One has but to contemplate their present elevation, and remember the depth to which they de- scend in the ocean, to realize their tre- mendous altitude and the correctness of the description given by Plato. In the Hindoo legend we find the fish- god, who represents Poseidon, father of Atlantis, helping Manu over " the Moun- tain of the North.” In the Chaldean, au legend Khasisatra's vessel is stopped by “the Mountain of Nizir” until the sea goes down. TIL GOD OF TIE FLOOD), (From "The Walls of Nineveh.") 124 . ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The Mud which Stopped Navigation. We are told by Pla- to, “ Atlantis disappeared beneath the sea, and then that sea became inaccessible, so that navigation on it ceased, on account of the quantity of mud which the ingulfed island left in its place." This is one of the points of Plato's story which pro- voked the incredulity and ridicule of the ancient, and even of the modern, world. We find in the Chaldean legend some- thing of the same kind : Khasisatra says, “I looked at the sea attentively, observing, and the whole of humanity had return- ed to mud.” In the “ Popol Vuh” we are told that a "resin- ous thickness descended from heaven," even as in Dominica the rain was full of “thick gray mud,” accompanied by an “over- powering smell of sulphur.” The explorations of the ship Challenger show that the whole of the submerged ridge of which Atlantis is a part is to this day thickly covered with volcanic débris. We have but to remember the cities of Pompeii and Hercu- laneum, which were covered with such a mass of volcanic ashes from the eruption of A.D. 79 that for seventeen centuries they remained buried at a depth of from fifteen to thirty feet; a new population lived and labored above them; an aqueduct was constructed over their heads; and it was only when a farmer, in digging for a well, penetrated the roof of a house, that they were once more brought to the light of day and the knowledge of mankind. We have seen that, in 1783, the volcanic eruption in Iceland covered the sea with pumice for a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, “and ships were considerably impeded in their course." The eruption in the island of Sumbawa, in April, 1815, threw out such masses of ashes as to darken the air. “The floating cinders to the west of Sumatra formed, on the 12th of April, a mass two feet thick and several miles in extent, through which ships with difficulty forced their way." It thus appears that the very statement of Plato which has SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. 125 provoked the ridicule of scholars is in itself one of the corrob- orating features of his story. It is probable that the ships of the Atlanteans, when they returned after the tempest to look for their country, found the sea impassable from the masses of volcanic ashes and punice. They returned terrified to the shores of Europe; and the shock inflicted by the destruction of Atlantis upon the civilization of the world probably led to one of those retrograde periods in the history of our race in which they lost all intercourse with the Western continent. The Freservation of a Record.—There is a singular coinci- dence in the stories of the Deluge in another particular. The legends of the Phænicians, preserved by Sanchoniathon, tell us that Taautos, or Taut, was the inventor of the alphabet and of the art of writing. Now, we find in the Egyptian legends a passage of Manetho, in which Thoth (or Hermes Trismegistus), before the Deluge, inscribed on stelæ, or tablets, in bieroglyphics, or sacred char- acters, the principles of all knowledge. After the Deluge the second Thoth translated the contents of these stelæ into the vulgar tongue. Josephus tells us that “The patriarch Seth, in order that wisdom and astronomical knowledge should not perish, erect- ed, in prevision of the double destruction by fire and water predicted by Adam, two columns, one of brick, the other of stone, on which this knowledge was engraved, and which ex- isted in the Siriadic country.” In the Chaldean legends the god Ea ordered Khasisatra to inscribe the divine learning, and the principles of all sciences, on tables of terra-cotta, and bury them, before the Deluge, “ in the City of the Sun at Sippara.” Berosus, in his version of the Chaldean flood, says: “The deity, Chronos, appeared to him (Xisuthros) in a vision, and warned him that, upon the 15th day of the month Desius, there would be a flood by which mankind would be destroyed. He therefore enjoined him to write a history of the beginning, 126 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. procedure, and conclusion of all things, and to bury it in the City of the Sun at Sippara, and to build a vessel," etc. The Hindoo Bhagavata - Purâna tells us that the fish-god, who warned Satyravata of the coming of the Flood, directed him to place the sacred Scriptures in a safe place, “in order to preserve them from Hayagriva, a marine horse dwelling in the abyss." Are we to find the original of these legends in the following passage from Plato's history of Atlantis ? “Now, the relations of their governments to one another were regulated by the injunctions of Poseidon, as the law had hand- ed them down. These were inscribed by the first men on a column of orichalcum, which was situated in the middle of the island, at the Temple of Poseidon, whither the people were gathered together. ... They received and gave judgments, and at day break they wrote down their sentences on a golden tab- let, and deposited them as memorials with their robes. There were many special laws which the several kings had inscribed about the temples." (Critias, p. 120.) A Succession of Disasters.—The Central American books, translated by De Bourbourg, state that originally a part of the American continent extended far into the Atlantic Ocean. This tradition is strikingly confirmed by the explorations of the ship Challenger, which show that the “Dolphin's Ridge” was con- nected with the shore of South America north of the mouth of the Amazon. The Central American books tell us that this region of the continent was destroyed by a succession of fright- ful convulsions, probably at long intervals apart; three of these catastrophes are constantly mentioned, and sometimes there is reference to one or two more. “The land," in these convulsions," was shaken by frightful earthquakes, and the waves of the sea combined with volcanic fires to overwhelm and ingulf it. : . . Each convulsion swept away portions of the land until the whole disappeared, leaving the line of coast as it now is. Most of the inhabitants, over.. SOME CONSIDERATION OF THE DELUGE LEGENDS. 127 taken amid their regular employments, were destroyed; but some escaped in ships, and some fled for safety to the summits of high mountains, or to portions of the land which for a time escaped immediate destruction." (Baldwin's “Ancient Amer- ica,” p. 176.) This accords precisely with the teachings of geology. We know that the land from which America and Europe were formed once covered nearly or quite the whole space now oc- cupied by the Atlantic between the continents; and it is rea- sonable to believe that it went down piecemeal, and that Atlan- tis was but the stump of the ancient continent, which at last perished from the same causes and in the same way. The fact that this tradition existed among the inhabitants of America is proven by the existence of festivals, “especially one in the month Izcalli, which were instituted to commemorate this frightful destruction of land and people, and in which, say the sacred books, ' princes and people humbled themselves be- fore the divinity, and besought him to withhold a return of such terrible calamities.'” Can we doubt the reality of events which we thus find con- firmed by religious ceremonies at Athens, in Syria, and on the shores of Central America ? And we find this succession of great destructions of the At- lantic continent in the triads of Wales, where traditions are preserved of “three terrible catastrophes." We are told by the explorations of the ship Challenger that the higher lands reach in the direction of the British Islands; and the Celts had traditions that a part of their country once extended far out into the Atlantic, and was subsequently destroyed. And the same succession of destructions is referred to in the Greek legends, where a deluge of Ogyges—"the most ancient of the kings of Bæotia or Attica, a quite mythical person, lost in the night of ages”—preceded that of Deucalion. We will find hereafter the most ancient hymns of the Ary- ans praying God to hold the land firm. The people of Atlan- 128 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. tis, having seen their country thus destroyed, section by sec- tion, and judging that their own time inust inevitably come, must have lived under a great and perpetual terror, which will go far to explain the origin of primeval religion, and the hold which it took upon the minds of men; and this condition of things may furnish us a solution of the legends which have come down to us of their efforts to perpetuate their learning on pillars, and also an explanation of that other legend of the Tower of Babel, which, as I will show hereafter, was common to both continents, and in which they sought to build a tower high enough to escape the Deluge. All the legends of the preservation of a record prove that the united voice of antiquity taught that the antediluvians had advanced so far in civilization as to possess an alphabet and a system of writing; a conclusion which, as we will see hereafter, finds confirmation in the original identity of the alphabetical signs used in the old world and the new. CIVILIZATIOV AV LVHERITANCE. 129 PART III. THE CIVILIZATION OF THE OLD WORLD AND NEW COMPARED. CHAPTER I. CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE. MATERIAL civilization might be defined to be the result of a series of inventions and discoveries, whereby man improves his condition, and controls the forces of nature for his own advan- tage. The savage man is a pitiable creature; as Menaboshu says, in the Chippeway legends, he is pursued by a “perpetual hun- ger;" he is exposed unprotected to the blasts of winter and the heats of summer. A great terror sits upon his soul; for eve- ry inanifestation of nature-the storm, the wind, the thunder, the lightning, the cold, the heat-all are threatening and dan- gerous demons. The seasons bring him neither seed-time nor harvest; pinched with hunger, appeasing in part the everlast- ing craving of his stomach with seeds, berries, and creeping things, he sees the animals of the forest dash by him, and he has no means to arrest their flight. He is powerless and mis- erable in the midst of plenty. Every step toward civilization is a step of conquest over nature. The invention of the bow and arrow was, in its time, a far greater stride forward for the human race than the steam-engine or the telegraph. The sav- age could now reach his game; his insatiable hunger could be 130 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. to cook, Tlie savage, bus pottery satisfied; the very eagle, “ towering in its pride of place,” was not beyond the reach of this new and wonderful weapon. The discovery of fire and the art of cooking was another immense step forward. The savage, having nothing but wooden vessels in which to cook, covered the wood with clay; the clay hard- ened in the fire. The savage gradually learned that he could dispense with the wood, and thus pottery was invented. Then some one (if we are to believe the Chippeway legends, on the shores of Lake Superior) found fragments of the pure copper of that region, beat them into shape, and the art of metallurgy was begun; iron was first worked in the same way by shaping meteoric iron into spear-heads. But it must not be supposed that these inventions followed one another in rapid succession. Thousands, and perhaps tens of thousands, of years intervened between each step; many savage races have not to this day achieved some of these steps. Prof. Richard Owen says, “Unprepossessed and sober experi- ence teaches that arts, language, literature are of slow growth, the results of gradual development." I shall undertake to show hereafter that nearly all the arts essential to civilization which we possess date back to the time of Atlantis — certainly to that ancient Egyptian civilization which was coeval with, and an outgrowth from, Atlantis. In six thousand years the world made no advance on the civ- ilization which it received from Atlantis. i Phænicia, Egypt, Chaldea, India, Greece, and Rome passed the torch of civilization from one to the other; but in all that lapse of time they added nothing to the arts which existed at the earliest period of Egyptian history. In architecture, sculpture, painting, engraving, mining, metallurgy, navigation, C.C. pottery, glass-ware, the construction of canals, roads, and aque- ducts, the arts of Phænicia and Egypt extended, without ma- terial change or improvement, to a period but two or three hundred years ago. The present age has entered upon a new era; it has added a series of wonderful inventions to the At- CIVILIZATIO.V AN INHERITANCE. 131 lantean list; it has subjugated steam and electricity to the nses of man. And its work has but commenced : it will continue until it lifts man to a plane as much higher than the present as the present is above the barbaric condition; and in the future it will be said that between the birth of civilization in Atlantis and the new civilization there stretches a period of many thousands of years, during which mankind did not in vent, but simply perpetuated. Herodotus tells us ( Euterpe," cxlii.) that, according to the .. information he received from the Egyptian priests, their writ- xay ten history dated back 11,340 years before his era, or nearly 14,000 years prior to this time. They introduced him into a spacious temple, and showed him the statues of 341 high- priests who had in turn succeeded each other; and yet the age of Columbus possessed no arts, except that of printing (which was ancient in China), which was not known to the Egyptians; and the civilization of Egypt at its first appearance was of a higher order than at any subsequent period of its history, this testifying that it drew its greatness from a fountain higher than itself. It was in its early days that Egypt worshipped one only God; in the later ages this simple and sublime belief: was buried under the corruptions of polytheism. The greatest pyramids were built by the Fourth Dynasty, and so universal was education at that time among the people that the stones with which they were built retain to this day the writing of the workmen. The first king was Menes. “At the epoch of Menes,” says Winebell, “ the Egyptians were already a civilized and numerous people. Manetho tells us that Athotis, the son of this first king, Menes, built the palace at Memphis; that he was a physician, and left ana- tomical books. . All these statements imply that even at this early period the Egyptians were in a high state of civiliza- tion." (Winchell's “Preadamites,” p. 120.) “In the time of Menes the Egyptians had long been architects, sculptors, painters, mythologists, and theologians.” Professor Richard Owen says: “Egypt is recorded to have been a civilized and 132 ATLANTIS: TIIE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. governed community before the time of Menes. The pas- toral community of a group of nomad families, as portrayed in the Pentateuch, may be admitted as an early step in civ- ilization. But how far in advance of this stage is a nation administered by a kingly government, consisting of grades of society, with divisions of labor, of which one kind, assigned to the priesthood, was to record or chronicle the names and dynas- ties of the kings, the duration and chief events of their reigns !" Ernest Renan points out that “Egypt at the beginning appears mature, old, and entirely without mythical and heroic ages, as if the country had never known youth. Its civilization has no infancy, and its art no archaic period. The civilization of the Old Monarchy did not begin with infancy. It was already mature." We shall attempt to show that it matured in Atlantis, and that the Egyptian people were unable to maintain it at the high standard at which they had received it, as depicted in the pages of Plato. What king of Assyria, or Greece, or Rome, or even of these modern nations, has ever devoted himself to the study of medicine and the writing of medical books for the benefit of mankind? Their mission has been to kill, not to heal the people; yet here, at the very dawn of Mediterranean history, we find the son of the first king of Egypt recorded “ as a physician, and as having left anatomical books." I hold it to be incontestable that, in some region of the earth, primitive mankind must have existed during vast spaces of time, and under most favorable circumstances, to create, in- vent, and discover those arts and things which constitute civil- ization. When we have it before our eyes that for six thou- sand years mankind in Europe, Asia, and Africa, even when led by great nations, and illuminated by marvellous minds, did not advance one inch beyond the arts of Egypt, we may conceive what lapses, what æons, of time it must have required to bring savage man to that condition of refinement and civilization possessed by Egypt when it first comes within the purview of history. That illustrious Frenchman, H. A. Taine (“ History of Eng- CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE. 133 lish Literature," p. 23), sees the unity of the Indo-European races manifest in their languages, literature, and philosophies, and argues that these pre-eminent traits are "the great marks of an original model," and that when we meet with them "fifteen, twenty, thirty centuries before our cra, in an Aryan, an Egyp- tian, a Chinese, they represent the work of a great many ages, perhaps of several myriads of centuries. . . . Such is the first and richest source of these master faculties from which histor- ical events take their rise; and one sees that if it be powerful it is because this is no simple spring, but a kind of lake, a deep reservoir, wherein other springs have, for a multitude of cen- turies, discharged their several streams.” In other words, the capacity of the Egyptian, Aryan, Chaldean, Chinese, Saxon, and Celt to maintain civilization is simply the result of civilized training during “myriads of centuries” in some original home of the race. I cannot believe that the great inventions were duplicated spontaneously, as some would have us believe, in different countries; there is no truth in the theory that men pressed by necessity will always hit upon the same invention to relieve their wants. If this were so, all savages would have invented the boomerang; all savages would possess pottery, bows and arrows, slings, tents, and canoes; in short, all races would have risen to civilization, for certainly the comforts of life are as agreeable to one people as another. Civilization is not communicable to all; many sarage tribes are incapable of it. There are two great divisions of mankind, the civilized and the savage; and, as we shall show, every civ- alized race in the world has had something of civilization from the earliest ages; and as “all roads lead to Rome," so all the converging lines of civilization lead to Atlantis. The abyss between the civilized man and the savage is simply incalcula- ble; it represents not alone a difference in arts and methods of life, but in the mental constitution, the instincts, and the predispositions of the soul. The child of the civilized races 134 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. in his sports manufactures water-wheels, wagons, and houses of cobs; the savage boy amuses himself with bows and arrows: the one belongs to a building and creating race; the other to a wild, hunting stock. This abyss between savagery and civ- ilization has never been passed by any nation through its own original force, and without external influences, during the His- toric Period; those who were savages at the dawn of history are savages still; barbarian slaves may have been taught some- thing of the arts of their masters, and conquered races have shared some of the advantages possessed by their conquerors ; but we will seek in vain for any example of a savage people developing civilization of and among themselves. I may be reminded of the Gauls, Goths, and Britons; but these were not savages, they possessed written languages, poetry, oratory, and history; they were controlled by religious ideas; they be- lieved in God and the immortality of the soul, and in a state of rewards and punishments after death. Wherever the Romans came in contact with Gauls, or Britons, or German tribes, they found them armed with weapons of iron. The Scots, accord- ing to Tacitus, used chariots and iron swords in the battle of the Grampians—“enormes gladii sine mucrone.” The Celts of Gaul are stated by Diodorus Siculus to have used iron-head- ed spears and coats-of - mail, and the Gauls who encountered the Roman arms in B.c. 222 were armed with soft iron swords, as well as at the time when Cæsar conquered their country. Among the Gauls men would lend money to be repaid in the next world, and, we need not add, that no Christian people has yet reached that sublime height of faith; they cultivated the ground, built houses and walled towns, wove cloth, and employed wheeled vehicles; they possessed nearly all the ce- reals and domestic animals we have, and they wrought in iron, bronze, and steel. The Gauls bad even invented a ma- chine on wheels to cut their grain, thus anticipating our reap- ers and mowers by two thousand years. The difference be- tween the civilization of the Romans under Julius Cæsar and CIVILIZATION AN INHERITANCE. 135 the Gauls under Vercingetorix was a difference in degree and not in kind. The Roman civilization was simply a develop- ment and perfection of the civilization possessed by all the European populations; it was drawn from the common foun- tain of Atlantis. If we find on both sides of the Atlantic precisely the same arts, sciences, religious beliefs, habits, customs, and traditions, it is absurd to say that the peoples of the two continents ar- rived separately, by precisely the same steps, at precisely the same ends. When we consider the resemblance of the civ- ilizations of the Mediterranean nations to one another, no man is silly enough to pretend that Rome, Greece, Egypt, As- syria, Phænicia, each spontaneously and separately invented the arts, sciences, habits, and opinions in which they agreed; but we proceed to trace out the thread of descent or connec- tion from one to ancther. Why should a rule of interpreta- tion prevail, as between the two sides of the Atlantic, different from that which holds good as to the two sides of the Medi- terranean Sea ? If, in the one case, similarity of origin has un- questionably produced similarity of arts, customs, and condi- tion, why, in the other, should not similarity of arts, customs, and condition prove similarity of origin? Is there any in- stance in the world of two peoples, without knowledge of or intercourse with each other, happening upon the same inven- tion, whether that invention be an arrow-head or a steam-en- gine? If it required of mankind a lapse of at least six thou- sand years before it began anew the work of invention, and took up the thread of original thought where Atlantis dropped it, what probability is there of three or four separate nations all advancing at the same speed to precisely the same arts and opinions? The proposition is untenable. If, then, we prove that, on both sides of the Atlantic, civiliza- tions were found substantially identical, we have demonstrated that they must have descended one from the other, or have radiated from some common source. 136 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER II. THE IDENTITY OF THE CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. Architecture.—Plato tells us that the Atlanteans possessed architecture; that they built walls, temples, and palaces. We need not add that this art was found in Egypt and all the civilized countries of Europe, as well as in Peru, Mexico, and Central America. Among both the Peruvians and Egyp- tians the walls receded inward, and the doors were narrower at the top than at the threshold. The obelisks of Egypt, covered with hieroglyphics, are paral- leled by the round columns of Central Anerica, and both are supposed to have originated in Phallus-worship. “The usual symbol of the Phallus was an erect stone, often in its rough state, sometimes sculptured.” (Squier, “Serpent Syınbol," p. 49; Bancroft's “Native Races,” vol. iii., p. 504.) The worship of Priapus was found in Asia, Egypt, along the European shore of the Mediterranean, and in the forests of Central America, The mounds of Europe and Asia were made in the same way and for the same purposes as those of America. Herod- otus describes the burial of a Scythian king; he says, “ After this they set to work to raise a vast mound above the grave, all of them vying with each other, and seeking to make it as tall as possible.” “It must be confessed," says Foster (“Pre- historic Races," p. 193), " that these Scythic burial rites have a strong resemblance to those of the Mound Builders.” Ho- mer describes the erection of a great symmetrical mound over Achilles, also one over Hector. Alexander the Great raised a ter Hil Juil 118 11 TOUTTA LIIN WD ELIZATE NU FB ESERTA MUNDUANIAWAN ILLILUL M ASSAL A MUALATUNTURIDGEOTTI DINTROL LUARTE LORONTROLES PUTASUTSATT TITTADIOTTERIAN AUTOMATISKTBLANKLAULOIDAAN C NNUBIS . 112 BE O HTUMISHI until ΤΑ ΠΕΡΙΗΤΗ ΤΡΙΗΓΗΘΕΙ TUL K MUUTTUM ONUR LOT LFI U WW O ULU DATORIT dim G e amus, tuottamattomien NOLLOW N oskati CROATIA WITRYNUTITANYAHUT LIENS MOSAICS AT MITLA. MEXICO. CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 139 great mound over his friend Hephaestion, at a cost of more than a million dollars; and Semiramis raised a similar mound over her busband. The pyramids of Egypt, Assyria, and Phe- nicia had their duplicates in Mexico and Central America. The grare-cists made of stone of the American mounds are exactly like the stone chests, or kistvaen for the dead, found 19 ring THRITTA OF 2 SV onun UNITED SEPERTI DILOL OT EN CSS WIN RSS EUR DEO STAGE CARVING ON TIE BUDDHIST TOWER, SÁENATII, INDIA. in the British mounds. (Foster's “Prehistoric Races," p. 109.) Tumuli have been found in Yorkshire enclosing wooden cof- fins, precisely as in the mounds of the Mississippi Valley. (Ibid., p. 185.) The articles associated with the dead are the same in both continents: arms, trinkets, food, clothes, and funeral urns. In both the Mississippi Valley and among the ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. 140 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Chaldeans vases were constructed around the bones, the neck of the vase being too small to permit the extraction of the skull. (Foster's “ Prehistoric Races," p. 200.) The use of cement was known alike to the European and American nations. The use of the arch was known on both sides of the Atlantic. The manufacture of bricks was known in both the Old and New Worlds. The style of ornamentation in architecture was much the same on both hemispheres, as shown in the preceding designs, pages 137, 139. Metallurgy.---The Atlanteans mined ores, and worked in metals; they used copper, tin, bronze, gold, and silver, and probably iron. The American nations possessed all these metals, The age of bronze, or of copper combined with tin, was preceded in America, and nowhere else, by a simpler age of copper; and, therefore, the working of metals probably originated in Amer- ica, or in some region to which it was tributary. The Mexi- cans manufactured bronze, and the Incas mined iron near Lake Titicaca; and the civilization of this latter region, as we will show, probably dated back to Atlantean times. The Peruvians called gold the tears of the sun: it was sacred to the sun, as silver was to the moon. Sculpture.— The Atlanteans possessed this art; so did the American and Mediterranean nations. Dr. Arthur Schott (“Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 391), in describ- ing the “ Cara Gigantesca,” or gigantic face, a monument of Yzamal, in Yucatan, says, “Behind and on both sides, from under the mitre, a short veil falls upon the shoulders, so as to protect the back of the head and the neck. This particular appendage vividly calls to mind the same feature in the sym- bolic adornments of Egyptian and Hindoo priests, and even those of the Hebrew hierarchy." Dr. Schott sees in the orbic- ular whecl-like plates of this statue the wheel symbol of Kronos 142 - ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. similar to mile-stones were placed along the roads in Peru. (See Prescott's “Peru.") Navigation.-Sailing vessels were known to the Peruvians and the Central Americans. Columbus met, in 1502, at an island near Honduras, a party of the Mayas in a large vessel, equipped with sails, and loaded with a variety of textile fabrics af divers colors. Manufactures.—The American nations manufactured wool- len and cotton goods; they made pottery as beautiful as the OOOOOO GoO0OOOOOOO O NO 0D 91000000 onnonooma! BDSG6SD NA NOMINO nnnn0708 com balinipanino que >>>>> >>> 2 > > A pamainonno P222222 Wannnnnn MAARUNG O 2222222222 UP ANCIENT IRISU VABE OF TIIE BRONZE AGL wares of Egypt; they manufactured glass; they engraved gems and precious stones. The Peruvians had such immense numbers of vessels and ornaments of gold that the Inca paid with them a ransom for himself to Pizarro of the value of fifteen million dollars. Music. It has been pointed out that there is great resem- blance between the five-toned music of the Highland Scotch CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 143 and that of the Chinese and other Eastern nations. (“Anthro- pology," p. 292.) Weupons.—The weapons of the New World were identically the same as those of the Old World; they consisted of bows and arrows, spears, darts, short swords, battle - axes, and slings; and both peo- ples used shields or buck- lers, and casques of wood or hide covered with metal. If these weapons had been de- rived from separate sources of invention, one country or the other would have possessed implements not known to the other, like the blow - pipe, the boomerang, etc. Absolute identity in so many weapons strongly ar- UNITED STATES gues identity of origin. Religion.—The religion of the Atlanteans, as Plato tells us, was pure and simple; they made no regular sacrifices but fruits and flowers; they worshipped the sun. In Peru a single deity was worshipped, and the sun, bis most glorious work, was honored as his representative. Quetzalco- atl, the founder of the Aztecs, condemned all sacrifice but that of fruits and flowers. The first religion of Egypt was pure and simple; its sacrifices were fruits and flowers; temples were erected to the sun, Ra, throughout Egypt. In Peru the great festival of the sun was called Ra-mi. The Phænicians wor- shipped Baal and Moloch; the one represented the beneficent, and the other the injurious powers of the sun. Religious Beliefs.—The Guanches of the Canary Islands, who were probably a fragment of the old Atlantean population, believed in the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of ANCIENT VASE FROM TIIX MOUNDS OF TII CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 145 The Egyptian priest of Sais told Solon that the myth of Phaëthon, the son of Helios, having attempted to drive the chariot of the sun, and thereby burning up the earth, referred to " a declination of the bodies moving round the earth and in the heavens” (comets), which caused a “great conflagration upon the earth,” from which those only escaped who lived near rivers and seas. The “ Codex Chimalpopoca”—a Nahua, Central American record — tells us that the third era of the world, or “third sun," is called Quia Tonatiuh, or sun of rain, " because in this age there fell a rain of fire, all which existed burned, and there fell a rain of gravel ;" the rocks “boiled with tumult, and there also arose the rocks of vermilion col- or.” In other words, the traditions of these people go back to a great cataclysm of fire, when the earth possibly encountered, as in the Egyptian story, one of “the bodies moving round the earth and in the heavens ;" they had also memories of "the Drift Period,” and of the outburst of Plutonic rocks. If man has existed on the carth as long as science asserts, he must have passed through many of the great catastrophes which are written upon the face of the planet; and it is very natural that in myths and legends he should preserve some recollection of events so appalling and destructive. Among the early Greeks Pan was the ancient god; his wife was Maia. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg calls attention to the fact that Pan was adored in all parts of Mexico and Central America ; and at Panuco, or Panca, literally Panopolis, the Spaniards found, upon their entrance into Mexico, superb tem- ples and images of Pan. (Brasseur's Introduction in Landa's “Relacion.") The names of both Pan and Maya enter exten- sively into the Maya vocabulary, Maia being the same as Maya, the principal name of the peninsula; and pan, added to Maya, makes the name of the ancient capital Mayapan. In the Nahua language pan, or pani, signifies “equality to that which is above," and Pentecatl was the progenitor of all beings. (“North Americans of Antiquity,” p. 467.) 146 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The ancient Mexicans believed that the sun-god would de- stroy the world in the last night of the fifty-second year, and that he would never come back. They offered sacrifices to him at that time to propitiate him; they extinguished all the fires in the kingdom; they broke all their household furni- ture; they hung black masks before their faces; they prayed and fasted; and on the evening of the last night they formed a great procession to a neighboring mountain. A human be- ing was sacrificed exactly at midnight; a block of wood was laid at once on the body, and fire was then produced by rapid- ly revolving another piece of wood upon it; a spark was car- ried to a funeral pile, whose rising flame proclaimed to the anxious people the promise of the god not to destroy the world for another fifty-two years. Precisely the same custom ob- tained among the nations of Asia Minor and other parts of the continent of Asia, wherever sun-worship prevailed, at the peri- odical reproduction of the sacred fire, but not with the same bloody rites as in Mexico. (Valentini, “Maya Archæology," p. 21.) To this day the Brahman of India “churns” his sacred fire out of a board by boring into it with a stick; the Romans re- newed their sacred fire in the same way; and in Sweden even now a “need-fire is kindled in this manner when cholera or other pestilence is abont.” (Tylor's “ Anthropology,” p. 262.) A belief in ghosts is found on both continents. The Amer- ican Indians think that the spirits of the dead retain the form and features which they wore while living; that there is a hell and a heaven; that hell is below the carth, and heaven above the clouds; that the souls of the wicked sometimes wander the face of the earth, appearing occasionally to mortals. The story of Tantalus is found among the Chippewayans, who believed that bad souls stand up to their chins in water in sight of the spirit-land, which they can never enter. The dead passed to heaven across a stream of water by means of a narrow and slip- pery bridge, from which many were lost. The Zuñis set apart CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 147 a day in each year which they spent among the graves of their dead, communing with their spirits, and bringing them presents --a kind of All-souls-day. (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.," p. 35.) The Stygian flood, and Scylla and Charybdis, are found among the legends of the Caribs. (Ibid., p. 37.) Even the boat of Charon reappears in the traditions of the Chippewayans. The Oriental belief in the transinigration of souls is found in every American tribe. The souls of men passed into ani- inals or other men. (Schoolcraft, vol. i., p. 33.) The souls of the wicked passed into toads and wild beasts. (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.," p. 50.) Among both the Germans and the American Indians lycan- thropy, or the metamorphosis of men into wolves, was believed in. In British Columbia the men-wolves have often been seen seated around a fire, with their wolf-hides hung upon sticks to dry! The Irish legend of hunters pursuing an animal which suddenly disappears, whereupon a human being appears in its place, is found among all the American tribes. That timid and harmless animai, the hare, was, singularly enough, an object of superstitious reverence and fear in Eu- rope, Asia, and America. The ancient Irish killed all the hares they found on May-day among their cattle, believing them to be witches. Cæsar gives an account of the horror in which this animal was held by the Britons. The Calmucks regarded the rabbit with fear and reverence. Divine honors were paid to the bare in Mexico. Wabasso was changed into a white rabbit, and canonized in that form. The white bull, Apis, of the Egyptians, reappears in the sa- cred white buffalo of the Dakotas, which was supposed to pos- sess supernatural power, and after death became a god. The white doe of European legend had its representative in the white deer of the Housatonic Valley, whose death brought misery to the tribe. The transmission of spirits by the laying on of hands, and the exorcism of demons, were part of the re- ligion of the American tribes. 148 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The witches of Scandinavia, who produced tempests by their incantations, are duplicated in America. A Cree sorcerer sold three days of fair weather for one pound of tobacco! The In- dian sorcerers around Freshwater Bay kept the winds in leather bags, and disposed of them as they pleased. Among the American Indians it is believed that those who are insane or epileptic are“ possessed of devils." (Tylor, “Prim. Cult.," vol. ii., pp. 123–126.) Sickness is caused by evil spirits entering into the sick person. (Eastman's “Sioux.") The spirits of animals are much feared, and their departure out of the body of the invalid is a cause of thanksgiving. Thus an Omaha, after an eructation, says, “Thank you, animal.” (Dor- man, “ Prim. Superst.," p. 55.) The confession of their sins was with a view to satisfy the evil spirit and induce him to leave them. (Ibid., p. 57.) In both continents burnt-offerings were sacrificed to the gods. In both continents the priests divined the future from the condition of the internal organs of the man or animal sac- rificed. (Ibid., pp. 214, 226.) In both continents the future was revealed by the flight of birds and by dreams. In Peru and Mexico there were colleges of augurs, as in Rome, who practised divination by watching the movements and songs of birds. (Ibid., p. 261.) Animals were worshipped in Central America and on the banks of the Nile. (Ibid., p. 259.) The Ojibbeways believed that the barking of a fox was ominous of ill. (Ibid., p. 225). The peasantry of Western Europe have the same belief as to the howling of a dog. The belief in satyrs, and other creatures half man and half animal, survived in America. The Kickapoos are Darwini- ans. “They think their ancestors had tails, and when they lost them the impudent fox sent every morning to ask how their tails were, and the bear shook his fat sides at the joke.” (Ibid., p. 232.) Among the natives of Brazil the father cut a stick at the wedding of his daughter; "this was done to CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 149 cut off the tails of any future grandchildren.” (Tylor, vol. i., p. 384.) Jove, with the thunder-bolts in his hand, is duplicated in the Mexican god of thunder, Mixcoat), who is represented holding a bundle of arrows. “He rode upon a tornado, and scattered the lightnings.” (Dorman,“ Prim. Superst.,” p. 98.) Dionysus, or Bacchus, is represented by the Mexican god Texcatzoncat), the god of wine. (Bancroft, vol. iii., p. 418.) Atlas reappears in Chibchacum, the deity of the Chibchas; he bears the world on his shoulders, and when he shifts the burden from one shoulder to another severe earthquakes are produced. (Bollært, pp. 12, 13.) Deucalion repeopling the world is repeated in Xololt, who, after the destruction of the world, descended to Mictlan, the realm of the dead, and brought thence a bone of the perished race. This, sprinkled with blood, grew into a youth, the fa- ther of the present race. The Quiche hero-gods, Hunaphu and Xblanque, dicd; their bodies were burnt, their bones ground to powder and thrown into the waters, whereupon they changed into handsome youths, with the same features as before. (Dor- man, "Prim. Superst.," p. 193.) Witches and warlocks, mermaids and mermen, are part of the mythology of the American tribes, as they were of the European races. (Ibid., p. 79.) The mermaid of the Ottawas was “ woman to the waist and fair;" thence fish-like. (Ibid., p. 278.) The snake-locks of Medusa are represented in the snake- locks of At-otarho, an ancient culture-hero of the Iroquois. A belief in the incarnation of gods in men, and the physical translation of heroes to heaven, is part of the mythology of the Hindoos and the American races. Hiawatha, we are told, rose to heaven in the presence of the multitude, and vanished from sight in the inidst of sweet music. The vocal statues and oracles of Egypt and Greece were duplicated in America. In Peru, in the valley of Rimac, there 150 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. was an idol which answered questions and became famous as an oracle. (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.," p. 124.) The Peruvians believed that men were sometimes metamor. phosed into stones. The Oneidas claimed descent from a stone, as the Greeks from the stones of Deucalion. (Ibid., p. 132.) Witchcraft is an article of faith among all the American races. Among the Illinois Indians “they made small images to represent those whose days they have a mind to shorten, and which they stab to the heart," whereupon the person rep- resented is expected to die. (Charlevoix, vol. ii., p. 166.) The witches of Europe made figures of wax of their enemies, and gradually melted them at the fire, and as they diminished the victim was supposed to sicken and die. A writer in the Popular Science Monthly (April, 1881, p. 828) points out the fact that there is an absolute identity be- tween the folk-lore of the negroes on the plantations of the South and the myths and stories of certain tribes of Indians in South America, as revealed by Mr. Herbert Smith's “Brazil, the Amazons, and the Coast." (New York: Scribner, 1879.) Mr. Harris, the author of a work on the folk-lore of the ne- groes, asks this question, “When did the negro or the North American Indian come in contact with the tribes of South America ?" Customs.-Both peoples manufactured a fermented, intoxi- cating drink, the one deriving it from barley, the other from maize. Both drank toasts. Both had the institution of mar- riage, an important part of the ceremony consisting in the join- ing of hands; both recognized divorce, and the Peruvians and Mexicans established special courts to decide cases of this kind. Both the Americans and Europeans erected arches, and had triumphal processions for their victorious kings, and both strewed the ground before them with leaves and flowers. Both celebrated important events with bonfires and illumina- tions; both used banners; both invoked blessings. The Phæ- CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 151 picians, Hebrews, and Egyptians practised circumcision. Pala- cio relates that at Azori, in Honduras, the natives circumcised boys before an idol called Icelca. (“Carta," p. 84.) Lord Kingsborough tells us the Central Americans used the same rite, and McKenzie (quoted by Retzius) says he saw the cere- mony performed by the Chippeways. Both had bards and minstrels, who on great festivals sung the deeds of kings and heroes. Both the Egyptians and the Peruvians held agricultu- ral fairs; both took a census of the people. Among both the land was divided per capitu among the people; in Judea a new division was made every fifty years. The Peruvians renewed cvery year all the fires of the kingdom from the Temple of the Sun, the new fire being kindled from concave mirrors by the sun's rays. The Romans under Numa had precisely the same custom. The Peruvians had theatrical plays. They chewed the leaves of the cucu mixed with lime, as the Hindoo to-day chews the leaves of the betel mixed with lime. Both the American and European nations were divided into castes; both practised planet - worship; both used scales and weights and mirrors. The Peruvians, Egyptians, and Chaldeans divided the year into twelve months, and the months into lesser divisions of weeks. Both inserted additional days, so as to give the year three hundred and sixty-five days. The Mexicans added five intercalary days; and the Egyptians, in the time of Amu- noph I., had already the same practice. Humboldt, whose high authority cannot be questioned, by an elaborate discussion (“Vues des Cordilleras," p. 148 et seq., ed. 1870), has shown the relative likeness of the Nahua calen- dar to that of Asia. He cites the fact that the Chinese, Jap- ancse, Calmucks, Mongols, Mantchou, and other hordes of Tar- tars bave cycles of sixty years' duration, divided into five brief periods of twelve years each. The method of citing a date by means of signs and numbers is quite similar with Asiatics and Mexicans. He further shows satisfactorily that the majority of the names of the twenty days employed by the Aztecs are 152 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. those of a zodiac used since the most remote antiquity among the peoples of Eastern Asia. Cabera thinks he finds analogies between the Mexican and Egyptian calendars. Adopting the view of several writers that the Mexican year began on the 26th of February, he finds the date to correspond with the beginning of the Egyptian year. The American nations believed in four great primeval ages, as the Hindoo does to this day. “In the Greeks of Homer,” says Volney, “I find the cus- toms, discourse, and manners of the Iroquois, Delawares, and Miamis. The tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides paint to me almost literally the sentiments of the red men respecting necessity, fatality, the iniseries of human life, and the rigor of blind destiny.” (Volney's “View of the United States.") The Mexicans represent an eclipse of the moon as the moon being devoured by a dragon; and the Hindoos have precisely the same figure; and both nations continued to use this expres- sion long after they had discovered the real meaning of an eclipsc. The Tartars believe that if they cut with an axe near a fire, or stick a knife into a burning stick, or touch the fire with a knife, they will “cut the top off the fire.” The Sioux Indians will not stick an awl or a needle into a stick of wood on the fire, or chop on it with an axe or a knife. Cremation was extensively practised in the New World. The dead were burnt, and their ashes collected and placed in vases and urns, as in Europe. Wooden statues of the dead were made. There is a very curious and apparently inexplicable custom, called the “ Couvade,” which extends from China to the Mis- sissippi Valley; it demands “that, when a child is born, the father must take to his bed, while the mother attends to all the duties of the household.” Marco Polo found the custom among the Chinese in the thirteenth century. CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 153 The widow tells Hudibras- “Chineses thus are said To lie-in in their ladies' stead.” The practice remarked by Marco Polo continues to this day among the hill-tribes of China. “The father of a new-born child, as soon as the mother has become strong enough to leave her couch, gets into bed himself, and there receives the congratulations of bis acquaintances." (Max Müller's “ Chips from a German Workshop,” vol. ii., p. 272.) Strabo (vol. jii., pp. 4, 17) mentions that, among the Iberians of the North of Spain, the women, after the birth of a child, tend their hus- bands, putting them to bed instead of going themselves. The same custom existed among the Basqnes only a few years ago. “In Biscay,” says M. F. Michel, “the women rise immediate- ly after childbirth and attend to the duties of the household, while the husband goes to bed, taking the baby with him, and thus receives the neighbors' compliments.” The same custom was found in France, and is said to exist to this day in some cantons of Béarn. Diodorus Siculus tells us that among the Corsicans the wife was neglected, and the husband put to bed and treated as the patient. Apollonius Rhodius says that among the Tibereni, at the south of the Black Sea, “when a child was born the father lay groaning, with his head tied up, while the mother tended him with food and prepared his baths.” The same absurd custom extends throughout the tribes of North and South America. Among the Caribs in the West Indies (and the Caribs, Brasseur de Bourbourg says, were the same as the ancient Carians of the Mediterranean Sea) the man takes to his bed as soon as a child is born, and kills no animals. And herein we find an explanation of a custom otherwise inexplicable. Among the American Indians it is believed that, if the father kills an animal during the infancy of the child, the spirit of the animal will revenge itself by in- flicting some disease upon the helpless little one. “For six months the Carib father must not cat birds or fish, for what- 7* 154 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVLÍN WORLD. ever animals he cats will impress their likeness on the child, or produce disease by entering its body.” (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.,” p. 58.) Among the Abipones the husband goes to bed, fasts a number of days, “ and you would think,” says Do- brizhoffer," that it was he that had had the child.” The Bra- zilian father takes to his hammock during and after the birth of the child, and for fifteen days eats io meat and hunts no game. Among the Esquimaux the husbands forbear hunting during the lying-in of their wives and for some time thereafter. Here, then, we have a very extraordinary and unnatural uus- tom, existing to this day on both sides of the Atlantic, reach- ing back to a vast antiquity, and finding its explanation only in the superstition of the American races. A practice so ab- surd could scarcely have originated scparately in the two con- tinents; its existence is a very strong proof of unity of origin of the races on the opposite sides of the Atlantic; and the fact that the custom and the reason for it are both found in Amer- ica, while the custom remains in Europe without the reason, would imply that the American population was the older of the two. The Indian practice of depositing weapons and food with the dead was universal in ancient Europe, and in German vil- lages nowadays a needle and thread is placed in the coffin for the dead to mend their torn clothes with; " while all over Eu- rope the dead man had a piece of money put in his hand to pay his way with.” (“Anthropology,” p. 347.) The American Indian leaves food with the dead; the Rus- sian peasant puts crumbs of bread behind the saints' pictures on the little iron shelf, and believes that the souls of his fore- fathers creep in and out and eat them. At the cemetery of Père-la-Chaise, Paris, on All-souls-day, they “still put cakes and sweetmeats on the graves; and in Brittany the peasants that night do not forget to make up the fire and leave the fray- ments of the supper on the table for the souls of the dead." (Ibid., p. 351.) CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 155 The Indian prays to the spirits of his forefathers; the Chinese religion is largely “ancestor-worship;" and the rites paid to the dead ancestors, or lares, held the Roman family together.” (" Anthropology," p. 351.) We find the Indian practice of burying the dead in a sitting posture in use among the Nasamonians, a tribe of Libyans. Herodotns, speaking of the wandering tribes of Northern Af- rica, says, “They bury their dead according to the fashion of the Greeks. ... They bury them sitting, and are right careful, when the sick man is at the point of giving up the ghost, to make him sit, and not let him die lying down." The dead bodies of the caciques of Bogota were protected from desecration by diverting the course of a river and making the grave in its bed, and then letting the stream return to its natural course. Alaric, the leader of the Goths, was secretly buried in the same way. (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.," p. 195.) Among the American tribes no man is permitted to marry a wife of the same clan-name or totem as himself. In India a Brahman is not allowed to marry a wife whose clan-name (her“cow-stall,” as they say) is the same as his own; nor may a Chinaman take a wife of his own surname. (“Anthropology,” p. 403.) “Throughout India the hill-tribes are divided into septs or clans, and a man may not marry a woman belonging to his own clan. The Calmucks of Tartary are divided into hordes, and a man may not marry a girl of his own horde. The same custom prevails among the Circassians and the Sam- oyeds of Siberia. The Ostyaks and Yakuts regard it as a crime to marry a woman of the same family, or even of the same name.” (Sir John Lubbock, “Smith. Rep.," p. 347, 1869.) Sutteeism—the burning of the widow upon the funeral-pile of the husband—was extensively practised in America (West's “Journal,” p. 141); as was also the practice of sacrificing warriors, servants, and animals at the funeral of a great chief (Dorman, pp. 210-211.) Beautiful girls were sacrificed to appease the anger of the gods, as among the Mediterranean 156 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. races. (Bancroft, vol. iii., p. 471.) Fathers offered up their children for a like purpose, as among the Carthaginians. The poisoned arrows of America had their representatives in Europe. Odysseus went to Ephyra for the man-slaying drug with which to smear his bronze-tipped arrows. (Tylor's “ Anthropology," p. 237.) “The bark canoe of America was not unknown in Asia and Africa” (Ibid., p. 254), while the skin canoes of our Indians and the Esquimaux were found on the shores of the Thames and the Euphrates. In Peru and on the Euphrates commerce was carried on upon rafts supported by inflated skins. They are still used on the Tigris. The Indian boils his meat by dropping red-hot stones into a water- vessel made of hide; and Linnæus found the Both- land people brewing beer in this way—“and to this day the rude Carinthian boor drinks such stone - beer, as it is called.” (Ibid., p. 266.) In the buffalo dance of the Mandan Indians the dancers cov- ered their heads with a mask made of the head and horns of the buffalo. To-day in the temples of India, or among the lamas of Thibet, the priests dance the demons ont, or the new year in, arrayed in animal masks (Ibid., p. 297); and the “mummers” at Yule-tide, in England, are a survival of the same custom. (Ibid., p. 298.) The North American dog and bear dances, wherein the dancers acted the part of those ani- mals, had their prototype in the Greek dances at the festivals of Dionysia. (Ibid., p. 298.) Tattooing was practised in both continents. Among the Indians it was fetichistic in its origin; "every Indian had the image of an animal tattooed on his breast or arm, to charm away evil spirits.” (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.,” p. 156.) The sailors of Europe and America preserve to this day á custom which was once universal among the ancient races. Banners, flags, and armorial bearings are supposed to be survivals of the old to- temic tattooing. The Arab woman still tattoos her face, arms, CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 157 and ankles. The war-paint of the American savage reappeared in the woad with which the ancient Briton stained his body; and Tylor suggests that the painted stripes on the circus clown are a survival of a custom once universal. (Tylor's “ Anthro- polgy," p. 327.) In America, as in the Old World, the temples of worship were built over the dead. (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.," p. 178.) Says Prudentius, the Roman bard, “there were as many tem- ples of gods as sepulchres.” The Etruscan belief that evil spirits strove for the posses- sion of the dead was found among the Mosquito Indians. (Bancroft, “Native Races,” vol. i., p. 744.) The belief in fairies, which forms so large a part of the folk- Jore of Western Europe, is found among the American races. The Ojibbeways see thousands of fairies dancing in a sunbeam; during a rain myriads of them hide in the flowers. When dis- turbed they disappear underground. They have their dances, like the Irish fairies; and, like them, they kill the domes tic animals of those who offend them. The Dakotas also be- lieve in fairies. The Otoes located the “little people" in a mound at the mouth of Whitestone River; they were eighteen inches high, with very large heads; they were armed with bows and arrows, and killed those who approached their resi- dence. (Sce Dorman's “Origin of Primitive Superstitions," p. 23.) “The Shoshone legends people the mountains of Mon- tana with little imps, called Nirumbees, two feet long, naked, and with a tail.” They stole the children of the Indians, and left in their stead the young of their own baneful race, who resembled the stolen children so much that the mothers were deceived and suckled them, whereupon they died. This great- ly resembles the European belief in “changelings.” (Ibid., p. 24.) In both continents we find tree - worship. In Mexico and Central America cypresses and palms were planted near the temples, generally in groups of threes; they were tended with 158 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDIĻUVIAN WORLD. great care, and received offerings of incense and gifts. The same custom prevailed among the Romans—the cypress was dedicated to Pluto, and the palm to Victory. Not only infant baptism by water was found both in the old Babylonian religion and among the Mexicans, but an of- fering of cakes, which is recorded by the prophet Jeremiah as part of the worship of the Babylonian goddess-mother, " the Queen of Heaven," was also found in the ritual of the Aztecs. (“Builders of Babel,” p. 78.) In Babylonia, China, and Mexico the caste at the bottom of the social scale lived upon floating islands of reeds or rafts, covered with earth, on the lakes and rivers. In Peru and Babylonia marriages were made but once a year, at a public festival. Among the Romans, the Chinese, the Abyssinians, and the Indians of Canada the singular custom prevails of lifting the bride over the door-step of her husband's home. (Sir John Lubbock, “Smith. Rep.," 1869, p. 352.) “The bride-cake which so invariably accompanies a wedding among ourselves, and which must always be cut by the bride, may be traced back to the old Roinan form of marriage by .conferreatio,' or eating together. So, also, among the Iro- quois the bride and bridegroom used to partake together of a cake of sagamite, which the bride always offered to her hus- band.” (Ibid.) Among many American tribes, notably in Brazil, the hus- band captured the wife by main force, as the men of Benja- min carried off the daughters of Shiloh at the feast, and as the Romans captured the Sabine women. “Within a few gen- erations the same old habit was kept up in Wales, where the bridegroom and his friends, mounted and armed as for war, carried off the bride; and in Ireland they used even to hurl spears at the bride's people, though at such a distance that no one was hurt, except now and then by accident--as happened when one Lord Iloath lost an eye, which mischance put an end CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 159 to this curious relic of antiquity.” (Tylor's “Anthropology," p. 409.) Marriage in Mexico was performed by the priest. He ex- horted them to maintain peace and harmony, and tied the end of the man's mantle to the dress of the woman; he per- fumed them, and placed on each a shawl on which was paint- ed a skeleton, “as a symbol that only death could now sep- arate them from one another.” (Dorman, “Prim. Superst.,” p. 379.) The priesthood was thoroughly organized in Mexico and Peru. They were prophets as well as priests. “They brought the newly-born infant into the religious society; they directed their training and cducation; they determined the entrance of the young men into the service of the state; they con- secrated marriage by their blessing; they comforted the sick and assisted the dying.” (Ibid., p. 374.) There were five thousand priests in the temples of Mexico. They confessed and absolved the sinners, arranged the festivals, and man- aged the choirs in the churches. They lived in conventual discipline, but were allowed to marry; they practised flagella- tion and fasting, and prayed at regular hours. There were great preachers and exhorters among them. There were also convents into which females were admitted. The novice had her hair cut off and took vows of celibacy; they lived holy and pious lives. (Ibid., pp. 375, 376.) The king was the high- priest of the religious orders. A new king ascended the tem- ple naked, except his girdle; he was sprinkled four times with water which had been blessed; he was then clothed in a man- tle, and on his knees took an oath to maintain the ancient religion. The priests then instructed him in his royal du- ties. (Ibid., p. 378.) Besides the regular priesthood there were monks who were confined in cloisters. (Ibid., p. 390.) Cortes says the Mexican priests were very strict in the prac- tice of honesty and chastity, and any deviation was punished with death. They wore long white robes and burned incense. 160 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. (Dorinan, “Prim. Superst.," p. 379.) The first fruits of the earth were devoted to the support of the priesthood. (Ibid., p. 383.) The priests of the Isthmus were sworn to perpetual chastity. The American doctors practised phlebotomy. They bled the sick man because they believed the evil spirit which afflicted him would come away with the blood. In Europe phlebot- omy continued to a late period, but the original superstition out of which it arose, in this case as in many others, was for- gotten. There is opportunity here for the pbilosopher to meditate upon the perversity of human nature and the persistence of hereditary error. The superstition of one age becomes the science of another; men were first bled to withdraw the evil spirit, then to cure the disease; and a practice whose origin is lost in the night of ages is continued into the midst of civiliza- tion, and only overthrown after it has sent millions of human beings to untimely graves. Dr. Sangrado could have found the explanation of his profession only among the red men of America. Folk-lore.—Says Max Müller: “Not only do we find the same words and the same terminations in Sanscrit and Gothic; not only do we find the same name for Zeus in Sanscrit, Latin, and German; not only is the abstract name for God the same in India, Greece, and Italy; but these very stories, these • Mährchen’ which nurses still tell, with almost the same words, in the Thuringian forest and in the Norwegian villages, and to which crowds of children listen under the Pippal-trees of India—these stories, too, belonged to the common heir- loom of the Indo-European race, and their origin carries us back to ibe same distant past, when no Greek bad set foot in Europe, no Hindoo bad bathed in the sacred waters of the Ganges." And we find that an identity of origin can be established between the folk-lore or fairy tales of America and those of CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 161 the Old World, precisely such as exists between the legends of Norway and India. Mr. Tylor tells us the story of the two brothers in Central America who, starting on their dangerous journey to the land of Xibalba, where their father bad perished, plant cach a cane in the middle of their grandmother's house, that she may know by its flourishing or withering whether they are alive or dead. Exactly the same conception occurs in Grimm's “ Mährchen," when the two gold-children wish to see the world and to leave their father; and when their father is sad, and asks them how he shall hear news of them, they tell him, “We leave you the two golden lilies; from these you can see how we fare. If they are fresh, we are well; if they fade, we are ill; if they fall, we are dead.” Grimm traces the same idea in Hindoo stories. "Now this," says Max Müller, “is strange enough, and its oc- currence in India, Germany, and Central America is stranger still.” Compare the following stories, which we print in parallel columns, one from the Ojibbeway Indians, the other from Ire- land: THE OJIBBEWAY STORY. THE IRISII STORY.. The birds met together one day to try the birds all met together one day, and which could fly the highest. Some flew settled among themselves that whichever up very swift, but soon got tired, and were of them could fly highest was to be the passed by others of stronger wing. But king of all. Well, just as they were on the eagle went up beyond them all, and the hinges of being off, what does the little was ready to claim the victory, when the rogue of a wren do but hop up and perch gray linnet, a very small bird, flew from himself unbeknown on the engle's tail. So the eagle's back, where it had perched un- they flew and flew ever so high, till the ea- perceived, and, being fresh and unexhaust- gle was miles above all the rest, and could ed, succeeded in going the highest. When not fly another stroke, he was so tired. the birds came down and met in council to “Then," says he, "I'm king of the birds." award the prize, it was given to the eagle, "You lie !" says the wren, darting up a because that bird had not only gone up perch and a half above the big fellow. nearer to the sun than any of the larger Well, the eagle was so mad to think how birds, but it had carried the linnet on its he was done, that when the wren was com- back. ing down he gave him a stroke of his wing, For this reason the eagle's feathers be- and from that day to this the wren was came the most honorable marks of distinc- never able to fly farther than a hawthorn- tion a warrior could bear. bush. 162 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Compare the following stories : THE ASIATIC STORY. THE AMERICAN STORY. In Hindoo mythology Urvasi came down Wampee, a great hunter, once came to a from heaven and became the wife of the strange prairie, where he heard faint sounds son of Buddha only on condition that two of music, and looking up saw a speck in the pet rams should never be taken from her sky, which proved itself to be a basket con- bedside, and that she should never behold taining twelve most beautiful maidens, who, her lord undressed. The immortals, how- on reaching the earth, forth with set them- erer, wishing Urvasi back in heaven, con selves to dance. He tried to catch the trired to steal the rams; and, as the king youngest, but in vain ; ultimately he suc- pursued the robbers with his sword in the ceeded by assuming the disguise of a mouse. dark, the lightning revealed his person, the He was very attentive to his new wife, who compact was broken, and Urvasi disappear- was really a daughter of one of the stars, ed. This same story is found in different but she wished to return home, so she made forms among many people of Aryan and a wicker basket secretly, and, by help of a Turanian descent, the central idea being charm she remembered, ascended to her that of a man marrying some one of an father. aerial or aquatic origin, and living happily with her till he breaks the condition on wliich her residence with him depends; stories exactly parallel to that of Raymond of Toulouse, who chances in the hunt upon the beautiful Melusina at a fountain, and lives with her happily until he discover: her fish-nature and she vanishes. If the legend of Cadmus recovering Europa, after she has been carried away by the white bull, the spotless cloud, mcanis that “the sun must journey westward until he sees again the beautiful tints which greeted his eyes in the morning,” it is curious to find a story current in North America to the effect that a man once had a beautiful daughter, whom he forbade to leave the lodge lest she should be carried off by the king of the buffaloes; and that as she sat, notwithstanding, outside the house combing her hair, “ all of a sudden the king of the buf- faloes came dashing on, with his herd of followers, and, taking hier between his horns, away he cantered over plains, plunged into a river which bounded his land, and carried her safely to liis lodge on the other side," whence she was finally recovered by her father. Games. The same games and sports extended from India to the shores of Lake Superior. The game of the Hindoos, CIVILIZATIONS OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW. 163 called pachisi, is played upon a cross-shaped board or cloth; it is a combination of checkers and draughts, with the throw- ing of dice, the dice determining the number of moves; when the Spaniards entered Mexico they found the Aztecs playing a game called patolli, identical with the Hindoo pachisi, on a similar cross-shaped board. The game of ball, which the In- dians of America were in the habit of playing at the time of the discovery of the country, from California to the Atlantic, was identical with the European chueca, crosse, or hockey. One may well pause, after reading this catalogue, and ask himself, wherein do these peoples differ? It is absurd to pre- tend that all these similarities could have been the result of accidental coincidences. These two peoples, separated by the great ocean, were bap- tized alike in infancy with blessed water; they prayed alike to the gods; they worshipped together the sun, moon, and stars ; they confessed their sins alike; they were instructed alike by an established priesthood; they were married in the same way and by the joining of hands; they armed themselves with the same weapons; when children came, the man, on both conti- nents, went to bed and left his wife to do the honors of the household; they tattooed and painted themselves in the same fashion; they became intoxicated on kindred drinks; their dresses were alike; they cooked in the same manner; they used the same metals; they employed the same exorcisms and bleedings for disease; they believed alike in ghosts, demons, and fairies; they listened to the same stories; they played the same games; they used the same musical instruments; they danced the same dances, and when they died they were em- balmed in the same way and buried sitting; while over them were erected, on both continents, the same mounds, pyramids, obelisks, and temples.' And yet we are asked to believe that there was no relationship between them, and that they had never had any ante-Columbian intercourse with each other. 164 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. If our knowledge of Atlantis was more thorough, it would no doubt appear that, in every instance wherein the people of Europe accord with the people of America, they were both in accord with the people of Atlantis; and that Atlantis was the common centre froin which both peoples derived their arts, sci- ences, customs, and opinions. It will be seen that in every case where Plato gives us any information in this respect as to At- Jantis, we find this agreement to exist. It existed in archi- tecture, sculpture, navigation, engraving, writing, an established priesthood, the mode of worship, agriculture, the construction of roads and canals; and it is reasonable to suppose that the same correspondence extended down to all the minor details treated of in this chapter. INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS. 165 Chapter III. AMERICAN EVIDENCES OF INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS. 1. On the monuments of Central America there are repre- sentations of bearded men. How could the beardless Ameri- can Indians have imagined a bearded race ? 2. All the traditions of the civilized races of Central America point to an Eastern origin. The leader and civilizer of the Nahua family was Quetzal- coatl. This is the legend respecting him: "From the distant East, from the fabulous IIue Hue Tlapalan, this mysterious person came to Tula, and became the patron god and high-priest of the ancestors of the Toltecs. He is described as having been a white man, with strong formation of body, broad forehead, large eyes, and flowing beard. Ile wore a mitre on bis head, and was dressed in a long white robe reaching to his feet, and covered with red crosses. In his hand he held a sickle. His habits were ascetic, he never married, was most chaste and pure in life, and is said to have endured penance in a neighboring mountain, not for its effects upon himself, but as a warning to others. He condemned sac- rifices, except of fruits and flowers, and was known as the god of peace; for, when addressed on the subject of war, he is re- ported to have stopped his cars with his fingers.” (“North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 268.) “He was skilled in many arts: he invented” (that is, import- ed) “gem-cutting and metal-casting; he originated letters, and invented the Mexican calendar. IIe finally returned to the land in the East from which he came: leaving the American coast at Vera Cruz, he embarked in a canoe made of serpent- skins, and 'sailed away into the Eust.'” (Ibid., p. 271.) 166 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Dr. Le Plongeon says of the columns at Chichen : “The base is formed by the bead of Cukulcan, the shaft of the body of the serpent, with its feathers beautifully carved to the very chapiter. On the chapi- ters of the columns that support the portico, at the entrance of the castle in Chichen Itza, may be seen the carved figures of long-bearded men, with upraised hands, in the act of worshipping sacred trees. They forcibly recall to mind the same worship in Assyria.” In the accompanying cut of an ancient vase from Tula, we see a bearded figure grasping a beardless man. In the cut given below we see a face that might be duplicated among the old men of any part of ANCIENT MEXICAN VASE. Europe. TUT The Cakchiquel MS. sars: “Four persons came from Tulan, from the direction of the rising sun—that is one Tulan. There is another Tulan in Xibalbay, and another where the sun sets, and it is there that we came; and in the direction of the setting sun there is another, where is the god; so that there are four Tulans; and it is where the sun sets that we came to Tulan, from the other side of the sea, where this Tulan is; and it is there that we were conceived and begotten by our mothers and fathers.” BEARDED HEAD, PRON TEOTIHUACAN. That is to say, the birthplace of the race was in the East, across the sea, at a place called Tulan; and when they einigrated they called their first stopping-place on the American continent Tulan also; and besides this there were two other Tulans. INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS. 167 “Of the Nahua predecessors of the Toltecs in Mexico the Olmecs and Xicalancans were the most important. They were the forerunners of the great races that followed. According to Ixtlilxochit), these people—which are conceded to be one- occupied the world in the third age; they came from the East in ships or barks to the land of Potonchan, which they com- menced to populate.” 3. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, in one of the notes of the Introduction of the “ Popol Vuh," presents a very remark- able analogy between the kingdom of Xibalba, described in that work, and Atlantis. He says: “Both countries are magnificent, exceedingly fertile, and abound in the precious metals. The empire of Atlantis was divided into ten kingdoms, governed by five couples of twin sons of Poseidon, the eldest being supreme over the others; and the ten constituted a tribunal that managed the affairs of the empire. Their descendants governed after them. The ten kings of Xibalba, who reigned (in couples) under Hun-Came and Vukub-Came (and who together constituted a grand coun- cil of the kingdom), certainly furnish curious points of compar- ison. And there is wanting neither a catastrophe--for Xibal- ba had a terrific inundation-nor the name of Atlas, of which the etymology is found only in the Nahuatl tongue: it comes from all, water; and we know that a city of Atlan (near the water) still existed on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama at the time of the Conquest.” “In Yucatan the traditions all point to an Eastern and for- eign origin for the race. The early writers report that the na- tives believe their ancestors to have crossed the sea by a passage which was opened for them.” (Landa's “Relacion," p. 28.) “It was also believed that part of the population came into the country from the West. Lizana says that the smaller por- tion, the little descent,' came from the East, while the greater portion, 'the great descent,' came from the West. Cogolluda considers the Eastern colony to have been the larger. ... The culture-hero Zamna, the author of all civilization in Yucatan, is described as the teacher of letters, and the leader of the people from their ancient home. ... Ile was the leader of a colony from the East.” (“North Amer. of Autiq.," p. 229.) 168 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The ancient Mexican legends say that, after the Flood, Cox- cox and his wife, after wandering one hundred and four years, landed at Antlan, and passed thence to Capultepec, and thence to Culhuacan, and lastly to Mexico. Coming from Atlantis, they named their first landing-place Antlan. All the races that settled Mexico, we are told, traced their origin back to an Aztlun (Atlan-tis). Duran describes Aztlan as “a most attractive land.” (“North Amer. of Antiq.," p. 257.) Samé, the great name of Brazilian legend, came across the ocean from the rising sun. He had power over the elements and tempests; the trees of the forests would recede to make room for him (cutting down the trees); the animals used to crouch before him (domesticated animals); lakes and rivers became solid for him (boats and bridges); and he taught the use of agriculture and magic. Like him, Bochica, the great law-giver of the Muyscas, and son of the sun-he who invent- ed for them the calendar and regulated their festivals—had a white bcard, a detail in which all the American culture-heroes agree. The “Samé" of Brazil was probably the “ Zamna" of Yucatan. 4. We find in America numerous representations of the ele- phant. We are forced to one of two conclusions: either the B RUN et de ELEPHANT MOUND, WISCONSIN. monuments date back to the time of the mammoth in North America, or these people held intercourse at some time in the INTERCOURSE WITH EUROPE OR ATLANTIS. 169 past with races who possessed the elephant, and from whom they obtained pictures of that singular animal. Plato tells us that the Atlanteans possessed great numbers of elephants. There are in Wisconsin a number of mounds of earth representing different animals — men, birds, and quadrupeds. ELEPHANT PITE, LOUISA COUNTY, IOWA. Among the latter is a mound representing an elephant, “so perfect in its proportions, and complete in its representation of an elephant, that its builders must have been well acquaint- ed with all the physical characteristics of the animal which they delineated.” We copy the representation of this mound on page 168. On a farm in Louisa County, Iowa, a pipe was ploughed up which also represents an elephant. We are indebted to the valuable work of John T. Short (“The North Amer- icans of Antiquity,” p. 530) for a picture of this singular object. It was found in a sec- tion where the ancient mounds were very abundant and rich in relics. The pipe is of ELEPIIANT-TRUNK HEAD- sandstone, of the ordinary Mound-Builder's DRESS, PALENQUE. type, and has every appearance of age and usage. There can be no doubt of its genuineness. The finder had no conception of its archæological value. In the ruined city of Palenque we find, in one of the pal- 170 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. aces, a stucco bass-relief of a priest. His elaborate head-dress or helmet represents very faithfully the head of an elephant. The cut on page 169 is from a drawing made by Waldeck. The decoration known as “elephant-trunks" is found in many parts of the ancient ruins of Central America, project- ing from above the door-ways of the buildings. In Tylor's “Researches into the Early History of Mankind," p. 313, I find a remarkable representation of an elephant, taken from an ancient Mexican manuscript. It is as follows: MEXICAN REPRESENTATION OF ELEPHANT. CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 17] CHAPTER IV. CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 1. LENORMANT insists that the human race issued from Upa. Merou, and adds that some Greek traditions point to “this lo- cality—particularly the expression péponeg å vOpw tol, which can only mean the men sprung from Meron.'” (“Manual,” p. 21.) Theopompus tells us that the people who inhabited Atlantis were the Meropes, the people of Merou. 2. Whence comes the word Atlantic? The dictionaries tell us that the ocean is named after the mountains of Atlas ; but whence did the Atlas mountains get their name? “The words Atlas and Atlantic have no satisfactory etymol- ogy in any language known to Europe. They are not Greek, and cannot be referred to any known language of the Old World. But in the Nahuatl language we find immediately the radical a, atl, which signifies water, war, and the top of the head. (Molina, “Vocab. en lengua Mexicana y Castellana.") From this comes a series of words, such as atlan-on the bor- der of or amid the water—from which we have the adjective Atlantic. We have also atlaça, to combat, or be in agony; it means likewise to hurl or dart from the water, and in the pre- terit makes Atlaz. A city named Atlan existed when the con- tinent was discovered by Columbus, at the entrance of the Gulf of Uraba, in Darien. With a good harbor, it is now reduced to an unimportant pueblo named Acla." (Baldwin's “ An- cient America,” p. 179.) Plato tells us that Atlantis and the Atlantic Ocean were named after Atlas, the eldest son of Poseidon, the founder of the kingdom. 3. Upon that part of the African continent nearest to the site 172 ATLANTIS: THE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. of Atlantis we find a chain of mountains, known from the most ancient times as the Atlas Mountains. Whence this name At- las, if it be not from the name of the great king of Atlantis ? And if this be not its origin, how coines it that we find it in the most north-western corner of Africa ? And how does it happen that in the time of Herodotus there dwelt near this mountain-chain a people called the Atlantes, probably a rem- nant of a colony from Solon's island? How comes it that the people of the Barbary States were known to the Greeks, Ro- mans, and Carthaginians as the “Atlantes," this name being especially applied to the inhabitants of Fezzan and Bilma? Where did they get the name from? There is no etymology for it east of the Atlantic Ocean. (Lenormant's “Anc. Hist. of the East," p. 253.) Look at it! Au “Atlas” mountain on the shore of Africa; an “Atlan” town on the shore of America; the “Atlantes" living along the north and west coast of Africa; an Aztec people from Aztlan, in Central America; an ocean rolling be- tween the two worlds called the “Atlantic;" a mythological deity called “Atlas ” holding the world on his shoulders; and an immemorial tradition of an island of Atlantis. Can all these things be the result of accident? 4. Plato says that there was a “passage west from Atlantis to the rest of the islands, as well as from these islands to the whole opposite continent that surrounds that real sea." He calls it a real sea, as contradistinguished from the Mediterra- nean, which, as he says, is not a real sea (or ocean) but a land- locked body of water, like a harbor. Now, Plato might have created Atlantis out of his imag- ination; but how could he have invented the islands beyond (the West India Islands), and the whole continent (America) enclosing that real sea ? If we look at the map, we see that the continent of America docs “surround" the ocean in a great half-circle. Could Plato have guessed all this? If there had been no Atlantis, and no series of voyages from it that re- CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 173 vealed the half-circle of the continent from Newfoundland to Cape St. Roche, how could Plato have guessed it? And how could he have known that the Mediterranean was only a har- bor compared with the magnitude of the great ocean surround- ing Atlantis? Long sea-voyages were necessary to establish that fact, and the Greeks, who kept close to the shores in their short journeys, did not make such voyages. 5. How can we, without Atlantis, explain the presence of the Basques in Europe, who have no lingual affinities with any other race on the continent of Europe, but whose language is similar to the languages of America ? Plato tells us that the dominion of Gadeirus, one of the kings of Atlantis, extended “toward the pillars of Heracles (Hercules) as far as the country which is still called the region of Gades in that part of the world.” Gades is the Cadiz of to- day, and the dominion of Gadeirus embraced the land of the Iberians or Basques, their chief city taking its name from a king of Atlantis, and they themselves being Atlanteaus. Dr. Farrar, referring to the Basque language, says: “What is certain about it is, that its structure is polysyn- thetic, like the languages of America. Like them, it forms its compounds by the elimination of certain radicals in the simple words; so that ilhun, the twilight, is contracted from hill, dead, and egun, day; and belhaur, the knee, from belhar, front, and oin, leg. ... The fact is indisputable, and is eminently noteworthy, that while the affinities of the Basque roots have never been conclusively elucidated, there has never been any doubt that this isolated language, preserving its identity in a western corner of Europe, between two mighty kingdoms, re- sembles, in its grammatical structure, the aboriginal languages of the vast opposite continent (America), and those alone.” (“ Families of Speech,” p. 132.) If there was an Atlantis, forming, with its connecting ridges, A continuous bridge of land from America to Africa, we can understand how the Basques could have passed from one conti- nent to another; but if the wide Atlantic rolled at all times un- 174 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. broken between the two continents, it is difficult to conceive of such an emigration by an uncivilized people. 6. Without Atlantis, how can we explain the fact that the early Egyptians were depicted by themselves as red men on their own monuments? And, on the other hand, how can we account for the representations of negroes on the monuments of Central America ? Désirè Charnay, now engaged in exploring those monu- ments, has published in the North American Review for D-- cember, 1880, photographs of a number of idols exhumed at San Juan de Teotihuacan, from which I select the following strikingly negroid faces: NEGRO IDOLS FOUND IN MEXIOO. CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 175 Dr. Le Plongeon says: “Besides the sculptures of long-bearded men seen by the explorer at Chichen Itza, there were tall figures of people with small heads, thick lips, and curly short hair or wool, regarded as negroes. We always see them as standard or parasol bear- ers, but never engaged in actual warfare.'” (“Maya Archæ- ology,” p. 62.) The following cut is from the court of the Palace of Pa- lenque, figured by Stephens. The face is strongly Ethiopian. The figure below represents a gi- gantic granite head, found near the volcano of Tuxtla, in the Mexican State of Vera Cruz, at Caxapa. The features are unmistakably negroid. As the negroes have never been a sea-going race, the presence of these faces among the antiquities of Central America proves one of two things, either the existence of a land connection between Ameri- ca and Africa via Atlantis, as re- vealed by the deep-sea soundings of the Challenger, or commercial NEGROID FIGURE, PALENQUE. relations between America and Af- rica through the ships of the Atlanteans or some other civilized race, whereby the negroes were brought to America as slaves at a very remote epoch. And we find some corroboration of the latter theory in that singular book of the Quiches, the “Popol Vuh," in which, af- ter describing the creation of the first men" in the region of the rising sun”. (Bancroft's “Native Races," vol. v., p. 548), NEGBO HEAD, VERA ORUZ. RUU- 176 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and enumerating their first generations, we are told, “ All seem to have spoken one language, and to have lived in great peace, black men and white together. Here they awaited the rising of the sun, and prayed to the Heart of. Heaven." (Bancroft's • “Native Races,” p. 547.) How did the red men of Central America know anything about “black men and white men ?” The conclusion seems inevitable that these legends of a primi- tive, peaceful, and happy land, an Aztlan in the East, inhabited by black and white men, to which all the civilized nations of America traced their origin, could only refer to Atlantis—that bridge of land where the white, dark, and red races met. The “Popol Vuh" proceeds to tell how this first home of the race became over-populous, and how the people under Balam-Quitze 'migrated; how their language became “confounded,” in other words, broken up into dialects, in consequence of separation; and how some of the people “ went to the East, and many came hither to Guatemala.” (Ibid., p. 547.) M. A. de Quatrefages (“Human Specics," p. 200) says, “Black populations have been found in America in very small num- bers only, as isolated tribes in the midst of very different popu- lations. Such are the Charruas of Brazil, the Black Carribees of Saint Vincent, in the Gulf of Mexico; the Jamassi of Flori- da, and the dark-complexioned Californians. . . . Such, again, is the tribe that Balboa saw some representatives of in his pas- sage of the Isthmus of Darien in 1513;... they were true ne- groes." 7. Ilow comes it that all the civilizations of the Old World radiate from the shores of the Mediterranean? The Mediter- ranean is a cul de sac, with Atlantis opposite its mouth. Ev. ery civilization on its shores possesses traditions that point to Atlantis. We hear of no civilization coming to the Mediterra- nean from Asia, Africa, or Europe—from north, south, or west; but north, south, east, and west we find civilization radiating from the Mediterranean to other lands. We see the Aryans descending upon Hindostan from the direction of the Medi- CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 174 terranean; and we find the Chinese borrowing inventions from Hindostan, and claiming descent from a region not far from the Mediterranean. The Mediterranean has been the centre of the modern world, because it lay in the path of the extension of an older civiliza- · tion, whose ships colonized its shores, as they did also the shores of America. Plato says, “the nations are gathered around the shores of the Mediterranean like frogs around a marsh." Dr. McCausland says: “The obvious conclusion from these facts is, that at some time previous to these migrations a people speaking a language of a superior and complicated structure broke up their society, and, under some strong impulse, poured out in different direc- tions, and gradually established themselves in all the lands now inhabited by the Caucasian race. Their territories extend from the Atlantic to the Ganges, and from Iceland to Ceylon, and are bordered on the north and cast by the Asiatic Mongols, and on the south by the negro tribes of Central Africa. They present all the appearances of a later race, expanding itself be- tween and into the territories of two pre-existing neighboring races, and forcibly appropriating the room required for its in- creasing population.” (McCausland's “ Adam and the Adam- ites," p. 280.) Modern civilization is Atlantean. Without the thousands of years of development which were had in Atlantis modern civilization could not have existed. The inventive faculty of the present age is taking up the great delegated work of crea- tion where Atlantis left it thousands of years ago. 8. How are we to explain the existence of the Semitic race in Europe without Atlantis? It is an intrusive race; a race colonized on sea-coasts. Where are its Old World affinities? 9. Why is it that the origin of wheat, barley, oats, maize, and rye—the essential plants of civilization-is totally lost in the mists of a vast antiquity? We have in the Greek mythol- ogy legends of the introduction of most of these by Atlan- tean kings or gods into Europe ; but no European nation 8* 178 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. claims to have discovered or developed them, and it has been impossible to trace them to their wild originals. Out of the whole flora of the world mankind in the last seven thousand years has not developed a single food-plant to compare in im- portance to the human family with these. If a wise and scien- tific nation should propose nowadays to add to this list, it would have to form great botanical gardens, and, by systematic and long-continued experiments, develop useful plants from the humble productions of the field and forest. Was this done in the past on the island of Atlantis ? 10. Why is it that we find in Ptolemy's “Geography of Asia Minor,” in a list of cities in Armenia Major in A.D. 140, the names of five cities which have their counterparts in the names of localities in Central America ? Armenian Cities. Central American Localities. Chol. Chol-ula Colua. Colua-can. Zuivana. Zuivan. Cholima. Colima. Zalissa. Xalisco. (Short's “North Americans of Antiquity," p. 497.) 11. How comes it that the sandals upon the feet of the statue of Chacmol, discovered at Chichen Itza, are “exact rep- resentations of those found on the feet of the Guanches, the early inhabitants of the Canary Islands, whose mummies are occasionally discovered in the caves of Teneriffe ?" Dr. Merritt deems the axe or chisel heads dug up at Chiriqui, Central America, “almost identical in form as well as material with specimens found in Suffolk County, England.” (Bancroft's “Native Races,” vol. iv., p. 20.) The rock-carvings of Chiri- qui are pronounced by Mr. Seemann to have a striking resem. blance to the ancient incised characters found on the rocks of Northumberland, England. (Ibid.) “Some stones have recently been discovered in Hierro and Las Palmas (Canary Islands), bearing sculptured symbols simi- CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 179 lar to those found on the shores of Lake Superior; and this has led M. Bertholet, the historiographer of the Canary Islands, to conclude that the first inhabitants of the Canaries and those of the great West were one in race.” (Benjamin, “ The Atlan- tic Islands," p. 130.) 12. How comes it that that very bigh authority, Professor Retzius (“Smithsonian Report,” 1859, p. 266), declares, “ With regard to the primitive dolichocephalæ of America I enter- tain a hypothesis still more bold, namely, that they are ncar- ly related to the Guanches in the Canary Islands, and to the Atlantic populations of Africa, the Moors, Tuaricks, Copts, etc., which Latham comprises under the name of Egyptian- Atlantidæ. We find one and the same form of skull in the Canary Islands, in front of the African coast, and in the Carib Islands, on the opposite coast, which faces Africa. The color of the skin on both sides of the Atlantic is represented in these populations as being of a reddish-brown.” 13. The Barbarians who are alluded to by Homer and Thu- cydides were a race of ancient navigators and pirates called Cares, or Carians, who occupied the isles of Greece before the Pelasgi, and antedated the Phænicians in the control of the sea. The Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg claims that these Ca- rians were identical with the Caribs of the West Indies, the Caras of Honduras, and the Gurani of South America. (Lan- das, “Relacion,” pp. 52-65.) 14. When we consider it closely, one of the most extraordi- nary customs ever known to mankind is that to which I have already alluded in a preceding chapter, to wit, the embalming of the body of the dead man, with a purpose that the body itself may live again in a future state. To arrive at this prac- tice several things must coexist : a. The people must be highly religious, and possessed of an organized and influential priesthood, to perpetuate so trouble- some a custom from age to age. b. They must believe implicitly in the immortality of the 180 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. soul; and this implies a belief in rewards and punishments after death; in a heaven and a hell. c. They must believe in the immortality of the body, and its resurrection from the grave on some day of judgment in the "distant future. d. But a belief in the immortality of the soul and the resur- rection of the body is not enough, for all Christian nations hold to these beliefs; they must supplement these with a deter- mination that the body shall not perish; that the very flesh and blood in which the man died shall rise with him on the last day, and not a merely spiritual body. Now all these four things must coexist before a people pro- ceed to embalm their dead for religious purposes. The proba- bility that all these four things should coexist by accident in several widely separated races is slight indeed. The doctrine of chances is all against it. There is here no common necessi- ty driving men to the same expedient, with which so many re- semblances have been explained; the practice is a religious cere- mony, growing out of religious beliefs by no means common or universal, to wit, that the man who is dead shall live again, and live again in the very body in which he died. Not even all the Jews believed in these things. If, then, it should appear that among the races which we claim were descended from Atlantis this practice of embalm- ing the dead is found, and nowhere else, we bave certainly furnished evidence which can only be explained by admitting the existence of Atlantis, and of some great religious race dwelling on Atlantis, who believed in the immortality of soul and body, and who embalmed their dead. We find, as I have shown: First. That the Guanches of the Canary Islands, supposed to be a remnant of the Atlantean population, preserved their dead as mummies. Second. That the Egyptians, the oldest colony of Atlantis, embalmed their dead in such vast multitudes that they are CORROBORATING CIRCUMSTANCES. 181 now exported by the ton to England, and ground up into manures to grow English turnips. Third. That the Assyrians, the Ethiopians, the Persians, the Greeks, and even the Romans embalmed their dead. Fourth. On the American continents we find that the Peru- vians, the Central Americans, the Mexicans, and some of the Indian tribes, followed the same practice. Is it possible to account for this singular custom, reaching through a belt of nations, and completely around the habitable world, without Atlantis? 15. All the traditions of the Mediterranean races look to the ocean as the source of men and gods. Homer sings of “Ocean, the origin of gods and Mother Tethys." Orpheus says, “ The fair river of Ocean was the first to marry, and he espoused his sister Tethys, who was his mother's daugh- ter.” (Plato's “Dialogues," Cratylus, p. 402.) The ancients always alluded to the ocean as a river encircling the earth, as in the map of Cosmos (see page 95 ante); probably a remi- niscence of the great canal described by Plato which surround- ed the plain of Atlantis. Homer (Iliad, book xviii.) describes Tethys, "the mother goddess,” coming to Achilles “from the deep abysses of the main :" “The circling Nereids with their mistress weep, And all the sea-green sisters of the deep." Plato surrounds the great statue of Poseidon in Atlantis with the images of one hundred Nereids. 16. In the Deluge legends of the Hindoos (as given on page 87 ante), we have seen Manu saving a small fish, which sub- sequently grew to a great size, and warned him of the coming of the Flood. In this legend all the indications point to an ocean as the scene of the catastrophe. It says: “At the close of the last calpa there was a general destruction, caused by the sleep of Brahma, whence his creatures, in different worlds, were 182 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. drowned in a vast ocean. ... A holy king, named Satyavrata, then reigned, a servant of the spirit which moved on the waves" (Poseidon ?), “and so devout that water was his only suste- nance. . . . In seven days the three worlds" (remember Posei- don's trident) “shall be plunged in an ocean of death."... " • Thou shalt enter the spacious ark, and continue in it secure from the Flood on one immense ocean.' ... The sea overwhelmed its shores, deluged the whole earth, augmented by showers from immense clouds.” (“Asiatic Researches," vol. i., p. 230.) All this reminds us of “the fountains of the great deep and the flood-gates of heaven," and seems to repeat precisely the story of Plato as to the sinking of Atlantis in the ocean. 17. While I do not attach much weight to verbal similari- ties in the languages of the two continents, nevertheless there are some that are very remarkable. We have seen the Pan and Maia of the Greeks reappearing in the Pan and Maya of the Mayas of Central America. The god of the Welsh tri- ads, “Hu the mighty," is found in the Hu-nap-hu, the hero- god of the Quiches; in Hu-napu, a hero-god; and in Hu-hu- nap-hu, in Hu-ncam, in Hu-nbatz, semi-divine heroes of the Quiches. The Phænician deity El “was subdivided into a number of hypostases called the Baalim, secondary divinities, emanating from the substance of the deity” (“Anc. Hist. East,” vol. ii., p. 219); and this word Baalim we find appear- ing in the mythology of the Central Americans, applied to the semi-divine progenitors of the human race, Balam-Quitze, Ba. lam-Agab, and Iqui-Balam. THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. 183 CHAPTER V. THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. The tendency of scientific thought in ethnology is in the direction of giving more and more importance to the race characteristics, such as height, color of the hair, eyes and skin, and the formation of the skull and body generally, than to language. The language possessed by a people may be merely the result of conquest or migration. For instance, in the United States to-day, white, black, and red men, the de- scendants of French, Spanish, Italians, Mexicans, Irish, Ger- mans, Scandinavians, Africans, all speak the English language, and by the test of language they are all Englishmen; and yet none of them are connected by birth or descent with the coun- try where that language was developed. There is a general misconception as to the color of the Eu- ropean and American races. Europe is supposed to be peopled exclusively by white men; but in reality every shade of color is represented on that continent, from the fair complexion of the fairest of the Swedes to the dark-skinned inhabitants of the Mediterranean coast, only a shade lighter than the Berbers, or Moors, on the opposite side of that sea. Tacitus spoke of the “Black Celts,” and the term, so far as complexion goes, might not inappropriately be applied to some of the Italians, Span- iards, and Portuguese, while the Basques are represented as of a still darker hue. Tylor says (“Anthropology,” p. 67), “ On the whole, it seems that the distinction of color, from the fairest Englishman to the darkest African, has no bard and fast lines, but varies gradually from one tint to another.” And when we turn to America we find that the popular 184 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. opinion that all Indians are “red men," and of the same hue from Patagonia to Hudson's Bay, is a gross error. Prichard says (“Researches into the Physical History of Mankind,” vol. i., p. 269, 4th ed., 1841): " It will be easy to show that the American races show near- ly as great a variety in this respect as the nations of the old continent; there are among them white races with a florid complexion, and tribes black or of a very dark hue; that their stature, figure, and countenance are almost equally diversified.” John T. Short says (“North Americans of Antiquity," p. 189): “The Menominees, sometimes called the White Indians,' formerly occupied the region bordering on Lake Michigan, around Green Bay. The whiteness of these Indians, which is compared to that of white mulattocs, early attracted the atten- tion of the Jesuit missionaries, and has often been commented on by travellers. While it is true that hybridy has done much to lighten the color of many of the tribes, still the peculiarity of the complexion of this people has been marked since the first time a European encountered them. Almost every shade, from the ash-color of the Menominees through the cinnamon- red, copper, and bronze tints, may be found among the tribes formerly occupying the territory cast of the Mississippi, until we reach the dark-skinned Kaws of Kansas, who are nearly as black as the negro. The variety of complexion is as great in South America as among the tribes of the northern part of the continent." In foot-note of p. 107 of vol. iji. of “U. S. Explorations for a Railroad Route to the Pacific Ocean," we are told, “Many of the Indians of Zuni (New Mexico) are wbite. They have a fair skin, blue eyes, chestnut or auburn hair, and are quite good-looking. They claim to be full-blooded Zunians, and have no tradition of intermarriage with any foreign race. The cir. cumstance creates no surprise among this people, for from time immemorial a similar class of people has existed among the tribe.” THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. 185 Winchell says: "The ancient Indians of California, in the latitude of forty- two degrees, were as black as the negroes of Guinea, while in Mexico were tribes of an olive or reddish complexion, relatively light. Among the black races of tropical regions we find, gen- erally, some light-colored tribes interspersed. These sometimes have light hair and blue eyes. This is the case with the Tua- reg of the Sahara, the Afghans of India, and the aborigines of the banks of the Oronoco and the Amazon." (Winchell's “Pre- adamites,” p. 185.) William Penn said of the Indians of Pennsylvania, in his letter of August, 1683 : “The natives ... are generally tall, straight, well-built, and of singular proporțion; they tread strong and clever, and most- ly walk with a lofty chin. ... Their eye is little and black, not unlike a straight-looked Jew. ... I have seen among them as comely European-like faces of both sexes as on your side of the sea; and truly an Italian complexion hath not much more of the white, and the noses of several of them have as inuch of the Roman. ... For their original, I am ready to believe them to be of the Jewish race-I mean of the stock of the ten tribes —and that for the following reasons: first, ...; in the next place, I find them to be of the like countenance, and their chil- dren of so lively a resemblance that a man would think himself in Duke's Place or Berry Street in London when he seeth them. But this is not all: they agree in rites, they reckon by moons, they offer their first-fruits, they have a kind of feast of taber- nacles, they are said to lay their altars upon twelve stones, their mourning a year, customs of women, with many other things that do not now occur.” Upon this question of complexion Catlin, in his “ Indians of North America,” vol. i., p. 95, etc., gives us some curious in- formation. We have already seen that the Mandans preserved an image of the ark, and possessed legends of a clearly Atlan- tean character. Catlin says: “A stranger in the Mandan village is first struck with the different shades of complexion and various colors of hair which 186 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. he sees in a crowd about him, and is at once disposed to ex- claim, “These are not Indians. There are a great many of these people whose complexions appear as light as half-breeds; and among the women particularly there are many whose skins are almost white, with the most pleasing symmetry and pro- portion of feature; with bazel, with gray, and with blue eyes; with mildness and sweetness of expression and excessive mod- esty of demeanor, which render them exceedingly pleasing and beautiful. Why this diversity of complexion I cannot tell, nor can they themselves account for it. Their traditions, so far as I can learn them, afford us no information of their having had any knowledge of white men before the visit of Lewis and Clarke, made to their village thirty-three years ago. Since that time until now (1835) there have been very few visits of white men to this place, and surely not enough to have changed the complexions and customs of a nation. And I recollect perfectly well that Governor Clarke told me, before I started for this place, that I would find the Mandans a strange people and half white. "Among the females may be seen every shade and color of hair that can be seen in our own country except red or auburn, which is not to be found. ... There are very many of both sexes, and of every age, from infancy to manhood and old age, with hair of a bright silvery-gray, and in some instances almost perfectly white. This unaccountable phenomenon is not the result of disease or habit, but it is unquestionably an hereditary characteristic which runs in families, and indicates no inequali- ty in disposition or intellect. And by passing this hair through my hands I have found it uniformly to be as coarse and harsh as a horse's mane, differing materially from the hair of other colors, which, among the Mandans, is generally as fine and soft as silk. “The stature of the Mandans is rather below the ordinary size of man, with beautiful symmetry of form and proportion, and wonderful suppleness and elasticity.” Catlin gives a group (54) showing this great diversity in complexion: one of the figures is painted almost pure white, and with light hair. The faces are European. Major James W. Lynd, who lived among the Dakota Indians for nine years, and was killed by them in the great outbreak of GOVERNOR AND OTHER INDIANS OF TIIE PUEBLO OF BAN DOMINGO, NEW MEXICO. THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. 189 1862, says (MS. “Hist. of Dakotas," Library, Historical Socie- ty, Minnesota, p. 47), after calling attention to the fact that the different tribes of the Sioux nation represent several different degrees of darkness of color: “The Dakota child is of lighter complexion than the young brave; this one lighter than the middle-aged man, and the middle-aged man lighter than the superannuated homo, who, by smoke, paint, dirt, and a drying up of the vital juices, ap- pears to be the true copper-colored Dakota. The color of the Dakotas varies with the nation, and also with the age and con- dition of the individual. It may be set down, however, as a shade lighter than olive ; yet it becomes still lighter by change of condition or mode of life, and nearly vanishes, even in the child, under constant ablutions and avoiding of exposure. Those children in the Mission at Hazlewood, who are taken very young, and not allowed to expose themselves, lose almost entirely the olive shade, and become quite as white as the American child. The Mandans are as light as the peasants of Spain, while their brothers, the Crows, are as dark as the Arabs. Dr. Goodrich, in the Universal Traveller,' p. 154, says that the modern Peruvians, in the warmer regions of Peru, are as fair as the people of the south of Europe." The Aymaras, the ancient inhabitants of the mountains of Peru and Bolivia, are described as having an olive-brown com- plexion, with regular features, large heads, and a thoughtful and melancholy cast of countenance. They practised in early times the deformation of the skull. Professor Wilson describes the hair of the ancient Peruvians, as found upon their mummies, as “a lightish brown, and of a fineness of texture which equals that of the Anglo-Saxon race.” "The ancient Peruvians,” says Short (“North Americans of Antiquity,” p. 187), “ appear, from numerous examples of hair found in their tombs, to have been an auburn-haired race.” Gar- cilasso, who had an opportunity of seeing the body of the king, Viracocha, describes the hair of that monarch as snow-white. Haywood tells us of the discovery, at the beginning of this century, of three mummies in a cave on the south side of the 190 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Cumberland River (Tennessee), who were buried in baskets, as the Peruvians were occasionally buried, and whose skin was fair and white, and their hair auburn, and of a fine texture. (“Natural and Aboriginal History of Tennessee," p. 191.) CHOCTAW. Neither is the common opinion correct which asserts all the American Indians to be of the same type of features. The por- traits on this page and on pages 187 and 191, taken from the "Report of the U. S. Survey for a Route for a Pacific Rail- road," present features very much like those of Europeans; in fact, every face here could be precisely matched among the in- habitants of the southern part of the old continent. On the other hand, look at the portrait of the great Italian orator and reformer, Savonarola, on page 193. It looks more THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. 193 like the hunting Indians of North-western America than any of the preceding faces. In fact, if it was dressed with a scalp- lock it would pass muster anywhere as a portrait of the “Man- afraid-of-his-horses,” or “ Sitting Bull.” RETINERE SERIE BAN NE SAVONAROLA. Adam was, it appears, a red man. Winchell tells us that Adam is derived from the red earth. The radical letters ADAM are found in A DaMaH, “ something out of which vegetation was made to germinate,” to wit, the earth. Â DÔM and ÂDOM signifies red, ruddy, bay-colored, as of a horse, the color of a red heifer. “Â DâM, a man, a human being, male or female, red, ruddy.” (“Preadamites,” p. 161.) "The Arabs distinguished mankind into two races, one red, ruddy, the other black.” (Ibid.) They classed themselves among the red men. 9 194 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Not only was Adam a red man, but there is evidence that, from the highest antiquity, red was a sacred color; the gods of the ancients were always painted red. The Wisdom of Sol- omon refers to this custom: “The carpenter carved it elegant- ly, and formed it by the skill of bis understanding, and fash- ioned it to the shape of a man, or made it like some vile beast, laying it over with vermilion, and with paint, coloring it red, and covering every spot therein.” The idols of the Indians were also painted red, and red was the religious color. (Lynd's MS. “Hist, of Dakotas,” Library, Ilist. Society, Minn.) The Cusbites and Ethiopians, early branches of the Atlan- tean stock, took their name from their "sunburnt " complex- ion; they were red men. The name of the Phænicians signified red. Himyar, the prefix of the Himyaritic Arabians, also means red, and the Arabs were painted red on the Egyptian monuments. The ancient Egyptians were red men. They recognized four races of men—the red, yellow, black, and wbite men. They themselves belonged to the “Rot," or red men; the yellow men they called “Namu”-it included the Asiatic races; the black men were called “ Nahsu," and the white men“ Tamhu." The following figures are copied from Nott and Gliddon's “ Types of Mankind," p. 85, and were taken by them from the great works of Belzoni, Champollion, and Lepsius. In later ages so desirous were the Egyptians of preserving the aristocratic distinction of the color of their skin, that they represented themselves on the monuments as of a crimson bue -an exaggeration of their original race complexion. In the same way we find that the ancient Aryan writings divided mankind into four races—the white, red, yellow, and black: the four castes of India were founded upon these dis- tinctions in color; in fact, the word for color in Sanscrit (var- na) means caste. The red men, according to the Mahabharata, were the Kshatriyas—the warrior caste—who were afterward THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. 195 engaged in a fierce contest with the wbites—the Brahmans- and were nearly exterminated, although some of them survived, and from their stock Buddha was born. So that not only the Mohammedan and Christian but the Buddhistic religion seem to be derived from branches of the Hamitic or red stock. The great Manu was also of the red race. So:: 28 sono Red Yellow. Black White. TULE RACES OF MEN ACCORDING TO THE EGYITIANG. The Egyptians, while they painted themselves red - brown, represented the nations of Palestine as yellow-brown, and the Libyans yellow - white. The present inhabitants of Egypt range from a yellow color in the north parts to a deep bronze. Tylor is of opinion (" Anthropology,” p. 95) that the ancient Egyptians belonged to a brown race, which embraced the Nubian tribes and, to some extent, the Berbers of Algiers and Tunis. He groups the Assyrians, Phænicians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Andalusians, Bretons, dark Welshmen, and people of the Caucasus into one body, and designates them as “dark- whites.” The Himyarite Arabs, as I have shown, derived their name originally from their red color, and they were con- stantly depicted on the Egyptian monuments as red or light 196 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. brown. IIerodotus tells us that there was a nation of Libyans, called the Maxyans, who claimed descent from the people of Troy (the walls of Troy, we shall see, were built by Poseidon ; that is to say, Troy was an Atlantean colony). These Maxyans painted their whole bodies red. The Zavecians, the ancestors of the Zuavas of Algiers (the tribe that gave their name to the French Zouaves), also painted themselves red. Some of the Ethiopians were “copper-colored.” (“ Ainer. Cyclop.," art. Egypt, p. 464.) Tylor says (" Anthropology,” p. 160): “The language of the ancient Egyptians, though it cannot be classed in the Semitic family with Hebrew, has important points of correspondence, whether due to the long intercourse between the two races in Egypt or to some deeper ancestral connection; and such analogies also appear in the Berber languages of North Africa." These last were called by the ancients the Atlanteans. “If a congregation of twelve representatives from Malacca, China, Japan, Mongolia, Sandwich Islands, Chili, Peru, Brazil, Chickasaws, Comanches, etc., were dressed alike, or undressed and unshaven, the most skilful anatomist could not, from their appearance, separate them.” (Fontaine's “How the World was Peopled," pp. 147, 244.) Ferdinand Columbus, in his relation of his father's voyages, compares the inhabitants of Guanaani to the Canary Islanders (an Atlantean race), and describes the inhabitants of San Do- mingo as still more beautiful and fair. In Peru the Charanza- nis, studied by M. Angrand, also resemble the Canary Islanders. L'Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg imagined himself surrounded by Arabs when all his Indians of Rabinal were around him; for they had, he said, their complexion, features, and beard. Pierre Martyr speaks of the Indians of the Parian Gulf as hav- ing fair hair. (“The IIuman Species," p. 201.) The same author believes that tribes belonging to the Semitic type are also found in America. lle refers to “certain traditions of THE QUESTION OF COMPLEXION. 197 Guiana, and the use in the country of a weapon entirely charac- teristic of the ancient Canary Islanders.” When science is able to disabuse itself of the Mortonian theory that the aborigines of America are all red men, and all belong to one race, we may hope that the confluence upon the continent of widely different races from different countries may come to be recognized and intelligently studied. There can be no doubt that red, white, black, and yellow men have united to form the original population of America. And there can be as little doubt that the entire population of Europe and the south shore of the Mediterranean is a mongrel race-a combi- nation, in varying proportions, of a dark- brown or red race with a white race; the characteristics of the different nations depending upon the proportions in which the dark and light races are mingled, for peculiar mental and moral characteristics go with these complexions. The red-haired people are a dis- tinct variety of the white stock; there were once whole tribes and nations with this color of hair; their blood is now inter- iningled with all the races of men, from Palestine to Iceland. Everything in Europe speaks of vast periods of time and long- continued and constant interfusion of bloods, until there is not a fair-skinned man on the Continent that has not the blood of the dark-haired race in his veins; nor scarcely a dark-skinned man that is not lighter in hue from intermixture with the white stock. 198 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER VI. GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. The Hebrews are a branch of the great family of which that powerful commercial race, the Phænicians, who were the merchants of the world fifteen hundred years before the time of Christ, were a part. The Hebrews carried out from the common storehouse of their race a mass of traditions, many of which have come down to us in that oldest and most ven- erable of human compositions, the Book of Genesis. I have shown that the story of the Deluge plainly refers to the de- struction of Atlantis, and that it agrees in many important particulars with the account given by Plato. The people de- stroyed were, in both instances, the ancient race that had cre- ated civilization; they had formerly been in a happy and sin- less condition; they had become great and wicked; they were destroyed for their sins—they were destroyed by water. But we can go farther, and it can be asserted that there is scarcely a prominent fact in the opening chapters of the Book of Genesis that cannot be duplicated from the legends of the American nations, and scarcely a custom known to the Jews that does not find its counterpart among the people of the New World. Even in the history of the Creation we find these similarities : The Bible tells us (Gen. i., 2) that in the beginning the earth was without form and void, and covered with water. In the Quiche legends we are told, “ at first all was sea—no man, ani- mal, bird, or green herb--there was nothing to be seen but the sea and the heavens." GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 199 The Bible says (Gen. i., 2), “And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." The Quiche legend says, “The Creator—the Former, the Dominator—the feathered serpent —those that give life, moved upon the waters like a glowing light.” The Bible says (Gen. i., 9), “ And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.” The Quiche legend says, “The creative spirits cried out · Earth!' and in an instant it was formed, and rose like a vapor - cloud; immediately the plains and the mountains arose, and the cypress and pine ap- peared." The Bible tells us, “ And God saw that it was good.” The Quiche legend says, “ Then Gucumatz was filled with joy, and cried out, ‘Blessed be thy coming, O Heart of Heaven, Hura- kan, thunder-bolt.'” The order in which the vegetables, animals, and man were formed is the same in both records. In Genesis (chap. ii., 7) we are told, “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground." The Quiche legend says, " The first man was made of clay; but he had no intelli- gence, and was consumed in the water." In Genesis the first man is represented as naked. The Az- tec legend says, “The sun was much nearer the carth then than now, and his grateful warmth rendered clothing unnecessary." Even the temptation of Eve reappears in the American le- gends. Lord Kingsborough says: “ The Toltecs had paintings of a garden, with a single tree standing in the midst; round the root of the tree is entwined a serpent, wliose head appear- ing above the foliage displays the face of a woman. Torque- mada admits the existence of this tradition among them, and agrees with the Indian historians, who affirm that this was the first woman in the world, who bore children, and from whom all mankind are descended.” (“Mexican Antiquities," vol. viii., p. 19.) There is also a legend of Suchiquecal, who disobedi- 200 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. ently gathered roses from a tree, and thereby disgraced and in- jured herself and all her posterity. (“Mexican Antiquities,” vol. vi., p. 401.) The legends of the Old World which underlie Genesis, and were used by Milton in the “Paradise Lost," appear in the Mexi- can legends of a war of angels in heaven, and the fall of Zou- tem-que (Soutem, Satan-Arabic, Shatana ?) and the other re- bellious spirits. We have seen that the Central Americans possessed striking parallels to the account of the Deluge in Genesis. There is also a clearly established legend which singularly resembles the Bible record of the Tower of Babel. Father Duran, in his MS. “Historia Antiqua de la Nueva Espana,” A.D. 1585, quotes from the lips of a native of Cho- Tula, over one hundred years old, a version of the legend as to the building of the great pyramid of Cholula. It is as follows: “In the beginning, before the light of the sun had been created, this land (Cholula) was in obscurity and darkness, and void of any created thing; all was a plain, without hill or ele- vation, encircled in every part by water, without tree or created thing; and immediately after the light and the sun arose in the east there appeared gigantic men of deformed stature and possessed the land, and desiring to see the nativity of the sun, as well as his occident, proposed to go and seek them. Di- viding themselves into two parties, some journeyed to the west and others toward the east; these travelled until the sea cut off their road, whereupon they determined to return to the place from which they started, and arriving at this place (Cholula), not finding the means of reaching the sun, enamored of his light and beauty, they determined to build a tower so high that its summit should reach the sky. Having collected materials for the purpose, they found a very adhesive clay and bitumen, with which they speedily commenced to build the tower; and having reared it to the greatest possible altitude, so that they say it reached to the sky, the Lord of the Heavens, enraged, said to the inhabitants of the sky, ‘Have you observed how they of the earth have built a high and baughty tower to mount bither, being enamored of the light of the sun and GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 201 PION Wan MATIJENA ES EEN HOA RUINS OF TILE PYRAMID OF CHOLULA. his beauty ? Come and confound them, because it is not right that they of the earth, living in the flesh, should mingle with uns.' Immediately the inhabitants of the sky sallied forth like flashes of lightning ; they destroyed the edifice, and divided and scattered its builders to all parts of the earth.” One can recognize in this legend the recollection, by a rnder race, of a highly civilized people ; for only a highly civilized people would have attempted such a vast work. Their mental superiority and command of the arts gave them the character of giants who arrived from the East; who had divided into two great emigrations, one moving eastward (toward Europe), the other westward (toward America). They were sun-wor- 9* 202 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. shippers; for we are told “they were enamored of the light and beauty of the sun,” and they built a high place for bis worship. The pyramid of Cholula is one of the greatest constructions ever erected by human hands. It is even now, in its ruined condition, 160 feet high, 1400 feet square at the base, and covers forty-five acres; we have only to remember that the greatest pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, covers but twelve or thir- teen acres, to form some conception of the magnitude of this American structure. It must not be forgotten that this legend was taken down by a Catholic priest, shortly after the conquest of Mexico, from the lips of an old Indian who was born before Columbus sailed from Spain. Observe the resemblances between this legend and the Bible account of the building of the Tower of Babel : “All was a plain without hill or elevation,” says the Indian legend. “They found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they dwelt there,” says the Bible. They built of brick in both cases. “Let us build us a tower whose top may reach unto heaven," says the Bible. “They determined to build a tower so high that its summit should reach the sky," says the Indian legend. “And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower which the children of men had builded. And the Lord said, Behold ... nothing will be restrained from them which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down and confound them,” says the Bible record. “The Lord of the Heavens, enraged, said to the inhabitants of the sky, ‘Have you observed,' etc. Come and confound them,” says the Indian record. “And the Lord scattered them abroad from thence on all the face of the earth,” says the Bible. “They scattered its builders to all parts of the earth,” says the Mexican legend. Can any one doubt that these two legends must have sprung in some way from one another, or from some common source ? There are enough points of difference to show that the Amer- GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 203 . ican is not a servile copy of the Hebrew legend. In the for- mer the story comes from a native of Cholula: it is told under the shadow of the mighty pyramid it commemorates; it is a local legend which he repeats. The men who built it, accord- ing to his account, were foreigners. They built it to reach the Sun—that is to say, as a sun-temple; while in the Bible record Babel was built to perpetuate the glory of its architects. In the Indian legend the gods stop the work by a great storm, in the Bible account by confounding the speech of the people. Both legends were probably derived from Atlantis, and re- ferred to some gigantic structure of great height built by that people; and when the story emigrated to the east and west, it was in the one case affixed to the tower of the Chaldeans, and in the other to the pyramid of Cholula, precisely as we find the ark of the Deluge resting upon separate mountain- chains all the way from Greece to Armenia. In one form of the Tower of Babel legend, that of the Toltecs, we are told that the pyramid of Cholula was erected “as a means of es- cape from a second flood, should another occur.” But the resemblances between Genesis and the American legends do not stop here. We are told (Gen. ii., 21) that “the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam," and while he slept God made Eve out of one of his ribs. According to the Quiche tradition, there were four men from whom the races of the world de- scended (probably a recollection of the red, black, yellow, and white races); and these men were without wives, and the Cre- ator made wives for them“ while they slept.” Some wicked misanthrope referred to these traditions when he said, “And man's first sleep became his last repose." In Genesis (chap. iii., 22), “And the Lord God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever:" therefore God drove him out of the garden. In the Quiche legends we are told, " The gods feared 204 ATLANTIS: THE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. that they had made men too perfect, and they breathed a cloud of mist over their vision." When the ancestors of the Quiches migrated to America the Divinity parted the sea for their passage, as the Red Sea was parted for the Israelites. The story of Samson is paralleled in the history of a hero named Zipanca, told of in the “ Popol Vuh,” who, being capt- ured by his enemies and placed in a pit, pulled down the build- ing in which his captors had assembled, and killed four hundred of them. "There were giants in those days," says the Bible. A great deal of the Central American history is taken up with the do- ings of an ancient race of giants called Quinames. This parallelism runs through a hundred particulars : Both the Jews and Mexicans worshipped toward the east. Both called the south “the right hand of the world." Both burnt incense toward the four corners of the earth. Confession of sin and sacrifice of atonement were common to both peoples. Both were punctilious about washings and ablutions. Both believed in devils, and both were afflicted with leprosy. Both considered women who died in childbirth as worthy of honor as soldiers who fell in battle. Both punished adultery with stoning to death. As David leaped and danced before the ark of the Lord, so did the Mexican monarchs before their idols. Both had an ark, the abiding-place of an invisible god. Both had a species of serpent-worship. Compare our representation of the great serpent-mound in Adams County, Ohio, with the following description of a great serpent-mound in Scotland : “Serpent-worship in the West. Some additional light appears to have been thrown upon ancient serpent-worship in the West by the recent archæological explorations of Mr. John S. Phené, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., in Scotland. Mr. Phené has just investigated GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 205 a curious earthen mound in Glen Feechan, Argyleshire, referred . to by him, at the late meeting of the British Association in Edinburgh, as being in the form of a serpent or saurian. The mound, says the Scotsman, is a most perfect one. The head is a large cairn, and the body of the earthen reptile 300 feet long; and in the centre of the head there were evidences, when Mr. Phené first visited it, of an altar having been placed there. The position with regard to Ben Cruachan is most remarkable. > om VOU ORA SANAT TOO 10. AMIN BRUSH CREEK . c 00 GREAT EERPENT-MOUNT), OHO. The three peaks are seen over the length of the reptile when a person is standing on the bead, or cairn. The shape can only be seen so as to be understood when looked down upon from an elevation, as the ontline cannot be understood unless the whole of it can be seen. This is most perfect when the spec- tator is on the head of the animal form, or on the lofty rock to the west of it. This mound corresponds almost entirely with one 700 feet long in America, an account of which was lately published, after careful survey, by Mr. Squier. The altar toward the head in each case agrees. In the American mound three rivers (also objects of worship with the ancients) were evident- ly identified. The number three was a sacred number in all ancient mythologies. The sinuous winding and articulations of the vertebral spinal arrangement are anatomically perfect GENESIS CONTAINS A LIISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 207 The same singular custom which is found among the Jews and the Hindoos, for “a man to raise up seed for his deceased brother by marrying his widow," was found among the Cen- tral American nations. (Las Casas, MS. “ Hist. Apoloq.," cap. ccxiii., ccxv. Torquemada, “Monarq. Ind.,” tom. ii., 377–8.) No one but the Jewish high-priest might enter the Holy of Holies. A similar custom obtained in Peru. Both ate the flesh of the sacrifices of atonement; both poured the blood of the sacrifice on the earth; they sprinkled it, they marked per- sons with it, they smeared it upon walls and stones. The Mex- ican temple, like the Jewish, faced the east. “As among the Jews the ark was a sort of portable temple, in which the Deity was supposed to be continually present, so among the Mexi- cans, the Cherokees, and the Indians of Michoacan and Hon- duras, an ark was held in the highest veneration, and was con- sidered an object too sacred to be touched by any but the priests." (Kingsborough, “Mex. Antiq.," vol. viii., p. 258.) The Peruvians believed that the rainbow was a sign that the earth would not be again destroyed by a deluge. (Ibid., p. 25.) The Jewish custom of laying the sins of the people upon the head of an animal, and turning him out into the wilder- ness, had its counterpart among the Mexicans, who, to cure a fever, formed a dog of maize paste and left it by the roadside, saying the first passer-by would carry away the illness. (Dor- man, “Prim. Super.,” p. 59.) Jacob's ladder had its duplicate in the vine or tree of the Ojibbeways, which led from the carth to heaven, up and down which the spirits passed. (Ibid., p. 67.) Both Jews and Mexicans offered water to a stranger that he might wash his feet; both ate dust in token of humility ; both anointed with oil; both sacrificed prisoners; both periodically separated the women, and both agreed in the strong and uni- versal idea of uncleanness connected with that period. Both believed in the occult power of water, and both prac- tised baptism. 208 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. " Then the Mexican midwife gave the child to taste of the water, putting her moistened fingers in its mouth, and said, • Take this; by this thou hast to live on the earth, to grow and to flourish; through this we get all things that support existence on the earth; receive it.' Then with moistened fin- gers she touched the breast of the child, and said, “ Behold the pure water that washes and cleanses thy heart, that removes all filthiness ; receive it: may the goddess sce good to purify and cleanse thine heart.' Then the midwife poured water upon the head of the child, saying, “O my grandson-my son-take this water of the Lord of the world, which is thy life, invigo- rating and refreshing, washing and cleansing. I pray that this celestial water, blue and light blue, may enter into thy body, and there live; I pray that it may destroy in thee and put away from thee all the thing's evil and adverse that were given thee before the beginning of the world. ... Wberesoever thout art in this child, O thou hurtful thing, begone! leave it, put thyself apart; for now does it live anew, and anew is it born; now again is it purified and cleansed; now again is it shaped and engendered by our mother, the goddess of water.” (Ban- croft's “Native Races," vol. iii., p. 372.) Here we find many resemblances to the Christian ordinance of baptism: the pouring of the water on the head, the putting of the fingers in the mouth, the touching of the breast, the new birth, and the washing away of the original sin. The Christian rite, we know, was not a Christian invention, but was borrowed from ancient times, from the great storehouse of Asiatic tradi- tions and beliefs. The Mexicans hung up the heads of their sacrificed enemies; this was also a Jewish custom : “And the Lord said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the Lord against the sun, ihat the fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel. And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ve every one his men that were joined unto Baal-peor.” (Numb., XXV., 4, 5.) The Scythians, Herodotus tells us, scalped their enemies, GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 209 and carried the scalp at the pommel of their saddles; the Jews probably scalped their enemies : “But God shall wound the head of his enemies, and the hairy scalp of such a one as goeth on still in his trespasses." (Psa., lxviii., 21.) The ancient Scandinavians practised scalping. When Har- old llarefoot seized his rival, Alfred, with six hundred follow- ers, he had them maimed, blinded, hamstrung, scalped, or em- bowelled.” (Taine's “ Hist. Eng. Lit.,” p. 35.) Herodotus describes the Scythian mode of taking the scalp: “He makes a cut round the liead near the cars, and shakes the. skull out.” This is precisely the Indian custom. “The more scalps a man has," says Herodotus, "the more highly he is es- teemed among them.” The Indian scalp-lock is found on the Egyptian monuments as one of the characteristics of the Japhetic Libyans, who shaved all the head except one lock in the middle. The Mantchoos of Tartary wear a scalp-lock, as do the mod- crn Chinese. Byron describes the heads of the dead Tartars under the walls of Corinth, devoured by the wild dogs : “Crimson and green were the shawls of their wear, And each scalp had a single long tuft of hair, All the rest was shaven and bare." These resemblances are so striking and so numerous that repeated attempts bave been made to prove that the inbab- itants of America are the descendants of the Jews; some have claimed that they represented “the lost tribes” of that peo- ple. But the Jews were never a maritime or emigrating peo- ple; they formed no colonies; and it is impossible to believe (as has been asserted) that they left their flocks and herds, marched across the whole face of Asia, took ships and sailed across the greatest of the oceans to a continent of the exist- ence of which they had no knowledge. 210 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. If we seek the origin of these extraordinary coincidences in opinions and habits, we must go far back of the time of the lost tribes. We must seck it in the relationship of the Jews to the family of Noah, and in the identity of the Noachic race destroyed in the Deluge with the people of the drowned Atlantis. Nor need it surprise us to find traditions perpetuated for thousands upon thousands of years, especially among a people having a religious priesthood. The essence of religion is conservatism ; little is invented; nothing perishes; change comes from without; and even when one religion is supplanted by another its gods live on as the demons of the new faith, or they pass into the folk-lore and fairy stories of the people. We see Votan, a hero in America, become the god Odin or Woden in Scandinavia; and when his worship as a god dies out Odin survives (as Dr. Dasent has proved) in the Wild Huntsman of the Ilartz, and in the Robin Hood (Oodin) of popular legend. The Hellequin of France be- comes the Harlequin of our pantomimes. William Tell never existed; he is a myth; a survival of the sun-god Apollo, Indra, who was worshipped on the altars of Atlantis. “Nothing here but it doth change Into something rich and strange." The rite of circumcision dates back to the first days of Phæ- nicia, Egypt, and the Cushites. It, too, was probably an At- lantean custom, invented in the Stone Age. Tens of thousands of years have passed since the Stone Age; the ages of copper, bronze, and iron have intervened; and yet to this day the He- brew rabbi performs the ceremony of circumcision with a stone knife. Frothinghàm says, speaking of St. Peter's Cathedral, in Rome: “Into what depths of antiquity the ceremonies carried me back! To the mysteries of Eleusis; to the sacrificial rites of Phænicia. The boys swung the censors as censors had been GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 2 swung in the adoration of Bacchus. The girdle and cassock of the priests came from Persia; the veil and tonsure were from Egypt; the alb and chasuble were prescribed by Numa Pompilius; the stole was borrowed from the official who used to throw it on the back of the victim that was to be sacrificed ; the white surplice was the same as described by Juvenal and Ovid.” Although it is evident that many thousands of years must have passed since the men who wrote in Sanscrit, in North- western India, could have dwelt in Europe, yet to this day they preserve among their ancient books maps and descrip- tions of the western coast of Europe, and even of England and Ireland; and we find among them a fuller knowledge of the vexed question of the sources of the Nile than was possessed by any nation in the world twenty-five years ago. This perpetuation of forms and beliefs is illustrated in the fact that the formulas used in the Middle Ages in Europe to exorcise evil spirits were Assyrian words, imported probably thousands of years before from the magicians of Chaldea. When the European conjurer cried out to the demon, “ Hilka, hilka, besha, besha,” he had no idea that he was repeating the very words of a people who had perished ages before, and that they signified Go away, go away, evil one, evil one. (Lenor- mant, “ Anc. Hist. East,” vol. i., p. 448.) Our circle of 360 degrees; the division of a chord of the circle equal to the radius into 60 equal parts, called degrees; the division of these into 60 minutes, of the minute into 60 seconds, and the second into 60 thirds; the division of the day into 24 hours, cach hour into 60 minutes, cach minute into 60 seconds; the division of the week into seven days, and the very order of the days—all have come down to us from the Chal- deo-Assyrians; and these things will probably be perpetuated among our posterity “to the last syllable of recorded time.” We need not be surprised, therefore, to find the same legends and beliefs cropping out among the nations of Central America 212 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and the people of Israel. Nay, it should teach us to regard the Book of Genesis with increased veneration, as a relic dating from the most ancient days of man's history on earth; its roots cross the great ocean; every line is valuable; a word, a letter, an accent may throw light upon the gravest problems of the birth of civilization. The vital conviction which, during thousands of years, at all times pressed home upon the Israelites, was that they were a “chosen people,” selected out of all the multitudes of the eartlı, to perpetuate the great truth that there was but one God-an illimitable, omnipotent, paternal spirit, who rewarded the good and punished the wicked-in contradistinction from the multi- farious, subordinate, animal and bestial demi-gods of the other nations of the earth. This sublime monotheism could only have been the outgrowth of a high civilization, for man's first religion is necessarily a worship of “stocks and stones," and history teaches us that the gods decrease in number as man in- creases in intelligence. It was probably in Atlantis that mono- theism was first preached. The proverbs of “ Ptah-hotep," the oldest book of the Egyptians, show that this most ancient col- ony from Atlantis received the pure faith from the mother-land at the very dawn of history: this book preached the doctrine of one God," the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked.” (Reginald S. Poole, Contemporary Rev., Aug., 1881, p. 38.) “In the early days the Egyptians worshipped one only God, the maker of all things, without beginning and withont end. To the last the priests preserved this doctrine and taught it privately to a select few.” (“Amer. Encycl.," vol. vi., p. 463.) The Jews took up this great truth where the Egyptians dropped it, and over the heads and over the ruins of Egypt, Chaldea, Phænicia, Greece, Rome, and India this handful of poor shop- herds-ignorant, debased, and despised—have carried down to our own times a conception which could only have originated in the highest possible state of human society. And even skepticism must pause before the miracle of the GENESIS CONTAINS A HISTORY OF ATLANTIS. 213 continued existence of this strange people, wading through the ages, bearing on their shoulders the burden of their great trust, and pressing forward under the force of a perpetual and irre- sistible impulse. The speech that may be heard to-day in the synagogues of Chicago and Melbourne resounded two thousand years ago in the streets of Rome; and, at a still earlier period, it could be heard in the palaces of Babylon and the shops of Thebes—in Tyre, in Sidon, in Gades, in Palmyra, in Nineveli. How many nations have perished, how many languages have ceased to exist, how many splendid civilizations have crumbled into ruin, how many temples and towers and towns have gone down to dust since the sublime frenzy of monotheism first seized this extraordinary people! All their kindred nomadic tribes are gone; their land of promise is in the hands of stran- gers; but Judaism, with its offspring, Christianity, is taking possession of the habitable world; and the continuous life of one people—one poor, obscure, and wretched people — spans the tremendous gulf between “Ptah-hotep” and this nine- teenth century. If the Spirit of which the universe is but an expression-of whose frame the stars are the infinite molecules--can be sup- posed ever to interfere with the laws of matter and reach down, into the doings of men, would it not be to save from the wreck and waste of time the most sublime fruit of the civilization of the drowned Atlantis-a belief in the one, only, just God, the father of all life, the imposer of all moral obligations ? .- 214 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER VII. THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. One of the most marvellous inventions for the advancement of mankind is the phonetic alphabet, or a system of signs rep- resenting the sounds of human speech. Without it our pres- ent civilization could scarcely have been possible. No solution of the origin of our European alphabet has yet been obtained: we can trace it back from nation to nation, and form to form, until we reach the Egyptians, and the ar- chaic forms of the Phænicians, Hebrews, and Cushites, but be- yond this the light fails us. The Egyptians spoke of their bieroglyphic system of writ- ing not as their own invention, but as “the language of the gods.” (Lenormant and Cheval, “ Anc. Hist. of the East," vol. ii., p. 208.) “The gods” were, doubtless, their highly civilized ancestors--the people of Atlantis—who, as we shall hereafter see, became the gods of many of the Mediterrancan races. “ According to the Phænicians, the art of writing was invent- ed by Taantus, or Taut, whom the Egyptians call Thouth,' and the Egyptians said it was invented by Thonth, or Thoth, otherwise called the first Hermes,' in which we clearly see that both the Phænicians and Egyptians referred the invention to a period older than their own separate political existence, and to an older nation, from which both peoples received it." (Baldwin's “Prebistoric Nations," p. 91.) The “first Hermes," here referred to (afterward called Mer- cury by the Romans), was a son of Zeus and Maia, a daughter of Atlis. This is the same Maia whom the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg identifies with the Maya of Central America. THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 215 Sir William Drummond, in his “ Origines," said: “There seems to be no way of accounting either for the early use of letters among so many different nations, or for the resemblance which existed between some of the graphic systems employed by those nations, than by supposing hiero- glyphical writing, if I inay be allowed the term, to have been in use among the Tsabaists in the first ages after the Flood, when Tsabaism (planet-worship) was the religion of almost every country that was yet inhabited.” Sir Henry Rawlinson says: “So great is the analogy between the first principles of the science of writing, as it appears to have been pursued in Chal- dea, and as we can actually trace its progress in Egypt, that we can hardly hesitate to assign the original invention to a period before the Hamitic race had broken up and divided." It is not to be believed that such an extraordinary system of sound-signs could have been the invention of any one man or even of any one age: Like all our other acquisitions, it must have been the slow growth and accretion of ages; it must have risen step by step from picture-writing through an inter- mediate condition like that of the Chinese, where each word or thing was represented by a separate sign. The fact that so old and enlightened a people as the Chinese have never reach- ed a phonetic alphabet, gives us some indication of the great- ness of the people among whom it was invented, and the lapse of time before they attained to it. Humboldt says: “ According to the views which, since Champollion's great discovery, have been gradually adopted regarding the earlier condition of the development of alphabetical writing, the Phe- nician as well as the Semitic characters are to be regarded as a phonetic alphabet that has originated froin pictorial writ- ing; as one in which the ideal signification of the symbols is wholly disregarded, and the characters are regarded as mere signs for sounds.” (“Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 129.) THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 217 none of which bear the slightest affinity to the Phænician letters. It is a surprising fact that we find in Central America a pho- netic alphabet. This is in the alphabet of the Mayas, the an- cient people of the peninsula of Yucatan, who claim that their civilization came to them across the sea in ships from the east, that is, from the direction of Atlantis. The Mayas succeeded to the Colhuas, whose era terminated one thousand years be- fore the time of Christ; from them they received their alpha- bet. It has come to us through Bishop Landa, one of the early missionary bishops, who confesses to having burnt a great number of Maya books because they contained nothing but the works of the devil. He fortunately, however, pre- 1. 10. i 10.9 served for posterity the alphabet of this people. 2. We present it herewith. a n @ 13 22.89 ku O ☺. 16. S Diego de Landa was the first bishop of Yuca- tan. He wrote a history of the Mayas and their o. country, which was pre- served in manuscript at 6. Madrid in the library of the Royal Academy of 7. History.... It contains a description and explana- 8. tion of the phonetic al- phabet of the Mayas. 9. Landa's manuscript seems to have lain neglected in the library, for little or nothing was heard of it until it was discovered by the French priest Bras- seur de Bourbourg, who, by means of it, has deci- najom 18. f. ex OG 21. (Vanation 1 a 2 aho ma me or mo. (Varadia 8 %) Ý ti ha o siga d' aspiration LANDA'S ALPIIABET. (From "North Amer. of Antiquity," p. 494.) 10 218 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. phered some of the old American writings. He says, 'the alphabet and signs explained by Landa have been to me a Rosetta stone.?” (Baldwin's “ Ancient America,” p. 191.) When we observe, in the table of alphabets of different Eu- ropean nations which I give herewith, how greatly the forms of the Phænician letters have been modified, it would surprise us to find any resemblance between the Maya alphabet of two or three centuries since and the ancient European forms. It must, however, be remembered that the Mayas are one of the most conservative peoples in the world. They still adhere with striking pertinacity to the language they spoke when Colum- bus landed on San Salvador; and it is believed that that lan- guage is the same as the one inscribed on the most ancient monuments of their country. Señor Pimental says of thein, “ The Indians have preserved this idiom with such tenacity that they will speak no other; it is necessary for the whites to address them in their own language to communicate with them.” It is therefore probable, as their alphabet did not pass from nation to nation, as did the Phænician, that it has not departed so widely from the original forms received from the Colhuas. But when we consider the vast extent of time which has elapsed, and the fact that we are probably without the inter- mediate stages of the alphabet which preceded the archaic Phænician, it will be astonishing if we find resemblances be- tween any of the Maya letters and the European forms, even though we concede that they are related. If we find decided affinities between two or three letters, we may reasonably pre- sume that similar coincidences existed as to many others which have disappeared under the attrition of centuries. The first thought that occurs to us on examining the Landa alphabet is the complex and ornate character of the letters. Instead of the two or three strokes with which we indicate a sign for a sound, we have here rude pictures of objects. And we find that these are themselves simplifications of older forms The Alphabet. an DAONY Maye pasochhis Intentdiada Forms 247 204 Stone or Moab ASO R.C. Achaic Phanical Phoenician Il Carthagin tan loud Greek Samarilar Irish 101 Paal Hieratic Egrtian 2 3 2 41 *** * * 1 a/ala co D I - 1949 a 1922 lolala a1221121 TF? Yule I @xo sina Yyyyy Imtb 647 C4% M 692 w wygw gminy NISI Islnls ls lunss! SEXIS * | 13 { 00°8 0 0 2 000 P H212 174747 19 14 Sloppl P 49 | 4499/97/9 THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 221 of a still more complex character. Take, for instance, the let- ter pp in Landa's alphabet, 49: here are evidently the traces of a face. The same appear, but not so plainly, in the sign for t, which is S. Now, if we turn to the ancient hiero- glyphics upon the monuments of Central America, we will find ihe human face appearing in a great many of them, as in the following, which we copy from the Tablet of the Cross at Palenque. We take the bieroglyphs from the left-hand side of the inscription. Here it will be seen that, out of scven hieroglyphical figures, six contain human faces. And we find that in the whole inscription of the Tab- let of the Cross there are 33 figures out of 108 that are made up in part of the human countenance. We can see, therefore, in the Landa alphabet a tendency to simplification. And this is what we would naturally expect. When the emblems—which B ) were probably first intended for religious inscrip- tions, where they could be slowly and carefully elab- orated—were placed in the hands of a busy, active, commercial people, such as were the Atlanteans, and afterward the Phænicians, men with whom time was valuable, the natural tendency would be to simplify and condense them; and when the original meaning of the picture was lost, they would natu- rally slur it, as we find in the letters pp and 3 of the Maya alphabet, where the figure of the human face remains only in rude lines. The same tendency is plainly shown in the two forms of the letter h, as given in Landa's alphabet; the original form is more elaborate than the variation of it. The original form is on. The variation is given as . Now let us suppose this simplification to be carried a step farther: we have seen the upper and lower parts of the first form shrink into a smaller and less claborate shape; let us imagine that the same tenden- cy does away with them altogether; we would then have the 222 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. letter H of the Maya alphabet represented by this figure, D; now, as it takes less time to make a single stroke than a double one, this would become in time . We turn now to the ar- chaic Greek and the old Hebrew, and we find the letter h indi- cated by this sign, E, precisely the Maya letter h simplified. We turn to the archaic Hebrew, and we find it . Now it is known that the Phænicians wrote from right to left, and just as we in writing from left to right slope our letters to the right, so did the Phænicians slope their letters to the left. Hence the Maya sign becomes in the archaic Phænician this, bi In some of the Phænician alphabets we even find the letter h. made with the double strokes above and below, as in the Mayah. The Egyptian hicroglyph for h is 6 while ch is I. In time the Greeks carried the work of simplification still farther, and eliminated the top lines, as we have supposed the Atlanteans to have climinated the double strokes, and they left the letter as it has come down to us, II. Now it may be said that all this is coincidence. If it is, it is certainly remarkable. But let us go a step farther : We have seen in Landa's alphabet that there are two forms of the letter m. The first is G. But we find also an m com- bined with the letter o, a, or e, says Landa, in this form, ono. The m here is certainly indicated by the central part of this combination, the figure ; where does that come from? It is clearly taken from the heart of the original figure wherein it appears. What does this prove? That the Atlanteans, or Mayas, when they sought to simplify their letters and combine them with others, took from the centre of the ornate hiero- glyphical figure some characteristic mark with wbich they rep- resented the whole figure. Now let us apply this rule: We have seen in the table of alphabets that in every lan- guage, from our own day to the time of the Phænicians, o has been represented by a circle or a circle within a circle. Now where did the Phænicians get it? Clearly from the Mayas. There are two figures for o in the Maya alphabet; they are THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 223 and ; now, if we apply the rule which we have seen to exist in the case of the Maya m to these figures, the essential characteristic found in each is the circle, in the first case pen- dant from the hieroglyph; in the other, in the centre of the lower part of it. And that this circle was withdrawn from the hieroglyph, and used alone, as in the case of the m, is proved by the very sign used at the foot of Landa's alphabet, which is, aho. Landa calls this ma, me, or mo; it is prob- ably the latter, and in it we have the circle detached from the hieroglyph. We find the precise Maya o a circle in a circle, or a dot within a circle, repeated in the Phænician forms for o, thus, O and O, and by exactly the same forms in the Egyptian hieroglyphics; in the Runic we have the circle in the circle ; in one form of the Greek o the dot was placed along-side of the circle instead of below it, as in the Maya. Are these another set of coincidences ? Take another letter: The letter n of the Maya alphabet is represented by this sign, itself probably a simplification of some more ornate form, S. This is something like our letter S, but quite unlike our N. But let us exainine into the pedigree of our n. We find in the archaic Ethiopian, a language as old as the Egyptian, and which represents the Cusbite branch of the Atlantean stock, the sign for n (na) is ; in archaic Phænician it comes still closer to the S shape, thus, 3 , or in this form, 5; we have but to curve these angles to approximate it very closely to the Maya n; in Troy this form was found, 5. The Samaritan makes it ; the old Hebrew 5; the Moab stone inscription gives it Y ; the later Phænicians simplified the archaic form still further, until it became 4 ; then it passed into 4: the archaic Greek form is ; the later Greeks made N, from which it passed into the present form, N. All these forms seem to be representations of a serpent; we turn to the 224 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. valley of the Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyphic for n was the serpent, n ; the Pelasgian n was 2; the Ar- cadian, S; the Etruscan, 2. Can anything be more significant than to find the serpent the sign for n in Central America, and in all these Old World languages ? Now turn to the letter k. The Maya sign for k is . This does not look much like our letter K; but let us examine it. Following the precedent established for us by the Mayas in the case of the letter m, let us see what is the distinguishing feature here; it is clearly the figure of a serpent standing erect, with its tail doubled around its middle, forming a circle. It has already been remarked by Savolini that this erect serpent is very much like the Egyptian Uræus, an erect serpent with an enlarged body-a sacred emblem found in the hair of their deities. We turn again to the valley of the Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyphic for k was a serpent with a convo- lution or protuberance in the middle, precisely as in the Maya, thus, Q ; this was transformed into the Egyptian letter S; the serpent and the protuberance reappear in one of the Phæ- nician forms of k, to wit, S ; while in the Punic we have these forms, 9 and L. Now suppose a busy people trying to give this sign: instead of drawing the serpent in all its details they would abbreviate it into something like this, Ø ; now we turn to the ancient Ethiopian sign for k (ka), and we have , or the Himyaritic Arabian ; while in the Phænician it becomes t; in the archaic Greek, y; and in the later Greek, when they changed the writing from left to right, K. So that the two lines projecting from the upright stroke of our English K are a reminiscence of the convolution of the serpent in the Maya original and the Egyptian copy. Turn now to the Maya sign for t: it is ca. What is the distinctive mark about this figure? It is the cross composed of two curved lines, thus, 8. It is probable that in this THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 225 Maya sign the cross is united at the bottom, like a figure 8. Here again we turn to the valley of the Nile, and we find that the Egyptian hieroglyph for t is %* and 8^; and in the Syr- iac t it is . We even find the curved lines of the Maya t, which give it something of the appearance of the numeral 8, repeated accurately in the Mediterranean alphabets; thus the Punic t repeats the Maya form almost exactly as X and X. Now suppose a busy people compelled to make this mark every day for a thousand years, and generally in a hurry, and the cross would soon be made without curving the lines; it would become x. But before it reached even that simplified form it had crossed the Atlantic, and appeared in the archaic Ethiopian sign for tsa, thus, X. In the archaic Phænician the sign for t is and X; the oldest Greek form is ®, or X, and the later Greeks gave it to the Romans T, and modi- fied this into ©; the old Hebrew gave it as X and +; the Moab stone as X; this became in time † and T. Take the letter a. In the Maya there are three forms given for this letter. The first is 2; the third is . The first looks very much like the foot of a lion or tiger; the third is plainly a foot or boot. If one were required to give hurriedly a rude outline of either of these, would he not represent it thus, d; and can we not conceive that this could have been in time modified into the Phænician a, which was d? The hieratic Egyptian a was 2; the ancient Hebrew, which was a , or 4; the ancient Greek was the foot reversed, A; the later Greek became our A. Turn next to the Maya sign for q (ku): it is . Now what is the peculiarity of this hieroglyph? The circle below is not significant, for there are many circular figures in the Maya alphabet. Clearly, if one was called upon to simplify this, he would retain the two small circles joined side by side at the top, and would indicate the lower circle with a line or dash. And when we turn to the Egyptian q we find it in this shape, 10* 226 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. wQ; we turn to the Ethiopian q (khua), and we find it op, or as qua, D.; wbile the Phænician comes still nearer the sup- posed Maya form in P; the Moab stone was Q; the Himya- ritic Arabian form became Q; the Greek form was Q, which graduated into the Roman Q. But a still more striking proof of the descent of the Phænician alphabet from the Maya is found in the other form of the q, the Maya cu, which is ). Now, if we apply the Maya rule to this, and discard the outside circle, we have this left, y. In time the curved line would be made straight, and the figure would assume this form, Xl; the next step would be to make the cross on the straight line, thus, *. One of the ancient Phænician forms is 4. Can all this be accident? The letter c or g (for the two probably gave the same sound as in the Phænician) is given in the Maya alphabet as follows, . This would in time be simplified into a figure repre- senting the two sides of a triangle with the apex upward, thus, 1. This is precisely the form found by Dr. Schliemann in the ruins of Troy, 1. What is the Phænician form for g, as found on the Moab stone? It is 1. The Carthaginian Phæ- nicians gave it more of a rounded form, thus, n. The hieratic Egyptian figure for g was ; in the earlier Greek form the left limb of the figure was shortened, thus, 1; the later Greeks reversed it, and wrote it [; the Romans changed this into L, and it finally became C. In the Maya we have one sign for P, and another for pp. The first contains a curious figure, precisely like our - laid on its back, f. 2. There is, apparently, no r in the Maya al- phabet; and the Roman ~ grew out of the later Phænician r formed thus, A; it would appear that the carliest Phænician alphabet did not contain the letter r. But if we now turn to the Phænician alphabet, we will find one of the curious forms THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 227 of the p given thus, S, a very fair representation of an r lying upon its face. Is it not another remarkable coincidence that the p, in both Maya and Phænician, should contain this singu- lar sign? The form of pp in the Maya alphabet is this, f. If we are asked, on the principle already indicated, to reduce this. to its elements, we would use a figure like this, H; in time the tendency would be to shorten one of these perpendicular lines, thus, H; and this we find is very much like the Phænician P, & The Greek ph is D. The letter l in the Maya is in two forms; one of these is 2, the other is Oy. Now, if we again apply the rule which we observed to hold good with the letter m—that is, draw from the inside of the hieroglyph some symbol that will briefly indicate the whole letter — we will have one of two forms, either a right-angled figure formed thus, b, or an acute angle formed by joining the two lines which are unconnected, thus, k; and either of these forms brings us quite close to the letter l of the Old World. We find l on the Moab stone thus formed, 6. The archaic Phænician form of I was , or L; the archaic Hebrew was z and L; the hieratic Egyptian was Lo; the Greek form was 1-the Roman L. The Maya letter b is shaped thus, e. Now, if we turn to the Phænician, we find that b is represented by the same crescent- like figure which we find in the middle of this hieroglyph, but reversed in the direction of the writing, thus, ); while in the archaic Hebrew we have the same crescent figure as in the Maya, turned in the same direction, but accompanied by a line drawn downward, and to the left, thus, St; a similar form is also found in the Phænician q; and this in the earliest Greek changed into 8, and in the later Greek into B. One of the Etruscan signs for b was 2, while the Pelasgian b was repre- 228 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. sented thus, 2]; the Chaldaic 6 was 3; the Syriac sign for b was 5; the Illyrian b was 5: The Maya e is ; this became in time 1; then ... (we see this form on the Maya monuments); the dots in time were indicated by strokes, and we reach the hieratic Egyptian form, TA: we even find in some of the ancient Phænician inscrip- tions the original Maya circles preserved in making the let- ter e, thus, 3; then we find the old Greek form, 3; the old Hebrew, 7; and the later Phænician, : when the direction of the writing was changed this became E. Dr. Schliemann found a form like this on inscriptions deep in the ruins of Troy, so. This is exactly the forın found on the American monuments. The Maya i isty; this became in time #t; this developed into a still simpler form, A; and this passed into the Phæni- cian form, M. The Samaritan i was formed thus, MT; the Egyptian letter i is 01: gradually in all these the left-hand line was dropped, and we come to the figure used on the stone of Moab, and ; this in time became the old Hebrew or z; and this developed into the Greek I. We have seen the complicated symbol for m reduced by the Mayas themselves into this figure, r: if we attempt to write this rapidly, we find it very difficult to always keep the base lines horizontal; naturally we form something like this, v : the distinctive figure within the sign for m in the Maya is a or C. We see this repeated in the Egyptian hieroglyphics for m, C, and www, and 5; in the Chaldaic m, -; and in the Ethiopic od. We find one form of the Phænician where the m is made thus, Lo; and in the Punic it appears thus, % ; and this is not unlike the m on the stone of Moab, wy, or the ancient Phænician forins, w, uy, and the old Greek M, or the ancient Hebrew W y . THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 229 The X, x, of the Maya alphabet is a hand pointing downward, ; this, reduced to its elements, would be expressed some- thing like this, III, or wW; and this is very much like the x of the archaic Phænician, 7; or the Moab stone, F; or the later Phænician, T; or the Hebrew, }, }; or the old Greek, 2: the later Greek form was E. The Maya alphabet contains no sign for the letter s; there is, however, a symbol called ca immediately above the letter k; it is probable that the sign ca stands for the soft sound of c, as in our words citron, circle, civil, circus, etc. As it is written in the Maya alphabet ca, and not k, it evidently represents a different sound. The sign ca is this, €. A somewhat sim- ilar sign is found in the body of the symbol for k, thus, TT; this would appear to be a simplification of ca, but turned down- ward. If now we turn to the Egyptian letters we find the sign k represented by this figure we , simplified again into C ; while the sign for k in the Phænician inscription on the stone of Moab is . If now we turn to the s sound, indicated by the Maya sign ca, , we find the resemblance still more striking to kindred European letters. The Phænician s is w ww; in the Greek this becomes MM; the Hebrew is w W; the Sa- maritan, wu. The Egyptian hieroglyph for s is YiXy; the Egyp- tian letters is w; the Ethiopic, og; the Chaldaic, w; and the Illyrian sc is u. We have thus traced back the forms of eighteen of the an- cient letters to the Maya alphabet. In some cases the pedigree is so plain as to be indisputable. For instance, take the h: Maya, ; old Greek, 8; old Hebrew, 8; Phænician, E. Or take the letter o: Maya, o; old Greek, o; old Ilebrew, 0; Phænician, o. Or take the letter t: Maya, ; old Greek, Ⓡ; old Phænician, (+) and x. TIIE ORIGIV OF OUR ALPHABET. 231 Maya, were supplied by imitating the Maya sign for b; and it is a curious fact that while the Phænician legends clain that Taaut invented the art of writing, yet they tell us that Taaut made records, and “delivered them to his successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris, the Egyptian god), the inventor of the three letters.” Did these three letters in- clude the d and r, which they did not receive from the Atlan- tean alphabet, as represented to us by the Maya alphabet ? In the alphabetical table which we herewith append we have represented the sign V, or vau, or f, by the Maya sign for U. “In the present so-called Hebrew, as in the Syriac, Sabaic, Pal- myrenic, and some other kindred writings, the vau takes the place of F, and indicates the sounds of v and u. F occurs in the same place also on the Idalian tablet of Cyprus, in Lycian, also in Tuarik (Berber), and some other writings.” (“ Ameri- can Cyclopædia,” art. F.) Since writing the above, I find in the “Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society” for December, 1880, p. 154, an interesting article pointing out other resemblances between the Maya alphabet and the Egyptian. I quote: “It is astonishing to notice that while Landa's first B is, ac- cording to Valentini, represented by a footprint, and that path and footprint are pronounced Be in the Maya dictionary, the Egyptian sign for B was the human leg. “ Still more surprising is it that the II of Landa's alphabet is a tie of cord, while the Egyptian H is a twisted cord. ... But the most striking coincidence of all occurs in the coiled or curled line representing Landa's U; for it is absolutely identi- cal with the Egyptian curled U. The Mayan word for to wind or bend is Uuc; but why should Egyptians, confined as they were to the valley of the Nile, and abhorring as they did the sea and sailors, write their U precisely like Landa's alphabet U in Central America ? There is one other remarkable coinci- dence between Landa's and the Egyptian alphabets; and, by- the-way, the English and other Teutonic dialects have a curi- ouis share in it. Landa's D (T) is a disk with lines inside the four quarters, the allowed Mexican symbol for a day or sun. 232 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. So far as sound is concerned, the English day represents it; so far as the form is concerned, the Egyptian cake, ideograph for (1) country and (2) the sun's orbit is essentially the same.” It would appear as if both the Phænicians and Egyptians drew their alphabet from a common source, of which the Maya is a survival, but did not borrow from one another. They fol- lowed out different characteristics in the same original biero- glyph, as, for instance, in the letter b. And yet I have shown that the closest resemblances exist between the Maya alphabet and the Egyptian signs—in the c, h, t, i, k, l, m, n, 0,, and s- eleven letters in all; in some cases, as in the n and k, the signs are identical; the k, in both alphabets, is not only a serpent, but a serpent with a protuberance or convolution in the mid- dle! If we add to the above the b and u, referred to in the “ Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society," we have thirteen letters out of sixteen in the Maya and Egyptian re- lated to each other. Can any theory of accidental coincidences account for all this? And it must be remembered that these resemblances are found between the only two phonetic systems of alphabet in the world. Let us suppose that two men agree that each shall construct apart from the other a phonetic alphabet of sixteen letters; that they shall employ only simple forms--combinations of straight or curved lines—and that their signs shall not in any- wise resemble the letters now in use. They go to work apart; they have a multitudinous array of forms to draw from-the thousand possible combinations of lines, angles, circles, and curves; when they have finished, they bring their alphabets to- gether for comparison. Under such circumstances it is possi- ble that out of the sixteen signs one sign might appear in both alphabets; there is one chance in one hundred that such might be the case; but there is not one chance in five hundred that this sign should in both cases represent the same sound. It is barely possible that two men working thus apart should hit upon two or three identical forms, but altogether impossible THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 233 that these forms should have the same significance; and by no stretch of the imagination can it be supposed that in these alpha- bets so created, without correspondence, thirteen out of sixteen signs should be the same in form and the same in meaning. It is probable that a full study of the Central American mon- uments may throw stronger light upon the connection between the Maya and the European alphabets, and that further discov- eries of inscriptions in Europe may approximate the alphabets of the New and Old World still more closely by supplying in- termediate forms. We find in the American bieroglypbs peculiar signs which take the place of pictures, and which probably, like the bie- ratic symbols mingled with the hieroglyphics of Egypt, repre- sent alphabetical sounds. For instance, we find this sign on the walls of the palace of Palenque, e ; this is not unlike the form of the Phænician t used in writing, and G; we find also upon these monuments the letter o represented by a small circle, and entering into many of the hieroglyphs; we also find the tau sign (thus T) often repeated; also the sign which we have supposed to represent b, (; also this sign, OO, which we think is the simplification of the letter k; also this sign, which we suppose to represent e, O; also this figure, U; and this, w. There is an evident tendency to reduce the complex figures to simple signs whenever the writers pro- ceed to form words. Although it has so far been found difficult, if not impossi- ble, to translate the compound words formed from the Maya alphabet, yet we can go far enough to see that they used the system of simpler sounds for the whole hieroglyph to which we have referred. Bishop Landa gives us, in addition to the alphabet, the signs which represent the days and months, and which are evidently compounds of the Maya letters. For instance, we have this figure as the representative of the month Mo Here we 234 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. see very plainly the letter - for m, the sign © for 0; and we will possibly find the sign for l in the right angle to the right of the m sign, and which is derived from the figure in the sec- ond sign for l in the Maya alphabet. One of the most ancient races of Central America is the Chiapenec, a branch of the Mayas. They claim to be the first settlers of the country. They came, their legends tell us, from the East, from beyond the sea. And even after the lapse of so many thousand years most remarkable resemblances have been found to exist between the Chiapenec language and the Hebrew, the living representative of the Phænician tongue. The Mexican scholar, Señor Melgar (“North Americans of Antiquity,” p. 475) gives the, following list of words taken from the Chiapenec and the Hebrew : English. Chiapenec. Hebrew. Son .......... ... Been.... ..Ben. Daughter............. ... Batz.......... Bath. Father............... ... Abagh ..........Abba. Star in Zodiac........... ...Chimax .........Chimah. King ............... . Molo....... .Maloc. Name applied to Adam. .. Abagh ........ .. Abah. AMicted........ ...Chanam...... ...Chanan. God................. ... Elab............ Elab. September... ..Tsiquin....... .Tischiri. More........ ..Chic............ ..Chi. Rich............ ...Chabin..........Chabic. Son of Seth........... .Enos. To give.................... Votan........... Votan. Nenec. : : : : : : : .Enot... Thus, while we find such extraordinary resemblances between the Maya alphabet and the Phænician alphabet, we find equally surprising coincidences between the Chiapenec tongue, a branch of the Mayas, and the Hebrew, a branch of the Phænician. Attempts have been repeatedly made by European scholars to trace the letters of the Phænician alphabet back to the elab- orate hieroglyphics from which all authorities agree they must THE ORIGIN OF OUR ALPHABET. 235 have been developed, but all such attempts have been failures. But here, in the Maya alphabet, we are not only able to extract from the heart of the hieroglyphic the typical sign for the sound, but we are able to go a step farther, and, by means of the inscriptions upon the monuments of Copan and Palenque, deduce the alphabetical hieroglyph itself from an older and more ornate figure; we thus not only discover the relationship of the European alphabet to the American, but we trace its de- scent in the very mode in which reason tells us it must have been developed. All this proves that the similarities in ques- tion did not come from Phænicians having accidentally visited the shores of America, but that we have before us the origin, the source, the very matrix in which the Phænician alphabet was formed. In the light of such a discovery the inscriptions upon the monuments of Central America assume incalculable importance; they take us back to a civilization far anterior to the oldest known in Europe; they represent the language of antediluvian times. It may be said that it is improbable that the use of an al- pbabet could have ascended to antediluvian times, or to that prehistoric age when intercourse existed between ancient Eu- rope and America; but it must be remembered that if the Flood legends of Europe and Asia are worth anything they prove that the art of writing existed at the date of the Deluge, and that records of antediluvian learning were preserved by those who escaped the Flood; while Plato tells us that the people of Atlantis engraved their laws upon columns of bronze and plates of gold. There was a general belief among the ancient nations that the art of writing was known to the antediluvians. The Druids believed in books more ancient than the Flood. They styled them “the books of Pheryllt,” and “the writings of Pridian or Hu.” “Ceridwen consults them before she prepares the mys- terious caldron which shadows out the awful catastrophe of the Deluge.” (Faber's “Pagan Idolatry,” vol. ii., pp. 150, 151.) 236 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. In the first Avatar of Vishnu we are told that “the divine ordi- nances were stolen by the demon Haya-Griva. Vishnu became a fish; and after the Deluge, when the waters had subsided, he recovered the holy books from the bottom of the ocean." Bero- sus, speaking of the time before the Deluge, says: “Oannes wrote concerning the generations of mankind and their civil polity.” The Hebrew commentators on Genesis say, “ Our rab- bins assert that Adam, our father of blessed memory, com- posed a book of precepts, which were delivered to bim by God in Paradise.” (Smith's “Sacred Annals,” p. 49.) That is to say, the Hebrews preserved a tradition that the Ad-ami, the people of Ad, or Adlantis, possessed, while yet dwelling in Paradise, the art of writing. It has been suggested that withi- out the use of letters it would have been impossible to preserve the many details as to dates, ages, and measurements, as of the ark, handed down to us in Genesis. Josephus, quoting Jewish traditions, suys, “ The births and deaths of illustrions men, be- tween Adam and Noab, were noted down at the time with great accuracy.” (Ant., lib. 1, cap. iii., sec. 3.) Suidas, a Greek lexi- cographer of the eleventh century, expresses tradition when lie says, “ Adam was the author of arts and letters." The Egyp- tians said that their god Anubis was an antediluvian, and “wrote annals before the Flood.” The Chinese bave traditions that the earliest race of their nation, prior to bistory, “ taught all the arts of life and wrote books.” “The Goths always had the use of letters ;" and Le Grand affirms that before or soon after the Flood "there were found the acts of great men en- graved in letters on large stones." (Fosbroke’s “Encyclopædia of Antiquity," vol. i., p. 355.) Pliny says, “ Letters were always in use.” Strabo says, “ The inhabitants of Spain possessed rec- ords written before the Deluge.” (Jackson's “ Chronicles of Antiquity,” vol. ij., p. 85.) Mitford (“Ilistory of Greece," vol. i., p. 121) says, “Nothing appears to us so probable as that it (the alphabet) was derived from the antediluvian world.” 238 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. covered the art of combining them, and yet in Europe the re- mains of no such age have been found. Sir John Lubbock says (“Prehistoric Times,” p. 59), “The absence of implements made either of copper or tin scems to me to indicate that the art of making bronze wus introduced into, not invented in, Er- rope.” The absence of articles of copper is especially marked; nearly all the European specimens of copper implements have been found in Ireland; and yet out of twelve hundred and eighty-three articles of the Bronze Age, in the great museum at Dublin, only thirty celts and one sword-blade are said to be made of pure copper; and even as to some of these there seems to be a question. Where on the face of the earth are we to find a Copper Age? Is it in the barbaric depths of that Asia out of whose uncivil- ized tribes all civilization is said to have issued ? By no means. Again we are compelled to turn to the West. In America, from Bolivia to Lake Superior, we find everywhere the traces of a long-enduring Copper Age; bronze existed, it is true, in Mexi- co, but it held the same relation to the copper as the copper held to the bronze in Europe—it was the exception as against the rule. And among the Chippeways of the shores of Lake Superior, and among them alone, we find any traditions of the origin of the manufacture of copper implements; and on the shores of that lake we find pure copper, ont of which the first inetal tools were probably hammered before man had learned to reduce the ore or run the metal into moulds. And on the shores of this same American lake we find the ancient mines from which some people, thousands of years ago, derived their supplies of copper. Sir W. R. Wilde says, “It is remarkable that so few antique copper implements have been found (in Europe), although a knowledge of that metal must have been the preliminary stage in the manufacture of bronze.” He thinks that this may be accounted for by supposing that “but a short time elapsed between the knowledge of smelting and casting copper ore Irish Mould for casting Bronze Celts. Bronze Reaping-hook, Switzerland. Finger-ring. Ear-ring. Bronze Chisel. Bronze Hammer. Ancient Adze, Ireland. INI'LEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS OF THE BRONZE AGE. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 241 and the introduction of tin, and the subsequent nianufacture and use of bronze.” But here we have in America the evidence that thousands of years must have elapsed during which copper was used alone, before it was discovered that by adding one-tenth part of tin it gave a harder edge, and produced a superior metal. The Bronze Age cannot be attributed to the Roman civiliza- tion. Sir John Lubbock shows (“Prehistoric Times," p. 21) that bronze weapons have never been found associated with Roman coins or pottery, or other remains of the Roman Peri- od ; that bronze articles have been found in the greatest abun- dance in countries like Ireland and Denmark, which were never invaded by Roman armies; and that the character of the orna- mentation of the works of bronze is not Roman in character, and that the Roman bronze contained a large proportion of lead, which is never the case in that of the Bronze Age. It has been custoniary to assume that the Bronze Age was due to the Phænicians, but of late the highest authorities have taken issue with this opinion. Sir John Lubbock (Ibid., p. 73) gives the following reasons why the Phænicians could not have been the authors of the Bronze Age: First, the orna- mentation is different. In the Bronze Age "this always con- sists of geometrical figures, and we rarely, if ever, find upon them representations of animals and plants, while on the or- namented shields, etc., described by Homer, as well as in the decoration of Solomon's Temple, animals and plants were abun- dantly represented.” The cuts on p. 242 will show the char. acter of the ornamentation of the Bronze Age. In the next place, the form of burial is different in the Bronze Age from. that of the Phænicians. “In the third place, the Phænicians, so far as we know them, were well acquainted with the use of iron; in Homer we find the warriors already armed with iron weapons, and the tools used in preparing the materials for Sol- omon's Temple were of this metal.” This view is also held by M. de Fallenberg, in the “Bulletin 11 TIE BRONZE AGE IV EUROPE. 243 the Phænicians carried to the people of the North only pure bronzes without the alloy of lead. If the civilized people of the Mediterranean added lead to their bronzes, it can scarcely be doubted that the calculating Phænicians would have done as much, and, at least, with distant and half-civilized tribes, have replaced the more costly tin by the cheaper metal. ... On the whole, then, I consider that the first knowledge of bronze may have been conveyed to the populations of the period under review not only by the Phænicians, but by oth- er civilized people dwelling more to the south-east.” Professor E. Desor, in his work on the “Lacustrian Con- structions of the Lake of Neuchatel,” says, “The Phænicians certainly knew the use of iron, and it can scarcely be conceived why they should have excluded it from their commerce on the Scandinavian coasts. ... The Etruscans, moreover, were acquainted with the use of iron as well as the Phænicians, and it has already been seen that the composition of their bronzes is different, since it contains lead, which is en- tirely a stranger to our bronze epoch. ... We must look, then, beyond both the Etruscans and Phænicians in attempting to identify the commerce of the Bronze Age of our palafittes. It will be the province of the historian to inquire whether, ex- clusive of Phænicians and Carthaginians, there may not have been some maritime and commercial people who carried on a traffic through the ports of Liguria with the populations of the age of bronze of the lakes of Italy before the discovery of iron. We may remark, in passing, that there is nothing to prove that the Phænicians were the first navigators. History, on the con- trary, positively mentions prisoners, under the name of Tokhari, who were vanquished in a naval battle fought by Rhamses III. in the thirteenth century before our era, and whose physiogno- my, according to Morton, would indicate the Celtic type. Now there is room to suppose that if these Tokhari were energetic enough to measure their strength on the sea with one of the powerful kings of Egypt, they must, with stronger reason, have been in a condition to carry on a commerce along the coasts of the Mediterranean, and perhaps of the Atlantic. If such a commerce really existed before the time of the Phænicians, it would not be limited to the southern slope of the Alps; it 244 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. would have extended also to the people of the age of bronze in Switzerland. The introduction of bronze would thus as- cend to a very high antiquity, doubtless beyond the limits of the most ancient European races." ORDICDOO MOI For the merchants of the Bronze Age we must look beyond even the Tokhari, who were contemporaries of the Phænicians. The Tokhari, we have seen, are represented as taken prison- ers in a sea-fight with Rhainses III., of the twentieth dynasty, about the thirteenth century B.C. They are probably the Tochari of Strabo. The accompanying figure represents one of these people as they appear upon the Egyptian monuments. (See Nott and Glid- don's “Types of Mankind," p. 108.) Here we have, not an inhabitant of Atlantis, but probably a repre- sentative of one of the mixed races that sprung from its colonies. Dr. Morton thinks these people, CELTIC WARRIOR, FROM EGYPTIAN as painted on the Egyptian monu- ments, to have “strong Celtic feat. ures. Those familiar with the Scotch Highlanders may recog- nize a speaking likeness." It is at least interesting to have a portrait of one of the daring race who more than three thousand years ago left the west of Europe in their ships to attack the mighty power of Egypt. They were troublesome to the nations of the East for many centuries; for in 700 B.C. we find them depicted on the As. syrian monuments. This figure represents one of the Tokhari of the time of Sennacherib. It will be observed that the head- dress (apparently of feathers) is the same in both portraits, al- though separated by a period of six hundred years. It is more reasonable to suppose that the authors of the MONUMENTS. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 245 Bronze Age of Europe were the people described by Plato, who were workers in metal, who were highly civilized, who pre- ceded in time all the nations which we call ancient. It was this people who passed through an age of copper be- fore they reached the age of bronze, and whose colonies in America repre- sented this older form of metallurgy as it existed for many generations. Professor Desor says: “We are asked if the preparation of bronze was not an indigenous invention which had originated on the slopes of the Alps?... In this idea we acquiesced for a moment. But we are met by the objection that, if this were so, the na- tives, like the ancient tribes of America, would have commenced by manufactur- ing utensils of copper; yet thus far no utensils of this metal have been found except a few in the strand of Lake Gar- da. The great majority of metallic ob- jects is of bronze, which necessitated the employment of tin, and this could not be obtained except by commerce, VELTIC WARRIOR, FROM ASSYB- inasmuch as it is a stranger to the Alps. It would appear, therefore, more nat- ural to admit that the art of combining tin with copper-in other words, that the manufacture of bronze-was of foreign importation." He then shows that, although copper ores are found in the Alps, the probability is that even “the copper also was of foreign importation. Now, in view of the pro- digious quantity of bronze manufactured at that epoch, this single branch of commerce must itself have necessitated the most incessant commercial communications." IAN MONUMENTS. And as this commerce could not, as we have seen, have been carried on by the Romans, Grecks, Etruscans, or Phænicians, 246 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. because their civilizations flourished during the Iron Age, to which this age of bronze was anterior, where then are we to look for a great maritime and commercial people, who carried vast quantities of copper, tin, and bronze (unalloyed by the lead of the south of Europe) to Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, England, France, Spain, Switzerland, and Italy? Where can we find them save in that people of Atlantis, whose ships, docks, canals, and commerce provoked the astonishment of the ancient Egyptians, as recorded by Plato. The Toltec root for water is Atl; the Peruvian word for copper is Anti (from which, probably, the Andes derived their name, as there was a province of Anti on their slopes): may it not be that the name of Atlantis is derived from these originals, and signified the copper island, or the copper mountains in the sea? And from these came the thousands of tons of copper and tin that must, during the Bronze Age, have been introduced into Europe ? There are no ancient works to indicate that the tin mines of Cornwall were worked for any length of time in the early days (see “Prehistoric Times,” p. 74). Morlot has pointed out that the bronze implements of Hallstadt, in Austria, were of foreign origin, because they contain no lead or silver. Or, if we are to seek for the source of the vast amount of copper brought into Europe somewhere else than in Atlantis, may it not be that these supplies were drawn in large part from the shores of Lake Superior in America ? The mining opera- tions of some ancient people were there carried on upon a gi- gantic scale, not only along the shores of the lake but even far out upon its islands. At Isle Royale vast works were found, reaching to a depth of sixty feet; great intelligence was shown in following up the richest veins even when interrupted; the excavations were drained by underground drains. On three sections of land on this island the amount of mining exceeded that mined in twenty years in one of our largest mines, with a numerous force constantly employed. In one place the exca. vations extended in a nearly continuous line for two miles. No THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 247 remains of the dead and no mounds are found near these mines; it would seem, therefore, that the miners came from a distance, and carried their dead back with them. Henry Gillman (“Smith- sonian Rep.,” 1873, p. 387) supposes that the curious so-called “Garden Beds” of Michigan were the fields from which they drew their supplies of food. He adds, “The discoveries in Isle Royale throw a new light on the character of the Mound Builders,' giving us a totally distinct conception of them, and dignifying them with something of the prowess and spirit of adventure which we associate with the higher races. The copper, the result of their mining, to be available, must, in all probability, have been conveyed in ves- sels, great or small, across a treacherous and stormy sea, whose dangers are formidable to us now, being dreaded even by our largest craft, and often proving their destruction. Leaving their homes, those men dared to face the unknown, to brave the hardships and perils of the deep and of the wilderness, actu- ated by an ambition which we to-day would not be ashamed to acknowledge.” Such vast works in so remote a land must have been inspired by the commercial necessities of some great civilization; and why not by that ancient and mighty people who covered Eu- rope, Asia, and Africa with their manufactures of bronze-and who possessed, as Plato tells us, enormous fleets trading to all parts of the inhabited world—whose cities roared with the con- tinual tumult of traffic, whose dominion extended to Italy and Egypt, and who held parts of “the great opposite continent" of America under their control? A continuous water-way led from the island of Atlantis to the Gulf of Mexico, and thence up the Mississippi River and its tributaries almost to these very mines of Lake Superior. Arthur Mitchell says (“ The Past in the Present,” p. 132), “The discovery of bronze, and the knowledge of how to make it, may, as a mere intellectual effort, be regarded as rath- er above than below the effort which is involved in the discov- ery and use of iron. As regards bronze, there is first the dis- 248 ATLANTIS': THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. covery of copper, and the way of getting it from its ore; then the discovery of tin, and the way to get it from its ore ; and then the further discovery that, by an admixture of tin with copper in proper proportions, an alloy with the qualities of a hard metal can be produced. It is surely no mistake to say that there goes quite as much thinking to this as to the getting of iron from its ore, and the conversion of that iron into steel. There is a considerable leap from stone to bronze, but the leap from bronze to iron is comparatively small. ... It seems highly improbable, if not altogether absurd, that the human mind, at some particular stage of its development, should here, there, and everywhere-independently, and as the result of reaching that stage-discover that an alloy of copper and tin yields a hard metal useful in the manufacture of tools and weapons. There is nothing analogous to such an occurrence in the known history of human progress. It is infinitely more probable that bronze was discovered in one or more centres by one or more men, and that its first use was solely in such centre or centres. That the invention should then be perfected, and its various applications found out, and that it should thereafter spread more or less broadly over the face of the earth, is a thing easi- ly understood." We will find the knowledge of bronze wherever the colonies of Atlantis extended, and nowhere else; and Plato tells us that the people of Atlantis possessed and used that metal. The indications are that the Bronze Age represents the com- ing in of a new people-a civilized people. With that era, it is believed, appears in Europe for the first time the domesticated animals—the horse, the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the hog. (Morlot, “Smithsonian Rep.," 1860, p. 311.) It was a small race, with very small hands; this is shown in the size of the sword-hilts: they are not large enongh to be used by the pres- ent races of Europe. They were a race with long skulls, as con- tradistinguished from the round heads of the Stone Period. The drawings on the following page represent the types of the two races. This people must have sent out colonies to the shores of France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway, who bore THE BRONZE AGE IV EUROPE. 249 A SKULL OF THE AGE OF STONE, DENMARK (+ NATURAL SIZE). A SKULL OF THE EARLIEST TIMES OF THE AGE OF IROX, DENMARK (+ NATURAL SIZE). with them the arts and implements of civilized life. They raised crops of grain, as is proved by the bronze sickles found in different parts of Europe. It is not even certain that their explorations did not reach to Iceland. Says Humboldt, “When the Northmen first landed in Iceland (A.D. 875), al- though the country was uninhabited, they found there Irish books, mass- bells, and other objects which had been left be- hind by earlier visitors, called Papar; these papæ (fathers) were the clerici of Dicuil. If, then, as we may suppose from the testimony here referred to, these objects belonged to Irish monks (papar), who had come from the Faroe Islands, why should they have been termed in the native sagas · West men' (Vestmen), who had come over the sea from the westward' (kommer til vestan um haf)?” (Humboldt's “ Cosmos," vol. ii., p. 238.) If they came “from the West” they could not have come from Ireland; and the Scandinavians may easily have mis- taken Atlantean books and bells for Irish books and mass- bells. They do not say that there were any evidences that these relics belonged to a people who had recently visited the island; and, as they found the island uninhabited, it would be impossible for them to tell how many years or centuries had elapsed since the books and bells were left there. 11* 250 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The fact that the implements of the Bronze Age came from some common centre, and did not originate independently in different countries, is proved by the striking similarity which exists between the bronze implements of regions as widely separated as Switzerland, Ireland, Denmark, and Africa. It is not to be supposed that any overland communication existed in that early age between these countries; and the coincidence of design which we find to exist can only be accounted for by the fact that the articles of bronze were obtained from some sca-going people, who carried on a commerce at the same time with all these regions. Compare, for instance, these two decorated bronze celts, the first from Ireland, the second from Denmark; and then com- WWW IBISII OELT. DANISU CELT. Lig O . Denmark. Ireland. Switzerland. Leaf-shaped Stone Sword, from ancient Earth- work on Big Harpetb River, Tennessee. % natural sizo.) Sweden. LEAF-SHAPED BRONZE SWORDS. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 253 IN TENNESSEE. pare both these with a stone celt found in a mound in Tennes- see, given below. Here we have the same form precisely. Compare the bronze swords in the four preceding illustra- tions—from Ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark—and then observe the same very peculiar shape- the leaf-shape, as it is called — in the stone sword from Big Harpeth River, Tennessee. We shall find, as we proceed, that the Phoe- nicians were unquestionably identified with Atlantis, and that it was probably from At- lantis they derived their god Baal, or Bel, or El, whose name crops out in the Bel of the Babylonians, the Elohim, and the Beelzebub of the Jews, and the Allah of the Arabians. And we find that this great deity, whose wor- ship extended so widely among the Mediter- ! ranean races, was known and adored also upon STONE OELT, MOUND the northern and western coasts of Europe. Professor Nilsson finds traces of Baal worship in Scandinavia; he tells us that the festival of Baal, or Balder, was celebrated on midsummer's night in Scania, and far up into Norway, al- most to the Loffoden Islands, until within the last fifty years. The feast of Baal, or Beltinne, was celebrated in Ireland to a late period. I argue from these facts, not that the worship of Baal came to Ireland and Norway from Assyria or Arabia, but that the same great parent-race which carried the knowledge of Baal to the Mediterranean brought it also to the western coasts of Europe, and with the adoration of Baal they import- ed also the implements of bronze now found in such abundance in those regions. The same similarity of form exists in the bronze knives from Denmark and Switzerland, as represented in the illustrations on p. 254. In the central figure we have a representation of an Egyp- tian-looking man holding a cup before him. We shall see, as. 254 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. we proceed, that the magnetic needle, or “mariner's compass," dates back to the days of Hercules, and that it consisted of a bar of magnetized ) ay iron floating upon a piece of wood in a BRONZE KNIVES FROM DENMARK. cup. It is possible that in this ancient relic of the Bronze Age we have a rep- resentation of the magnetic cup. The magnetic needle must certainly have been an object of great interest to a people who, through its agency, were able to carry on commerce on all the shores of Europe, from the Mediterra- nean to the Baltic. The second knife BRONZE KNIVES FROM represented above has upon its handle a wheel, or cross surrounded by a ring, which, we shall see here: after, was pre-eminently the symbol of Atlantis. BWITZERLAND, THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 255 DIMUA If we are satisfied that these implements of bronze were the work of the artisans of Atlantis—of the antediluvians—they must acquire additional and ex- traordinary interest in our eyes, and we turn to them to learn something of the habits and cus- toms of "that great, original, broad-eyed, sunken race.” We find among the relics of the Bronze Age an urn, which probably gives us some idea of the houses of the Atlanteans: it is evidently made to represent a house, and shows us even the HUT URN, ALBANO. rude fashion in which they fast- ened their doors. The Mandan Indians built round houses very much of this appearance. The museum at Munich contains a very interesting piece of pottery, which is supposed to represent one of the lake villages or hamlets of the era when the people of Switzerland dwelt in houses erect- ed on piles driven into the bottom of the lakes of that country. The accompanying il- lustration represents it. The double spi- ral ornament upon it shows that it belongs to the Bronze Age. Among the curious relics of the Bronze Age are a number of razor-like knives; from which we may conclude that the habit of shaving the whole or some part of the face or head BRONZE LAKE VILLAGE. 256 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. dates back to a great antiquity. The illustrations below repre. sent them. These knives were found in Denmark. The figures upon them represent ships, and it is not impossible that their curi- ous appendages may have been a primitive kind of sails. An examination of the second of these bronze knives rereals a singular feature: Upon the handle of the razor there are ten WA N RRONZE RAZOR-KNIVES. series of lines; the stars in the sky are ten in number; and there were probably ten rings at the left-hand side of the fig- ure, two being obliterated. There were, we are told, ten sub- kingdoms in Atlantis ; and precisely as the thirteen 'stripes on the American flag symbolize the thirteen original States of the Union, so the recurrence of the figure ten in the emblems upon THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 257 this bronze implement may have reference to the ten sub- divisions of Atlantis. The large object in the middle of this ship may be in- tended to represent a palm - tree — the symbol, as we shall see, in America, of Aztlan, or Atlantis. We have but to compare the pictures of the ships upon these ancient razor-knives with the ac- companying representations of a Roman galley and a ship of William the Conqueror's time, to see that there can be no question that they represented the galleys of that remote age. They are doubtless faithful portraits of the great vessels which Plato described as filling the harbors of Atlantis. ANCIENT GALLEY, FROM A BOMAN OOIN. FOTOATTOM SHIP OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. We give on page 258 a representation of a bronze dagger found in Ireland, a strongly-made weapon. The cut below it represents the only implement of the Bronze Age yet found con- taining an inscription. It has been impossible to decipher it, or even to tell to what group of languages its alphabet belongs. 258 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Ds It is proper to note, in connection with a discussion of the Bronze Age, that our word bronze is derived from the Basque, or Iberian broncea, from which the Spanish derive bronce, and the Italians bronzo. The copper mines of the Basques were extensively worked at a very early age of the world, either by the people of Atlantis or by the Basques themselves, a colony from At- lantis. The probabilities are that the name for bronze, as well as the metal itself, dates back to Plato's island. I give some illustrations on pages 239 and 242 of ornaments and implements of the Bronze Age, which may serve to throw light upon the habits of the an- cient people. It will be seen that they had reached a considerable degree of civilization ; that they raised crops of grain, and cut them with sickles; that their women ornamented themselves with bracelets, armlets, ear- rings, finger- rings, hair-pins, and amulets; that their me- chanics used hammers, adzes, and chis- els; and that they possessed very fair specimens of pottery. Sir John Lub- bock argues (“ Prehistoric Times,” pp. 14, 16, etc.): “A new civilization is indicated not only by the mere presence of bronze UNIT relirrrrrrullrirrrrrrrrrrrr RUSILICITUDIEGUISTUIMILLILUNCH IRISII BRONZE DAGGER, DA SAD » INSCRIBED CELT. THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 259 but by the beauty and variety of the articles made from it. We find not only, as before, during the Stone Age, axes, arrows, and knives, but, in addition, swords, lances, sickles, fish - hooks, ear-rings, bracelets, pins, rings, and a variety of other articles.” If the bronze implements of Eu- rope had been derived from the Phæ- nicians, Greeks, Etruscans, or Ro- mans, the nearer we approached the site of those nations the greater should be the number of bronze weapons we would find; but the re- verse is the case. Sir John Lubbock (“Prehistoric Times,” p. 20) shows that more than three hundred and fifty bronze swords have been found in Den- mark, and that the Dublin Museum con- tains twelve hundred and eighty-three bronze weapons found in Ireland ; "while," he says, “I have only been able to hear of six bronze swords in all Italy.” This state of things is inexplica- ble unless we suppose that Ireland and Den- mark received their bronze implements di- rectly from some mar- itime nation whose PL BRONZE TIAIR-PINA. 260 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. site was practically as near their shores as it was to the shores of the Mediterranean. We have but to look at our map on page 43, ante, to see that Atlantis was considerably nearer to Ireland than it was to Italy. The striking resemblance between the bronze implements found in the different portions of Europe is another proof that they were derived from one and the same source-froin some great mercantile people who carried on their commerce at the same time with Denmark, Norway, Ireland, Spain, Greece, Ita- ly, Egypt, Switzerland, and Hungary. Mr. Wright (“Essays on Archæology,” p. 120) says, “Whenever we find the bronze swords or celts, whether in Ireland, in the far west, in Scotland, in distant Scandinavia, in Germany, or still farther east, in the Sclavonic countries, they are the same—not similar in char- acter, but identical.” Says Sir John Lubbock (“Prehistoric Times,” p. 59), “Not only are the several varieties of celts LO HL ASSES RE VASES FROM MOUNDS IN TIE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. found throughout Europe alike, but some of the swords, knives, daggers, etc., are so similar that they seem as if they must have been cast by the same maker.” What race was there, other than the people of Atlantis, that existed before the Iron Age-before the Greek, Roman, Etrus- ... THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 261 can, and Phænician--that was civilized, that worked in metals, that carried on a commerce with all parts of Europe ? Does history. or tradition make mention of any such ? We find a great resemblance between the pottery of the Bronze-Age in Europe and the pottery of the ancient inhabi- tants of America. The two figures on page 260 represent vases from one of the mounds of the Mississippi Valley. Compare them with the following from the lake dwellings of Switzer- land: VASES FROX SWITZERLAND. It will be seen that these vases could scarcely stand upright unsupported; and we find that the ancient inhabitants of Switz- erland had circles or rings of baked earth in which they placed them when in use, as in the an- nexed figure. The Mound Build- ers used the same contrivance. The illustrations of discoidal stones on page 263 are from the “North Americans of Antiquity," p. 77. The objects represented were taken from an ancient mound in Illinois. It would be ANCIENT SWISS VASE AND SUP- indeed surprising if two distinct peoples, living in two different continents, thousands of miles m PORTER, 262 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. apart, should, without any intercourse with each oth- er, not only form their vases in the same inconven- ient form, but should hit upon the same expedient as a remedy. We observe, in the American spear-head and the Swiss hatchets, on the opposite page, the same over- lapping of the metal around the staff, or handle-a very peculiar mode of uniting them together, which has now passed out of use. A favorite design of the nien of the Bronze Age in Europe is the spiral or double-spiral form. It appears on the face of the urn in the shape of a lake dwelling, which is given on p. 255; it also appears in the rock sculptures of Argyleshire, Scotland, here shown. SPIRALS, FROM 600TLAND. Central America. Switzerland. BRONZE CHISELS. We find the same figure in an ancient fragment of pottery from the Little Colorado, as given in the “United States Pacific Railroad Survey Report,” vol. iii., p. 49, art. Pottery. It was part of a large vessel. The an- nexed illustration represents this. The same design is also found in BPIEAL, FROM NEW MEXICO. ancient rock etchings of the Zuñis of New Mexico, of which the cut on p. 265 is an illustration. DISCOIDAL STONES, ILLINOIS. OOPPER SPEAR-HEAD, LAKE SUPERIOR BRONZE DATOHETS, SWITZERLAND. -- --- - ---- ----- -- - - THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 265 SPIRAL, FROM NEW MEXIOO. ce We also find this figure repeated upon a vase from a Mississippi Valley mound, which we give elsewhere. (See p. 260.) It is found upon many of the monuments of Central America. In the Treasure House of Atreus, at Mycenæ, Greece, a fragment of a pillar was found which is literally covered with this double- spiral design. (See “Rosengarten's Architectural Styles," p. 59.) This Treasure House of Atreus is one of the oldest buildings in Greece. We find the double-spiral figure upon a shell ornament found on the breast of a skeleton, in a care- fully constructed stone coffin, in a mound near Nashville, Tennessee. Lenormant remarks (“Anc. Civil.,” vol. ii., p. 158) that the bronze implements found in Egypt, near Memphis, bad been buried for six thousand years ; and that at that time, as the Egyptians had a horror of the sca, some coinmercial na- tion must bave brought the tin, of which the bronze was in part composed, from In- dia, the Caucasus, or Spain, the nearest points to Egypt in which tin is found. Heer has shown that the civilized plants of the lake dwellings are not of Asiatic, but of African, and, to a great extent, of Egyptian origin. Their stone axes are made largely of jade or SIELL ORNAMENT, MOUND NEAR NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE. 12 266 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. nephrite, "a mineral which, strange to say, geologists have not found in place on the continent of Europe.” (Foster's “ Prehistoric Races," p. 44.) Compare this pict- ure of a copper axe from a mound near Laporte, Indiana, with this representation of a copper axe of the COPPER AXE, FROM A MOUND Bronze Age, found COPPER AXE, WATER- near Waterford, Ire- land. Professor Foster pronounces them almost identical. Compare this specimen of pottery from the lake dwellings of Switzerland with the following specimen from San José, NEAR LAPORTE, INDIANA. FORD, IRELAND, FRAGMENT OF POTTERY, LAKE NEUF- GUATEL, SWITZERLAND. FRAGMENT OF POTTERY, SAN JOSÉ, MEXIOO. Mexico. Professor Foster calls attention to the striking resem- blance in the designs of these two widely separated works of art, one belonging to the Bronze Age of Europe, the other to the Copper Age of America. These, then, in conclusion, are our reasons for believing that the Bronze Age of Europe has relation to Atlantis : 1. The admitted fact that it is anterior in time to the Iron Age relegates it to a great antiquity. 2. The fact that it is, anterior in time to the Iron Age is THE BRONZE AGE IN EUROPE. 267 conclusive that it is not due to any of the known European 'or Asiatic nations, all of which belong to the Iron Age. 3. The fact that there was in Europe, Asia, or Africa no cop- per or tin age prior to the Bronze Age, is conclusive testimony that the manufacture of bronze was an importation into those continents from some foreign country. 4. The fact that in America alone of all the world is found the Copper Age, which must necessarily have preceded the Bronze Age, teaches us to look to the westward of Europe and beyond the sea for that foreign country 5. We find many similarities in forms of implements be- tween the Bronze Age of Europe and the Copper Age of America. 6. If Plato told the truth, the Atlanteans were a great com- mercial nation, trading to America and Europe, and, at the same time, they possessed bronze, and were great workers in the other metals. 7. We shall see hereafter that the mythological traditions of Greece referred to a Bronze Age which preceded an Iron Age, and placed this in the land of the gods, which was an island in the Atlantic Ocean, beyond the Pillars of Hercules; and this land was, as we shall see, clearly Atlantis. 8. As we find but a small development of the Bronze Age in America, it is reasonable to suppose that there must have been some intermediate station between America and Europe, where, during a long period of time, the Bronze Age was de- veloped out of the Copper Age, and immense quantities of bronze implements were manufactured and carried to Europe. 268 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER IX. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. An examination of the American monuments shows (see fig- ure on page 269) that the people represented were in the habit of flattening the skull by artificial means. The Greek and Roman writers had mentioned this practice, but it was long totally forgotten by the civilized world, until it was discover- ed, as an unheard-of wonder, to be the usage among the Ca- rib Islanders, and several Indian tribes in North America. It was afterward found that the ancient Peruvians and Mexicans practised this art: several flattened Peruvian skulls are depict- ed in Morton's “ Crania Americana." It is still in use among the Flat-head Indians of the north-western part of the United States. In 1849 a remarkable memoir appeared from the pen of M. Ratlıke, showing that similar skulls had been found near Kertsch, in the Crimea, and calling attention to the book of Hippocrates, “ De Aeris, Aquis et Locu,” lib. iv., and a passage of Strabo, which speaks of the practice among the Scythians. In 1854 Dr. Fitzinger published a learned memoir on the skulls of the Avars, a branch of the Uralian race of Turks. He shows that the practice of flattening the head had existed from an early date throughout the East, and described an ancient skull, greatly distorted by artificial means, which had lately been found in Lower Austria. Skulls similarly flattened have been found in Switzerland and Savoy. The luns under Attila had the same practice of flattening the heads. Professor Anders Retzius proved (see “Smithsonian Report," 1859) that the cus- tom still exists in the south of France, and in parts of Turkey. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. 269 “Not long since a French physician surprised the world by the fact that nurses in Normandy were still giving the chil- dren's heads a sugar-loaf shape by bandages and a tight cap, STUOOO BASS-RELIEF IN THE PALACE OF PALENQUE. wbile in Brittany they preferred to press it round. No doubt they are doing so to this day.” (Tylor's “Anthropology," p. 241.) Professor Wilson remarks: “Trifling as it may appear, it is not without interest to have the fact brought under our notice, by the disclosures of ancient 270 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD, barrows and cysts, that the same practice of nursing the child and carrying it about, bound to a flat cradle-board, prevailed in Britain and the north of Europe long before the first notices of written history reveal the presence of man beyond the Baltic or the English Channel, and that in all probability the same cus- tom prevailed continuously from the shores of the German Ocean to Behring's Strait.” (“Smithsonian Report,” 1862, p. 286.) Inwill Dr. L. A. Gosse testifics to the prevalence of the same custom among the Caledonians and Scandinavians in the earliest times; and Dr. Thurman has treated of the same peculiarity among the Anglo-Saxons. (“ Crania Britannica," chap. iv., p. 38.) Here, then, is an extraor- dinary and unnatural prac- tice which has existed from the highest antiquity, over vast regions of country, on both sides of the Atlantic, and which is perpetuated unto this day in races as widely separated as the Turks, the French, and the Flat-head Indians. Is it possible to explain this ex- cept by supposing that it originated from some com- mon centre ? The annexed cut repre- sents an ancient Swiss skull, from a cemetery near Lau- sanne, from a drawing of Frederick Troyon. Compare this with the illustration given on page 271, which represents a Peruvian flat-head, copied from Morton's “Ethnography and Archæology of the American Aborigines," 1846. This skull is shockingly distorted. The dotted lines indicate the course of the band- ages by which the skull was deformed. ANCIENT SWISS SKULL. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. 271 PERUVIAN SKULL OHINOOK (FLAT-HEAD), AFTER OATLIN. The following heads are from Del Rio's “ Account of Pa- lenque,” copied into Nott and Gliddon's “ Types of Mankind,” p. 440. They show that the receding forehead was a natural characteristic of the ancient people of Central America. The same form of head has been found even in fossil skulls. We may therefore conclude that the skull-flattening, which we find to have been practised in both the Old and New Worlds, was 272 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. an attempt of other races to imitate the form of skull of a peo- ple whose likenesses are found on the monuments of Egypt and of America. It has been shown that this peculiar form of the head was present even in the fætus of the Peruvian mummies. Hippocrates tells us that the practice among the Scythians was for the purpose of giving a certain aristocratic distinction. HEADS FROM PALENQUE. Amedee Thierry, in his “History of Attila," says the Huns used it for the same reason; and the same purpose influences the Indians of Oregon. Dr. Lund, a Swedish naturalist, found in the bone caves of Minas-Geraes, Brazil, ancient human bones associated with the remains of extinct quadrupeds. “These skulls,” says Lund, “show not only the peculiarity of the American race but in an excessive degree, even to the entire disappearance of the fore- head.” Sir Robert Schomburgh found on some of the affluents of the Orinoco a tribe known as Frog Indians, whose heads were flattened by Nature, as shown in newly-born children. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. 273 and In the accompanying plate we show the difference in the conformation of the fore- head in various races. The upper dotted line, A, rep- resents the shape of the European forehead; the next line, B, that of the Australian ; the next, C, that of the Mound Build- er of the United States; OUTLINES OF SKULLS OF DIFFERENT RACES. the next, D, that of the Guanche of the Canary Islands; and the next, E, that of a skull from the Inca cemetery of Peru. We have but to com- pare these lines with the skulls of the Egyptians, Kurds, and the heroic type of heads in the statues of the gods of Greece, to see that there was formerly an ancient race marked by a receding forehead; and that the practice of flattening the skull was probably an attempt to approximate the shape of the head to this standard of an early civilized and dominant people. Not only do we find the same receding forehead in the skulls of the ancient races of Europe and America, and the same at- tempt to imitate this natural and peculiar conformation by arti- ficial flattening of the head, but it has been found (see Henry Gillman's “Ancient Man in Michigan,” “Smithsonian Report," 1875, p. 242) that the Mound Builders and Peruvians of Amer- ica, and the Neolithic people of France and the Canary Islands, had alike an extraordinary custom of boring a circular hole in the top of the skulls of their dead, so that the soul might readily pass in and out. More than this, it has been found that in all these ancient populations the skeletons exhibit a remarkable degree of platicnemism, or flattening of the tibiæ or leg bones. (Ibid., 1873, p. 367.) In this respect the Mound Builders of Michigan were identical with the man of Cro Mag- non and the ancient inhabitants of Wales. 12* 274 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The annexed ancient Egyptian heads, copied from the mon- uments, indicate either that the people of the Nile deformed their heads by pressure upon the front of the skull, or that EGYPTIAN HEADS. there was some race characteristic which gave this appearance to their heads. These heads are all the heads of priests, and therefore represented the aristocratic class. The first illustration below is taken from a stucco relief found in a temple at Palenque, Central America. The sec- ond is from an Egyptian monu- inent of the time of Rameses IV. The outline draw- ing on the following EGYPTIAN HEAD. page shows the form CENTRAL AMERICAN HEAD. ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF THE SKULL. 275 of the skull of the royal Inca line: the receding forehead here seems to be natural, and not the result of artificial compression. Both illustrations at the bottom of the preceding page show the same receding form of the forehead, due to either artificial deformation of the skull or to a common race charac- teristic. We must add the fact that the extraordinary prac- tice of deforming the skull was found all over Europe and America to the cata- logue of other proofs that the people of both conti- nents were originally united in blood and race. With the couvade, the practice of circumcision, unity of relig- ious beliefs and customs, folk-lore, and alphabetical signs, lan- guage and flood legends, we array together a mass of unan- swerable proofs of prehistoric identity of race. PERUVLAN INOA BKULL, FROM THE ANCIENT CEMETERY OF PACUACAMAO. 276 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. PART IV. THE MYTHOLOGIES OF THE OLD WORLD A RECOLLECTION OF ATLANTIS. CHAPTER I. TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS. We find allusions to the Atlanteans in the most ancient traditions of many different races. The great antediluvian king of the Mussulman was Shedd- Ad-Ben-Ad, or Shed-Ad, the son of Ad, or Atlantis. Among the Arabians the first inhabitants of that country are known as the Adites, from their progenitor, who is called Ad, v the grandson of Ham. These Adites were probably the people of Atlantis or Ad-lantis. “They are personified by a monarch to whom everything is ascribed, and to whom is assigned sev- eral centuries of life." ("Ancient History of the East," Lenor- mant and Chevallier, vol. ii., p. 295.) Ad came from the north- cast. “He married a thousand wives, had four thousand sons, and lived twelve hundred years. IIis descendants multiplied con- siderably. After his death his sons Shadid and Shedad reign- ed in succession over the Adites. In the time of the latter the people of Ad were a thousand tribes, each composed of several thousands of men. Great conquests are attributed to Shedad; he subdued, it is said, all Arabia and Irak. The migration of the Canaanites, their establishment in Syria, and the Shepherd invasion of Egypt are, by many Arab writers, attributed to an expedition of Shedad.” (Ibid., p. 296.) TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS. 277 Shedad built a palace ornamented with superb columns, and surrounded by a magnificent garden. It was called Irem. “It was a paradise that Shedad had built in imitation of the celes- tial Paradise, of whose delights he had heard.” (“Ancient History of the East," p. 296.) In other words, an ancient, sun-worshipping, powerful, and conquering race overran Arabia at the very dawn of history; they were the sons of Adlantis : their king tried to create a palace and garden of Eden like that of Atlantis. The Adites are remembered by the Arabians as a great and civilized race. “They are depicted as men of gigantic stature; their strength was equal to their size, and they easily moved enormous blocks of stone.” (Ibid.) They were architects and builders. “They raised many monuments of their power; and hence, among the Arabs, arose the custom of calling great ruins "buildings of the Adites.” To this day the Arabs say “as old as Ad.” In the Koran allusion is made to the edifices they built on “high places for vain uses;" expressions proving that their “ idolatry was considered to have been tainted with Sa- bæism or star-worship.” (Ibid.) “In these legends," says Le- normant, “ we find traces of a wealthy nation, constructors of great buildings, with an advanced civilization, analogous to that of Chaldea, professing a religion similar to the Babylonian; a nation, in short, with whom material progress was allied to great moral depravity and obscene rites. These facts must be true and strictly historical, for they are everywhere met with among the Cushites, as among the Canaanites, their brothers by origin." Nor is there wanting a great catastrophe which destroys the whole Adite nation, except a very few who escape because they had renounced idolatry. A black cloud assails their country, from which proceeds a terrible hurricane (the water-spout ?) which sweeps away everything. The first Adites were followed by a second Adite race; prob- ably the colonists who had escaped the Deluge. The centre of its power was the country of Sheba proper. This empire 278 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. endured for a thousand years. The Adites are represented upon the Egyptian monuments as very much like the Egyp- tians themselves; in other words, they were a red or sunburnt race: their great temples were pyramidal, surmounted by build- ings. (“Ancient History of the East,” p. 321.) “The Sabæ- ans," says Agatharchides (“De Mari Erythræo,” p. 102), “ have in their houses an incredible number of vases, and utensils of all sorts, of gold and silver, beds and tripods of silver, and all the furniture of astonishing richness. Their buildings have porticos with columns sheathed with gold, or surmounted by capitals of silver. On the friezes, ornaments, and the frame- work of the doors they place plates of gold incrusted with precious stones.” All this reminds one of the descriptions given by the Span- iards of the temples of the suy in Peru. The Adites worshipped the gods of the Phænicians under names but slightly changed ; "their religion was especially solar. ... It was originally a religion without images, without idolatry, and without a priesthood.” (Ibid., p. 325.) They “worshipped the sun from the tops of pyramids.” (Ibid.) They believed in the immortality of the soul. In all these things we see resemblances to the Atlanteans. The great Ethiopian or Cushite Empire, which in the earli- est ages prevailed, as Mr. Rawlinson says, “from the Caucasus to the Indian Ocean, from the shores of the Mediterranean to the mouth of the Ganges," was the empire of Dionysos, the empire of “Ad," the empire of Atlantis. El Eldrisi called the language spoken to this day by the Arabs of Mahrah, in East- crn Arabia, “the language of the people of Ad," and Dr. J. H. Carter, in the Bombay Journal of July, 1847, says, “It is the softest and sweetest language I have ever heard.” It would be interesting to compare this primitive tongue with the lan- guages of Central America. The god Thoth of the Egyptians, who was the god of a for- eign country, and who invented letters, was called At-hothes. 280 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. originally kings of Atlantis. But it seems that these ancient divinities are grouped together as “the Aditya ;" and in this name “Ad-itya" we find a strong likeness to the Semitic“ Ad- ites," and another reminiscence of Atlantis, or Adlantis. In corroboration of this view we find, 1. The gods who are grouped together as the Aditya are the most ancient in the Hindoo mythology. 2. They are all gods of light, or solar gods. (Whitney's “Oriental and Linguistic Studies," p. 39.) 3. There are twelve of them. (Ibid.) 4. These twelve gods presided over twelve months in the year. 5. They are a dim recollection of a very remote past. Says Whitney, “It seems as if here was an attempt on the part of the Indian religion to take a new development in a moral direc- tion, which a change in the character and circunstances of the people has caused to fail in the midst, and fall back again into forgetfulness, while yet half finished and indistinct.” (Ibid.) 6. These gods are called “the sons of Aditi," just as in the Bible we have allusions to “the sons of Adah,” who were the first metallurgists and musicians. “Aditi” is not a goddess. She is addressed as a queen's daughter, “she of fair cbil- dren.” ; 7. The Aditya “are elevated above all imperfections; they do not sleep or wink.” The Greeks represented their gods as equally wakeful and omniscient. “Their character is all truth ; they hate and punish guilt.” We have seen the same traits ascribed by the Greeks to the Atlantean kings. 8. The sun is sometimes addressed as an Aditya. 9. Among the Aditya is Varuna, the equivalent of Uranos, whose identification with Atlantis I have shown. In the ve- das Varuna is “the god of the ocean." 10. The Aditya represent an earlier and purer form of relig- ion: “While in hymns to the other deities long life, wealth, power, are the objects commonly prayed for, of the Aditya is TRADITIONS OF ATLANTIS. 281 craved purity, forgiveness of sin, freedom from guilt, and re- pentance." ("Oriental and Linguistic Studies," p. 43.) 11. The Aditya, like the Adites, are identified with the doc- trine of the immortality of the soul. Yama is the god of the abode beyond the grave. In the Persian story he appears as Yima, and “is made ruler of the golden age and founder of the Paradise.” (Ibid., p. 45.) (See“ Zamna," p. 167 ante.) In view of all these facts, one cannot doubt that the legends of the “sons of Ad," " the Adites," and "the Aditya,” all refer to Atlantis. Mr. George Smith, in the Chaldean account of the Creation (p. 78), deciphered from the Babylonian tablets, shows that there was an original race of men at the beginning of Chaldean history, a dark race, the Zalmat-qaqadi, who were called Ad-mi, or Ad-ami; they were the race. “ who had fallen,” and were contradistinguished from " the Sarku, or light race.” The “fall” probably refers to their destruction by a deluge, in con- sequence of their moral degradation and the indignation of the gods. The name Adam is used in these legends, but as the name of a race, not of a man. Genesis (chap. v., 2) distinctly says that God created man male and female, and “called their name Adam.” That is to say, the people were the Ad-ami, the people of “ Ad," or Atlantis. “The author of the Book of Genesis,” says M. Schobel, “in speaking of the men who were swallowed up by the Deluge, always describes them as 'Haadam,'« Adamite hu- manity.'” The race of Cain lived and multiplied far away from the land of Seth; in other words, far from the land de- stroyed by the Deluge. Josephus, who gives us the primitive traditions of the Jews, tells us (chap. ii., p. 42) that “Cain travelled over many countries" before he came to the land of Nod. The Bible does not tell us that the race of Cain perished in the Deluge. “Cain went out from the presence of Jehovah ;" he did not call on his name; the people that were destroyed were the “sons of Jehovah." All this indi- 282 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. cates that large colonies had been sent out by the mother-land before it sunk in the sea. Across the ocean we find the people of Guatemala claiming their descent from a goddess called At-tit, or grandmother, who lived for four hundred years, and first taught the worship of the true God, which they afterward forgot. (Bancroft's “Na- tive Races,” vol. iii., p. 75.) While the famous Mexican calen- dar stone shows that the sun was commonly called tonatiuh, but when it was referred to as the god of the Deluge it was then called Atl-tona-ti-uh, or At-onatiuh. (Valentini's “Mexi- can Calendar Stone,” art. Maya Archæology, p. 15.) We thus find the sons of Ad at the base of all the most ancient races of men, to wit, the Hebrews, the Arabians, the Chaldeans, the Ilindoos, the Persians, the Egyptians, the Etbi- opians, the Mexicans, and the Central Americans; testimony that all these races traced their beginning back to a dimly-re- membered Ad-lantis. KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 283 CHAPTER II. THE KINGS OF ATLANTIS BECOME THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. Lord Bacon said : “The mythology of the Greeks, which their oldest writers do not pretend to have invented, was no more than a light air, which had passed from a more ancient people into the flutes of the Greeks, which they modulated to such descants as best suit- ed their fancies.” This profoundly wise and great man, who has illuminated every subject which he has touched, guessed very close to the truth in this utterance. The Hon. W. E. Gladstone has had quite a debate of late with Mr. Cox as to whether the Greek mythology was under- laid by a nature worship, or a planetary or solar worship. Peru, worshipping the sun and moon and planets, probably represents very closely the simple and primitive religion of At- lantis, with its sacrifices of fruits and flowers. This passed directly to their colony in Egypt. We find the Egyptians in their early ages sun and planet worshippers. Ptah was the object of their highest adoration. IIe is the father of the god of the sun, the ruler of the region of light. Ra was the sun- god. He was the supreme divinity at On, or Heliopolis, near Memphis. His symbol was the solar disk, supported by two rings. He created all that exists below the heavens. The Babylonian trinity was composed of Hea, Anu, and Bel. Bel represented the sun, and was the favorite god. Sin was the goddess of the moon. The Phænicians were also sun-worshippers. The sun was 284 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. represented by Baal-Samin, the great god, the god of light and the heavens, the creator and rejuvenator. “The attributes of both Baal and Moloch (the good and bad powers of the sun) were united in the Phænician god Melkart, “king of the city," whom the inhabitants of Tyre considered their special patron. The Greeks called him “Melicertes," and identitied him with Hercules. By his great strength and pow- er he turned evil into good, brought life out of destruction, pulled back the sun to the earth at the time of the solstices, lessened excessive heat and cold, and rectified the evil signs of the zodiac. In Phænician legends he conquers the suvage races of distant coasts, founds the ancient settlements on the Mediterranean, and plants the rocks in the Straits of Gibral- tar. (“ American Cyclopædia,” art. Mythology.) The Egyptians worshipped the sun under the name of Ra; the Hindoos worshipped the sun under the name of Rama; while the great festival of the sun, of the Peruvians, was called Ray-mi. of Sun-worship, as the ancient religion of Atlantis, underlies all the superstitions of the colonies of that country. The Sam- dyed woman says to the sun,“ When thou, god, risest, I too rise from my bed.” Every morning even now the Brahmans stand on one foot, with their hands held out before them and their faces turned to the east, adoring the sun. “In Germa- ny or France one may still see the peasant take off his hat to the rising sun." (" Anthropology," p. 361.) The Romans, even, in later times, worshipped the sun at Emesa, under the name of Elagabalus, " typified in the form of a black conical stone, which it was believed had fallen from heaven.” The conical stone was the emblem of Bel. Did it have relation to the mounds and pyramids ? Sun-worship was the primitive religion of the red men of America. It was found among all the tribes. (Dorman, “Ori- gin of Primitive Superstitions, p. 338.) The Chichiinecs called the sun their father. The Comanches have a similar belief. But, compared with such ancient nations as the Egyptians KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 285 and Babylonians, the Greeks were children. A priest of Sais said to Solon, “You Greeks are novices in knowledge of antiquity. You are ignorant of what passed either here or among yourselves in days of old. The history of eight thousand years is deposited in our sacred books; but I can ascend to a much higher antiq- uity, and tell you what our fathers have done for nine thousand years; I mean their institutions, their laws, and their most brilliant achievements.” The Greeks, too young to have shared in the religion of At- lantis, but preserving some memory of that great country and its history, proceeded to convert its kings into gods, and to de- pict Atlantis itself as the heaven of the human race. Thus we find a great solar or nature worship in the elder nations, wbile Greece has nothing but an incongruous jumble of gods and goddesses, who are born and cat and drink and make love and ravish and steal and die; and who are worshipped as immortal in presence of the very monuments that testify to their death. “These deities, to whom the affairs of the world were in- trusted, were, it is believed, immortal, though not eternal in their existence. In Crete there was even a story of the death of Zeus, his tomb being pointed out.” (Murray's “Mytholo- gy," p. 2.) The history of Atlantis is the key of the Greek mythology. There can be no question that these gods of Greece were hu- man beings. The tendency to attach divine attributes to great earthly rulers is one deeply implanted in human nature. The savages who killed Captain Cook firmly believed that he was immortal, that he was yet alive, and would return to punish them. The highly civilized Romans made gods out of their dead emperors. Dr. Livingstone mentions that on one occa- sion, after talking to a Bushman for some time about the Deity, he found that the savage thought he was speaking of Sekomi, the principal chief of the district. We find the barbarians of the coast of the Mediterranean re- 286 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. garding the civilized people of Atlantis with awe and wonder: “ Their physical strength was extraordinary, the earth shaking sometimes under their tread. Whatever they did was done speedily. They moved through space almost without the loss of a moment of time.” This probably alluded to the rapid motion of their sailing - vessels. “They were wise, and com- municated their wisdom to men.” That is to say, they civil- ized the people they came in contact with. “They had a strict sense of justice, and punished crime rigorously, and rewarded noble actions, though it is true they were less conspicuous for the latter.” (Murray's “Mythology," p. 4.) We should under- stand this to mean that where they colonized they established a government of law, as contradistinguished from the anarchy of barbarism. “There were tales of personal visits and adventures of the gods among men, taking part in battles and appearing in dreams. They were conceived to possess the form of human beings, and to be, like men, subject to love and pain, but al- ways characterized by the highest qualities and grandest forms that could be imagined.” (Ibid.) Another proof that the gods of the Greeks were but the dei- fied kings of Atlantis is found in the fact that "the gods were not looked upon as having created the world.” They succeed- ed to the management of a world already in existence. The gods dwelt on Olympus. They lived together like hu- man beings; they possessed palaces, storehouses, stables, horses, etc.; "they dwelt in a social state which was but a magnified reflection of the social system on earth. Quarrels, love pas- sages, mutual assistance, and such instances as characterize hu- man life, were ascribed to them.” (Ibid., p. 10.) Where was Olympus? It was in Atlantis. “The ocean en- circled the earth with a great stream, and was a region of won- ders of all kinds.” (Ibid., p. 23.) It was a great island, the then civilized world. The “encircling ocean” was spoken of in all the ancient legends. “Okeanos lived there with his wife KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 287- Tethys: these were the Islands of the Blessed, the garden of the gods, the sources of the nectar and ambrosia on which the gods lived.” (Murray’s “ Mythology," p. 23.) Nectar was probably a fermented intoxicating liquor, and ambrosia bread made from wheat. Soma was a kind of whiskey, and the Hindoos deified it. “The gods lived on nectar and ambrosia" simply meant that the inhabitants of these blessed islands were civilized, and possessed a liquor of some kind and a species of food superior to anything in use among the barbarous tribes with whom they came in contact. This blessed land answers to the description of Atlantis. It was an island full of wonders. It lay spread out in the ocean “like a disk, with the mountains rising from it.” (Ibid.) On the highest point of this mountain dwelt Zeus (the king), “while the mansions of the other deities were arranged upon plateaus, or in ravines lower down the mountain. These deities, includ- ing Zeus, were twelve in number: Zeus (or Jupiter), Hera (or Juno), Poseidon (or Neptune), Demeter (or Ceres), Apollo, Artemis (or Diana), Hephæstos (or Vulcan), Pallas Athena (or Minerva), Ares (or Mars), Aphrodite (or Venus), Hermes (or Mercury), and Hestia (or Vesta).” These were doubtless the twelve gods from whom the Egyptians derived their kings. Where two names are given to a deity in the above list, the • first name is that bestowed by the Greeks, the last that given by the Romans. It is not impossible that our division of the year into twelve parts is a reminiscence of the twelve gods of Atlantis. Diodo- rus Siculus tells us that among the Babylonians there were twelve gods of the heavens, each personified by one of the signs of the zodiac, and worshipped in a certain month of the year. The Ilindoos had twelve primal gods, “the Aditya.” Moses erected twelve pillars at Sinai. The Mandan Indians celebrated the Flood with twelve typical characters, who danced around the ark. The Scandinavians believed in the twelve gods, the Aesir, who dwelt on Asgard, the Norse Olympus. 288 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Diligent investigation may yet reveal that the number of a mod- ern jury, twelve, is a survival of the ancient council of Asgard. “According to the traditions of the Phænicians, the Gardens of the Hesperides were in the remote west." (Murray's “Man- ual of Mythology," p. 258.) Atlas lived in these gardens. (Ibid., p. 259.) Atlas, we have seen, was king of Atlantis. “The Elysian Fields (the bappy islands) were commonly placed in the remote west. They were ruled over by Chronos.” (Ibid., p. 60.) Tartarus, the region of Hades, the gloonzy bome of the dead, was also located "under the mountains of an island in the midst of the ocean in the remote west.” (Ibid., p. 58.) Atlas was described in Greek mythology as “an enormous giant, who stood upon the western con fines of the earth, and support- ed the heavens on bis shoulders, in a region of the west where the sun continued to shine after he had set upon Greece.” (Ibid., p. 156.) Greek tradition located the island in which Olympus was situated " in the far west,” “ in the ocean beyond Africa," " on the western boundary of the known world," " where the sun shone when it had ceased to shine on Greece," and where the mighty Atlas “held up the heavens.” And Plato tells us that the land where Poseidon and Atlas ruled was Atlantis. “The Garden of the Hesperides” (another name for the dwelling-place of the gods) “ was situated at the extreme limit of Africa. Atlas was said to have surrounded it on every side with high mountains.” (Smith's “Sacred Annals, Patriarchal Age,” p. 131.) Here were found the golden apples. This is very much like the description which Plato gives of the great plain of Atlantis, covered with fruit of every kind, and surrounded by precipitous mountains descending to the sea. The Greek mythology, in speaking of the Garden of the Hes- perides, tells us that “the outer edge of the garden was slightly raised, so that the water miglit not run in and overflow the land.” Another reminiscence of the surrounding mountains of Atlantis as described by Plato, and as revealed by the deep- sea soundings of modern times. KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 289 Chronos, or Saturn, Dionysos, Ilyperion, Atlas, Hercules, were all connected with “a great Saturnian continent;" they were kings that ruled over countries on the western shores of the Mediterranean, Africa and Spain. One account says: “Hyperion, Atlas, and Saturn, or Chronos, were sons of Ura- nos, who reigned over a great kingdom composed of countries around the western part of the Mediterranean, with certain isl- ands in the Atlantic. Hyperion succeeded his father, and was then killed by the Titans. The kingdom was then divided be- tween Atlas and Saturn-Atlas taking Northern Africa, with the Atlantic islands, and Saturn the countries on the opposite shore of the Mediterranean to Italy and Sicily.” (Baldwin's “ Prehistoric Nations,” p. 357.) Plato says, speaking of the traditions of the Greeks (“Dia- logies, Laws,” c. iv., p. 713), “There is a tradition of the happy life of mankind in the days when all things were spontaneous and abundant. . . . In like manner God in his love of mankind placed over us the demons, who are a superior race, and they, with great care and pleasure to themselves and no less to us, taking care of us and giving us place and reverence and order and justice never failing, made the tribes of men happy and peaceful ... for Cronos knew that no human nature, invested with supreme power, is able to order human affairs and not overflow with insolence and wrong." In other words, this tradition refers to an ancient time when the forefathers of the Greeks were governed by Chronos, of the Cronian Sea (the Atlantic), king of Atlantis, through civilized Atlantean governors, who by their wisdom preserved peace and created a golden age for all the populations under their control —they were the demons, that is, “the knowing ones," the civ- ilized. Plato puts into the mouth of Socrates these words (“Dia- logues, Cratylus,” p. 397): “My notion would be that the sun, moon, and stars, earth, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes. . . . What shall follow the gods? Must not demons 13 290 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and heroes and men come next?... Consider the real meaning of the word demons. You know Hesiod uses the word. He speaks of ' a golden race of men’ who came first. He says of them, “ But now that fate has closed over this race, They are holy demons upon earth, Beneficent averters of ills, guardians of mortal men.' He means by the golden men not men literally made of gold, but good and noble men; he says we are of the age of iron.' He called them demons because they were canuoves (knowing or wise).” This is made the more evident when we read that this region of the gods, of Chronos and Uranos and Zeus, passed througli, first, a Golden Age, then a Silver Age — these constituting a great period of peace and happiness; then it reached a Bronze Age; then an Iron Age, and finally perished by a great flood, sent upon these people by Zeus as a punishment for their sins. We read: “Men were rich then (in the Silver Age), as in the Golden Age of Chronos, and lived in plenty; but still they wanted the innocence and contentment which were the true sources of hu- man lappiness in the former age; and accordingly, while liv- ing in luxury and delicacy, they became overbcaring in their manners to the highest degree, were never satisfied, and forgot the gods, to whom, in their confidence of prosperity and com- fort, they denied the reverence they owed. ... Then followed the Bronze Age, a period of constant quarrelling and deeds of violence. Instead of cultivated lands, and a life of peaceful occupations and orderly habits, there came a day when every- where might was right, and men, big and powerful as they were, became physically worn out. ... Finally came the Iron Age, in which enfeebled mankind had to toil for bread with their hands, and, bent on gain, did their best to overreach each other. Dike, or Astræa, the goddess of justice and good faith, modesty and truth, turned her back on such scenes, and retired to Olympus, while Zens deterinined to destroy the hu- man race by a great flood. The whole of Greece lay under wa- ter, and none but Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha were saved." (Murray’s “ Mythology," p. 44.) KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 291 It is remarkable that we find here the same succession of the Iron Age after the Bronze Age that has been revealed to scien- tific men by the patient examination of the relics of antiquity in Europe. And this identification of the land that was de- stroyed by a food — the land of Chronos and Poseidon and Zeus — with the Bronze Age, confirms the view expressed in Chapter VIII. (page 237, ante), that the bronze implements and weapons of Europe were mainly imported from Atlantis. And here we find that the Flood that destroyed this land of the gods was the Flood of Deucalion, and the Flood of Deuca- lion was the Flood of the Bible, and this, as we have shown, was “the last great Deluge of all,” according to the Egyptians, which destroyed Atlantis. The foregoing description of the Golden Age of Chronos, when “men were rich and lived in plenty," reminds us of Plato's description of the happy age of Atlantis, when “men despised everything but virtue, not caring for their present state of life, and thiuking lightly of the possession of gold and other property;" a time when, as the chants of the Delaware Indians stated it (page 109, ante), “ all were willingly pleased, all were well - happified.” While the description given by Murray in the above extract of the degeneracy of mankind in the land of the gods, “a period of constant quarrelling and deeds of vio- lence, when might was right," agrees with Plato's account of the Atlanteans, when they became "aggressive," “ unable to bear their fortune," "unseemly," “ base,” “ filled with unright- cous avarice and power,” and “in a inost wretched state." And here again I might quote from the chant of the Delaware Indians-“they became troubled, hating each other; both were fighting, both were spoiling, both were never peaceful.” . And in all three instances the gods punished the depravity of man- kind by a great deluge. Can all these precise coincidences be the result of accident? May we not even suppose that the very word “Olympus” is a transformation from “Atlantis," in accordance with the laws 292 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. that regulate the changes of letters of the same class into each other? Olympus was written by the Greeks “ Olumpos.” The letter a in Atlantis was sounded by the ancient world broad and full, like the a in our words all or altar; in these words it ap- proximates very closely to the sound of o. It is not far to go to convert Otlontis into Oluntos, and this into Olumpos. We may, therefore, suppose that when the Greeks said that their gods dwelt in “Olympus," it was the same as if they said that they dwelt in “Atlantis." Nearly all the gods of Greece are connected with Atlantis. We have seen the twelve principal gods all dwelling on the mountain of Olympus, in the midst of an island in the ocean in the far west, which was subsequently destroyed by a deluge on account of the wickedness of its people. And when we turn to Plato's description of Atlantis (p. 13, ante) we find that Poseidon and Atlas dwelt upon a mountain in the midst of the island; and on this mountain were their magnificent temples and palaces, where they lived, separated by great walls from their subjects. It may be urged that Mount Olympus could not have refer- red to any mountain in Atlantis, because the Greeks gave that name to a group of mountains partly in Macedonia and partly in Thessaly. But in Mysia, Lycia, Cyprus, and elsewhere there were mountains called Olympus; and on the plain of Olympia, in Elis, there was an eminence bearing the same designation. There is a natural tendency among uncivilized peoples to give a “local babitation ” to every general tradition. “Many of the oldest myths,” says Baldwin (“ Prehistoric Nations," p. 376), “relate to Spain, North-western Africa, and other regions on the Atlantic, such as those concerning Her- cules, the Cronidæ, the Ilyperboreans, the Hesperides, and the Islands of the Blessed. Ilomer described the Atlantic region of Europe in his account of the wanderings of Ulysses. ... In the ages previous to the decline of Phænician influence in Greece and around the Ægean Sea, the people of those re- gions must have had a much better knowledge of Western KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 293 Europe than prevailed there during the Ionian or Hellenic period.” The mythology of Greece is really a history of the kings of Atlantis. The Greek heaven was Atlantis. Hence the refer- ences to statues, swords, etc., that fell from heaven, and were preserved in the temples of the different states along the shores of the Mediterranean from a vast antiquity, and which were regarded as the most precious possessions of the people. They were relics of the lost race received in the early ages. Thus we read of the brazen or bronze anvil that was preserved in one city, which fell from heaven, and was nine days and nine nights in falling; in other words, it took nine days and nights of a sailing-voyage to bring it from Atlantis. The modern theory that the gods of Greece never had any personal existence, but represented atmospheric and meteoro- logical myths, the movements of clouds, planets, and the sun, is absurd. Rude nations repeat, they do not invent; to sup- pose a barbarous people creating their deities out of clouds and sunsets is to reverse nature. Men first worship stones, then other men, then spirits. Resemblances of names prove noth- ing; it is as if one would show that the name of the great Napoleon meant “the lion of the desert” (Napo-leon), and should thence argue that Napoleon never existed, that he was a myth, that he represented power in solitude, or some such stuff. When we read that Jove whipped his wife, and threw her son out of the window, the inference is that Jove was a man, and actually did something like the thing described ; certainly gods, sublimated spirits, aerial sprites, do not act after this fashion ; and it would puzzle the myth-inakers to prove that the sun, moon, or stars whipped their wives or flung recalcitrant young men out of windows. The history of Atlantis could be in part reconstructed out of the mythology of Greece; it is a history of kings, queens, and princes; of love-making, adulteries, rebellions, wars, murders, sea-voyages, and colonizations; of palaces, tem- ples, workshops, and forges; of sword-making, engraving and 294 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. . metallurgy; of wine, barley, wheat, cattle, sheep, horses, and agriculture generally. Who can doubt that it represents the history of a real people ? Uranos was the first god; that is to say, the first king of the great race. As he was at the commencement of all things, his symbol was the sky. lle probably represented the race previ- ous even to the settlement of Atlantis. He was a son of Gæa (the earth). He seems to have been the parent of three races- the Titans, the Hekatoncheires, and the Kyklopes or Cyclops. I incline to the belief that these were civilized races, and that the peculiarities ascribed to the last two refer to the ves- sels in which they visited the shores of the barbarians. The empire of the Titans was clearly the empire of Atlan- tis. “The most judicious among our mythologists” (says Dr. Rees, “New British Cyclopædia,” art. Titans)—“such as Ge- rard Vossius, Marsham, Bochart, and Father Thomassinare of opinion that the partition of the world among the sons of Noah-Shem, Ham, and Japheth—was the original of the tra- dition of the same partition among Jupiter, Neptune, and Plu- to," upon the breaking up of the great empire of the Titans. “The learned Pezron contends that the division which was made of this vast empire came, in after-times, to be taken for the partition of the wbole world; that Asia remaining in the hands of Jupiter (Zeus), the most potent of the three brothers, made him looked upon as the god of Olympus; that the sea and islands which fell to Neptune occasioned their giving him the title of god of the sea;' and that Spain, the extremity of the then known world, thought to be a very low country in re- spect of Asia, and famous for its excellent mines of gold and silver, falling to Pluto, occasioned him to be taken for the 'god of the infernal regions.” We should suppose that Pluto possi- bly ruled over the transatlantic possessions of Atlantis in Ameri- ca, over those“ portions of the opposite continent" which Plato tells us were doininated by Atlas and his posterity, and which, being far beyond or below sunset, were the “under-world" of RECETEC EGEEV ERECTIC LANTIS ΞΟΞΜΞΕΞΑΝ SEE TUK EMPIRE OF ATLANTIS. KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 297 the ancients; while Atlantis, the Canaries, etc., constituted the island division with Western Africa and Spain. Murray tells us (“Mythology," p. 58) that Pluto's share of the kingdom was supposed to lie “in the remote west.” The under-world of the dead was simply the world below the western horizon; “the home of the dead has to do with that far west region where the sun dies at night.” (“ Anthropology,” p. 350.) “On the coast of Brittany, where Cape Raz stands out westward into the ocean, there is 'the Bay of Souls,' the launching-place where the departed spirits sail off across the sea.” (Ibid.) In like manner, Odysseus found the land of the dead in the ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules. There, indeed, was the land of the mighty dead, the grave of the drowned Atlanteans. " However this be," continues F. Pezron, “ the empire of the Titans, according to the ancients, was very extensive; they pos- sessed Phrygia, Thrace, a part of Greece, the island of Crete, and several other provinces to the inmost recesses of Spain. To these Sanchoniathon seems to join Syria; and Diodorus adds a part of Africa, and the kingdoms of Mauritania.” The kingdoms of Mauritania embraced all that north-western region of Africa nearest to Atlantis in which are the Atlas Mountains, and in which, in the days of Herodotus, dwelt the Atlantes. Neptune, or Poseidon, says, in answer to a message from Jupiter, No vassal god, nor of his train am I. Three brothers, deities, from Saturn came, And ancient Rhea, earth's immortal dame; Assigned by lot our triple rule we know; Infernal Pluto sways the shades below: O'er the wide clouds, and o'er the starry plain Ethereal Jove extends his high domain ; My court beneath the hoary waves I keep, And hush the roaring of the sacred deep. Iliad, book xviii. Homer alludes to Poseidon as “The god whose liquid arms are hurled Around the globe, whose earthquakes rock the world." 13* 298 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Mythology tells us that when the Titans were defeated by Saturn they retreated into the interior of Spain ; Jupiter fol- lowed them up, and beat them for the last time near Tartessus, and thus terminated a ten-years' war. Here we have a real battle on an actual battle-field. If we needed any further proof that the empire of the Ti- tans was the empire of Atlantis, we would find it in the names of the Titans: among these were Oceanus, Saturn or Chronos, and Atlas; they were all the sons of Uranos. Oceanus was at the base of the Greek mythology. Plato says (“Dialogues," Timæus, vol. ii., p. 533): “Oceanus and Tethys were the chil- dren of Earth and Heaven, and from these sprung Phorcys, and Chronos, and Rhea, and many more with them; and from Chro- nos and Rhea sprung Zeus and Hera, and all those whom we know as their brethren, and others who were their children." In other words, all their gods came out of the ocean ; they were rulers over some ocean realm; Chronos was the son of Oceanus, and Chronos was an Atlantean god, and from him the Atlantic Ocean was called by the ancients “the Chronian Sea.” The elder Minos was called “the Son of the Ocean :" he first gave civilization to the Cretans; he engraved his laws on brass, pre- cisely as Plato tells us the laws of Atlantis were engraved on pillars of brass. The wanderings of Clysses, as detailed in the “Odyssey " of Homer, are strangely connected with the Atlantic Ocean. The islands of the Phæacians were apparently in mid-ocean: We dwell apart, afar Within the unmeasured deep, amid its waves The most remote of men; no other race Hath commerce with us.-Ollyssey, book vi. The description of the Phæacian walls, harbors, cities, pal- aces, ships, etc., seems like a recollection of Atlantis. The isl- and of Calypso appears also to have been in the Atlantic Ocean, twenty days' sail from the Phæacian isles; and when Ulysses KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 299 goes to the land of Pluto, “the under-world,” the home of the dead, he “ Reached the far confines of Oceanus,” . beyond the Pillars of Hercules. It would be curious to in- quire how far the poems of Homer are Atlantean in their rela- tions and inspiration. Ulysses's wanderings were a prolonged struggle with Poseidon, the founder and god of Atlantis. “ The Hekatoncheires, or Cetimani, beings each with a hun- dred hands, were three in number — Kottos, Gyges or Gyes, and Briareus—and represented the frightful crashing of waves, and its resemblance to the convulsions of earthquakes." (Mur- ray’s “ Mythology," p. 26.) Are not these bundred arms the oars of the galleys, and the frightful crashing of the waves their movements in the water? “The Kyklopes also were three in number— Brontes, with his thunder; Steropes, vith his lightning; and Arges, with his stream of light. They were represented as having only one eye, which was placed at the juncture between the nose and brow. It was, however, a large, flashing eye, as became beings who were personifications of the storin-cloud, with its flashes of destructive lightning and peals of thunder.” We shall show hereafter that the invention of gunpowder dates back to the days of the Phænicians, and may have been derived by them from Atlantis. It is not impossible that in this picture of the Kyklopes we see a tradition of sea-going ships, with a light burning at the prow, and armed with some explosive preparation, which, with a roar like thunder, and a flash like lightning, destroyed those against whom it was employed ? It at least requires less strain upon our credulity to suppose these monsters were a barbarian's memory of great ships than to believe that human beings ever existed with a hundred arms, and with one eye in the middle of the forehead, and giving out thunder and lightning. The natives of the West India Islands regarded the ships of Columbus as living creatures, and that their sails were wings. 300 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Berosus tells us, speaking of the ancient days of Chaldea, “In the first year there appeared, from that part of the Ery- thræan Sea which borders upon Babylonia, an animal endowed with reason, by name Cannes, whose whole body (according to the account of Apollodorus) was that of a fish ; that under the fish's head he had another head, with feet also below, similar to those of a man, subjoined to the fish's tail. His voice too and language was articulate and human, and a representation of him is preserved even unto this day. This being was accus- tomed to pass the day among men, but took no food at that season, and he gave them an insight into letters and arts of all kinds. He taught them to construct cities, to found temples, to compile laws, and explained to them the principles of geo- metrical knowledge. Ile made them distinguish the seeds of the earth, and showed them how to collect the fruits; in short, he instructed them in everything which could tend to soften manners and humanize their laws. From that time nothing ma- terial has been added by way of improvement to his instructions. And when the sun set, this being, Oannes, retired again into the sea, and passed the night in the deep, for he was amphibious. After this there appeared other animals like Oanncs.” This is clearly the tradition preserved by a barbarous people of the great ships of a civilized nation, who colonized their coast and introduced the arts and sciences among them. And here we see the same tendency to represent the ship as a living thing, which converted the war-vessels of the Atlanteans (the Kyklopes) into men with one blazing eye in the middle of the forehead. Uranos was deposed from the throne, and succeeded by his son Chronos. He was called “the ripener, the harvest-god," and was probably identified with the beginning of the Agricult- ural Period. He married his sister Rhea, who bore him Pluto, Poseidon, Zeus, Hestia, Demeter, and Ilera. Ile anticipated that his sons would dethrone him, as he had dethroned his fa- ther, Uranos, and he swallowed his first five children, and would have swallowed the sixth child, Zens, but that his wife Rhea deceived him with a stone image of the child; and Zeus was conveyed to the island of Crete, and there concealed in a cave KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 301 and raised to manhood. Subsequently Chronos“ yielded back to the light the children he had swallowed.” This myth prob- ably means that Chronos had his children raised in some secret place, where they could not be used by his enemies as the instruments of a rebellion against his throne; and the stone image of Zeus, palmed off upon him by Rhea, was probably some other child substituted for his own. His precautions seem to have been wise; for as soon as the children returned to the light they commenced a rebellion, and drove the old gentleman from his throne. A rebellion of the Titans fol- lowed. The struggle was a tremendous one, and seems to have been decided at last by the use of gunpowder, as I shall show farther on. We have seen Chronos identified with the Atlantic, called by the Romans the “ Chronian Sea." He was known to the Romans under the name of Saturn, and ruled over “a great Sa- turnian continent" in the Western Ocean. Saturn, or Chronos, came to Italy: he presented himself to the king, Janus, “and proceeded to instruct the subjects of the latter in agriculture, gardening, and many other arts then quite unknown to them; as, for example, bow to tend and cultivate the vine. By such means he at length raised the people from a rude and compara- tively barbarous condition to one of order and peaceful occupa- tions, in consequence of which he was everywhere held in high esteem, and, in course of time, was selected by Janus to share with him the government of the country, which thereupon as- sumed the name of Saturnia—a land of seed and fruit.' The period of Saturn's government was sung in later days by poets as a happy time, when sorrows were unknown, when innocence, freedom, and gladness reigned throughout the land in such a degree as to deserve the title of the Golden Age." (Murray's “Mythology," p. 32.) All this accords with Plato's story. He tells us that the rule of the Atlanteans extended to Italy; that they were a civilized, agricultural, and commercial people. The civilization of Rome 302 ATLANTIS: THE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. was therefore an outgrowth directly from the civilization of Atlantis. The Roman Saturnalia was a remembrance of the Atlantean colonization. It was a period of joy and festivity; master and slave met as equals; the distinctions of poverty and wealth were forgotten; no punishments for crime were inflicted; ser- vants and slaves went about dressed in the clothes of their mas- ters; and children received presents from their parents or rel- atives. It was a time of jollity and mirth, a recollection of the Golden Age. We find a reminiscence of it in the Roman “ Carnival.” The third and last on the throne of the highest god was Zeus. We shall see bim, a little farther on, by the aid of some mysterious engine overthrowing the rebels, the Titans, who rose against his power, amid the flash of lightning and the roar of thunder. Ile was called "the thunderer," and "the mighty thunderer.” He was represented with thunder-bolts in his hand and an eagle at his feet. During the time of Zeus Atlantis seems to have reached its greatest height of power. He was recognized as the father of the whole world; he everywhere rewarded uprightness, truth, faithfulness, and kindness; he was merciful to the poor, and punished the cruel. To illustrate his rule on earth the follow- ing story is told : “Philemon and Baukis, an aged couple of the poorer class, were living peacefully and full of piety toward the gods in their cottage in Phrygia, when Zeus, who often visited the earth, disguised, to inquire into the behavior of men, paid a visit, in passing through Phrygia on such a journey, to these poor old people, and was received by them very kindly as a weary trav- eller, which he pretended to be. Bidding him welcome to the house, they set about preparing for their guest, who was ac- companied by Ilermes, as excellent a meal as they could afford, and for this purpose were about to kill the only goose they had left, when Zeus interfered; for he was touched by their kindli- ness and genuine piety, and that all the more because he had 304 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Athena, in a rebellion to put the old fellow in a strait-jacket, " and would have succeeded bad not Thetis brought to his aid the sea-giant Ægæon,” probably a war-ship. She seems in the main, however, to have been a good wife, and was the type of all the womanly virtues. Poseidon, the first king of Atlantis, according to Plato, was, according to Greek mythology, a brother of Zeus, and a son of Chronos. In the division of the kingdom he fell heir to the ocean and its islands, and to the navigable rivers; in other words, he was king of a maritime and commercial people. His symbol was the horse. “Ile was the first to train and employ horses;" that is to say, his people first domesticated the horse. This agrees with what Plato tells us of the importance attached to the horse in Atlantis, and of the baths and race-courses pro- vided for him. He was worshipped in the island of Tenos "in the character of a physician,” showing that he represented an advanced civilization. He was also master of an agricultural people; "the ram with the golden fleece for which the Argo- nauts sailed was the offspring of Poseidon." He carried in his hand a three-pronged symbol, the trident, doubtless an ein- blem of the three continents that were embraced in the empire of Atlantis. He founded many colonies along the shores of the Mediterranean; "he helped to build the walls of Troy;" the tradition thus tracing the Trojan civilization to an Atlan- tean source. He settled Attica and founded Athens, named after his niece Athena, daughter of Zeus, who had no mother, but had sprung from the head of Zeus, which probably signi- fied that her mother's name was not known-she was a found- ling. Athena caused the first olive-tree to grow on the Acrop- olis of Athens, parent of all the olive-trees of Greece. Poseidon seems to have had settlements at Corinth, Ægina, Naxos, and Delphi. Temples were erected to his honor in nearly all the seaport towns of Greece. He sent a sea-monster, to wit, a ship, to ravage part of the Trojan territory. In the “Iliad" Poseidon appears “as ruler of the sea, inhab- KINGS OF ATLANTIS THE GODS OF THE GREEKS. 305 iting a brilliant palare in its depths, traversing its surface in a chariot, or stirring the powerful billows until the earth shakes as they crashı upon the shores. ... He is also associated with well - watered plains and valleys.” (Murray's “Mythology," p. 51.) The palace in the depths of the sea was the palace upon Olympus in Atlantis; the traversing of the sea referred to the movements of a mercantile race; the shaking of the POSEIDOX, OR NBITUNE. earth was an association with earthquakes; the “ well-watered plains and valleys” remind us of the great plain of Atlantis described by Plato. All the traditions of the coming of civilization into Europe point to Atlantis. For instance, Keleos, who lived at Eleusis, near Athens, hos- pitably received Demeter, the Greek Ceres, the daughter of Po- seidon, when she landed; and in return she taught him the use of the plough, and presented his son with the seed of barley, and sent him out to teach mankind how to sow and utilize that grain. Dionysos, grandson of Poseidon, travelled “through all 306 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. the known world, even into the remotest parts of India, in- structing the people, as he proceeded, how to tend the vine, and how to practise many other arts of peace, besides teaching them the value of just and honorable dealings." (Murray's "Mythology,” p. 119.) The Greeks celebrated great festivals in his honor down to the coming of Christianity. "The Nymphs of Grecian mythology were a kind of mid- dle beings between the gods and men, communicating with both, loved and respected by both; ... living like the gods on ambrosia. In extraordinary cases they were summoned, it was believed, to the councils of the Olympian gods; but they usual- ly remained in their particular spheres, in secluded grottoes and peaceful valleys, occupied in spinning, weaving, bathing, sing- ing sweet songs, dancing, sporting, or accompanying deities who passed through their territories-hunting with Arteinis (Diana), rushing about with Dionysos (Bacchus), making mer- j'y with Apollo or Hermes (Mercury), but always in a hostile attitude toward the wanton and excited Satyrs." The Nymphs were plainly the female inhabitants of Atlantis dwelling on the plains, while the aristocracy lived on the high- er lands. And this is confirmed by the fact that part of them were called Atlantids, offspring of Atlantis. The Hesperides were also “daughters of Atlas ;” their mother was Hesperis, a personification of "the region of the West.” Their home was "an island in the ocean," off the north or west coast of Africa. And here we find a tradition which not only points to At- lantis, but also shows some kinship to the legend in Genesis of the tree and the serpent. Titaa, “a goddess of the earth,” gave Zeus a tree bearing golden apples on it. This tree was put in the care of the Iles- perides, but they could not resist the temptation to pluck and eat its fruit; thereupon a serpent named Ladon was put to watch the tree. Hercules slew the serpent, and gave the apples to tlie llesperides. Heracles (Hercules), we have seen, was a son of Zeus, king of Atlantis. One of his twelve labors (the tenth) was the car- 308 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER III. THE GODS OF THE PHENICIANS ALSO KINGS OF ATLANTIS. Not alone were the gods of the Greeks the deified kings of Atlantis, but we find that the mythology of the Phænicians was drawn from the same source. For instance, we find in the Phænician cosmogony that the Titans (Rephaim) derive their origin from the Phoenician gods Agrus and Agrotus. This connects the Phænicians with that island in the remote west, in the midst of ocean, where, ac- cording to the Greeks, the Titans dwelt. According to Sanchoniathon, Ouranos was the son of Au- tochthon, and, according to Plato, Autochthon was one of the ten kings of Atlantis. He married his sister Ge. He is the Uranos of the Greeks, who was the son of Gæa (the earth), whom he married. The Phænicians tell us, “ Ouranos had by Ge four sons: Ilus (EI), who is called Chronos, and Betylus (Beth-El), and Dagon, which signifies bread-corn, and Atlas (Tammuz ?).” IIere, again, we have the names of two other kings of Atlantis. These four sons probably represented four races, the offspring of the earth. The Greek Uranos was the father of Chronos, and the ancestor of Atlas. The Phænician god Ouranos had a great many other wives: his wife Ge was jealous; they quarrelled, and he attempted to kill the children he had by her. This is the legend which the Greeks told of Zeus and Juno. In the Phænician mythology Chronos raised a rebellion against Ouranos, and, after a great battle, dethroned him. In the Greek legends it is Zeus who attacks and over- throws his father, Chronos. Ouranos had a daughter called As- GODS OF THE PHENICIANS KINGS OF ATLANTIS. 309 tarte (Ashtoreth), another called Rhea. “And Dagon, after he had found out bread-corn and the plough, was called Zeus-Aro- trius.” We find also, in the Phoenician legends, mention made of Poseidon, founder and king of Atlantis. Chronos gave Attica to his daughter Athena, as in the Greek legends. In a time of plague he sacrificed his son to Ouranos, and “circumcised himself, and compelled his allies to do the same thing." It would thus appear that this singular rite, practised as we have seen by the Atlantidæ of the Old and New Worlds, the Egyptians, the Phænicians, the Hebrews, the Ethiopians, the Mexicans, and the red men of America, dates back, as we might have expected, to Atlantis. “Chronos visits the different regions of the habitable world." Ile gave Egypt as a kingdom to the god Taaut, who had in- vented the alphabet. The Egyptians called him Thoth, and he was represented among them as “the god of letters, the clerk of the under-world," bearing a tablet, pen, and palm- branch. This not only connects the Phænicians with Atlantis, but shows the relations of Egyptian civilization to both Atlantis and the Phænicians. There can be no doubt that the royal personages who form- ed the gods of Greece were also the gods of the Phænicians. We have seen the Autochthon of Plato reappearing in the Au- tochthon of the Phænicians; the Atlas of Plato in the Atlas of the Phænicians; the Poseidon of Plato in the Poseidon of the Phænicians; while the kings Mestor and Mneseus of Plato are probably the gods Misor and Amynus of the Phænicians. Sanchoniathon tells us, after narrating all the discoveries by which the people advanced to civilization, that the Cabiri set down their records of the past by the command of the god Taaut, “and they delivered them to their successors and to foreigners, of whom one was Isiris (Osiris), the inventor of the three letters, the brother of Chua, who is called the first Phe- GODS OF THE PHENICIANS KINGS OF ATLANTIS. 311 Pillars of Hercules." (Murray's “Mythology," p. 257.) Her- cules stole the cattle from this remote oceanic island, and, re- . turning, drove them “ through Iberia, Gaul, over the Alps, and through Italy.” (Ibid.) It is probable that a people emigrat- ing from the Erythræan Sea, that is, from the Atlantic, first gave their name to a town on the coast of Spain, and at a later date to the Persian Gulf—as we have seen the name of York carried from England to the banks of the Hudson, and then to the Arctic Circle. The builders of the Central American cities are reported to have been a bearded race. The Phænicians, in common with the Indians, practised human sacrifices to a great extent; they worshipped fire and water, adopted the names of the animals whose skins they wore—that is to say, they had the totemic system-telegraphed by means of fires, poisoned their arrows, offered peace before beginning battle, and used drums. (Ban- croft's “ Native Races," vol. v., p. 77.) The extent of country covered by the commerce of the Phæ- nicians represents to some degree the area of the old Atlantean Empire. Their colonies and trading-posts extended east and west from the shores of the Black Sea, through the Mediterra- nean to the west coast of Africa and of Spain, and around to Ireland and England; while from north to south they ranged from the Baltic to the Persian Gulf. They touched every point where civilization in later ages made its appearance. Strabo estimated that they had three hundred cities along the west coast of Africa. When Columbus sailed to discover a new world, or re-discover an old one, he took his departure from a Phænician scaport, founded by that great race two thousand five hundred years previously. This Atlantean sailor, with his Phænician features, sailing from an Atlantean port, simply re-opened the path of commerce and colonization which had been closed when Plato's island sunk in the sea. And it is a curious fact that Columbus bad the antediluvian world in bis mind's eye even then, for when he reached the mouth of 312 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. the Orinoco he thought it was the river Gihon, that flowed out of Paradise, and he wrote home to Spain, “ There are here great indications suggesting the proximity of the earthly Paradise, for not only does it correspond in mathematical po- sition with the opinions of the holy and learned theologians, but all other signs concur to make it probable.” Sanchoniathon claims that the learning of Egypt, Greece, and Judæa was derived from the Phænicians. It would ap- pear probable that, while other races represent the conquests or colonizations of Atlantis, the Phænicians succeeded to their arts, sciences, and especially their commercial supremacy; and hence the close resemblances which we have found to exist between the Hebrews, a branch of the Phænician stock, and the people of America. Upon the Syrian sea the people live Who style themselves Phoenicians.... These were the first great founders of the world- Founders of cities and of mighty states- Who showed a path through seas before unknown. In the first ages, when the sons of men Knew not which way to turn them, they assigned To each bis first department; they bestowed Of land a portion and of sea a lot, And sent each wandering tribe far off to share A different soil and climate. Hence arose The great diversity, so plainly seen, 'Mid nations widely severed. Dyonysius of Susiana, A.D. 302. THE GOD ODIN, WODEV, OR WOTAN. 313 CHAPTER IV. THE GOD ODIN, WODEN, OR WOTAN. In the Scandinavian mythology the chief god was Odin, the Woden, Wotan, or Wuotan of the Germans. IIe is represent- ed with many of the attributes of the Greek god Zeus, and is supposed by some to be identical with him. lle dwelt with the twelve Æsir, or gods, upon Asgard, the Norse Olympus, which arose out of Midgard, a land half-way between the re- gions of frost and fire (to wit, in a temperate climate). The Scandinavian Olympus was probably Atlantis. Odin is repre- sented as a grave-looking elderly man with a long beard, car- rying in bis hand a spear, and accompanied by two dogs and two ravens. He was the father of poetry, and the inventor of Runic writing. The Chiapenese of Central America (the people whose lan- guage we have seen furnishing such remarkable resemblances to Hebrew) claim to have been the first people of the New World. Clavigero tells us (“Hist. Antiq. del Messico," Eng. trans., 1807, vol. i.) that according to the traditions of the Chiapenese there was a Votan who was the grandson of the man who built the ark to save himself and family from the Deluge; he was one of those who undertook to build the tower that should reach to heaven. The Lord ordered him to people America. “He came from the Eust.” He brought seven families with him. He had been preceded in America by two others, Igh and Imox. Ile built a great city in America called “Nachan," City of the Serpents (the serpent that tempted Eve was Na- haslı), from his own race, which was named Chan, a serpent. This Nachan is supposed to have been Palenque. The date of 14 314 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. his journey is placed in the legends in the year 3000 of the world, and in the tenth century B.c. He also founded three tributary monarchies, whose capitals were Tulan, Mayapan, and Chiquimala. He wrote a book containing a history of his deeds, and proofs that he belonged to the tribe of Chanes (ser- pents). He states that “be is the third of the Votans; that he conducted seven families from Valumn-Votan to this conti- nent, and assigned lands to them; that he determined to travel until he came to the root of heaven and found his relations, the Culebres, and made himself known to them; that he ac- cordingly made four voyages to Chivim ; that he arrived in Spain; that he went to Rome; that he saw the house of God building; that he went by the road which his brethren, the Culebres, had bored ; that he marked it, and that he passed by the houses of the thirteen Culebres. He relates that, in return- ing from one of his voyages, he found seven other families of the Tzequil nation who had joined the first inhabitants, and rec- ognized in them the same origin as his own, that is, of the Cu- lebres; he speaks of the place where they built the first town, which from its founders received the name of Tzequil; be af- firms that, having taught them the refinement of manners in the use of the table, table-cloths, dishes, basins, cups, and nap- kins, they taught him the knowledge of God and his worship; his first ideas of a king, and obedience to him; that he was chosen captain of all these united families." It is probable that Spain and Rome are interpolations. Ca- brera claims that the Votanites were Carthaginians. He thinks the Chivim of Votan were the Hivim, or Givim, who were de- scended of Heth, son of Canaan, Phænicians; they were the builders of Accaron, Azotus, Ascalon, and Gaza. The Script- ures refer to them as Hivites (Givim) in Deuteronomy (chap. ii., verse 32), and Joshua (chap. xiii., verse 4). He claims that Cadmus and his wife Hermione were of this stock; and accord- ing to Ovid they were metamorphosed into snakes (Culebres). The name Hivites in Phænician signifies a snake. 316 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. live there with their families and cattle, when molested by the Watuta, a warlike race, descended from the Zooloo Kafirs." But it is interesting to find in this book of Votan, however little reliance we may place in its dates or details, evidence that there was actual intercourse between the Old World and the New in remote ages. Humboldt remarks: “We have fixed the special attention of our readers upon this Votan, or Wodan, an American who appears of the same family with the Wods or Odius of the Goths and of the people of Celtic origin. Since, according to the learned researches of Sir William Jonés, Odin and Buddha are probably the same person, it is curious to see the names of Bondvar, Wodansdag, and Votan designating in India, Scandinavia, and in Mexico the day of a brief period.” (“ Vues des Cordilleras," p. 148, ed. 1810.) There are many things to connect the mythology of the Gothic nations with Atlantis; they had, as we have seen, flood legends; their gods Krodo and Satar were the Chronos and Saturn of Atlantis; their Baal was the Bel of the Phænicians, who were closely connected with Poseidon and Atlas; and, as we shall see hereafter, their language has a distinct relationship with the tongues of the Arabians, Cushites, Chaldeans, and Phænicians. PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 317 CHAPTER V. THE PYRAMID, THE CROSS, AND THE GARDEN OF EDEN. No fact is better established than the reverence shown to the sign of the Cross in all the ages prior to Christianity. We can- not do better than quote from an able article in the Edinburgh Review of July, 1870, upon this question : " From the dawn of organized Paganism in the Eastern world to the final establishment of Christianity in the Western, the Cross was undoubtedly one of the commonest and most sacred of symbolical monuments; and, to a remarkable extent, it is so still in almost erery land where that of Calvary is unrecognized or unknown. Apart from any distinctions of social or intel- lectual superiority, of caste, color, nationality, or location in either hemisphere, it appears to have been the aboriginal pos- session of every people in antiquity—the elastic girdle, so to say, which embraced the most widely separated heathen con- munities—the most significant token of a universal brother- hood, to which all the families of mankind were severally and irresistibly drawn, and by which their common descent was em- phatically erpressed, or by means of which each and all pre- served, amid every vicissitude of fortune, a knowledge of the primeval happiness and dignity of their species. Where au- thentic history is silent on the subject, the material relics of past and long since forgotten races are not wanting to confirm and strengthen this supposition. Diversified forms of the sym- bol are delineated more or less artistically, according to the progress achieved in civilization at the period, on the ruined walls of temples and palaces, on natural rocks and sepulchral galleries, on the hoariest monoliths and the rudest statuary ; on coins, medals, and vases of every description; and, in not a few instances, are preserved in the architectural proportions of sub- 218 ATLANTIS: TIIE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. terranean as well as superterranean structures, of tumuli as well as fanes. The extraordinary sanctity attaching to the symbol, in every age and under every variety of circumstance, justified any expenditure incurred in its fabrication or embellishment; hence the most persistent labor, the most consummate ingenui- ty, were lavished upon it. Populations of essentially different culture, tastes, and pursuits—the highly-civilized and the demi- civilized, the settled and nomadic-vied with each other in their efforts to extend the knowledge of its exceptional import and virtue among their latest posterities. The marvellous rock- hewn caves of Elephanta and Ellora, and the stately temples of Mathura and Terputty, in the East, may be cited as characteris- tic examples of one laborious inethod of exhibiting it; and the megalithic structures of Callernish and Newgrange, in the West, of another; while a third may be instanced in the great temple at Mitzla, 'the City of the Moon,' in Ojaaca, Central America, also excavated in the living rock, and manifesting the same stu- pendous labor and ingenuity as are observable in the cognate caverns of Salsette-of endeavors, we repeat, made by peoples as intellectually as geographically distinct, and followers withal of independent and unassociated deities, to magnify and per- petuate some grand primeval symbol. ... “Of the several varieties of the Cross still in vogue, as nation- al or ecclesiastical emblems, in this and other European states, and distinguished by the familiar appellations of St. George, St. Andrew, the Maltese, the Greek, the Latin, etc., etc., there is not one among them the existence of which may not be traced to the remotest antiquity. They were the common property of the Eastern nations. No revolution or other casu- alty has wrought any perceptible difference in their several forms or delineations; they have passed from one hemisphere to the other intact; have survived dynastics, cmpires, and races; have been borne on the crest of each successive wave of Aryan population in its course toward the West; and, having been re- consecrated in later times by their lineal descendants, are still recognized as military and national badges of distinction. ... "Among the earliest known types is the crux ansata, vulgarly called 'the key of the Nile,' because of its being found sculpt- ured or otherwise represented so frequently upon Egyptian and Coptic monuments. It has, however, a very much older and more sacred signification than this. It was the symbol of PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 319 symbols, the mystical Tau, 'the hidden wisdom,' not only of the ancient Egyptians but also of the Chaldeans, Phænicians, Mexicans, Peruvians, and of every other ancient people com- memorated in history, in either hemispliere, and is formed very similarly to our letter T, with a roundlet, or oval, placed imme- diately above it. Thus it was figured on the gigantic emerald or glass statue of Serapis, which was transported (293 B.c.) by order of Ptolemy Soter froin Sinope, on the southern shores of the UTHMT Black Sea, re-erected within that fa- mous labyrinth which encompassed the banks of Lake Mæris, and destroved by the victorious army of Theodosius (A.D. 389), despite the earnest entreaties of the Egyptian priesthood to spare it, EGYITIAN TAU. because it was the emblem of their god and of the life to come.' Sometimes, as may be seen on the breast of an Egyptian mummy in the museum of the London University, the simple I only is planted on the frustum of a cone; and sometiines it is represented as springing from a heart; in the first instance signifying goodness; in the sec- ond, hope or expectation of reward. As in the oldest tem- ples and catacombs of Egypt, so this type like- wise abounds in the ruined cities of Mexico and Central America, graven as well upon the most ancient cyclopean and polygonal walls as upon the more modern and perfect examples of mason- ry; and is displayed in an equally conspicuous manner upon the breasts of innumerable bronze statuettes which have been recently disinterred OBOSS FROM. from the cemetery of Juigalpa (of unknown an- PALENQUE. tiquity) in Nicaragua." MONUMENTS OF When the Spanish missionaries first set foot upon the soil of America, in the fifteenth century, they were amazed to find the Cross was as devoutly worshipped by the red Indians as by themselves, and were in doubt whether to ascribe the fact to the pious labors of St. Thomas or to the cunning device of the Evil One. The hallowed symbol challenged their atten- 320 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. tion on every hand and in almost every variety of form. It ap- peared on the bass-reliefs of ruin- ed and deserted as well as on those of inhabited palaces, and was the most conspicuous orna- ment in the great temple of Go- zumel, off the coast of Yucatan. According to the particular lo. cality, and the purpose which it served, it was formed of various ANCIENT IRISU CROS8. materials — of marble and gyp- sum in the open spaces of cities and by the way-side; of wood in the teocallis or chapels on pyramidal summits and in sub- terranean sanctuaries; and of emerald or jasper in the palaces of kings and nobles. When we ask the question how it comes that the sign of the Cross has thus been reverenced from the highest antiquity by the races of the Old and New Worlds, we learn that it is a reminiscence of the Garden of Eden, in other words, of Atlantis. Professor Hardwicke says: “All these and similar traditions are but mocking satires of the old Hebrew story—jarred ORNTRAL AMERIOAN and broken notes of the same strain ; but with all their exaggerations they intimate how in the background of man's vision lay a paradise of holy joy-a paradise secured froin every kind of profanation, and made inaccessible to the guilty ; a paradise full of ob- jects that were calculated to delight the senses and to elevate the mind; a paradise that granted to its tenant rich and rare immunities, and that fed with its perennial streams the tree of life and immor- tality.” • To quote again from the writer in the Edin- burgh Review, already cited: OROBB. OOPPER COIN- TEOTIHUACAN. PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 321 “ Its undoubted antiquity, no less than its extraordinary dif- fusion, evidences that it must have been, as it may be said to be still in unchristianized lands, emblematical of some funda- mental doctrine or mystery. The reader will not have failed to observe that it is most usually associated with water; it was the key of the Nile,' that mystical instrument by means of which, in the popular judgment of his Egyptian devotees, Osi- ris produced the annual revivifying inundations of the sacred stream; it is discernible in that mysterious pitcher or vase por- trayed on the brazen table of Bembus, before-mentioned, with its four lips discharging as many streams of water in opposite directions; it was the emblem of the water-deities of the Baby- lonians in the East and of the Gothic nations in the West, as ANCIENT IRISII CROSS-PRE-CURISTIAN-KILNA BOY. well as that of the rain-deities respectively of the mixed popu- lation in Ainerica. We have seen with what peculiar rites the symbol was honored by those widely - separated races in the Western hemisphere; and the monumental slabs of Nineveh, now in the museums of London and Paris, show us how it was similarly honored by the successors of the Chaldees in the castern, ... “In Egypt, Assyria, and Britain it was emblematical of crea- tive power and eternity; in India, China, and Scandinavia, of heaven and immortality; in the two Americas, of rejuvenes- cence and freedom from physical suffering; wbile in both hemi- spheres it was the common symbol of the resurrection, or “the sign of the life to come;' and, finally, in all heathen communi- 14* 322 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. ties, without exception, it was the emphatic type, the sole en- during evidence, of the Divine Unity. This circumstance alone determines its extreme antiquity-an antiquity, in all likeli- hood, long antecedent to the foundation of either of the three great systems of religion in the East. And, lastly, we have seen how, as a rule, it is found in conjunction with a stream or streams of water, with exuberant vegetation, and with a hill or a mountainous region—in a word, with a land of beauty, fertili. ity, und joy. Thus it was expressed upon those circular and sacred cakes of the Egyptians, composed of the richest materi- als—of flour, of honey, of milk-and with which the serpent and bull, as well as other reptiles and beasts con- secrated to the service of Isis and their higher divinities, were daily fed; and upon certain festi- vals were eaten with extraordinary ceremony by the people and their priests. The cross-cake,' says Sir Gardner Wilkinson, “was their hiero- 0208S FROM YOYT glyph for civilized land ;' obviously a land su- perior to their own, as it was, indeed, to all other mundane territories; for it was that distant, traditional country of sempiternal contentment and repose, of exquisite delight and serenity, where Nature, inassisted by man, produces all that is necessary for his sustentation.” And this land was the Garden of Eden of our race. This was the Olympus of the Greeks, where “This same mild season gives the blooms to blow, . The buds to harden and the fruits to grow." TIAN MONUMENTS. In the midst of it was a sacred and glorious eminence-the umbilicus orbis terrarum—“toward which the heathen in all parts of the world, and in all ages, turned a wistful gaze in ev- ery act of devotion, and to which they hoped to be admitted, or, rather, to be restored, at the close of this transitory scene.” In this “glorious eminence" do we not see Plato's moun- tain in the middle of Atlantis, as he describes it : “Near the plain and in the centre of the island there was a mountain, not very high on any side. In this mountain there dwelt one of the earth-born primeval men of that country, PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 323 whose name was Evenor, and he had a wife named Leucippe, and they had an only daughter, who was named Cleito. Posei- don married her. He enclosed the hill in which she dwelt all around, making alternate zones of sea and land, larger and smaller, encircling one another; there were two of land and three of water...so that no man could get to the island. ... He brought streams of water under the earth to this mountain- island, and made all manner of food to grow upon it. This island became the seat of Atlas, the over-king of the whole island; upon it they built the great temple of their nation; they continued to ornament it in successive generations, every king surpassing the one who came before him to the utmost of his power, until they made the building a marvel to behold for size and beauty. ... And they bad such an amount of wealth as was never before possessed by kings and potentates- as is not likely ever to be again.” The gardens of Alcinous and Laertes, of which we read in Homeric song, and those of Babylon, were probably transcripts of Atlantis. “The sacred eminence in the midst of a super- abundant, happy region figures more or less distinctly in al- most every mythology, ancient or modern. It was the Me- somphalos of the earlier Greeks, and the Omphalium of the Cretans, dominating the Elysian fields, upon whose tops, bathed in pure, brilliant, incomparable light, the gods passed their days in ceaseless joys." “The Buddhists and Brahmans, who together constitute nearly half the population of the world, tell us that the decus- sated figure (the cross), whether in a simple or a complex form, symbolizes the traditional happy abode of their primeval ances- tors — that ‘Paradise of Eden toward the East,' as we find it expressed in the Hebrew. And, let us ask, what better picture, or more significant characters, in the complicated alphabet of symbolism, could have been selected for the purpose than a cir- cle and a cross : the one to denote a region of absolute purity and perpetual felicity; the other, those four perennial streams that divided and watered the several quarters of it?" (Edin- burgh Review, January, 1870.) And when we turn to the mythology of the Greeks, we find PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 325 It is the Slávratta, 'the celestial earth,' of the Hindoo, the summit of his golden mountain Meru, the city of Brahma, in the centre of Jambadwípa, and from the four sides of which gush forth the four primeval rivers, reflecting in their passage the colorific glories of their source, and severally flowing northi- ward, southward, eastward, and westward.” It is the Garden of Eden of the Hebrews : “And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden ; and there he put the man whom he had formed. And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleas- ant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pison; that is it which compasscth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; and the gold of that land is good : there is bdellium and the onyx stone. And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia. And the name of the third river is Hiddekel : that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates. And the Lord God took the man and put him into the Garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.” (Gen. ii., 8–15.) As the four rivers named in Genesis are not branches of any one stream, and head in very different regions, it is evident that there was an attempt, on the part of the writer of the Book, to adapt an ancient tradition concerning another country to the known features of the region in which he dwelt. Josephus tells us (chap. i., p. 41), “Now the garden (of Eden) was watered by one river, which ran round about the whole earth, and was parted into four parts." Here in the four parts we see the origin of the Cross, while in the river running around the whole earth we have the wonderful canal of Atlantis, de- scribed by Plato, which was “carried around the whole of the plain,” and received the streams which came down from the mountains. The streams named by Josephus would seem to represent the migrations of people from Atlantis to its colo- PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 327 which Plato describes — the same mountain to which all the legends of the most ancient races of Europe refer. The inhabitants of Aztlan were boatmen. (Bancroft's “Na- tive Races," vol. v., p. 325.) E. G. Squier, in his “Notes on Central America," p. 349, says, “ It is a significant fact that in the map of their migrations, presented by Gemelli, the place of the origin of the Aztecs is designated by the sign of water, All standing for Atzlan, a pyramidal temple with grades, and near these a palm-tree.” This circumstance did not escape the attention of Humboldt, who says, “I am astonished at finding a palm-tree near this teocalli. This tree certainly does not in- dicate a northern origin. ... The possibility that an unskilful artist should unintentionally represent a tree of which he had no knowledge is so great, that any argument dependent on it hangs upon a slender thread.” (“North Americans of Antiq. uity,” p. 266.) The Miztecs, a tribe dwelling on the outskirts of Mexico, had a tradition that the gods, “ in the day of obscurity and darkness," built “a sumptuous palace, a masterpiece of skill, in which they made their abode upon a mountain. The rock was called “The Place of Heaven ;' there the gods first abode on earth, living many years in great rest and content, as in a happy and delicious land, though the world still lay in obscu- rity and darkness. The children of these gods made to them- selves a garden, in which they put many trees, and fruit-trees, and flowers, and roses, and odorous herbs. Subsequently there came a great deluge, in which many of the sons and daughters of the gods perished.” (Bancroft's “Native Races,” vol. iii., p. 71.) Here we have a distinct reference to Olympus, the Garden of Plato, and the destruction of Atlantis. And in Plato's account of Atlantis we have another descrip- tion of the Garden of Eden and the Golden Age of the world: “Also, whatever fragrant things there are in the earth, wheth- er roots, or herbage, or woods, or distilling drops of flowers and fruits, grew and thrived in that land; and again the cultivated 328 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. fruits of the earth, both the edible fruits and other species of food which we call by the name of legumes, and the fruits hav. ing a hard rind, affording drinks and meats and ointments ... all these that sacred island, lying beneath the sun, brought forth in abundance. For many generations, as long as the divine nature lasted in them, they were obedient to the laws, and well- affectioned toward the gods, who were their kinsmen ; for they possessed true and in every way great spirits, practising gentle- ness and wisdom in the various chances of life, and in their in- tercourse with one another. They despised everything but vir- tue, not caring for their present state of life, and thinking light- ly of the possession of gold and other property, which seemed only a burden to them ; neither were they intoxicated by luxn- ry; nor did wealth deprive them of their self-control; but they were sober, and saw clearly that all these goods were increased by virtuous friendship with one another, and that by excessive zeal for them, and honor of them, the good of them is lost, and friendship perishes.with them." All this cannot be a mere coincidence; it points to a com- mon tradition of a veritable land, where four rivers flowed down in opposite directions from a central mountain-peak. And these four rivers, flowing to the north, south, east, and west, constitute the origin of that sign of the Cross which we have seen meeting us at every point among the races who were either descended from the people of Atlantis, or who, by com- merce and colonization, received their opinions and civilization from them. Let us look at the question of the identity of the Garden of Eden with Atlantis from another point of view : If the alphabet of the Phænicians is kindred with the Maya alphabet, as I think is clear, then the Phænicians were of the same race, or of some race with which the Mayas were connect- ed; in other words, they were from Atlantis. Now we know that the Phænicians and IIebrews were of the same stock, used the same alphabet, and spoke almost pre- cisely the same language. The Phænicians preserved traditions, which have come down PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 329 to us in the writings of Sanchoniathon, of all the great essen- tial inventions or discoveries which underlie civilization. The first two human beings, they tell us, were Protogonos and Aion (Adam and 'Ilavath), who produce Genos and Genea (Qên and Qenath), from whom again are descended three brothers, named Phos, Phur, and Phlox (Light, Fire, and Flame), because they “have discovered how to produce fire by the friction of two pieces of wood, and have taught the use of this element." In another fragment, at the origin of the human race we see in succession the fraternal couples of Autochthon and Technites (Adam and Quen — Cain?), inventors of the manufacture of bricks; Agros and Agrotes (Sade and Cêd), fathers of the ag- riculturists and hunters; then Amynos and Magos, “who taught to dwell in villages and rear flocks.” The connection between these Atlantean traditions and the Bible record is shown in many things. For instance, “the Greek text, in expressing the invention of Amynos, uses the words kúpaç kai toljevac, which are precisely the same as the terms óhel umiqneh, which the Bible uses in speaking of the dwellings of the descendants of Jabal (Gen., chap. iv., v. 20). In like manner Lamech, both in the signification of his name and also ir the savage character attributed to him by the le- gend attached to his memory, is a true synonyme of Agrotes." “And the title of 'Alirai, given to Agros and Agrotes in the Greek of the Phænician history, fits in wonderfully with the physiognomy of the race of the Cainites in the Bible narra- tive, whether we take ałīrai simply as a Hellenized transcrip- tion of the Semitic Elim, 'the strong, the mighty, or whetlier we take it in its Greek acceptation, the wanderers;' for such is the destiny of Cain and his race according to the very terms of the condemnation which was inflicted upon him after his crime (Gen. iv., 14), and this is what is signified by the name of his grandson ’Yirad. Only, in Sanchoniathon the genealogy does not end with Amynos and Magos, as that of the Cainites in the Bible does with the three sons of Lamech. These two person- ages are succeeded by Misôr and Sydyk, 'the released and the PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEY OF EDEN. 331 the Psalmist, the garden itself was situated on an eminence. (Psalms, chap. iii., v. 4, and chap. Ixviii., vs. 15, 16, 18.) The pyramid is one of the marvellous features of that prob- lem which confronts us everywhere, and which is insoluble without Atlantis. The Arabian traditions linked the pyramid with the Flood. In a manuscript preserved in the Bodleian Library, and trans- lated by Dr. Sprenger, Abou Balkhi says: “The wise men, previous to the Flood, foreseeing an impend- ing judginent from heaven, either by submersion or fire, which would destroy every created thing, built upon the tops of the mountains in Upper Egypt many pyramids of stone, in order to have some refuge against the approaching calamity. Two of these buildings exceeded the rest in height, being four hun- dred cubits high and as many broad and as many long. They were built with large blocks of marble, and they were so well put together that the joints were scarcely perceptible. Upon the exterior of the building every charm and wonder of physic was inscribed.” This tradition locates these monster structures upon the mountains of Upper Egypt, but there are no buildings of such dimensions to be found anywhere in Egypt. Is it not proba- ble that we have here another reference to the great record preserved in the land of the Deluge? Were not the pyramids of Egypt and America imitations of similar structures in At- lantis? Might not the building of such a gigantic edifice have given rise to the legends existing on both continents in regard to a Tower of Babel? How did the human mind lit upon this singular edifice- the pyramid ? By what process of development did it reach it? Why should these extraordinary structures crop out on the banks of the Nile, and amid the forests and plains of Ameri- ca? And why, in both countries, should they stand with their sides square to the four cardinal points of the compass? Are they in this, too, a reininiscence of the Cross, and of the four rivers of Atlantis that ran to the north, south, east, and west ? PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEV OF EDEX 333 were anciently applied to have been threcfold — namely, as tombs, temples, and observatories; and this view he labors to establish in the third volume of his ‘Indian Antiquities.' Now, whatever may be their actual date, or with whatsoever people they may have originated, whether in Africa or Asia, in the lower valley of the Nile or in the plains of Chaldea, the pyra- inids of Egypt were unquestionably destined to very opposite purposes. According to Herodotus, they were introduced by the Hyksos; and Proclus, the Platonic philosopher, connects them with the science of astronomy-a science which, he adds, the Egyptians derived from the Chaldeans. Hence we may reasonably infer that they served as well for temples for plane- tary worship as for observatories. Subscquently to the descent of the shepherds, their hallowed precincts were invaded by royalty, from motives of pride and superstition; and the prin- cipal chamber in each was used as tombs." The pyramidal imitations, dear to the hearts of colonists of the sacred mountain upon which their gods dwelt, was devoted, as perhaps the mountain itself was, to sun and fire worship. The same writer says: “That Sabian worship once extensively prevailed in the New World is a well-authenticated fact; it is yet practised to some extent by the wandering tribes on the Northern continent, and was the national religion of the Peruvians at the time of the Conquest. That it was also the religion of their more highly civilized predecessors on the soil, south of the equator more es- pecially, is evidenced by the remains of fire-altars, both round and square, scattered about the shores of lakes Umayu and Titicaca, and which are the counterparts of the Gueber dokh- mebs overhanging the Caspian Sea. Accordingly, we find, among these and other vestiges of antiquity that indissolubly connected those lovg-since extinct populations in the New with the races of the Old World, the well-defined symbol of the Maltesc Cross. On the Mexican feroher before alluded to, and which is most elaborately carved in bass - relief on a massive piece of polygonous granite, constituting a portion of a cyclo- pean wall, the cross is enclosed within the ring, and accompa- nying it are four tassel - like ornaments, graved equally well. Those accompaniments, however, are disposed without any par- 334 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. ticular regard to order, but the four arms of the cross, never- theless, severally and accurately point to the cardinal quarters. The same regularity is observable on a much smaller but not less curious monument, which was discovered soine time since in an ancient Peruvian huaca or catacomb-namely, a syrinx, or pandean pipe, cut out of a solid mass of lapis ollaris, the sides of which are profusely ornamented, not only with Mal- tese crosses, but also with other symbols very similar in style to those inscribed on the obelisks of Egypt and on the mono- litlis of this country. The like figure occurs on the equally an- cient Otrusco black pottery. But by far the most reloarkable example of this form of the Cross in the New World is that which appears on a second type of the Mexican feroher, en- graved on a tablet of gypsin, and which is described at length by its discoverer, Captain du Paix, and depicted by his friend, M. Baradère. IIere the accompaniments a shield, a hamlet, and a couple of bead-annulets or rosaries-are, with a single ex- ception, identical in even the minutest particular with an As- syrian monument emblematical of the Deity.... "No coun‘ry in the world can compare with India for the exposition of the pyramidal cross. There the stupendous la- bors of Egypt are rivalled, and sometimes surpassed. Indeed, but for the fact of such monuments of patient industry and uexampled skill being still in existence, the accounts of some others which have long since disappeared, having succumbed to the ravages of time and the fury of the bigoted Mussulman, would sound in our ears as incredible as the story of Porsenna': tomb, which 'o'ertopped old Pelion,' and made 'Ossa like a wart.' Yet something not very dissimilar in character to it wa; formerly the boast of the ancient city of Benares, on the banks of the Ganges. We allude to the great temple of Bindh Madhu, which was demolished in the seventeenth century by the Em. peror Aurungzebe. Tavernier, the French baron, who travelled thither about the year 1680, has preserved a brief description of it. The body of the temple was constructed in the figure of a colossal cross (i.e., a St. Andrew's Cross), with a lofty dome at the centre, above which rose a massive structure of a pyra- midal form. At the four extremities of the cross there were four other pyramids of proportionate dimensions, and which were ascended from the outside by steps, with balconies at stated distances for places of rest, reminding us of the temple PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEV OF EDEV. 335 of Belus, as described in the pages of Herodotus. The re- mains of a similar building are found at Mhuttra, on the banks of the Jumna. This and many others, including the subterra- nean temple at Elephanta and the caverns of Ellora and Salsette, are described at length in the well-known work by Maurice; who adds that, besides these, there was vet another device in which the Hindoo displayed the all-pervading sign; this was by pyramidal towers placed crosswise. At the famous temple of Chillambrim, on the Coromandel coast, there were seven lofty walls, one within the other, round the central quadrangle, and as many pyramidal gate-ways in the midst of each side which forms the limbs of a vast cross.” In Mexico pyramids were found everywhere. Cortez, in a letter to Charles V., states that he counted four bundred of them at Cholula. Their temples were on those “high places." The most ancient pyramids in Mexico are at Teotihuacan, cight leagues from the city of Mexico; the two largest were dedi- cated to the sun and moon respectively, each built of cut stone, with a level area at the summit, and four stages lead- ing up to it. The larger one is 680 feet square at the base, about 200 feet high, and covers an area of eleven acres. The Pyramid of Cholula, measured by Humboldt, is 160 feet high, 1400 feet square at the base, and covers forty - five acres ! The great pyramid of Egypt, Cheops, is 746 feet square, 450 feet high, and covers between twelve and thirteen acres. So that it appears that the base of the Teotihuacan structure is nearly as large as that of Cheops, while that of Cholula covers nearly four times as much space. The Cheops pyra- mid, however, exceeds very much in height both the American structures. Señor Garcia y Cubas thinks the pyramids of Teotihuacan (Mexico) were built for the same purpose as those of Egypt. lle considers the analogy established in eleven particulars, as follows: 1, the site chosen is the same; 2, the structures are orientated with slight variation ; 3, the line through the cen- tres of the structures is in the astronomical meridian ; 4, the PYRAMID, CROSS, AND GARDEN OF EDEN. 337 eight feet long, whose thickness exceeded the stature of a tall man. (“Prehistoric Nations,” p. 144.) “If," says Ferguson, “ we still hesitate to pronounce that there was any connection between the builders of the pyra- mids of Suku and Oajaca, or the temples of Xochialco and Boro Buddor, we must at least allow that the likeness is star- tling, and difficult to account for on the theory of mere acci- dental coincidence.” The Egyptian pyramids all stand with their sides to the car- WA THIRUT T EDMONDS.SG PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT, dinal points, while many of the Mexican pyramids do likewise. The Egyptian pyramids were penetrated by small passage-ways; $0 were the Mexican. The Pyramid of Teotihuacan, according to Almarez, bas, at a point sixty-nine feet from the base, a gal- lery large enough to admit a man crawling on hands and knees, 15 338 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. which extends inward, on an incline, a distance of twenty-five feet, and terminates in two square wells or chambers, each five feet square, and one of them fifteen feet deep. Mr. Löwenstern PYRAMIDS OF TEOTIU AOAN. states, according to Mr. Bancroft (“Native Races," vol. iv., p. 533), that “the gallery is one hundred and fifty-seven feet long, increasing in height to over six feet and a half as it penetrates the pyramid ; that the well is over six feet square, extending (apparently) down to the base and up to the sum- mit; and that other cross-galleries are blocked up by débris.” In the Pyramid of Cheops there is a similar opening or pas- sage-way forty-nine feet above the base; it is three feet eleven inches high, and three feet five and a half inches wide ; it leads down a slope to a sepulchral chamber or well, and con- neots with other passage-ways leading up into the body of the pyramid. Steinunn AMA rina THE GREAT MOUND, NEAR MIA MISBURG, ONTO. 342 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. long), circular ditches, and stone circles, almost identical with those found in the valley of the Mississippi. In Ireland the dead were buried in vaults of stone, and the earth raised over them in pyramids flattened on the top. They were called “moats” by the people. We have found the stone vaults at the base of similar truncated pyramids in Ohio. There can be no doubt that the pyramid was a developed and perfected mound, and that the parent form of these curious structures is to be found in Silsbury Hill, and in the mounds of earth of Central America and the Mississippi Valley. We find the emblem of the Cross in pre-Christian times ven- erated as a holy symbol on both sides of the Atlantic; and we find it explained as a type of the four rivers of the happy island where the civilization of the race originated. We find everywhere among the European and American na- tions the memory of an Eden of the race, where the first inen dwelt in primeval peace and happiness, and which was after- ward destroyed by water. We find the pyramid on both sides of the Atlantic, with its four sides pointing, like the arms of the Cross, to the four car- dinal points-a reminiscence of Olympus; and in the Aztec representation of Olympos (Aztlan) we find the pyramid as the central and typical figure. Is it possible to suppose all these extraordinary coincidences to be the result of accident? We might just as well say that the similarities between the American and English forms of government were not the result of relationship or descent, but that men placed in similar circumstances had spontaneously and necessarily reached the same results. GOLD AND SILVER SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS. 343 CHAPTER VI. GOLD AND SILVER THE SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS. Money is the instrumentality by which man is lifted above the limitations of barter. Baron Storch terms it “the marvel- lous instrument to which we are indebted for our wealth and civilization.” It is interesting to inquire into the various articles which have been used in different countries and ages as money. The following is a table of some of them : Articles of Utility. India ........ .Cakes of tea. China ..................... ..Pieces of silk. Abyssinia ......... ......Salt. Iceland and Newfoundland. .... ..Codfish, Illinois (in early days)..... .....Coon-skins. Bornoo (Africa)........ .Cotton shirts. Ancient Russia........ ...Skins of wild animals. West India Islands (1500) .Cocoa-nuts. Massachusetts Indians ..... .Wampum and musket-balls. Virginia (1700) ............. ..... Tobacco. British West India Islands.. ......Pins, snuff, and whiskey. Central South America .. .Soap, chocolate, and eggs. Ancient Romans... ......Cattle. " Greece.......... .Nails of copper and iron. The Lacedemonians...... ..... Iron. The Burman Empire ....... ..... Lead. Russia (1828 to 1845). .............. Platinum. Rome (under Numa Pompilius)....... Wood and leather. " ( " the Cæsars) ............ Land. 344 ATLANTIS: THE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Articles of Utility—Continued. Carthaginians. .....................Leather. Ancient Britons ....................Cattle, slaves, brass, and iron. England (under James II.). .......... Tin, gun-metal, and pewter. South Sea Islands ............ ......Axes and hammers. Articles of Ornament. Ancient Jews ......................Jewels. The Indian Islands and Africa. .. .. ...Cowrie shells. Conventional Signs. Holland (1574). ........ .........Pieces of pasteboard. China (1200) ......................Bark of the mulberry-tree. It is evident that every primitive people uses as money those articles upon which they set the highest value-as cattle, jew- els, slaves, salt, musket-balls, pins, snuff, whiskey, cotton shirts, leather, axes, and hammers; or those articles for which there was a foreign demand, and which they could trade off to the merchants for articles of necessity—as tea, silk, codfish, coon- skins, cocoa-nuts, and tobacco. Then there is a later stage, when the stamp of the government is impressed upon paper, wood, pasteboard, or the bark of trees, and these articles are given a legal-tender character. When a civilized nation comes in contact with a barbarous people they seek to trade with them for those things which they need; a metal-working people, manufacturing weapons of iron or copper, will seek for the useful metals, and hence we find iron, copper, tin, and lead coming into use as a standard of values—as money; for they can always be converted into articles of use and weapons of war. But when we ask how it chanced that gold and silver came to be used as money, and why it is that gold is regarded as so much more valuable than silver, no answer presents itself. It was impossible to make either of them into pots or pans, swords or spears; they were not necessarily more beautiful than glass or the combinations of tin and copper. Nothing astonished the American races GOLD AND SILVER SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS. 345 more than the extraordinary value set upon gold and silver by the Spaniards; they could not understand it. A West Indian savage traded a handful of gold-dust with one of the sailors ac- companying Columbus for some tool, and then ran for his life to the woods lest the sailor should repent his bargain and call him back. The Mexicans had coins of tin shaped like a letter T. We can understand this, for tin was necessary to them in hardening their bronze implements, and it may have been the highest type of metallic value among them. A round copper coin with a serpent stamped on it was found at Palenque, and T-shaped copper coins are very abundant in the ruins of Cen- tral Ainerica. This too we can understand, for copper was nec- essary in every work of art or utility. All these nations were familiar with gold and silver, but they used them as sacred metals for the adornment of the temples of the sun and moon. The color of gold was something of the color of the sun's rays, while the color of silver resembled the pale light of the moon, and hence they were respectively sa- cred to the gods of the sun and moon. And this is probably the origin of the comparative value of these metals: they be- came the precious metals because they were the sacred metals, and gold was more valuable than silver, just as the sun-god was the great god of the nations, while the mild moon was simply an attendant upon the sun. The Peruvians called gold “the tears wept by the sun.” It was not used among the people for ornament or money. The great temple of the sun at Cuzco was called the “Place of Gold.” It was, as I have shown, literally a mine of gold. Walls, cornices, statuary, plate, ornaments, all were of gold; the very ewers, pipes, and aqueducts — even the agricultural implements used in the garden of the temple—were of gold and silver. The value of the jewels which adorned the temple was equal to one hundred and eighty millions of dollars! The riches of the kingdom can be conceived when we remember that from a pyramid in Chimu a Spanish explorer named 15* 346 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Toledo took, in 1577, $4,450,284 in gold and silver. (“New American Cyclopædia,” art. American Antiquities.) The gold and silver of Peru largely contributed to forın the metallic cur- rency upon which Europe has carried on her commerce during the last three hundred years. Gold and silver were not valued in Peru for any intrinsic usefulness; they were regarded as sacred because reserved for the two great gods of the nation. As we find gold and silver mined and worked on both sides of the Atlantic at the earliest periods of recorded history, we may fairly conclude that they were known to the Atlantcans; and this view is confirmed by the statements of Plato, who represents a condition of things in Atlantis exactly like that which Pizarro found in Peru. Doubt- less the vast accumulations of gold and silver in both countries were due to the fact that these metals were not permitted to be used by the people. In Peru the annual taxes of the people were paid to the Inca in part in gold and silver from the mines, and they were used to ornament the temples; and thus the work of accumulating the sacred metals went on from gener- ation to generation. The same process doubtless led to the vast accumulations in the temples of Atlantis, as described by Plato. Now, as the Atlanteans carried on an immense commerce with all the countries of Europe and Western Asia, they doubt- less inquired and traded for gold and silver for the adornment of their temples, and they thus produced a demand for and gave a value to the two metals otherwise comparatively useless to man—a value higher than any other commodity which the people could offer their civilized customers; and as the rever- ence for the great burning orb of the sun, master of all the manifestations of nature, was tenfold as great as the veneration for the smaller, weaker, and variable goddess of the night, so was the demand for the metal sacred to the sun ten times as great as for the metal sacred to the moon. This view is con- firmed by the fact that the root of the word by which the Celts, GOLD AND SILVER SACRED METALS OF ATLANTIS. 347 the Greeks, and the Romans designated gold was the Sanscrit word harat, which means," the color of the sun." Among the Assyrians gold and silver were respectively consecrated to the sun and moon precisely as they were in Peru. A pyramid be- longing to the palace of Nineveh is referred to repeatedly in the inscriptions. It was composed of seven stages, equal in height, and each one smaller in area than the one beneath it; each stage was covered with stucco of different colors, “a dif- ferent color representing each of the heavenly bodies, the least important being at the base: white (Venus); black (Saturn); purple (Jupiter); blue (Mercury); vermillion (Mars); silver (the Moon); and gold (the Sun)." (Lenormant's “Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p. 463.) “In England, to this day the new moon is saluted with a bow or a courtesy, as well as the curious practice of turning one's silver,' which seems a relic of the offering of the moon's proper metal.” (Tylor's “ An- thropology, p. 361.) The custom of wishing, when one first sees the new moon, is probably a survival of moon-worship; the wish taking the place of the prayer. And thus has it come to pass that, precisely as the physicians of Europe, fifty years ago, practised bleeding, because for thou- sands of years their savage ancestors had used it to draw away the evil spirits out of the man, so the business of our modern civilization is dependent upon the superstition of a past civiliza- tion, and the bankers of the world are to-day perpetuating the adoration of "the tears wept by the sun” which was com- menced ages since on the island of Atlantis. And it becomes a grave question—when we remember that the rapidly increasing business of the world, consequent upon an increasing population, and a civilization advancing with giant steps, is measured by the standard of a currency limited by natural laws, decreasing annually in production, and incapa- ble of expanding proportionately to the growth of the world- whether this Atlantean superstition may not yet inflict more incalculable injuries on mankind than those which resulted from the practice of phlebotomy. THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES. 349 Dr. Le Plongeon, who spent four years exploring Yucatan, says: “One-third of this tongue (the Maya) is pure Greek. Who brought the dialect of Homer to America ? or who took to Greece that of the Mayas? Greek is the offspring of the San-. scrit. Is Maya? or are they coeval? ... The Maya is not de- void of words from the Assyrian.” That the population of Central America (and in this term I include Mexico) was at one time very dense, and bad attain- ed to a high degree of civilization, higher even than that of En- rope in the time of Columbus, there can be no question; and it is also probable, as I have shown, that they originally be- longed to the wbite race. Désirè Charnay, who is now explor- ing the ruins of Central America, says (North American Re- view, January, 1881, p. 48), “The Toltecs were fair, robust, and bearded. I have often seen Indians of pure blood with blue eyes.” Quetzalcoatl was represented as large, “ with a big head and a heavy beard.” The same author speaks (page 44) of “the ocean of ruins all around, not inferior in size to those of Egypt.” At Teotihuacan he measured one building two thonsand feet wide on each side, and fifteen pyramids, each nearly as large in the base as Cheops. “The city is indeed of vast extent ... the whole ground, over a space of five or six miles in diameter, is covered with heaps of ruins-ruins which at first make no impression, so complete is their dilapidation." He asserts the great antiquity of these ruins, because he found the very highways of the ancient city to be composed of broken bricks and pottery, the débris left by earlier populations. “This continent,” he says (page 43), “is the land of mysteries; we here enter an infinity whose limits we cannot estimate. ... I shall soon have to quit work in this place. The long avenue on which it stands is lined with ruins of public buildings and pal- aces, forming continuous lines, as in the streets of modern cities. Still, all these edifices and halls were as nothing compared with the vast substructures which strengthened their foundations." 350 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. We find the strongest resemblances to the works of the an. cient European races: the masonry is similar; the cement is the same; the sculptures are alike; both peoples used the arch; in both continents we find bricks, glassware, and even porcelain (North American Review, December, 1880, pp. 524, 525), “ with - blue figures on a white ground;" also bronze composed of the same elements of copper and tin in like proportions; coins made of copper, round and T-shaped, and even metallic can- dlesticks. Dësirè Charnay believes that he has found in the ruins of Tula the bones of swine, sheep, oxen, and biorses, in a fossil state, in- dicating an immense antiquity. The Toltecs possessed a pure and simple religion, like that of Atlantis, as described by Plato, with the same sacrifices of fruits and flowers; they were farm- ers; they raised and wove cotton ; they cultivated fruits; they used the sign of the Cross extensively; they cut and engraved precious stones; among their carvings have been found repre- sentations of the elephant and the lion, both animals not known in America. The forms of sepulture were the same as among the ancient races of the Old World ; they burnt the bodies of their great men, and enclosed the dust in funeral urns; some of their dead were buried in a sitting position, others reclined at full length, and many were embalmed like the Egyptian mummies. When we turn to Mexico, the same resemblances present theinselves. The government was an elective monarchy, like that of Po- land, the king being selected from the royal family by the votes of the nobles of the kingdom. There was a royal fami- ly, an aristocracy, a privileged priesthood, a judiciary, and a common people. Here we have all the several estates into which society in Europe is divided. There were thirty grand nobles in the kingdom, and the vastness of the realın may be judged by the fact that each of these could muster one hundred thousand vassals from their THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES. 351 own estates, or a total of three millions. And we have only to read of the vast hordes brought into the field against Cortez to know that this was not an exaggeration. They even possessed that which has been considered the crowning feature of European society, the feudal system. They nobles held their lands upon the tenure of military service. But the most striking feature was the organization of the judiciary. The judges were independent even of the king, and held their offices for life. There were supreme judges for the larger divisions of the kingdom, district judges in each of the provinces, and magistrates chosen by the people throughout the country. There was also a general legislative assembly, congress, or parliainent, held every eighty days, presided over by the king, consisting of all the judges of the realm, to which the last ap- peal lay. “The rites of marriage,” says Prescott, “ were celebrated with as much formality as in any Christian country; and the institution was held in such reverence that a tribunal was insti- tuted for the sole purpose of determining questions relating to it. Divorces could not be obtained until authorized by a sen- tence of the court, after a patient hearing of the parties.” Slavery was tolerated, but the labors of the slave were light, his rights carefully guarded, and his children were free. The slave could own property, and even other slaves. Their religion possessed so many features similar to those of the Old World, that the Spanish priests declared the devil bad given them a bogus imitation of Christianity to destroy their sonls. “The devil,” said they, “stole all he could." They had confessions, absolution of sins, and baptism. When their children were named, they sprinkled their lips and bosoms with water, and “the Lord was implored to permit the holy drops to wash away the sin that was given it before the foundation of the world." The priests were numerous and powerful. They practised 352 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLL. fasts, vigils, flagellations, and many of them lived in monastic seclusion. The Aztecs, like the Egyptians, had progressed through all the three different modes of writing—the picture-writing, the symbolical, and the phonetic. They recorded all their laws, their tribute-rolls specifying the various imposts, their mythol- ogy, astronomical calendars, and rituals, their political annals and their chronology. They wrote on cotton-cloth, on skins prepared like parchment, on a composition of silk and gum, and on a species of paper, soft and beautiful, made from the aloe. Their books were about the size and shape of our own, but the leaves were long strips folded together in many folds. They wrote poetry and cultivated oratory, and paid much attention to rhetoric. They also had a species of theatrical performances. Their proficiency in astronomy is thus spoken of by Pres- cott: “That they should be capable of accurately adjusting their festivals by the movements of the heavenly bodies, and should fix the true length of the tropical year with a precision un- known to the great philosophers of antiquity, could be the result only of a long series of nice and patient observations, evincing no slight progress in civilization." “Their women,” says the same author, "are described by the Spaniards as pretty, though with a serious and rather mel- ancholy cast of countenance. Their long, black hair might generally be seen wreathed with flowers, or, among the richer people, with strings of precious stones and pearls from the Gulf of California. They appear to have been treated with much consideration by their husbands; and passed their time in in- dolent tranquillity, or in such feminine occupations as spinning, embroidery, and the like; while their maidens beguiled the hours by the rehearsal of traditionary tales and ballads. “Numerous attendants of both sexes waited at the banquets. The halls were scented with perfumes, and the courts strewed with odoriferous herbs and flowers, which were distributed in profusion among the guests as they arrived. Cotton napkins and ewers of water were placed before them as they took their THE CENTRAL AMERICAN AND MEXICAN COLONIES. 353 seats at the board. Tobacco was then offered, in pipes, mixed with aromatic substances, or in the form of cigars inserted in tubes of tortoise-shell or silver. It is a curious fact that the Aztecs also took the dried tobacco leaf in the pulverized form of snuff. “The table was well supplied with substantial meats, espe- cially game, among which the most conspicuous was the turkey. Also, there were found vegetables and fruits of every delicious variety dative to the continent. Their palate was still further regaled by confections and pastry, for which their maize-flower and sugar furnished them ample materials. The meats were kept warm with chafing - dishes. The table was ornamented COMMON FORM OF ARCU, CENTRAL AMERIOA. with vases of silver and sometimes gold of delicate workman- ship. The favorite beverage was chocolatl, flavored with va- milla and different spices. The fermented juice of the maguey, with a mixture of sweets and acids, supplied various agreeable drinks of different degrees of strength.” It is not necessary to describe their great public works, their Boating gardens, their aqueducts, bridges, forts, temples, pal- 354 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. TUTTAR STANLORIA T LAURA COUNTRIES MOTOR LUE SECTION OF THE TREASURE-LOUSE OF ATREUS AT MYCENE. aces, and gigantic pyramids, all ornamented with wonderful stat- wait. We find a strong resemblance between the forin of arch used in the architecture of Central America and that of the oldest buildings of Greece. The Palenque arch is made by the gradual overlapping of the strata of the building, as shown in the accompanying cut from Baldwin's “ Ancient America," page 100. It was the custom of these ancient architects to fill in the arch itself with masonry, as shown in the picture H / nៃថាពររបពេលដែល ។ ARON OF LAS MONJAS, PALENQUE, CENTRAL AMERICA. 358 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER II. THE EGYPTIAN COLONY. What proofs have we that the Egyptians were a colony from Atlantis ? 1. They claimed descent from “the twelve great gods," which must have meant the twelve gods of Atlantis, to wit, Poseidon and Cleito and their ten sons. 2. According to the traditions of the Phænicians, the Egyp- tians derived their civilization from them; and as the Egyp- tians far antedated the rise of the Phænician nations proper, this must have meant that Egypt derived its civilization from the same country to which the Phænicians owed their own origin. The Phænician legends show that Misor, from whom the Egyptians were descended, was the child of the Phænician gods Amynus and Magus. Misor gave birth to Taaut, the god of letters, the inventor of the alphabet, and Taaut became Thoth, the god of history of the Egyptians. Sanchoniathon tells us that “ Chrorios (king of Atlantis) visited the South, and gave all Egypt to the god Taaut, that it might be his kingdom.” “Misor" is probably the king “Mestor” nained by Plato. 3. According to the Bible, the Egyptians were descendants of Ham, who was one of the three sons of Noah who escaped from the Deluge, to wit, the destruction of Atlantis. 4. The great similarity between the Egyptian civilization and that of the American nations. 5. The fact that the Egyptians claimed to be red men. - 6. The religion of Egypt was pre-eminently sun-worship; and Ra was the sun-god of Egypt, Rama, the sun of the Hin- THE EGYPTIAN COLOVY. 359 doos, Rana, a god of the Toltecs, Raymi, the great festival of the sun of the Peruvians, and Rayam, a god of Yemen. 7. The presence of pyramids in Egypt and America. 8. The Egyptians were the only people of antiquity who were well-informed as to the history of Atlantis. The Egyp- tians were never a maritime people, and the Atlanteans must have brought that knowledge to them. They were not likely to send ships to Atlantis. 9. We find another proof of the descent of the Egyptians from Atlantis in their belief as to the “under-world." This land of the dead was situated in the West-hence the tombs were all placed, whenever possible, on the west bank of the Nile. The constant cry of the mourners as the funeral pro- cession moved forward was, “To the west; to the west.” This under-world was beyond the water, hence the funeral proces- sion always crossed a body of water. “Where the tombs were, as in most cases, on the west bank of the Nile, the Nile was crossed; where they were on the eastern shore the procession passed over a sacred lake." (R. S. Poole, Contemporary Re- view, August, 1881, p. 17.) In the procession was “a sacred ark of the sun," All this is very plain : the under - world in the West, the land of the dead, was Atlantis, the drowned world, the world beneath the horizon, beneath the sea, to which the peasants of Brittany looked from Cape Raz, the most western cape project- ing into the Atlantic. It was only to be reached from Egypt by crossing the water, and it was associated with the ark, the emblem of Atlantis in all lands. The soul of the dead man was supposed to journey to the under-world by “a water progress” (Ibid., p. 18), his destina- tion was the Elysian Fields, where mighty corn grew, and where he was expected to cultivate the carth ; “this task was of sn- preine importance.” (Ibid., p. 19.) The Elysian Fields were the “Elysion ” of the Greeks, the abode of the blessed, which we have seen was an island in the remote west." The Egyp. THE EGYPTIAN COLONY. 361 tain to. Their system of writing, also, is found to have been complete from the very first. ... “But what are we to think when the antiquary, grubbing in the dust and silt of five thousand years ago to discover some traces of infant effort-some rude specimens of the ages of Ma- gog and Mizraim, in which we may admire the germ that has since developed into a wonderful art-breaks his shins against an article so perfect that it equals if it does not excel the su- preme stretch of modern ability ? How shall we support the theory if it come to our knowledge that, before Noah was cold in his grave, bis descendants were adepts in construction and in the fine arts, and that their achievements were for magnitude such as, if we possess the requisite skill, we never attempt to emulate?... “As we have not yet discovered any trace of the rude, sav- age Egypt, but have seen her in her very earliest manifestations already skilful, erudite, and strong, it is impossible to deter- mine the order of her inventions. Light may yet be thrown upon her rise and progress, but our deepest researches have hitherto shown her to us as only the mother of a most accom- plished race. How they came by their knowledge is matter for speculation; that they possessed it is matter of fact. We never find them without the ability to organize labor, or shrink- ing from the very boldest efforts in digging canals and irrigat- ing, in quarrying rock, in building, and in sculpture.” The explanation is simple: the waters of the Atlantic now flow over the country where all this magnificence and power were developed by slow stages from the rude beginnings of barbarism. And how mighty must have been the parent nation of which this Egypt was a colony ! Egypt was the magnificent, the golden bridge, ten thousand years long, glorious with temples and pyramids, illuminated and illustrated by the most complete and continuous records of human history, along which the civilization of Atlantis, in a great procession of kings and priests, philosophers and astron- omers, artists and artisans, streamed forward to Greece, to Rome, to Europe, to America. As far back in the ages as the 16 362 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. eye can penetrate, even where the perspective dwindles almost to a point, we can still see the swarming multitudes, possessed of all the arts of the highest civilization, pressing forward from out that other and greater empire of which even this wonder- working Nile-land is but a faint and imperfect copy. Look at the record of Egyptian greatness as preserved in her works : The pyramids, still in their ruins, are the marvel of mankind. The river Nile was diverted from its course by mon- strous embankments to make a place for the city of Memphis. The artificial lake of Mæris was created as a reservoir for the waters of the Nile: it was four hundred and fifty miles in cir- cumference and three hundred and fifty feet deep, with sub- terranean channels, flood-gates, locks, and dams, by which the wilderness was redeemed from sterility. Look at the magnifi- cent mason-work of this ancient people! Mr. Kenrick, speak- ing of the casing of the Great Pyramid, says, “The joints are scarcely perceptible, and not wider than the thickness of silver- paper, and the cement so tenacious that fragments of the cas- ing-stones still remain in their original position, notwithstand- ing the lapse of so many centuries, and the violence by which they were detached.” Look at the ruins of the Labyrinth, which aroused the astonishment of Herodotus; it had three thousand chambers, half of them above ground and half below -a combination of courts, chambers, colonnades, statues, and pyramids. Look at the Temple of Karnac, covering a square each side of which is eighteen hundred feet. Says a recent writer, “Travellers one and all appear to have been unable to find words to express the feelings with which these sublime remains inspired them. They have been astounded and over- come by the magnificence and the prodigality of workmanship here to be admired. Courts, halls, gate-ways, pillars, obelisks, monolithic figures, sculptures, rows of sphinxes, are massed in such profusion that the sight is too much for modern compre- hension.” Denon says, “It is hardly possible to believe, after having seen it, in the reality of the existence of so many build- THE EGYPTIAN COLONY. 363 ings collected on a single point-in their dimensions, in the resolute perseverance which their construction required, and in the incalculable expense of so much magnificence.” And again, “ It is necessary that the reader should fancy what is before him to be a dream, as he who views the objects them- selves occasionally yields to the doubt whether he be perfectly awake.” There were lakes and mountains within the periphery of the sanctuary. “The cathedral of Notre Dame at Paris could be set inside one of the halls of Karnac, and not touch the walls ! ... The whole valley and delta of the Nile, from the Catacombs to the sea, was covered with temples, palaces, tombs, pyramids, and pillars.” Every stone was covered with inscriptions. The state of society in the early days of Egypt approximated very closely to our modern civilization. Religion consisted in the worship of one God and the practice of virtue; forty-two commandments prescribed the duties of men to themselves, their neighbors, their country, and the Deity; a heaven await- ed the good and a hell the vicious; there was a judgment-day when the hearts of men were weighed: “He is sifting out the hearts of men Before his judgment-seat.” Monogamy was the strict rule; not even the kings, in the early days, were allowed to have more than one wife. The wife's rights of separate property and her dower were protected by law; she was "the lady of the house;" she could "buy, sell, and trade on her own account;" in case of divorce her dowry was to be repaid to her, with interest at a high rate. The marriage-ceremony embraced an oath not to contract any other matrimonial alliance. The wife's status was as high in the earliest days of Egypt as it is now in the most civilized nations of Europe or America. Slavery was permitted, but the slaves were treated with the greatest humanity. In the confessions, buried with the dead, 364 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. the soul is made to declare that “I have not incriminated the slave to his master.” There was also a clause in the command- ments “which protected the laboring man against the exac- tion of more than his day's labor.” They were merciful to the captives made in war; no picture represents torture inflicted upon them; while the representation of a sea-fight shows them saving their drowning enemies. Reginald Stuart Poole says ( Contemporary Review, August, 1881, p. 43): “When we consider the high ideal of the Egyptians, as proved by their portrayals of a just life, the principles they laid down as the basis of ethics, the elevation of women among them, their humanity in war, we must admit that their moral place ranks very high among the nations of antiquity. “The true comparison of Egyptian life is with that of mod- ern nations. This is far too difficult a task to be here under- taken. Enough has been said, however, to show that we need not think that in all respects they were far behind us." Then look at the proficiency in art of this ancient people. They were the first mathematicians of the Old World. Those Greeks whom we regard as the fathers of mathematics were simply pupils of Egypt. They were the first land-survey- ors. They were the first astronomers, calculating eclipses, and watching the periods of planets and constellations. They knew the rotundity of the earth, which it was supposed Columbus had discovered ! “The signs of the zodiac were certainly in use among the Egyptians 1722 years before Christ. One of the learned men of our day, who for fifty years labored to decipher the hiero- glyphics of the ancients, found upon a mummy - case in the British Museum a delineation of the signs of the zodiac, and the position of the planets; the date to which they pointed was the autumnal equinox of the year 1722 B.C. Professor Mitchell, to whom the fact was communicated, emploved his assistants to ascertain the exact position of the heavenly bodies belonging to our solar system on the equinox of that year. This was done, and a diagram furnished by parties ignorant of his object, which showed that on the 7th of October, 1722 B.C., THE EGYPTIAN COLONY, 367 been reached by thousands of years of progress. In museums still may be examined the work of their joiners, stone-cutters, goldsmiths, wonderful in skill and finish, and often putting to shame the modern artificer. . . . To see gold jewellery of the highest order, the student should examine that of the ancients, such as the Egyptian, Greek, and Etruscan.” The carpenters' and masons' tools of the ancient Egyptians were almost identical with those used among us to-day. There is a plate showing an Aztec priestess in Delafield's “ Antiquities of America,” p. 61, which presents a head-dress strikingly Egyptian. In the celebrated “ tablet of the cross," at Palenque, we see a cross with a bird perched upon it, to which (or to the cross) two priests are offering sacrifice. In Mr. Stephens's representation from the Vocal Memnon we find almost the same thing, the difference being that, instead of an ornamented Latin cross, we have a crux commissa, and instead of one bird there are two, not on the cross, but immediately above it. In both cases the hieroglyphics, though the char- acters are of course different, are disposed upon the stone in much the same manner. (Bancroft's “Native Races,” vol. v., p. 61.) Even the obelisks of Egypt have their counterpart in America. Quoting from Molina (“ History of Chili,” tom. i., p. 169), McCullough writes, “Between the hills of Mendoza and La Punta is a pillar of stone one hundred and fifty feet high, and twelve feet in diameter.” (“Researches,” pp. 171, 172.) The columns of Copan stand detached and solitary, so do the obe- lisks of Egypt; both are square or four-sided, and covered with sculpture. (Bancroft's “Native Races," vol. v., p. 60.) In a letter by Jomard, quoted by Delafield, we read, “I have recognized in your memoir on the division of time among the Mexican nations, compared with those of Asia, some very striking analogies between the Toltec characters and institutions observed on the banks of the Nile. Among these . THE EGYPTIAN COLONY. 369 which transmitted some part of its astronomical knowledge to its colonies through their respective priesthoods. Can we, in the presence of such facts, doubt the statements of the Egyptian priests to Solon, as to the glory and greatness of Atlantis, its monuments, its sculpture, its laws, its religion, its civilization ? In Egypt we have the oldest of the Old World children of Atlantis ; in her magnificence we have a testimony to the de- velopment attained by the parent country; by that country whose kings were the gods of succeeding nations, and whose kingdom extended to the uttermost ends of the earth. The Egyptian historian, Manetho, referred to a period of thirteen thousand nine hundred years as “the reign of the gods,” and placed this period at the very beginning of Egyp- tian history. These thirteen thousand-nine hundred years were probably a recollection of Atlantis. Such a lapse of time, vast as it may appear, is but as a day compared with some of our recognized geological epochs. 16* CHAPTER III. THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. If we will suppose a civilized, maritime people to have plant ed colonies, in the remote past, along the headlands and shores of the Gulf of Mexico, spreading thence, in time, to the table- lands of Mexico and to the plains and mountains of New Mex- ico and Colorado, what would be more natural than that these adventurous navigators, passing around the shores of the Golf, should, sooner or later, discover the mouth of the Mississippi River; and what more certain than that they would enter it, ex- plore it, and plant colonies along its shores, wherever they found a fertile soil and a salubrious climate. Their outlying provinces would penetrate even into regions where the severity of the climate would prevent great density of population or develop- ment of civilization. The results we have presupposed are precisely those which we find to have existed at one time in the Mississippi Valley. The Mound Builders of the United States were pre-eminent- ly a river people. Their densest settlements and greatest works were near the Mississippi and its tributaries. Says Foster (“ Pre- historic Races," p. 110), “The navigable streams were the great highways of the Mound Builders.” Mr. Fontaine claims (“How the World was Peopled ") that this ancient people constructed "levees" to control and utilize the bayous of the Mississippi for the purpose of agri- culture and commerce. The Yazoo River is called Yazoo-ok- hinnah—the River of Ancient Ruins. “There is no evidence that they had reached the Atlantic coast; no authentic re- 372 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The Mound Builders had attained a considerable degree of civilization; they were able to form, in the construction of their works, perfect circles and perfect squares of great accuracy, car- ried over the varying surface of the country. One large en- closure comprises exactly forty acres. At Hopetown, Ohio, are two walled figures-one a square, the other a circle-each con- taining precisely twenty acres. They must have possessed reg- ular scales of measurement, and the means of determining an- gles and of computing the area to be enclosed by the square and thic circle, so that the space enclosed by each might ex- actly correspond. “The most skilful engineer of this day would find it diffi- cult,” says Mr. Squier, “ without the aid of instruments, to lay down an accurate square of the great dimensions above repre- sented, measuring, as they do, more than four-fifths of a mile in circumference. ... But we not only find accurate squares and perfect circles, but also, as we have seen, octagons of great dimensions." They also possessed an accurate system of weights; bracelets of copper on the arms of a skeleton have been found to be of uniform size, measuring cach two and nine-tenth inches, and each weighing precisely four ounces. They built great military works surrounded by walls and ditches, with artificial lakes in the centre to supply water. One work, Fort Ancient, on the Little Miami River, Ohio, has a cir- cuit of between four and five miles; the embankment was twenty feet high; the fort could have held a garrison of sixty thousand men with their families and provisions. Not only do we find pyramidal structures of earth in the Mississippi Valley very much like the pyramids of Egypt, Mex- ico, and Peru, but a very singular structure is repeated in Ohio and Peru: I refer to the double walls or prolonged pyramids, if I may coin an expression, shown in the cut page 375. The Mound Builders possessed chains of fortifications reach- ing from the southern line of New York diagonally across the ΣΤΗ ΚΑ!! Η. . Η Η . Σ OEADED WAY NEAR PIKETON, οπιο. 376 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. mound is 155 feet long, and the other two each 110 feet in length. Is this curious design a reminiscence of Atlantis and the three-pronged trident of Poseidon? (See 4th fig., p. 242, ante.) The Mound Builders made sun-dried brick mixed with rushes, as the Egyptians made sun-dried bricks mixed with straw; they worked in copper, silver, lead, and there are evidences, as we shall see, that they wrought even in iron. Copper implements are very numerous in the mounds. Cop- per axes, spear - heads, hollow buttons, bosses for ornaments, bracelets, rings, etc., are found in very many of them strikingly similar to those of the Bronze Age in Europe. In one in But- ler County, Ohio, was found a copper fillet around the head of a skeleton, with strange devices marked upon it. Silver ornaments have also been found, but not in such great numbers. They seem to have attached a high value to silver, and it is often found in thin sheets, no thicker than paper, wrapped over copper or stone ornaments so neatly as almost to escape detection. The great esteem in which they held a metal so intrinsically valueless as silver, is another evidence that they must have drawn their superstitions from the same source as the European nations. Copper is also often found in this manner plated over stone pipes, presenting an unbroken metallic lustre, the overlapping edges so well polished as to be scarcely discoverable. Beads and stars made of shells have sometimes been found doubly plated, first with copper then with silver. The Mound Builders also understood the art of casting metals, or they held intercourse with some race who did; a copper axe "cast” has been found in the State of New York. (Sec Lubbock's “Prehistoric Times,” p. 254, note.) Professor Foster (“Prehistoric Races,” p. 259) also proves that the an- cient people of the Mississippi Valley possessed this art, and he gives us representations of various articles plainly showing the marks of the mould upon them. THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 377 A rude article in the shape of an axe, composed of pure lead, weighing about half a pound, was found in sinking a well within the trench of the ancient works at Circleville. There can be no doubt it was the production of the Mound Builders, as galena has often been found on the altars in the mounds. It has been generally thought, by Mr. Squier and others, that there were no evidences that the Mound Builders were ac- quainted with the use of iron, or that their plating was more than a simple overlaying of one metal on another, or on some foreign substance. Some years since, however, a mound was opened at Marietta, Ohio, which seems to have refuted these opinions. Dr. S. P. Hildreth, in a letter to the American Antiquarian Society, thus speaks of it: “Lying immediately over or on the forehead of the body were found three large circular bosses, or ornaments for a sword-belt or buckler; they are composed of copper overlaid with a thick plate of silver. The fronts are slightly convex, with a depression like a cup in the centre, and they measure two inches and a quarter across the face of each. On the back side, opposite the depressed portion, is a copper rivet or nail, around which are two separate plates by which they were fast- ened to the leather. Two small pieces of leather were found lying between the plates of one of the bosses; they resemble the skin of a mummy, and seem to have been preserved by the salts of copper. Near the side of the body was found a plate of silver, which appears to have been the upper part of a sword scabbard; it is six inches in length, two in breadth, and weighs one ounce. It seems to have been fastened to the scabbard by three or four rivets, the holes of which remain in the silver. “ Two or three pieces of copper tube were also found, filled with iron rust. These pieces, from their appearance, composed the lower end of the scabbard, near the point of the sword. No signs of the sword itself were discovered, except the rust above mentioned. " The mound had every appearance of being as old as any in the neighborhood, and was at the first settlement of Marietta covered with large trees. It seems to have been made for this 378 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. single personage, as this skeleton alone was discovered. The bones were very much decayed, and many of them crumbled to dust upon exposure to the air.” Mr. Squier says, “These articles have been critically ex- amined, and it is beyond doubt that the copper bosses were absolutely plated, not simply overlaid, with silver. Between the copper and the silver exists a connection such as, it seems to me, could only be produced by heat, and if it is admitted that these are genuine relics of the Mound Builders, it must, at the same time, be admitted that they possessed the difficult art of plating one metal upon another. There is but one alterna- tive, viz., that they had occasional or constant intercourse with a people advanced in the arts, from whom these articles were obtained. Again, if Dr. Ilildreth is not mistaken, oxydized iron or steel was also discovered in connection with the above re- mains, from which also follows the extraordinary conclusion that the Mound Builders were acquainted with the use of iron, the conclusion being, of course, subject to the improbable alter- native already mentioned.” In connection with this subject, we would refer to the inter- esting evidences that the copper mines of the shore of Lake Superior had been at some very remote period worked by the Mound Builders. There were found deep excavations, with rude ladders, huge masses of rock broken off, also numerous stone tools, and all the evidences of extensive and long-contin- ued labor. It is even said that the great Ontonagon mass of pure copper which is now in Washington was excavated by these ancient miners, and that when first found its surface showed numerous marks of their tools. There seems to be no doubt, then, that the Mound Builders were familiar with the use of copper, silver, and lead, and in all probability of iron. They possessed various mechanical contrivances. They were very probably acquainted with the lathe. Beads of shell have been found, looking very much like ivory, and showing the circular striæ, identical with those pro- duced by turning in a lathe. In a mound on the Scioto River was found around the neck THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 379 of a skeleton triple rows of beads, made of marine shells and the tusks of some animal, “Several of these," says Squier, “still retain their polish, and bear marks which seem to indicate that they were turned in some machine, instead of being carved or rubbed into shape by hand.” “Not among the least interesting and remarkable relics," continues the same author, “obtained from the mounds are the stone tubes. They are all carved from fine-grained materials, capable of receiving a polish, and being made ornamental as well as useful. The finest specimen yet discovered, and which can scarcely be surpassed in the delicacy of its workmanship, was found in a mound in the immediate vicinity of Chillicothe. It is composed of a compact variety of slate. This stone cuts with great clearness, and receives a fine though not glaring polish. The tube under notice is thirteen inches long by one and one-tenth in diameter; one end swells slightly, and the other terminates in a broad, flattened, triangular mouth-piece of fine proportions, which is carved with mathematical preci- sion. It is drilled throughout; the bore is seven-tenths of an inch in diameter at the cylindrical end of the tube, and retains that calibre until it reaches the point where the cylinder sub- sides into the mouth-piece, when it contracts gradually to one- tenth of an inch. The inner surface of the tube is perfectly smooth till within a short distance of the point of contraction. For the remaining distance the circular stria, formed by the drill in boring, are distinctly marked. The carving upon it is very fine.” That they possessed saws is proved by the fact that on some fossil teeth found in one of the mounds the striæ of the teeth of the saw could be distinctly perceived. When we consider that some of their porphyry carvings will turn the edge of the best-tempered knife, we are forced to con- clude that they possessed that singular process, known to the Mexicans and Peruvians, of tempering copper to the hardness of steel. 380 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. We find in the mounds adzes similar in shape to our own, with the edges bevelled from the inside. Drills and gravers of copper have also been found, with chisel-shaped edges or sharp points. “It is not impossible,” says Squier, “but, on the contrary, very probable, from a close inspection of the mound pottery, that the ancient people possessed the simple approximation toward the potter's wheel; and the polish which some of the finer vessels possess is due to other causes than vitrification." Their sculptures show a considerable degree of progress. They consist of figures of birds, animals, reptiles, and the faces of men, carved from various kinds of stones, upon the bowls of pipes, upon toys, upon rings, and in distinct and sepa- rate figures. We give the opinions of those who have exam- ined them. Mr. Squier observes: “Various though not abundant speci- mens of their skill have been recovered, which in elegance of model, delicacy, and finish, as also in fineness of material, come fully up to the best Peruvian specimens, to which they bcar, in many respects, a close resemblance. The bowls of most of the stone pipes are carved in miniature figures of animals, birds, reptiles, etc. All of them are executed with strict fidelity to nature, and with exquisite skill. Not only are the features of the objects faithfully represented, but their peculiarities and habits are in some degree exhibited. ... The two heads bere presented, intended to represent the eagle, are far superior in point of finish, spirit, and truthfulness, to any miniature cary- ings, ancient or modern, which have fallen under the notice of the authors. The peculiar defiant expression of the king of birds is admirably preserved in the carving, which in this re- spect, more than any other, displays the skill of the artist.” Traces of cloth with “doubled and twisted fibre” have been found in the mounds; also matting; also shuttle-like tablets, used in weaving. There have also been found numerous musi- cal pipes, with mouth-pieces and stops; lovers' pipes, curiously and delicately carved, reminding us of Bryant's lines- THE COLONIES OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 383 “Till twilight came, and lovers walked and wooed In a forgotten language; and old tunes, From instruments of unremembered forms, Gave the soft winds a voice." There is evidence which goes to prove that the Mound Builders had relations with the people of a semi-tropical re- gion in the direction of Atlantis. Among their sculptures, in Ohio, we find accurate representations of the lamantinc, mana- tee, or sea-cow—found to-day on the shores of Florida, Brazil, and Central America—and of the toucan, a tropical and almost exclusively South American bird. Sea-shells from the Gulf, pearls from the Atlantic, and obsidian from Mexico, have also been found side by side in their mounds. The antiquity of their works is now generally conceded. "From the ruins of Nineveh and Babylon,” says Mr. Glid- don, “ we have bones of at least two thousand five hundred years old; from the pyramids and the catacombs of Egypt both mummied and unmummied crania have been taken, of still higher antiquity, in perfect preservation; nevertheless, the skeletons deposited in our Indian mounds, from the Lakes to the Gulf, are crumbling into dust through age alone." All the evidence points to the conclusion that civilized or semi-civilized man has dwelt on the western continent from a vast antiquity. Maize, tobacco, quinoa, and the mandico plants have been cultivated so long that their wild originals have quite disappeared. “ The only species of palm cultivated by the South American Indians, that known as the Gulielma speciosa, has lost through that culture its original nut-like seed, and is dependent on the hands of its cultivators for its life. Alluding to the above- named plants Dr. Brinton (“Myths of the New World," p. 37) remarks, 'Several are sure to perish unless fostered by human care. What numberless ages does this suggest? How many centuries elapsed ere man thought of cultivating Indian corn? How many more ere it had spread over nearly a hundred de- grees of latitude and lost all resemblance to its original form ?' 396 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Gaul and Britain drew southward upon the destruction of Rome. 7. The Natchez Indians, who are supposed to have descend- ed from the Mound Builders, kept a perpetual fire burning be- fore an altar, watched by old men who were a sort of priest- hood, as in Europe. 8. If the tablet said to have been found in a mound near Davenport, Iowa, is genuine, which appears probable, the Mound Builders must either have possessed an alphabet, or have held intercourse with some people who did. (Sce“ North Americans of Antiquity," p. 38.) This singular relic exhibits what appears to be a sacrificial mound with a fire upon it; over it are the sun, moon, and stars, and above these a mass of hieroglyphics which bear some reseinblance to the letters of European alphabets, and especially to that unknown alphabet which appears upon the inscribed bronze celt found near Rome. (See p. 258 of this work.) For instance, one of the letters on the celt is this, A; on the Davenport tablet we find this sign, D; on the celt we have D ; on the tablet, d; on the celt we have b; on the tablet, 2. 388 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. als of ancient timos, and also poems and laws set in verse, for which they claim an antiquity of six thousand years.” (Strabo, lib. iii., p. 139.) The Iberians are represented to-day by the Basques. The Basques are “of middle size, compactly built, robust and agile, of a darker complexion than the Spaniards, with gray eyes and black hair. They are simple but proud, impetuous, merry, and hospitable. The women are beautiful, skilful in performing men's work, and remarkable for their vivacity and grace. The Basques are much attached to dancing, and are very fond of the music of the bagpipe.” (“New American Cyclopædia,” art. Basques.) "According to Paul Broca their language stands quite alone, or has mere analogies with the American type. Of all Euro- peans, we must provisionally hold the Basques to be the oldest inhabitants of our quarter of the world.” (Peschel, “ Races of Men," p. 501.) The Basque language - the Euscara-“has some common traits with the Magyar, Osmanli, and other dialects of the Altai family, as, for instance, with the Finnic on the old continent, as well as the Algonquin-Lenape language and some others in Amer- ica.” (“New American Cyclopædia,” art. Busques.) Duponceau says of the Basque tongue: “This language, preserved in a corner of Europe by a few thousand monntaineers, is the sole remaining fragment of, per- haps, a hundred dialects constructed on the same plan, which probably existed and were universally spoken at a remote pe- riod in that quarter of the world. Like the bones of the mam- moth, it remains a monument of the destruction produced by a succession of ages. It stands single and alone of its kind, sur- rounded by idioms that have no affinity with it." We have seen them settling, in the earliest ages, in Ireland. They also formed the base of the dark-haired population of England and Scotland. They seem to have race affinities with the Berbers, on the Mediterrancan coast of Africa. THE IBERIAN COLONIES OF ATLANTIS. 389 Dr. Bodichon, for fifteen years a surgeon in Algiers, says: “Persons who have inhabited Brittany, and then go to Algeria, are struck with the resemblance between the ancient Armori- cans (the Bretons) and the Cabyles (of Algiers). In fact, the moral and physical character is identical. The Breton of pure blood has a long head, light yellow complexion of bistre tinge, eyes black or brown, stature short, and the black hair of the Cabyle. Like him, he instinctively hates strangers; in both are the same perverseness and obstinacy, same endurance of fatigue, same love of independence, same inflexion of the voice, same expression of feelings. Listen to a Cabyle speaking his native tongue, and you will think you hear a Breton talking Celtic.” The Bretons, he tells us, form a strong contrast to the peo- ple around them, who are “ Celts of tall stature, with blue eyes, white skins, and blond hair: they are communicative, impetii- ous, versatile; they pass rapidly from courage to despair. The Bretons are entirely different: they are taciturn, hold strongly to their ideas and usages, are persevering and melancholic; in a word, both in morale and physique they present the type of a southern race—of the Atlanteans.” By Atlanteans Dr. Bodichon refers to the inhabitants of the Barbary States—that being one of the names by which they were known to the Greeks and Romans. He adds: “The Atlanteans, among the ancients, passed for the favorite children of Neptune; they made known the worship of this god to other nations—to the Egyptians, for example. In oth- er words, the Atlanteans were the first known navigators. Like all navigators, they must have planted colonies at a distance. The Bretons, in our opinion, sprung from one of them.” Neptune was Poseidon, according to Plato, founder of At- lantis. I could multiply proofs of the close relationship between the people of the Bronze Age of Europe and the ancient inhab- itants of Northern Africa, which should be read remember- ing that “connecting ridge” which, according to the deep-sea soundings, united Africa and Atlantis. 890 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER V. THE PERUVIAN COLONY. If we look at the map of Atlantis, as revealed by the deep sea soundings, we will find that it approaches at one point, by its connecting ridge, quite closely to the shore of South Amer- ica, above the mouth of the Amazon, and that probably it was originally connected with it. If the population of Atlantis expanded westwardly, it natu- rally found its way in its ships up the magnificent valley of the Amazon and its tributaries; and, passing by the low and fever- stricken lands of Brazil, it rested not until it had reached the high, fertile, beautiful, and healthful regions of Bolivia, from which it would eventually cross the mountains into Peru. Here it would establish its outlying colonies at the terminus of its western line of advance, arrested only by the Pacific Ocean, precisely as we have seen it advancing up the valley of the Mississippi, and carrying on its mining operations on the shores of Lake Superior; precisely as we have seen it going castward up the Mediterranean, past the Dardanelles, and founding Aryan, Hamitic, and probably Turanian colonies on the farther shores of the Black Sea and on the Caspian. This is the universal empire over which, the Hindoo books tell us, Deva Nahusha was ruler; this was "the great and aggressive empire" to which Plato alludes; this was the mighty kingdom, embracing the whole of the then known world, from which the Greeks obtained their conception of the universal father of all men in King Zeus. And in this universal empire Señor Lopez must find an explanation of the similarity which, as we THE PERUVIAN COLOVY. 391 shall show, exists between the speech of the South American Pacific coast on the one hand, and the speech of Gaul, Ireland, England, Italy, Greece, Bactria, and Hindostan on the other. Montesino tells us that at some time near the date of the Deluge, in other words, in the highest antiquity, America was invaded by a people with four leaders, named Ayar - inanco- topa, Ayar-chaki, Ayar-aucca, and Ayar-nyssu. “Ayar,” says Señor Lopez, “is the Sanscrit Ajar, or aje, and means primi- tive chief; and manco, chaki, aucca, and uyssu, mean believers, wanderers, soldiers, husbandmen. We have here a tradition of castes like that preserved in the four tribal names of Athens.” The laboring class (naturally enough in a new colony) obtained the supremacy, and its leader was named Pirhua- manco, re- vealer of Pir, light (Tūp, Umbrian pir). Do the laws which control the changes of language, by which a labial succeeds a labial, indicate that the Mero or Merou of Theopompus, the name of Atlantis, was carried by the colonists of Atlantis to South America (as the name of old York was transplanted in a later age to New York), and became in time Pérou or Peru ? Was not the Nubian “ Island of Merou," with its pyramids built by “red men,” a similar transplantation? And when the Hindoo priest points to his sacred emblem with five projecting points upon it, and tells us that they typify “Mero and the four quarters of the world," does he not refer to Atlantis and its ancient universal empire ? Manco, in the names of the Peruvian colonists, it has been urged, was the same as Mannus, Manu, and the Santhal Maniko. It reminds us of Menes, Minos, etc., who are found at the be- ginning of so many of the Old World traditions. The Quichuas—this invading people—were originally a fair- skinned race, with blue eyes and light and even anburn hair; they had regular features, large heads, and large bodies. Their descendants are to this day an olive-skinned people, much lighter in color than the Indian tribes subjugated by them. They were a great race. Peru, as it was known to the Span- 392 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. iards, held very much the same relation to the ancient Quichua civilization as England in the sixteenth century held to the civilization of the empire of the Cæsars. The Incas were sim- ply an offshoot, who, descending from the mountains, subdued the rude races of the sea-coast, and imposed their ancient civil- ization upon thein. The Quichua nation extended at one time over a region of country more than two thousand miles long. This whole region, when the Spaniards arrived, “was a populous and pros- perous empire, complete in its civil organization, supported by an efficient system of industry, and presenting a notable development of some of the more important arts of civilized life.” (Baldwin's “Ancient America,” p. 222.) The companions of Pizarro found everywhere the evidences of a civilization of vast antiquity. Cieça de Leon mentions “great edifices” that were in ruins at Tiahuanaca, “an artificial hill raised on a groundwork of stone,” and “two stone idols, apparently made by skilful artificers,” ten or twelve feet high, clothed in long robes. “In this place, also," says De Leon, “there are stones so large and so overgrown that our wonder is excited, it being incomprehensible how the power of man could have placed them where we see them. They are vari- ously wrought, and some of them, having the form of men, must have been idols. Near the walls are many caves and ex- cavations under the earth; but in another place, farther west, are other and greater monuments, such as large gate-ways with hinges, platforms, and porches, each made of a single stone. It surprised me to see these enormous gate-ways, made of great masses of stone, some of which were thirty feet long, fifteen high, and six thick.” The capital of the Chimus of Northern Peru at Gran-Chimu was conquered by the Incas after a long and bloody struggle, and the capital was given up to barbaric ravage and spoliation. “But its remains exist to-day, the marvel of the Southern Con- tinent, covering not less than twenty square miles. Tombs, 394 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Quito to Chili; another, starting from this at Cuzco, went down to the coast, and extended northward to the equator. These roads were from twenty to twenty-five feet wide, were macad- amized with pulverized stone mixed with lime and bituminous cement, and were walled in by strong walls “more than a fathom in thickness.” In many places these roads were cut for leagues through the rock; great ravines were filled up with solid masonry; rivers were crossed by suspension bridges, used here ages before their introduction into Europe. Says Bald- win, “ The builders of our Pacific Railroad, with their superior engineering skill and mechanical appliances, might reasonably shrink from the cost and the difficulties of such a work as this. Extending from one degree north of Quito to Cuzco, and from Cuzco to Chili, it was quite as long as the two Pacific railroads, and its wild route among the mountains was far more difficult." Sarmiento, describing it, said, “It seems to me that if the em- peror (Charles V.) should see fit to order the construction of another road like that which leads from Quito to Cuzco, or that which from Cuzco goes toward Chili, I certainly think he would not be able to make it, with all his power." Hum- boldt said, “This road was marvellous; none of the Roman roads I had seen in Italy, in the south of France, or in Spain, appeared to me more imposing than this work of the ancient Peruvians.” : Along these great roads caravansaries were established for the accommodation of travellers. These roads were ancient in the time of the Incas. They were the work of the white, auburn-haired, bearded men from Atlantis, thousands of years before the time of the Incas. When Huayna Capac marched his army over the main road to invade Quito, it was so old and decayed “that he found great difficulties in the passage," and he immediately ordered the necessary reconstructions. It is not necessary, in a work of this kind, to give a detailed description of the arts and civilization of the Peruvians. They 396 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD, vians and the ancient European races ; I will again briefly re- fer to a few of them : 1. They worshipped the sun, moon, and planets. 2. They believed in the immortality of the soul. 3. They believed in the resurrection of the body, and accord- ingly embalmed their dead. 4. The priest examined the entrails of the animals offered in sacrifice, and, like the Roman augurs, divined the future from their appearance. 5. They had an order of women vowed to celibacy-vestal virgins-nuns; and a violation of their vow was punished, in both continents, by their being buried alive. 6. They divided the year into twelve months. 7. Their enumeration was by tens; the people were divided into decades and hundreds, like the Anglo-Saxons; and the whole nation into bodies of 500, 1000, and 10,000, with a gov- ernor over each. 8. They possessed castes; and the trade of the father de- scended to the son, as in India. 9. They had bards and minstrels, who sung at the great festivals. 10. Their weapons were the same as those of the Old World, and made after the same pattern. 11. They drank toasts and invoked blessings. 12. They built triumphal arches for their returning heroes, and strewed the road before them with leaves and flowers. 13. They used sedan-chairs. 14. They regarded agriculture as the principal interest of the nation, and held great agricultural fairs and festivals for the interchange of the productions of the farmers. 15. The king opened the agricultural season by a great cele- bration, and, like the kings of Egypt, he put his hand to the plough, and ploughed the first furrow. 16. They had an order of knighthood, in which the candi- date knelt before the king; his sandals were put on by a no- THE PERUVIAN COLONY. 397 bleman, very much as the spurs were buckled on the European knight; he was then allowed to use the girdle or sash around the loins, corresponding to the a toga virilis of the Romans; CYCLOPEAN WALL, GREECE. he was then crowned with flowers. According to Fernandez, the candidates wore white shirts, like the knights of the Middle Ages, with a cross em- broidered in front. 17. There was a striking resemblance between the architect- ure of the Peruvians and that of some of the nations of the Old World. It is enough for me to quote Mr. Ferguson's words, that the coincidence between the buildings of the Incas --- TO 1934 CS RE OSNO- BIT. OYOLONEAN MASONRY, PERU. 398 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. and the Cyclopean remains attributed to the Pelasgians in Italy and Greece, “is the most remarkable in the history of archi- tecture.” The illustrations on page 397 strikingly confirm Mr. Fergu- son's views. “The sloping jambs, the window cornice, the polygonal ma- sonry, and other forms so closely resemble what is found in the old Pelasgic cities of Greece and Italy, that it is difficult to re- sist the conclusion that there may be some relation between them." Even the mode of decorating their palaces and temples finds a parallel in the Old World. A recent writer says: “We may end by observing, what seems to bave escaped Señor Lopez, that the interior of an Inca palace, with its walls OWL-HEADED VASE, TROY. OWL-HEADED VASE, PERU. covered with gold, as described by Spaniards, with its artificial golden flowers and golden beasts, must have been exactly like the interior of the house of Alkinous or Menelaus- THE PERUVIAN COLONY. 399 “The doors were framed of gold, Where underneath the brazen floor doth glass Silver pilasters, which with grace uphold Lintel of silver framed; the ring was burnished gold, And dogs on each side of the door there stand, Silver and golden.'” “I can personally testify” (says Winchell, “Preadamites," p. 387) “ that a study of ancient Peruvian pottery has constant- ly reminded me of forms with which we are familiar in Egyp- tian archæology." Dr. Schliemann, in his excavations of the ruins of Troy, found a number of what he calls “ owl-headed idols” and vases. I give specimens on page 398 and page 400. In Peru we find vases with very much the same style of face. I might pursue those parallels much farther; but it seems to me that these extraordinary coin- cidences must have arisen either from identity of origin or long- continued ancient intercourse. There can be little doubt that a fair-skinned, light-haired, bearded race, holding the religion which Plato says prevailed in Atlantis, carried an Atlantean civilization at an early day up the valley of the Amazon to the heights of Bo- livia and Peru, precisely as a sim- ilar emigration of Aryans went westward to the shores of the Mediterranean and Caspian, and it is very likely that these diverse migrations habitually spoke the same language. Señor Vincente Lopez, a Spanish gentleman of Montevideo, in 1872 published a work entitled “Les Races Aryennes in Pérou," in which he attempts to prove that the great Qui- chua language, which the Incas imposed on their subjects over OWL-HEADED VASE, PERU. THE PERUVIAN COLONY. 401 guage, from the traces of institutions, from religious beliefs, from legendary records, and artistic remains. The evidence from language is treated scientifically, and not as a kind of in- genious guessing. Señor Lopez first combats the idea that the living dialect of Peru is barbarous and fluctuating. It is not one of the casual and shifting forms of speech produced by nomad races. To which of the stages of language does this belong—the agglutinative, in which one root is fastened on to another, and a word is formed in which the constitutive ele- ments are obviously distinct, or the inflexional, where the aux- iliary roots get worn down and are only distinguishable by the philologist? As all known Aryan tongues are inflexional, Señor Lopez may appear to contradict himself when he says that Quichua is an agglutinative Aryan language. But he quotes Mr. Max Müller's opinion that there must have been a time when the germs of Aryan tongues bad not yet reached the in- flexional stage, and shows that while the form of Quichua is agglutinative, as in Turanian, the roots of words are Aryan. If this be so, Quichua may be a linguistic missing link. “When we first look at Quichua, with its multitude of words beginning with hu, and its great preponderance of q's, it seems almost as odd as Mexican. But many of these forms are due to a scanty alphabet, and really express familiar sounds; and many, again, result from the casual spelling of the Spaniards. We must now examine some of the forms which Aryan roots are supposed to take in Quichua. In the first place, Quichua abhors the shock of two consonants. Thus, a word like adéw in Greek would be unpleasant to the Peruvian's car, and he says pillui, “I sail.' The plu, again, in pluma, a feather, is said to be found in pillu, 'to fly.' Quichua has no v, any more than Greek has, and just as the Greeks had to spell Roman words beginning with V with Ou, like Valerius-Ovadéploc-so, where Sanscrit has v, Quichua has sometimes hu. Here is a list of words in hu : QUICHUA. Huakia, to call. l'acc, to speak. Huasi, a house. l'als, to inhabit. Huara, air, aŭoa. l'â, to breathe. Huasa, the back. Vas, to be able ( pouvoir). “There is a Sanscrit root, kr, to act, to do: this root is found in more than three hundred names of peoples and places in SANBORIT. 402 ATLANTIS: TIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Southern America. Thus there are the Caribs, whose name may have the same origin as that of our old friends the Ca- rians, and mean the Braves, and their land the home of the Braves, like Kaleva-la, in Finnish. The same root gives kara, the hand, the Greek trip, and kkalli, brave, which a person of fancy may connect with kalóg. Again, Quichua has an 'alpha privative'—thus A-stani means 'I change a thing's place;' for ni or mi is the first person singular, and, added to the root of a verb, is the sign of the first person of the present indicative. For instance, can means being, and Can-mi, or Cani, is, 'I am.' In the same way Munanmi, or Nunani, is “I love,' and Apan- mi, or Apani, “I carry.' So Lord Strangford was wrong when he supposed that the last verb in mi lived with the last patriot in Lithuania. Peru has stores of a grammatical form which has happily perished in Europe. It is impossible to do more than refer to the supposed Aryan roots contained in the glos- sary, but it may be noticed that the future of the Quichuan verb is formed in s—I love, Munani; I shall love, Munasa- and that the aflixes denoting cases in the noun are curiously like the Greek prepositions.” The resemblance between the Quichua and Mandan words for I or me-mi-will here be observed. Very recently Dr. Rudolf Falb has announced (Neue Freie Presse, of Vienna) that he has discovered that the relation of the Quichua and Aimara languages to the Aryan and Semitic tongues is very closc; that, in fact, they “exhibit the most astounding affinities with the Semitic tongue, and particularly the Arabic, in which tongue Dr. Falb has been skilled from his boyhood. Following up the lines of this discovery, Dr. Falb has found (1) a connecting link with the Aryan roots, and (2) has ultimately arrived face to face with the surprising revela- tion that “the Semitic roots are universally Aryan.” The com- mon stems of all the variants are found in their purest condi- tion in Quichua and Aimara, from which fact Dr. Falb de- rives the conclusion that the high plains of Peru and Bolivia must be regarded as the point of exit of the present human race. THE PERUVIAN COLONY. 403 [Since the above was written I have received a letter from Dr. Falb, dated Leipsic, April 5th, 1881. Scholars will be glad to learn that Dr. Falb's great work on the relationship of the Aryan and Semitic languages to the Quichua and Aimara tongues will be published in a year or two; the manuscript contains over two thousand pages, and Dr. Falb has devoted to it ten years of study. A work from such a source, upon so curious and important a subject, will be looked for with great interest.] But it is impossible that the Quichuas and Aimaras could have passed across the wide Atlantic to Europe if there had been no stepping-stone in the shape of Atlantis with its bridge- like ridges connecting the two continents. It is, however, more reasonable to suppose that the Quichuas and Aimaras were a race of emigrants from Plato's island than to think that Atlantis was populated from South America. The very traditions to which we have referred as existing among the Peruvians, that the civilized race were white and bearded, and that they entered or invaded the country, would show that civilization did not originate in Peru, but was a transplantation from abroad, and only in the direction of Atlantis can we look for a white and bearded race. In fact, kindred races, with the same arts, and speaking the same tongue in an early age of the world, separated in Atlan- tis and went east and west-the one to repeat the civilization of the mother-country along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, which, like a great river, may be said to flow out from the Black Sea, with the Nile as one of its tributaries, and along the shores of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; while the other emigration advanced up the Amazon, and created mighty nations upon its head-waters in the valleys of the Andes and on the shores of the Pacifio. 404 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER VI. THE AFRICAN COLONIES. Africa, like Europe and America, evidences a commingling of different stocks: the blacks are not all black, nor all woolly- haired; the Africans pass through all shades, from that of the light Berber, no darker than the Spaniard, to the deep black of the Iolofs, between Senegal and Gambia. The traces of red men or copper-colored races are found in many parts of the continent. Prichard divides the true ne- groes into four classes ; his second class is thus described : “2. Other tribes have forms and features like the Euro- pean; their complexion is black, or a deep olive, or a copper color approaching to black, while their hair, though often crisp and frizzled, is not in the least woolly. Such are the Bishari and Danekil and Hazorta, and the darkest of the Abyssinians. ** The complexion and hair of the Abyssinians vary very much, their complexion ranging from almost white to dark brown or black, and their hair from straight to crisp, frizzled, and almost woolly.” (Nott and Gliddon, " Types of Mankind," p. 194.) “Some of the Nibians are copper-colored or black, with a tinge of red.” (Ibid., p. 198.) Speaking of the Barbary States, these authors further say (Ibid., p. 204): “On the northern coast of Africa, between the Mediterra- ncan and the Great Desert, including Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Benzazi, there is a continuous system of high- lands, which have been included under the general term Atlas -anciently Atlantis, now the Barbary States. ... Throughout THE AFRICAN COLONIES. 405 Barbary we encounter a peculiar group of races, subdivided into many tribes of various shades, now spread over a vast area, but which formerly had its principal and perhaps aborigi- nal abode along the mountain slopes of Atlas. ... The real name of the Berbers is Mazirgh, with the article prefixed or suffixed-T-amazirgh or Amazirgh-T-meaning free, dominant, or 'noble race.'... We have every reason to believe the Ber- bers existed in the remotest times, with all their essential mor- al and physical peculiarities, ... They existed in the time of Menes in the saine condition in which they were discovered by Phænician navigators previously to the foundation of Car- thage. They are an indomitable, nomadic people, who, since the introduction of camels, have penetrated in considerable numbers into the Desert, and even as far as Nigritia. ... Some of these clans are white, others black, with woolly hair.” Speaking of the Barbary Moors, Prichard says: “ Their figure and stature are nearly the same as those of the southern Europeans, and their complexion, if darker, is only so in proportion to the higher temperature of the country. It displays great varieties." Jackson says: “The men of Temsena and Showiah are of a strong, robust make, and of a copper color ; the women are beautiful. The women of Fez are fair as the Europeans, but hair and eyes always dark. The women of Mequinas are very beautiful, and have the red-and-white complexion of English women.” Spix and Martius, the German travellers, depict the Moors as follows: “A high forehead, an oval countenance, large, speaking, black eyes, shaded by arched and strong eyebrows, a thin, rather long, but not too pointed nose, rather broad lips, meet- ing in an acute angle, brownish-yellow complexion, thick, smooth, and black hair, and a stature greater than the middle height.” Hodgson states: “ The Tuarycks are a white people, of the Berber race; the Mozabiaks are a remarkably white people, and mixed with the Bedouin Arabs. The Wadreagans and Wurgelans are of a dark bronze, with woolly hair." THE AFRICAN COLONIES. 407 Hindostan, for instance, and America. “In Africa,” he says, “cromlechs are called tombs of the idolaters"—the idolaters be- ing neither Romans, nor Christians, nor Phænicians, but some antique race. He regards the Berbers as the descendants of the primitive dolmen-builders. Certain Egyptian monuments tell of invasions of Lower Egypt one thousand five hundred years before our era by blond tribes from the West. The bones found in the cromlechs are those of a large and dolicho- cephalous race. General Faidherbe gives the average stature (including the women) at 1.65 or 1.74 metre, while the aver- age stature of French carabineers is only 1.65 metre. He did not find a single brachycephalous skull. The profiles indicated great intelligence. The Egyptian documents already refer- red to call the invaders Tamahu, which must have come from the invaders' own language, as it is not Egyptian. The Tuaregs of the present day may be re- garded as the best representatives of the Tamahus. They are of lofty stature, have blue eyes, and cling to the custom of bearing long swords, to be wielded by both hands. In Soudan, on the banks of the Niger, dwells a negro tribe ruled by a royal family (Masas), who TAMAUU, FROM THE EGYTTIAN MONUMENTS, 1500 13.C. are of rather fair complexion, and claim * descent from white men. Masas is perhaps the same as Ma- shash, which occurs in the Egyptian documents applied to the Tamahus. The Masas wear the hair in the same fashion as the Tamahus, and General Faidherbe is inclined to think that they too are the descendants of the dolmen-builders. These people, according to my theory, were colonists from Atlantis-colonists of three different races—white, yellow, and sunburnt or red. RCEDROSSE S 414 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. was sun-worship; this, as was the case in other countries, be- came subsequently overlaid with idol-worship. In the reign of King Tighernmas the worship of idols was introduced. The priests constituted the Order of Druids. Naturally many an- alogies have been found to exist between the beliefs and cus- toms of the Druids and the other religions which were drawn from Atlantis. We have seen in the chapter on sun-worship how extensive this form of religion was in the Atlantean days, both in Europe and America. It would appear probable that the religion of the Druids passed from Ireland to England and France. The metemp- sychosis or transmigration of souls was one of the articles of their belief long before the time of Pythagoras; it bad prob- ably been drawn from the storehouse of Atlantis, whence it passed to the Druids, the Greeks, and the Hindoos. The Druids had a pontifex maximus to whom they yielded entire obcdi- ence. Here again we see a practice which extended to the Phænicians, Egyptians, Hindoos, Peruvians, and Mexicans. The Druids of Gaul and Britain offered human sacrifices, while it is claimed that the Irish Druids did not. This would appear to have been a corrupt after-growth imposed upon the earlier and purer sacrifice of fruits and flowers known in Atlan- tis, and due in part to greater cruelty and barbarism in their descendants. Hence we find it practised in degenerate ages on both sides of the Atlantic. The Irish Druidical rites manifested themselves principally in sun-worship. Their chief god was Bel or Baal—the same worshipped by the Phænicians—the god of the sun. The Irish name for the sun, Grian, is, according to Virgil, one of the names of Apollo — another sun-god, Gryneus. Sun-worship continued in Ireland down to the time of St. Patrick, and some of its customs exist among the peasantry of that country to this day. We have seen that among the Peruvians, Romans, and other nations, on a certain day all fires were extinguish ed throughout the kingdom, and a new fire kindled at the THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 415 chief temple by the sun's rays, from which the people obtained their fire for the coming year. In Ireland the same practice was found to exist. A piece of land was set apart, where the four provinces met, in the present county of Meath; here, at a palace called Tlachta, the divine fire was kindled. Upon the night of what is now All-Saints-day the Druids assembled at this place to offer sacrifice, and it was established, under heavy penalties, that no fire should be kindled except from this source. On the first of May a convocation of Druids was held in the royal palace of the King of Connaught, and two fires were lit, between which cattle were driven, as a preventive of murrain and other pestilential disorders. This was called Beltinne, or the day of Bel's fire. And unto this day the Irish call the first day of May“ Lha-Beul-tinne," which signifies “the day of Bel's fire.” The celebration in Ireland of St. John's-eve by watch- fires is a relic of the ancient sun-worship of Atlantis. The prac- tice of driving cattle through the fire continued for a long time, and Kelly mentions in his “Folk - lore” that in Northampton- shire, in England, a calf was sacrificed in one of these fires to “stop the murrain" during the present century. Fires are still lighted in England and Scotland as well as Ireland for super- stitious purposes ; so that the people of Great Britain, it may be said, are still in some sense in the midst of the ancient sun- worship of Atlantis. We find among the Irish of to-day many Oriental customs. The game of “jacks,” or throwing up five pebbles and catch- ing them on the back of the hand, was known in Rome. “The Irish keen (caoine), or the lament over the dead, may still be heard in Algeria and Upper Egypt, even as Herodotus heard it chanted by the Libyan women.” The same practice exist- ed among the Egyptians, Etruscans, and Romans. The Irish wakes are identical with the funeral feasts of the Greeks, Etrus- cans, and Romans. (Cusack's “History of Ireland,” p. 141.) The Irish custom of saying “God bless you!" when one sneezes, is a very ancient practice; it was known to the Ro- ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. mans, and referred, it is said, to a plague in the remote past, whose first symptom was sneczing. We find many points of resemblance between the customs of the Irish and those of the Hindoo. The practice of the creditor fasting at the door-step of his debtor until he is paid, is known to both countries; the kindly “God save you!" is the same as the Eastern “God be gracious to you, my son !" The reverence for the wren in Ireland and Scotland reminds us of the Oriental and Greek respect for that bird. The prac- tice of pilgrimages, fasting, bodily macerations, and devotion to holy wells and particular places, extends from Ireland to India. All these things speak of a common origin; this fact has been generally recognized, but it has always been interpreted that the Irish came from the East, and were in fact a migration of Hindoos. There is not the slightest evidence to sustain this theory. The Hindoos have never within the knowledge of man sent out colonies or fleets for exploration; but there is abun- dant evidence, on the other hand, of migrations from Atlantis eastward. And how could the Sanscrit writings have pre- served maps of Ireland, England, and Spain, giving the shape and outline of their coasts, and their very names, and yet have preserved no memory of the expeditions or colonizations by which they acquired that knowledge ? Another proof of our theory is found in the round-towers" of Ireland. Attempts have been made to show, by Dr. Petrie and others, that these extraordinary structures are of modern origin, and were built by the Christian priests, in which to keep their church-plate. But it is shown that the “Annals of Ul- ster” mention the destruction of fifty-seven of them by an earth- quake in A.D. 448; and Giraldus Cambrensis shows that Lough Neagh was created by an inundation, or sinking of the land, in A.D. 15, and that in his day the fishermen could “See the round-towers of other days In the waves beneath them shining." THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 417 Moreover, we find Diodorus Siculus, in a well-known pas- sage, referring to Ireland, and describing it as “an island in the ocean over against Gaul, to the north, and not inferior in size to Sicily, the soil of which is so fruitful that they mow there twice in the year.” He mentions the skill of their harpers, their sacred groves, and their singular temples of round form. We find similar structures in America, Sardinia, and India. The remains of similar round-towers are very abundant in the Orkneys and Shetlands. “They have been supposed by some,” says Sir John Lubbock, “to be Scandinavian, but no similar buildings exist in Norway, Sweden, or Denmark, so that this style of architecture is no doubt anterior to the arrival of the AN IN THE BURGU OF MOUBSA, IN THE SUETLANDA. Northmen.” I give above a picture of the Burgh or Broch of the little island of Moussa, in the Shetlands. It is circular in forin, forty-one feet in height, open at the top; the central 18* THE IRISH COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 421 Sleeper's Sail,” where the starving boy dreams of the pleasant and plentiful land: “ Mother, I've been on the cliffs out yonder, Straining my eyes o'er the breakers free To the lovely spot where the sun was setting, Setting and sinking into the sea. “The sky was full of the fairest colors- Pink and purple and paly green, With great soft masses of gray and amber, And great bright rifts of gold between. “* And all the birds that way were flying, Heron and curlew overhead, With a mighty eagle westward floating, Every plume in their pinions red. “ • And then I saw it, the fairy city, Far away o'er the waters deep; Towers and castles and chapels glowing, Like blesséd dreams that we see in sleep. “What is its name?' "Be still, acushla (Thy hair is wet with the mists, my boy); Thou hast looked perchance on the Tir-na-n'oge, Land of eternal youth and joy! "Out of the sea, when the sun is setting, It rises, golden and fair to view; No trace of ruin, or change of sorrow, No sign of age where all is new. « Forever sunny, forever blooming, Nor cloud nor frost can touch that spot, Where the happy people are ever roaming, The bitter pangs of the past forgot.' This is the Greek story of Elysion; these are the Elysian Fields of the Egyptians; these are the Gardens of the lles- perides; this is the region in the West to which the peasant of Brittany looks from the shores of Cape Raz; this is Atlantis. 422 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. The starving child seeks to reach this blessed land in a boat, and is drowned. “High on the cliffs the light-house keeper Caught the sound of a piercing scream; Low in her hut the lonely widow Moaned in the maze of a troubled dream; “And saw in her sleep a seaman ghostly, With sea-weeds clinging in his hair, Into her room, all wet and dripping, A drowned boy on his bosom bear. “Over Death Sea on a bridge of silver The child to his Father's arms had passed; Heaven was nearer than Tir-na-n'oge, And the golden city was reached at last." 424 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. which have enabled us to treat their languages as so many varieties of the same type—and so also of the Semitic—the field thus opened is vast enough, and its careful clearing and cultivation will occupy several generations of scholars. And this original relationship, I believe, can be proved. Naines of the principal deities, words also expressive of the most essential elements of religion, such as prayer, sacrifice, altar, spirit, law, and faith, have been preserved among the Aryan and among the Semitic nations, and these relics admit of one explanation only. After that, a comparative study of the Turanian relig- ions may be approached with better hope of success; for that there was not only a primitive Aryan and a primitive Semitic religion, but likewise a primitive Turanian religion, before each of these primeval races was broken up and became separated in language, worship, and national sentiment, admits, I believe, of lit- tle doubt. ... There was a period during which the ancestors of the Semitic family had not yet been divided, whether in lan- guage or in religion. That period transcends the recollection of every one of the Semitic races, in the same way as neither Ilindoos, Greeks, nor Romans have any recollection of the time when they spoke a common language, and worshipped their Father in heaven by a name that was as yet neither Sanscrit, nor Greek, nor Latin. But I do not hesitate to call this Pre- historic Period historical in the best sense of the word. It was a real period, because, unless it was real, all the realities of the Semitic languages and the Semitic religions, such as we find them after their separation, would be uvintelligible. IIebrew, Syriac, and Arabic point to a common gource as much as San- scrit, Greek, and Latin; and unless we can bring ourselves to doubt that the Ilindoos, the Greeks, the Romans, and the Teu- tons derived the worship of their principal deity from their common Aryan sanctuary, we shall not be able to deny that there was likewise a primitive religion of the whole Semitic race, and that El, the Strong One in heaven, was invoked by the ancestors of all the Semitic races before there were Baby. lonians in Babylon, Phænicians in Sidon and Tyrus-before there were Jews in Mesopotamia or Jerusalem. The evidence of the Semitic is the same as that of the Aryan languages: the conclusion cannot be different. ... “ These three classes of religion are not to be mistaken-as little as the three classes of language, the Turanian, the Semitic, THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH. 425 and the Aryan. They mark three events in the most ancient history of the world, events which have determined the whole fate of the human race, and of which we ourselves still feel the consequences in our language, in our thoughts, and in our re- ligion." 10. We have seen that all the evidence points to the fact that this original seat of the Phænician Hebrew family was in At- lantis. The great god of the so-called Semites was El, the Strong One, from whose name comes the Biblical names Beth-el, the house of God; Ha-el, the strong one; El-ohim, the gods ; El-oah, God; and from the same name is derived the Arabian name of God, Al-lah. Another evidence of the connection between the Grecks, Phænicians, Hebrews, and Atlanteans is shown in the name of Adonis. The Greeks tell us that Adonis was the lover of Aphrodite, or Venus, who was the offspring of Uranus—“she came out of the sea;" Uranus was the father of Chronos, and the grand- father of Poseidon, king of Atlantis. Now we find Adonâi in the Old Testament used exclusively as the name of Jehovah, while among the Phænicians Adonai was the supreme deity. In both cases the root Ad is probably a reminiscence of Ad-lantis. There seem to exist similar connections between the Egyp- tian and the Turanian mythology. The great god of Egypt was Neph or Num; the chief god of the Samoyedes is Num; and Max Müller established an identity between the Num of the Samoyedes and the god Yum-ala of the Finns, and proba- bly with the name of the god Nam of the Thibetians. That mysterious people, the Etruscans, who inhabited part of Italy, and whose bronze implements agreed exactly in style and workmanship with those which we think were derived from Atlantis, were, it is now claimed, a branch of the Turanian family. 426 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. “At a recent mecting of the English Philological Society great interest was excited by a paper on Etruscan Numerals, by the Rev. Isaac Taylor. He stated that the long-sought key to the Etruscan language had at last been discovered. Two dice had been found in a tomb, with their six faces marked with words instead of pips. He showed that these words were identical with the first six digits in the Altaic branch of the Turanian family of speech. Guided by this clew, it was easy to prove that the grammar and vocabulary of the 3000 Etrus- can inscriptions were also Altaic. The words denoting kin- dred, the pronouns, the conjugations, and the declensions, cor- responded closely to those of the Tartar tribes of Siberia. The Etruscan mythology proved to be essentially the same as that of the Kalevala, the great Finnic epic.” According to Lenormant (" Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p. 62; vol. ii., p. 23), the early contests between the Aryans and the Turanians are represented in the Iranian tradi- tions as “contests between hostile brothers ... the Ugro-Finnish races must, according to all appearances, be looked upon as a branch, earlier detached than the others from the Japhetic stem.” If it be true that the first branch originating from Atlantis was the Turanian, which includes the Chinese and Japanese, then we have derived from Atlantis all the building and metal- working races of men who have proved themselves capable of civilization; and we may, therefore, divide mankind into two great classes : those capable of civilization, derived from Atlan- tis, and those essentially and at all times barbarian, who hold no blood relationship with the people of Atlantis. Humboldt is sure “that some connection existed between ancient Ethiopia and the elevated plain of Central Asia.” There were invasions which reached from the shores of Arabia into China. “An Arabian sovereign, Schamar-Iarasch (Abou Karib), is described by Hamza, Nuwayri, and others as a power- ful ruler and conqueror, who carried his arms successfully far into Central Asia; he occupied Samarcand and invaded China. He erected an edifice at Samarcand, bearing an inscription, in 428 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. their vast importance to humanity, associated the bull and cow with religious ideas, as revealed in the oldest hymns of the Aryans and the cow-headed idols of Troy, a representation of one of which is shown on the preceding page. Upon the head of their great god Baal they placed the horns of the bull; and these have descended in popular imagination to the spirit of evil of our day. Burifs says: "O thou! whatever title suit thee, Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie." “ Clootie” is derived from the cleft hoof of a cow; while the Scotch name for a bull is Bill, a corruption, probably, of Bel. Less than two hundred years ago it was custoinary to sacrifice a bull on the 25th of August to the “God Mowrie" and "liis devilans” on the island of Inis Marce, Scotland. ("The Past RELIGIOUS EMBLEM OF THE BRONZE AGE, SWITZERLAND. BAAL, TUK PIEENIOJAN GOD. in the Present," p. 165.) The trident of Poseidon bas degener- ated into the pitchfork of Beelzebub! And when we cross the Atlantic, we find in America the horns of Baal reappearing in a singular manner. The first cut on page 429 represents an idol of the Moquis of New Mexico: the head is very bull-like. In the next figure we have a repre- sentation of the war-god of the Dakotas, with something like a 430 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. NASIONS race. “Fuh - loi, who is regarded as a demi-god, founded the Chinese Empire 2852 B.C. He introduced cattle, taught the people how to raise them, and taught the art of writing." (“American Cyclopædia," art. China.) He might bave in- vented his alphabet, but he did not invent the cattle; be must have got them from some nation who, during many centu- ries of civilization, had domesticated them; and from what nation was he more likely to bave ob- tained them than from the Atlanteans, whose colonies we have seen reached bis borders, and whose armies in- vaded his territory ? “He instituted the ceremony of mar- riage.” (Ibid.) This also was an importation from a civ- ilized land. “His successor, Shin-nung, during a reign of one hundred and forty years, introduced agriculture and med- ical science. The next emperor, Hwang-ti, is believed to have invented weapons, wagons, ships, clocks, and musical instru- ments, and to have introduced coins, weights, and measures." (Ibid.) As these various inventions in all other countries have been the result of slow development, running through many centuries, or are borrowed from some other more civilized people, it is certain that no emperor of China ever invent- ed them all during a period of one hundred and sixty-four INDIVI GREEK SIREN. THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH. 431 years. These, then, were also importations from the West. In fact, the Chinese themselves claim to have invaded China in the early days from the north-west ; and their first location is placed by Winchell near Lake Balkat, a short distance east of the Caspian, where we have already seen Aryan Atlantean colonies planted at an early day. “The third successor of Fuh-hi, Ti-ku, established schools, and was the first to practise polygamy. In 2357 his son Yau ascended the throne, and it is from his reign that the regular historical records begin. A great flood, which occurred in his reign, has been considered synchronous and identical with the Noachic Deluge, and to Yau is attributed the merit of having successfully battled against the waters." There can be no question that the Chinese themselves, in their early legends, connected their origin with a people who were destroyed by water in a tremendous convulsion of the earth. Associated with this event was a divine personage called Niu-va (Noah ?). Sir William Jones says: “The Chinese believe the earth to have been wholly covered with water, which, in works of undisputed authenticity, they describe as flowing abundantly, then subsiding and separating the higher from the lower ages of mankind ; that this division of time, from which their poetical history begins, just preceded the appearance of Fo-hi on the mountains of Chin. (“ Dis- course on the Chinese; Asiatic Researches," vol. ii., p. 376.) The following history of this destruction of their ancestors vividly recalls to us the convulsion depicted in the Chaldean and American legends: “The pillars of heaven were broken ; the carth shook to its very foundations; the heavens sunk lower toward the north; the sun, the moon, and the stars changed their motions; the earth fell to pieces, and the waters enclosed within its bosom burst forth with violence and overflowed it. Man having re- belled against Heaven, the system of the universe was totally 432 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD, disordered. The sun was eclipsed, the planets altered their course, and the grand harmony of nature was disturbed.” A learned Frenchman, M. Terrien de la Couperic, member of the Asiatic Society of Paris, has just published a work (1880) in which he demonstrates the astonishing fact that the Chinese language is clearly related to the Chaldean, and that both the Chinese characters and the cuneiform alphabet are degenerate descendants of an original hieroglyphical alphabet. The same signs exist for many words, while numerous words are very much alike. M. de la Couperie gives a table of some of these similarities, from which I quote as follows: Chinese. Chaldec. To shine ...........Mut...... . Mul. To die ............. Mut ............ . Mit. Book .............. King ...... Kin. Cloth ..............Sik......... Right hand.........,Dzek ............Zag. Hero............ .Tan..............Dun. Earth..............Kien-kai..........Kiengi. Cow ...............Lub .............Lu, lup. Brick..............Ku ..............Ku. English. .....Sik. This surprising discovery brings the Chinese civilization still nearer to the Mediterranean head - quarters of the races, and increases the probability that the arts of China were of Atlan- tean origin; and that the name of Nai Hoang-ti, or Nai Korti, the founder of Chinese civilization, may be a reminiscence of Nakhunta, the chief of the gods, as recorded in the Susian texts, and this, in turn, a recollection of the Deva-Nahusha of the Hindoos, the Dionysos of the Greeks, the king of Atlantis, whose great empire reached to the “farther parts of India," and embraced, according to Plato, “parts of the continent of America.” Linguistic science achieved a great discovery when it es- tablished the fact that there was a continuous belt of languages from Iceland to Ceylon which were the variant forms of one THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH. 433 mother-tongue, the Indo-European; but it must prepare itself for a still wider generalization. There is abundant proof-proof with which pages might be filled—that there was a still older mother-tongue, from which Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic were all derived—the language of Noah, the language of Atlantis, the language of the great "aggressive empire” of Plato, the language of the empire of the Titans. The Arabic word bin, within, becomes, when it means inter- val, space, binnon ; this is the German and Dutch binnen and Saxon binnon, signifying within. The Ethiopian word aorf, to fall asleep, is the root of the word Morpheus, the god of sleep. The Hebrew word chanah, to dwell, is the parent of the Anglo- Saxon inne and Icelandic inni, a house, and of our word inn, a hotel. The Hebrew word naval or nafal signifies to fall; from it is derived our word fall and fool (one who falls); the Chaldee word is nabal, to make foul, and the Arabic word nabala means to die, that is, to fall. From the last syllable of the Chaldee nasar, to saw, we can derive the Latin serra, the High German sagen, the Danish sauga, and our word to saw, The Arabic na fida, to fade, is the same as the Italian fado, the Latin fatuus (foolish, tasteless), the Dutch vadden, and our to fade. The Ethiopic word gaber, to make, to do, and the Ara- bic word jabara, to make strong, becomes the Welsh word goberu, to work, to operate, the Latin operor, and the English operate. The Arabic word abara signities to prick, to sting; we see this root in the Welsh bar, a summit, and pâr, a spear, and per, a spit; whence our word spear. In the Chaldee, Syri- ac, and Arabic zug means to join, to couple; from this the Greeks obtained Guyos, the Romans jugum, and we the word yoke; while the Germans obtained jok or jog, the Dutch juk, the Swedes ok. The Sanscrit is juga. The Arabic sanna, to be old, reappears in the Latin senex, the Welsh hen, and our senile. The Hebrew banah, to build, is the Irish bun, founda- tion, and the Latin fundo, fundare, to found. The Arabic ba- raka, to bend the knee, to fall on the breast, is probably the 19 434 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Saxon brecau, the Danish bräkke, the Swedish bräcka, Welsh bregu, and our word to break. The Arabic baraka also signi- fies to rain violently; and from this we get the Saxon rægn, to rain, Dutch regen, to rain, Cimbric rækia, rain, Welsh rheg, rain. The Chaldee word braic, a branch, is the Irish braic or raigh, an arm, the Welsh braic, the Latin brachium, and the English brace, something which supports like an arm. The Chaldee frak, to rub, to tread out grain, is the same as the Latin frico, frio, and our word rake. The Arabic word to rub is fraka. The Chaldee rag, ragag, means to desire, to long for; it is the same as the Greek opeyw, the Latin porrigere, the Saxon ræccan, the Icelandic rakna, the German reichen, and our to reach, to rage. The Arabic rauka, to strain or purify, as wine, is precisely our English word rack, to rack wine. The Hebrew word bara, to create, is our word to bear, as to bear children: a great number of words in all the European languages con- tain this root in its various modifications. The Hebrew word kafar, to cover, is our word to cover, and coffer, something which covers, and covert, a secret place; from this root also comes the Latin cooperio and the French couvrir, to cover. The Arabic word shakala, to bind under the belly, is our word to shackle. From the Arabic walada and Ethiopian walad, to beget, to bring forth, we get the Welsh llawd, a shooting out; and hence our word lad. Our word matter, or pus, is from the Arabic madda ; our word mature is originally from the Chaldee mita. The Arabic word amida signifies to end, and from this comes the noun, a linit, a termination, Latin meta, and our words meet and mete. I might continue this list, but I have given enough to show that all the Atlantean races once spoke the same language, and that the dispersion on the plains of Shivar signifies that break- ing up of the tongues of one people under the operation of vast spaces of time. Philology is yet in its infancy, and the time is not far distant when the identity of the languages of all the Noachic races will be as clearly established and as uni- THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH. 435 versally acknowledged as is now the identity of the languages of the Aryan family of nations. And precisely as recent research has demonstrated the rela- tionship between Pekin and Babylon, so investigation in Cen- tral America has proved that there is a mysterious bond of union connecting the Chinese and one of the races of Mexico. The resemblances are so great that Mr. Short (“North Ameri- cans of Antiquity," p. 494) says, “ There is no doubt that strong analogies exist between the Otomi and the Chinese.” Señor Najera (“Dissertacion Sobre la lingua Othomi, Mexi- co," pp. 87, 88) gives a list of words from which I quote the following: Ten... Siao sui. V2.. Tien. Ye... Na.. Hu.. Ye... Hoa. Nugo.. He... Chinese. Othomi. English. Chinese. Othomi. English. Cho ..... To....... The, that. Pa...... Da....... To give. Y....... N-y...... A wound. Tsun.... Nsu ...... Honor. .. Gu, mu... Head. Hu.. Hmu Sir, Lord. Night. That. ..Tsi....... Tooth. He... Cold. Shining And. Happiness. Hia.. Word. Ku Death. Po... . No. Ni Su... Thou. Na... Ta.. Who... The good. Win... .. Female. Ta.. Da.... The great. Tsi, ti .... Son. Li.... Ti.... Gain. Tso..... Tsa ...... To perfect. Ho..... To. Who. Kuan.... Khuani... True. To leave. Siao..... Sa....... To mock. | Mu, mo .. Mother. Ky. o .. Man. Hao.. su.. Tseu..... Pa Me. Recently Herr Forchhammer, of Leipsic, has published a truly scientific comparison of the grammatical structure of the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee, and Seminole languages with the Ural-Altaic tongues, in which he has developed many in- teresting points of resemblance. It has been the custom to ascribe the recognized similarities between the Indians of America and the Chinese and Japan- ese to a migration by way of Behring's Strait from Asia into America ; but when we find that the Chinese themselves only 436 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. reached the Pacific coast within the Historical Period, and that they came to it from the direction of the Mediterranean and Atlantis, and when we find so many and such distinct recol- lections of the destruction of Atlantis in the Flood legends of the American races, it seems more reasonable to conclude that the resemblances between the Othomi and the Chinese are to be accounted for by intercourse through Atlantis. We find a confirmation in all these facts of the order in which Genesis names the sons of Noah : “Now these are the generations of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and unto them were sons born after the flood.” Can we not suppose that these three sons represent three great races in the order of their precedence ? The record of Genesis claims that the Phænicians were de- scended from Ilam, while the Hebrews were descended from Shem; yet we find the Hebrews and Phænicians united by the ties of a common language, common traditions, and common race characteristics. The Jews are the great merchants of the world eighteen centuries after Christ, just as the Phænicians were the great inerchants of the world fifteen centuries before Christ. Moreover, the Arabians, who are popularly classed as Semites, or sons of Shem, admit in their traditions that they are de- scended from “Ad, the son of Ham ;" and the tenth chapter of Genesis classes them among the descendants of Ham, calling them Seba, Havilah, Raamah, etc. If the two great so-called Semitic stocks—the Phænicians and Arabians—are Hamites, surely the third member of the group belongs to the same "sunburnt” race. If we concede that the Jews were also a branch of the Hamitic stock, then we have, firstly, a Semitic stock, the Tura- nian, embracing the Etruscans, the Finns, the Tartars, the Mon- gols, the Chinese, and Japanese ; secondly, a Hamitic family, THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH. 437 “the sunburnt” race — a red race — including the Cushites, Phænicians, Egyptians, Hebrews, Berbers, etc.; and, thirdly, a Japhetic or whiter stock, embracing the Greeks, Italians, Celts, Goths, and the men who wrote Sanscrit-in other words, the entire Aryan family. If we add to these three races the negro race-which cannot be traced back to Atlantis, and is not included, according to Genesis, among the descendants of Noah-we have the four races, the white, red, yellow, and black, recognized by the Egyp- tians as embracing all the people known to them. There seems to be some confusion in Genesis as to the Semnitic stock. It classes different races as both Semites and Hamites; as, for instance, Sheba and Havilah ; while the race of Mash, or Meshech, is classed among the sons of Shem and the sons of Japheth. In fact, there seems to be a confusion of Hamitic and Semitic stocks. “This is shown in the blending of Hamitic and Semitic in some of the most ancient inscrip- tions; in the facility of intercourse between the Semites of Asia and the Hamites of Egypt; in the peaceful and unobserved absorption of all the Asiatic Hamites, and the Semitic adoption of the Hamitic gods and religious system. It is manifest that, at a period not long previous, the two families had dwelt to- gether and spoken the same language.” (Winchell's “Pre- Adamites,” p. 36.) Is it not more reasonable to suppose that the so-called Semitic races of Genesis were a mere division of the Hamitic stock, and that we are to look for the third great division of the sons of Noah among the Turanians ? Francis Lenormant, high anthority, is of the opinion that the Turanian races are descended from Magog, the son of Japheth. He regards the Turanians as intermediate between the white and yellow races, graduating insensibly into each. “The Cz- becs, the Osinanli Turks, and the Hungarians are not to be dis- tinguished in appearance from the most perfect branches of the white race; on the other hand, the Tchondes almost exactly resemble the Tongouses, who belong to the yellow race. THE OLDEST SON OF NOAH, 439 we encounter at Suku, in Java, a teocalli which is absolutely identical with that of Tehuantepec Mr. Ferguson said, as we advance eastward from the valley of the Euphrates, at every step we meet with forms of art becoming more and more like those of Central America.'” (“Builders of Babel,” p. 88.) Prescott says: “The coincidences are sufficiently strong to authorize a belief that the civilization of Anahuac was in some degree in- fluenced by that of Eastern Asia; and, secondly, that the dis- crepancies are such as to carry back the communication to a very remote period.” (“Mexico," vol. iii., p. 418.) “All appearances,” continues Lenormant (" Ancient History of the East," vol. i., p. 64), “would lead us to regard the Tura- nian race as the first branch of the family of Japheth which went forth into the world; and by that premature separation, by an isolated and antagonistic existence, took, or rather pre- served, a completely distinct physiognomy.... It is a type of the white race imperfectly developed.” We may regard this yellow race as the first and oldest wave from Atlantis, and, therefore, reaching farthest away from the common source; then came the Hamitic race; then the Japhetic. 440 ATLANTIS: THE AVTEDILUVIAN WORLD. CHAPTER IX. THE ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVEN- TIONS. It may seem like a flight of the imagination to suppose that the mariner's compass was known to the inhabitants of Atlan- tis. And yet, if my readers are satisfied that the Atlanteans were a highly civilized maritime people, carrying on commerce with regions as far apart as Peru and Syria, we must conclude that they possessed some means of tracing their course in the great scas they traversed; and accordingly, when we proceed to investigate this subject, we find that as far back as we may go in the study of the ancient races of the world, we find them possessed of a knowledge of the virtues of the magnetic stone, and in the habit of utilizing it. The people of Europe, rising a few centuries since out of a state of semi-barbarism, have been in the habit of claiming the invention of many things which they simply borrowed from the older nations. This was the case with the mariner's compass. It was believed for many years that it was first invented by an Italian named Amalfi, A.D. 1302. In that interesting work, Goodrich's “Life of Columbus,” we find a curious history of the magnetic com- pass prior to that time, from which we collate the following points: “In A.D. 868 it was employed by the Northmen.” (“The Landnamabok," vol. i., chap. 2.) An Italian poem of A.D. 1190 refers to it as in use among the Italian sailors at that date. In the ancient language of the Hindoos, the Sanscrit—which has been a dead langnage for twenty-two hundred years—the ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. 441 magnet was called “the precious stone beloved of Iron.” The Talmud speaks of it as “the stone of attraction;" and it is al- luded to in the early Hebrew prayers as Kalamitah, the same name given it by the Greeks, from the reed upon which the compass floated. The Phænicians were familiar with the use of the magnet. At the prow of their vessels stood the figure of a woman (Astarte) holding a cross in one hand and point- ing the way with the other; the cross represented the com- pass, which was a magnetized needle, floating in water cross- wise upon a piece of reed or wood. The cross became the coat of arms of the Phænicians-not only, possibly, as we have shown, as a recollection of the four rivers of Atlantis, but because it represented the secret of their great sea-voy- ages, to which they owed their national greatness. The hy- perborean magician, Abaras, carried “a guiding arrow," which Pythagoras gave him, “ in order that it may be useful to him in all difficulties in his long journey.” (“Herodotus," vol. iv., p. 36.) The magnet was called the “Stone of Hercules.” Hercules was the patron divinity of the Phænicians. Ile was, as we have shown elsewhere, one of the gods of Atlantis-probably one of its great kings and navigators. The Atlanteans were, as Plato tells us, a maritime, commercial people, trading up the Mediterranean as far as Egypt and Syria, and across the At- lantic to “the whole opposite continent that surrounds the sea ;" the Phænicians, as their successors and descendants, and colonized on the shores of the Mediterranean, inherited their civilization and their maritime habits, and with these that invention without which their great voyages were impos- sible. From them the magnet passed to the Hindoos, and from them to the Chinese, who certainly possessed it at an early date. In the year 2700 B.C. the Emperor Wang-ti placed a magnetic figure with an extended arm, like the Astarte of the Phænicians, on the front of carriages, the arm always turning and pointing to the south, which the Chinese regarded as the 19* 442 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. principal pole. (See Goodrich's “ Columbus," p. 31, etc.) This illustration represents one of these chariots : lu VA DOM QUINESE MAGNETIC CAE. In the seventh century it was used by the navigators of the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. The ancient Egyptians called the loadstone the bone of Haroeri, and iron the bone of Typhon. Haroeri was the son of Osiris and grandson of Rhea, a goddess of the earth, a queen of Atlantis, and mother of Poseidon ; Typhon was a wind-god and an evil genius, but also a son of Rhea, the earth goddess. Do we find in this curious designation of iron and loadstone as " bones of the descendants of the earth,” an explanation of that otherwise inexplicable Greek legend about Dencalion “throw- ing the bones of the earth behind him, when instantly men rose from the ground, and the world was repeopled ?" Does it mean that by means of the magnet he sailed, after the Flood, to the European colonies of Atlantis, already thickly inhabited! ANTIQUITY OF SOVE OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. 443 A late writer, speaking upon the subject of the loadstone, tells us : “Hercules, it was said, being once overpowered by the heat of the sun, drew his bow against that luminary; whereupon the god Phæbus, admiring his intrepidity, gave him a gold- en cup, with which he sailed over the ocean. This cup was the compass, which old writers have called Lapis Heracleus. Pisander says Oceanus lent him the cup, and Lucian says it was a sea-shell. Tradition affirms that the magnet originally was not on a pivot, but set to float on water in a cup. The old antiquarian is wildly theoretical on this point, and sees a compass in the Golden Fleece of Argos, in the oracular needle which Nero worshipped, and in everything else. Yet undoubt- edly there are some curious facts connected with the matter. Osonius says that Gama and the Portuguese got the compass from some pirates at the Cape of Good Hope, A.D. 1260. M. Fauchet, the French antiquarian, finds it plainly alluded to in some old poem of Brittany belonging to the year A.D. 1180. Paulo Venetus brought it in the thirteenth century from China, where it was regarded as oracular. Genebrand says Melvius, a Neapolitan, brought it to Europe in A.D. 1303. Costa says Gama got it from Mohammedan seamen. But all nations with whom it was found associate it with regions where Heraclean myths prevailed. And one of the most curious facts is that the ancient Britons, as the Welsh do to-day, call a pilot llywydd (lode). Lodemanage, in Skinner's 'Etymology,' is the word for the price paid to a pilot. But whether this famous, and afterward deified, mariner (Hercules) had a compass or not, we can hardly regard the association of his name with so many Western monuments as accidental.” Hercules was, as we know, a god of Atlantis, and Oceanos, who lent the magnetic cup to Hercules, was the name by which the Greeks designated the Atlantic Ocean. And this may be the explanation of the recurrence of a cup in many antique paintings and statues. Hercules is often represented with a cup in his hand; we even find the cup upon the handle of the bronze dagger found in Denmark, and represented in the chap- ter on the Bronze Age, in this work. (See p. 254 ante.) 444 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. So “oracular” an object as this self-moving needle, always pointing to the north, would doubtless affect vividly the minds of the people, and appear in their works of art. When Hercules left the coast of Europe to sail to the island of Erythea in the Atlantic, in the remote west, we are told, in Greek mytholo- gy (Murray, p. 257), that he borrowed "the cup” of Helios, in (with) which “lie was accustomed to sail every night.” TIere we seem to have a reference to the magnetic cup used in LATES WIN MUH TO STEEL HALI ANCIENT COINS OF TYRE. night sailing; and this is another proof that the use of the magnetic needle in sea - voyages was associated with the At- lantean gods. Lucian tells us that a sea-shell often took the place of the cup, as a vessel in which to hold the water where the needle floated, and hence upon the ancient coins of Tyre we find a sea-shell represented. Here, too, we have the Pillars of Hercules, supposed to have been placed at the mouth of the Mediterranean, and the tree of life or knowledge, with the serpent twined around it, which appears in Genesis; and in the combination of the two pillars and the serpent we have, it is said, the original source of our dollar mark [$]. Compare these Phænician coins with the following repre- ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. 447 “Hiero of Syracuse built, under the superintendence of Ar- chimedes, a vessel which consumed in its construction the ma- terial for fifty galleys; it contained galleries, gardens, stables, fish-ponds, mills, baths, a temple of Venus, and an engine to throw stones three hundred pounds in weight, and arrows thirty-six feet long. The floors of this monstrous vessel were inlaid with scenes from Homer's “Iliad.'” (Ibid., p. 30.) The fleet of Sesostris consisted of four hundred ships; and when Semiramis invaded India she was opposed by four thon- sand vessels. It is probable that in the earliest times the vessels were sheeted with metal. A Roman ship of the time of Trajan has been recovered from Lake Ricciole after 1300 years. The outside was covered with sheets of lead fastened with small cop- per nails. Even the use of iron chains in place of ropes for the auchors was known at an early period. Julius Cæsar tells us that the galleys of the Veneti were thus equipped. (Goodrich's “ Columbus,” p. 31.) Gunpowder.—It is not impossible that even the invention of gunpowder may date back to Atlantis. It was certainly known in Europe long before the time of the German monk, Berthold Schwarz, who is commonly credited with the inven- tion of it. It was employed in 1257 at the siege of Niebla, in Spain. It was described in an Arab treatise of the thirteenth century. In A.D. 811 the Emperor Leo employed fire-arms. “Greek-fire” is supposed to have been gunpowder mixed with resin or petroleum, and thrown in the form of fuses and ex- plosive shells. It was introduced from Egypt A.D. 668. In A.D. 690 the Arabs used fire-arms against Mecca, bringing the knowledge of them from India. In A.D. 80 the Chinese obtained from India a knowledge of gunpowder. There is reason to believe that the Carthaginian (Phænician) general, Hannibal, used gunpowder in breaking a way for his army over the Alps. The Romans, who were ignorant of its use, said that Hannibal made his way by making fires against the rocks, and pouring 448 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAV WORLD. vinegar and water over the ashes. It is evident that fire and vinegar would have no effect on masses of the Alps great enough to arrest the march of an army. Dr. William Ma- ginn has suggested that the wood was probably burnt by Han- nibal to obtain charcoal; and the word which has been trans- lated "vinegar” probably signified some preparation of nitre and sulphur, and that Hannibal made gunpowder and blew up the rocks. The same author suggests that the story of Handi- bal breaking loose from the mountains where he was surround- ed on all sides by the Romans, and in danger of starvation, by fastening firebrands to the horns of two thousand oxen, and sending them rushing at night among the terrified Romans, simply refers to the use of rockets. As Maginn well asks, how could Hannibal be in danger of starvation when he had two thousand oxen to spare for such an experiment? And why should the veteran Roman troops have been so terrified and panic-stricken by a lot of cattle with firebrands on their horus? At the battle of Lake Trasymene, between Hannibal and Flaminius, we have another curious piece of information which goes far to confirm the belief that Hannibal was familiar with the use of gunpowder. In the midst of the battle there was, say the Roman historians, an “carthquake;" the earth reeled under the feet of the soldiers, a tremendous crash was heard, a fog or smoke covered the scene, the earth broke open, and the rocks fell upon the heads of the Romans. This reads very much as if the Carthaginians had decoyed the Romans into a pass where they had already planted a mine, and had exploded it at the proper moment to throw them into a panic. Earthquakes do not cast rocks up in the air to fall on men's heads! And that this is not all surmise is shown by the fact that a city of India, in the time of Alexander the Great, defended itself by the use of gunpowder: it was said to be a favorite of the gods, because thunder and lightning came from its walls to resist the attacks of its assailants. ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. 449 As the Hebrews were a branch of the Phænician race, it is not surprising that we find some things in their history which look very much like legends of gunpowder. When Korah, Dathan, and Abiram led a rebellion against Moses, Moses separated the faithful from the unfaithful, and thereupon the ground clave asunder that was under them: and the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses, and all the men that appertained unto Korah, and all their goods. . . . And there came out a fire from the Lord, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered in- cense. . . . But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed the people of the Lord.” (Numb. xvi., 31-41.) This looks very much as if Moses had blown up the rebels with gunpowder. Roger Bacon, who himself rediscovered gunpowder, was of opinion that the event described in Judges vii., where Gideon captured the camp of the Midianites with the roar of trumpets, the crash caused by the breaking of innumerable pitchers, and the flash of a multitude of lanterns, had reference to the use of gunpowder; that the noise made by the breaking of the pitch- ers represented the detonation of an explosion, the flame of the lights the blaze, and the noise of the trumpets the thunder of the gunpowder. We can understand, in this wise, the re- sults that followed ; but we cannot otherwise understand how the breaking of pitchers, the flashing of lamps, and the clangor of trumpets would throw an army into panic, until " every man's sword was set against his fellow, and the host fled to Beth-shittah ;" and this, too, without any attack upon the part of the Israelites, for “they stood every man in his place around the camp; and all the host ran and cried and fled.” . If it was a miraculous interposition in behalf of the Jews, the Lord could have scared the Midianites out of their wits without the smashed pitchers and lanterns; and certain it is ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. 451 not add a single new invention to the list they received from Atlantis ? Iron.—We have seen that the Greek mythological legends asserted that before the submergence of the great race over whom their gods reigned there had been not only an Age of Bronze but an Age of Iron. This metal was known to the Egyptians in the earliest ages; fragments of iron have been found in the oldest pyramids. The Iron Age in Northern Europe far antedated intercourse with the Greeks or Romans. In the mounds of the Mississippi Valley, as I have shown, the remains of iron implements have been found. In the “Mercu- rio Peruano" (tom. i., p. 201, 1791) it is stated that“ anciently the Peruvian sovereigns worked magnificent iron mines at An- coriaines, on the west shore of Lake Titicaca.” “It is remark- able," says Molina, “ that iron, which has been thought un- known to the ancient Americans, had particular names in some of their tongnies.” In official Peruvian it was called quillay, and in Chilian panilic. The Mound Builders fashioned im- plements out of meteoric iron. (Foster's “ Prehistoric Races," p. 333.) As we find this metal known to man in the earliest ages on both sides of the Atlantic, the presumption is very strong that it was borrowed by the nations, east and west, from Atlantis. Paper.—The same argument holds good as to paper. The oldest Egyptian monuments contain pictures of the papyrus roll; while in Mexico, as I have shown, a beautiful paper was manufactured and formed into books shaped like our own. In Peru a paper was made of plantain leaves, and books were com- mon in the earlier ages. Humboldt mentions books of hiero- glyphical writings among the Panoes, which were "bundles of their paper resembling our volumes in quarto.” Silk Manufacture.— The manufacture of a woven fabric of great beauty out of the delicate fibre of the egg-cocoon of a worm could only have originated among a people who had attained the highest degroe of civilization; it implies the ANTIQUITY OF SOME OF OUR GREAT INVENTIONS. 455 the artificer of night and day.” All this Greek learning was probably drawn from the Egyptians. Only among the Atlanteans in Europe and America do we find traditions preserved as to the origin of all the principal in- ventions which have raised man from a savage to a civilized con- dition. We can give in part the very names of the inventors. Starting with the Chippeway legends, and following with the Bible and Phænician records, we make a table like the appended : The Invention or Discovery. The Race. The Inventors. Atlantean..... Phos, Phur, and Phlox. Chippeway.... Mana boshu. Fire....... The bow and arrow.... The use of flint.... The use of copper...... The manufacture of bricks Agriculture and hunting.. Village life, and the rearing of flocks....5 The use of salt ......... The use of letters....... Navigation ............. The art of music........ Metallurgy, and the use of iron ........... The syrinx............. The lyre............... Autochthon and Technites, Argos and Agrotes. Amynos and Magos. Misor and Sydyk. Taautos, or Taut. The Cabiri, or Corybantes. Hebrew Jubal. ..... Tubal-cain. Gree Pan. “ ........ Hermes. We cannot consider all these evidences of the vast antiqui- ty of the great inventions upon which our civilization mainly rests, including the art of writing, which, as I have shown, dates back far beyond the beginning of history; we cannot remem- ber that the origin of all the great food-plants, such as wheat, oats, barley, rye, and maize, is lost in the remote past; and that all the domesticated animals, the horse, the ass, the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the hog had been reduced to subjection to man in ages long previous to written history, without having the conclusion forced upon is irresistibly that beyond Egypt and Greece, beyond Chaldea and China, there existed a mighty civilization, of which these states were but the broken fragments. THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 457 is Mount Ararat, where it is said the ark rested—another iden- tification with the Flood regions, as it represents the usual trans- fer of the Atlantis legend by an Atlantean people to a high mountain in their new home. Now turn to a map: Suppose the ships of Atlantis to have reached the shores of Syria, at the eastern end of the Mediter- ranean, where dwelt a people who, as we have seen, used the Central American Maya alphabet; the Atlantis ships are then but two hundred miles distant from Armenia. But these ships need not stop at Syria, they can go by the Dardanelles and the Black Sea, by uninterrupted water communication, to the shores of Armenia itself. If we admit, then, that it was from Ar- menia the Aryans stocked Europe and India, there is no reason why the original population of Armenia should not have been themselves colonists from Atlantis. But we have seen that in the earliest ages, before the first Armenian migration of the historical Aryans, a people went from Iberian Spain and settled in Ireland, and the language of this people, it is now admitted, is Aryan. And these Iberians were originally, according to tradition, from the West. The Mediterranean Aryans are known to have been in South- eastern Europe, along the shores of the Mediterranean, 2000 B.C. They at that early date possessed the plough; also wheat, rye, barley, gold, silver, and bronze. Aryan faces are found depict- ed upon the monuments of Egypt, painted four thousand years before the time of Christ. “The conflicts between the Kelts (an Aryan race) and the Iberians were far anterior in date to the settlements of the Phænicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Noachites on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.” (“Ameri- can Cyclopædia," art. Basques.) There is reason to believe that these Kelts were originally part of the population and Empire of Atlantis. We are told (Rees's “British Encyclo- pædia,” art. Titans) that “Mercury, one of the Atlantean gods, was placed as ruler over the Celtæ, and became their great divinity.” F. Pezron, in his “Antiquity of the Celtæ,” makes 20 50 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. out that the Celtæ were the same as the Titans, the giant race who rebelled in Atlantis, and “that their princes were the same with the giants of Scripture.” He adds that the word Titan “is perfect Celtic, and comes from tit, the earth, and ten or den, man, and hence the Greeks very properly also called them terriginæ, or earth-born." And it will be remembered that Plato uses the same phrase when he speaks of the race into which Poseidon intermarried as “the earth-born primeval inen of that country.” The Greeks, who are Aryans, traced their descent from the people who were destroyed by the Flood, as did other races clearly Aryan. “The nations who are comprehended under the common appellation of Indo-European," says Max Müller-"the Hin- doos, the Persians, the Celts, Germans, Romans, Greeks, and Slavs—do not only share the same words and the same gram- mar, slightly modified in cach country, but they seem to have likewise preserved a mass of popular traditions which had grown up before they left their common home.” “Bonfey, L. Geiger, and other students of the ancient Indo- European languages, have recently advanced the opinion that the original home of the Indo-European races must be sought in Europe, because their stock of words is rich in the names of plants and animals, and contains names of seasons that are not found in tropical countries or anywhere in Asia.” (“American Cyclopædia,” art. Ethnology.) By the study of comparative philology, or the seeking out of the words common to the various branches of the Aryan race before they separated, we are able to reconstruct an out- line of the civilization of that ancient people. Max Müller has given this subject great study, and availing ourselves of his researches we can determine the following facts as to the progenitors of the Aryan stock: They were a civilized race; they possessed the institution of marriage; they recog- nized the relationship of father, mother, son, daughter, grand- TIIE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 459 son, brother, sister, mother-in-law, father-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, and sister-in-law, and had separate words for each of these relationships, which we are only able to express by adding the words “in-law.” They recognized also the condition of widows, or “the husband- less." They lived in an organized society, governed by a king. They possessed houses with doors and solid walls. They had wagons and carriages. They possessed family names. They dwelt in towns and cities, on highways. They were not hunters or nomads. They were a peaceful people; the warlike words in the different Aryan languages cannot be traced back to this original race. They lived in a country having few wild beasts ; the only wild animals whose names can be assigned to this parent stock being the bear, the wolf, and the serpent. The name of the elephant, “the beast with a hand," occurs only twice in the “Rig-Veda;” a singular omission if the Aryans were from time immemorial an Asiatic race; and “when it does oc- cur, it is in such a way as to show that he was still an object of wonder and terror to them.” (Whitney's “Oriental and Linguistic Studies,” p. 26.) They possessed nearly all the do- mestic animals we now have—the ox and the cow, the horse, the dog, the sheep, the goat, the hog, the donkey, and the goose. They divided the year into twelve months. They were farmers; they used the plough ; their name as a race (Aryan) was de- rived from it; they were, par excellence, ploughmen; they raised various kinds of grain, including flax, barley, hemp, and wheat; they had mills and millers, and ground their corn. The presence of millers shows that they bad proceeded beyond the primitive condition where each family ground its corn in its own mill. They used fire, and cooked and baked their food; they wove cloth and wore clothing; they spun wool; they possessed the dif- ferent metals, even iron: they had gold. The word for “water” also meant “salt made from water," from which it might be in- ferred that the water with which they were familiar was salt- water. It is evident they manufactured salt by evaporating salt- THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 461 they hot bloodshed ; – Colf, and serpentin its la fore Greek was Greek, Celt was Celt, Hindoo was Hindoo, or Goth was Goth, have been located? The common opinion says, in Armenia or Bactria, in Asia. But where in Asia could they have found a country so peaceful as to know no terms for war or bloodshed;—a country so civilized as to possess no wild beasts save the bear, wolf, and serpent? No people could have been developed in Asia without bearing in its language traces of century - long battles for life with the rude and barbarous races around them; no nation could have fought for ages for existence against "man - eating" tigers, lions, elephants, and hyenas, without bearing the memory of these things in their tongue. A tiger, identical with that of Bengal, still exists around Lake Aral, in Asia; from time to time it is seen in Si- beria. “The last tiger killed in 1828 was on the Lena, in lati- tude fifty-two degrees thirty minutes, in a climate colder than that of St. Petersburg and Stockholm.” The fathers of the Aryan race must have dwelt for many thousand years so completely protected from barbarians and wild beasts that they at last lost all memory of them, and all words descriptive of them; and where could this have been possible save in some great, long-civilized land, surrounded by the sea, and isolated from the attack of the savage tribes that occupied the rest of the world? And if such a great civilized nation had dwelt for centuries in Asia, Europe, or Africa, why have not their monuments long ago been discovered and identi- fied? Where is the race who are their natural successors, and who must have continued to live after them in that sheltered and happy land, where they knew no human and scarcely any animal enemies? Why would any people have altogether left such a home? Why, when their civilization had spread to the ends of the carth, did it cease to exist in the peaceful region where it originated ? Savage nations cannot usually count beyond five. This peo- ple had names for the numerals up to one hundred, and the power, doubtless, of combining these to still higher powers, as 462 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. three hundred, five hundred, ten hundred, etc. Says a high authority, “If any more proof were wanted as to the reality of that period which must have preceded the dispersion of the Aryan race, we might appeal to the Aryan numerals as irre- fragable evidence of that long-continued intellectual life which characterizes that period.” Such a degree of progress implies necessarily an alphabet, writing, commerce, and trade, even as the existence of words for boats and ships has already implied navigation. In what have we added to the civilization of this ancient people? Their domestic animals were the same as our own, except one fowl adopted from America. In the past ten thou- sand years we have added one bird to their list of domesticated animals! They raised wheat and wool, and spun and wove as we do, except that we have added some mechanical contrivances to produce the same results. Their metals are ours. Even iron, the triumph, as we had supposed, of more modern times, they had already discovered. And it must not be forgotten that Greek mythology tells us that the god-like race who dwelt on Olympus, that great island "in the midst of the Atlantic," in the remote west, wrought in iron; and we find the remains of an iron sword and meteoric iron weapons in the mounds of the Mississippi Valley, while the name of the metal is found in the ancient languages of Peru and Chili, and the Incas worked in iron on the shores of Lake Titicaca. A still further evidence of the civilization of this ancient race is found in the fact that, before the dispersion from their origi- nal home, the Aryans had reached such a degree of development that they possessed a regularly organized religion: they wor- shipped God, they believed in an evil spirit, they believed in a heaven for the just. All this presupposes temples, priests, sac- rifices, and an orderly state of society. We have seen that Greek mythology is really a bistory of the kings and queens of Atlantis. When we turn to that other branch of the great Aryan THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 465 the older Greeks describe him as a king very great during his life, and deified after death. ... Amon, king of Arabia or Ethiopia, married Rhea, sister of Chronos, who reigned over Italy, Sicily, and certain countries of Northern Africa.” Diony- sos, according to the Egyptians, was the son of Amon by the beautiful Amalthea. Chronos and Amon had a prolonged war; Dionysos defeated Chronos and captured his capital, de- throned him, and put his son Zeus in his place; Zeus reigned nobly, and won a great fame. Dionysos succeeded his father Ainon, and “became the greatest of sovereigns. He extend- ed his sway in all the neighboring countries, and completed the conquest of India. . . . He gave much attention to the Cushite colonies in Egypt, greatly increasing their strength, intelligence, and prosperity.” (Baldwin's “Prehistoric Na- tions,” p. 283.) • When we turn to the Hindoo we still find this Atlantean king. In the Sanscrit books we find reference to a god called Deva- Nahusha, who has been identified by scholars with Dionysos. He is connected “ with the oldest history and mythology in the world.” He is said to have been a contemporary with Indra, king of Meru, who was also deified, and who appears in the Veda as a principal form of representation of the Supreine Being. “The warmest colors of imagination are used in portraying the greatness of Deva-Nahusha. For a time he had sovereign control of affairs in Meru; he conquered the seven dwipas, and led his armies through all the known countries of the world ; by means of matchless wisdom and miraculous heroism he made his empire universal.” (Ibid., p. 287.) Here we see that the great god Indra, chief god of the Hin- doos, was formerly king of Meru, and that Deva - Nahusha (De(va)nushas — De-onyshas) had also been king of Meru ; and we must remember that Theopompus tell us that the isl- and of Atlantis was inhabited by the “Meropes;" and Lenor- 20* 466 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. mant has reached the conclusion that the first people of the ancient world were “the men of Mero." We can well believe, when we see traces of the same civiliza- tion extending from Peru and Lake Superior to Armenia and the frontiers of China, that this Atlantean kingdom was indeed "universal," and extended through all the “known countries of the world.” “We can see in the legends that Părūră vas, Nahusha, and others had no connection with Sanscrit history. They are re- ferred to ages very long anterior to the Sanscrit immigration, and must have been great personages celebrated in the tradi- tions of the natives or Dasyus. ... Părūrăvas was a king of great renown, who ruled over thirteen islands of the ocean, al- together surrounded by inhuman (or superhuman) personages; he engaged in a contest with Brahmans, and perished. Na- husha, mentioned by Maull, and in many legends, as famous for hostility to the Brahmans, lived at the time when Indra ruled on earth. He was a very great king, who ruled with justice a mighty empire, and attained the sovereignty of three worlds.” (Europe, Africa, and America ?) “Being intoxicated with pride, he was arrogant to Brahmans, compelled them to bear his palanquin, and even dared to touch one of them with his foot " (kicked him ?)," whereupon he was transformed into a serpent." (Baldwin's “ Prehistoric Nations,” p. 291.) The Egyptians placed Dionysos (Osiris) at the close of the period of their history which was assigned to the gods, that is, toward the close of the great empire of Atlantis. When we remember that the hymns of the “Rig-Veda" are admitted to date back to a vast antiquity, and are written in a language that had ceased to be a living tongue thousands of years ago, we can almost fancy those hymns preserve some part of the songs of praise uttered of old upon the island of Atlantis. Many of them seem to belong to sun-worship, and might have been sung with propriety upon the high places of Peru : "In the beginning there arose the golden child. He was the one born Lord of all that is. He established the earth and the sky. Who is the god to whom we shall offer sacrifice? THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 467 “He who gives life; He who gives strength; whose com- mand all the bright gods” (the stars ?) “ revere; whose light is immortality; whose shadow is death. . . . He who through his power is the one God of the breathing and awakening world. He who governs all, man and beast. He whose greatness these snowy mountains, whose greatness the sea proclaims, with the distant river. He through whom the sky is bright and the earth firm. ... He who measured out the light in the air. ... Wherever the mighty water-clouds went, where they placed the seed and lit the fire, thence arose He who is the sole life of the bright gods. . . . He to whom heaven and earth, stand- ing firm by His will, look up, treinbling inwardly. ... May he not destroy us; He, the creator of the earth; He, the righteous, who created heaven. He also created the bright and mighty waters." This is plainly a hymn to the sun, or to a god whose most glorious representative was the sun. It is the hymn of a peo- ple near the son; it was not written by a people living in the heart of Asia. It was the hymn of a people living in a vol- canic country, who call upon their god to keep the earth “firm" and not to destroy them. It was sung at daybreak, as the sun rolled up the sky over an “awakening world.” The fire (Agni) upon the altar was regarded as a messenger rising from the earth to the sun: “Youngest of the gods, their messenger, their invoker. ... For thou, O sage, goest wisely between these two creations (heaven and earth, God and man) like a friendly messenger between two hamulets.” The dawn of the day (Ushas), part of the sun-worship, be- came also a god : “She shines upon us like a young wife, rousing every living being to go to his work. When the fire had to be kindled by man, she made the light by striking down the darkness.” As the Egyptians and the Greeks looked to a happy abode (an under-world) in the west, beyond the waters, so the Aryan's paradise was the other side of some body of water. In the 468 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. Veda (vii. 56, 24) we find a prayer to the Maruts, the storm- gods: “O, Maruts, may there be to us a strong son, who is a living ruler of men; through whom we may cross the waters on our way to the happy abode.” This happy abode is de- scribed as “where King Vaivasvata reigns; where the secret place of heaven is; where the mighty waters are ... where there is food and rejoicing ... where there is happiness and delight; where joy and pleasure reside.” (Rig-Veda ix, 113, 7.) This is the paradise beyond the seas; the Elysion; the Elysian Fields of the Greek and the Egyptian, located upon an island in the Atlantic which was destroyed by water. One great chain of tradition binds together these widely separated races. “The religion of the Veda knows no idols," says Max Müller; "the worship of idols in India is a secondary forma- tion, a degradation of the more primitive worship of ideal gods." It was pure sun-worship, such as prevailed in Peru on the arrival of the Spaniards. It accords with Plato's description of the religion of Atlantis. “The Dolphin's Ridge,” at the bottom of the Atlantic, or the high land revealed by the soundings taken by the ship Challenger, is, as will be seen, of a three-pronged form-one prong pointing toward the west coast of Ireland, another con- necting with the north-east coast of South America, and a third near or on the west coast of Africa. It does not follow that the island of Atlantis, at any time wbile inhabited by civilized people, actually reached these coasts; there is a strong proba- bility that races of men may have found their way there from the three continents of Europe, America, and Africa; or the great continent which once filled the whole bed of the present Atlantic Ocean, and from whose débris geology tells us the Old and New Worlds were constructed, may have been the scene of the development, during immense periods of time, of diverse races of men, occupying different zones of climate. There are many indications that there were three races of men THE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 469 dwelling on Atlantis. Noah, according to Genesis, had three sons -Shem, Ham, and Japheth—who represented three different races of men of different colors. The Greek legends tell us of the rebellions inaugurated at different times in Olympus. One of these was a rebellion of the Giants, “a race of beings sprung from the blood of Uranos,” the great original progenitor of the stock. “Their king or leader was Porphyrion, their most powerful champion Alkyoneus.”. Their mother was the earth: this probably meant that they represented the common people of a darker bue. They made a desperate struggle for suprem- acy, but were conquered by Zeus. There were also two rebel- lions of the Titans. The Titans seem to have had a govern- ment of their own, and the names of twelve of their kings are given in the Greek mythology (sce Murray, p. 27). They also were of “the blood of Uranos,” the Adam of the people. We read, in fact, that Uranos married Gæa (the carth), and had three families: 1, the Titans; 2, the Hekatoncheires; and 3, the Kyklopes. We should conclude that the last two were maritime peoples, and I have shown that their mythical char- acteristics were probably derived from the appearance of their ships. Here we have, I think, a reference to the three races : 1, the red or sunburnt men, like the Egyptians, the Phæni- cians, the Basques, and the Berber and Cushite stocks; 2, the sons of Shem, possibly the yellow or Turanian race; and 3, the whiter men, the Aryans, the Greeks, Kelts, Goths, Slavs, etc. If this view is correct, then we may suppose that colonies of the pale-faced stock may have been sent out from Atlantis to the northern coasts of Europe at different and perhaps wide- ly separated periods of time, from some of which the Aryan families of Europe proceeded; hence the legend, which is found among them, that they were once forced to dwell in a country where the summers were only two months long. From the earliest times two grand divisions are recognized in the Aryan family : “to the cast those who specially called themselves Arians, whose descendants inhabited Persia, India, 470 ATLANTIS: TIIE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. etc.; to the west, the Yavana, or the Young Ones, who first emi- grated westward, and from whom have descended the various nations that have populated Europe. This is the name (Javan) found in the tenth chapter of Genesis.” (Lenormant and Chevallier, “ Ancient History of the East,” vol. ii., p. 2.) But surely those who “first emigrated westward,” the earliest to leave the parent stock, could not be the “Young Ones;" they would be rather the elder brothers. But if we can suppose the Bactrian population to have left Atlantis at an early date, and the Greeks, Latins, and Celts to have left it at a later period, then they would indeed be the “ Young Ones" of the family, following on the heels of the earlier migrations, and herein we would find the explavation of the resemblance be- tween the Latin and Celtic tongues. Lenormant says the name of Erin (Ireland) is derived from Aryan; and yet we have seen this island populated and named Erin by races distinctly con- nected with Spain, Iberia, Africa, and Atlantis. / There is another reason for supposing that the Aryan na- tions came from Atlantis. We find all Europe, except a small corner of Spain and a strip along the Arctic Circle, occupied by nations recognized as Aryan; but when we turn to Asia, there is but a corner of it, and that corner in the part nearest Europe, occupied by the Aryans. All the rest of that great continent bas been filled from immemorial ages by non-Aryan races. There are seven branches of the Aryan family : 1. Germanic or Teutonic; 2. Slavo-Lithuanic; 3. Celtic; 4. Italic; 5. Greck; 6. Iranian or Persian ; 7. Sanscritic or Indian ; and of these seven branches five dwell on the soil of Europe, and the other two are intru- sive races in Asia from the direction of Europe. The Aryans in Europe have dwelt there apparently since the close of the Stone Age, if not before it, while the movements of the Aryans in Asia are within the Historical Period, and they appear as intrusive stocks, forming a high caste amid a vast population of a different race. The Vedas are supposed to date back to TUE ARYAN COLONIES FROM ATLANTIS. 471 2000 B.C., while there is every reason to believe that the Celt inhabited Western Europe 5000 B.C. If the Aryan race had originated in the heart of Asia, why would not its ramifications have extended into Siberia, China, and Japan, and all over Asia? And if the Aryans moved at a comparatively recent date into Europe from Bactria, where are the populations that then inhabited Europe—the men of the ages of stone and bronze ? We should expect to find the western coasts of Europe filled with them, just as the eastern coasts of Asia and India are filled with Turanian populations. On the contrary, we know that the Aryans descended upon India from the Punjab, which lies to the north-west of that region; and that their traditions represent that they came there from the west, to wit, from the direction of Europe and Atlantis. ATLANTIS RECONSTRUCTED. 475 The presence of the plough in Egypt and Peru implies that they possessed that implement. And as the horns and ox-head of Baal show the esteem in which cattle were held among them, we may suppose that they had passed the stage in which the plough was drawn by men, as in Peru and Egypt in ancient times, and in Sweden during the Historical Period, and that it was drawn by oxen or horses. They first domesticated the horse, hence the association of Poseidon or Neptune, a sea- god, with horses; hence the race-courses for horses described by Plato. They possessed sheep, and manufactured woollen goods; they also had goats, dogs, and swine. They raised cotton and made cotton goods; they probably cultivated maize, wheat, oats, barley, rye, tobacco, hemp, and flax, and possibly potatoes; they built aqueducts and practised irrigation; they were archi- tects, sculptors, and engravers; they possessed an alphabet ; they worked in tin, copper, bronze, silver, gold, and iron. During the vast period of their duration, as peace and agri- culture caused their population to increase to overflowing, they spread out in colonies cast and west to the ends of the earth. This was not the work of a few years, but of many centuries; and the relations between these colonies may have been some- thing like the relation between the different colonies that in a later age were established by the Phænicians, the Greeks, and the Romans; there was an intermingling with the more ancient races, the autochthones of the different lands where they settled; and the same crossing of stocks, which we know to have been continued all through the Historical Period, must have been going on for thousands of years, whereby new races and new dialects were formed; and the result of all this has been that the smaller races of antiquity have grown larger, while all the complexions shade into each other, so that we can pass from the whitest to the darkest by insensible degrees. In some respects the Atlanteans exhibited conditions similar to those of the British Islands: there were the same, and even greater, race differences in the population; the same plantation 476 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. of colonies in Europe, Asia, and America; the same carrying of civilization to the ends of the earth. We have seen colo- nies from Great Britain going out in the third and fifth centu- ries to settle on the shores of France, in Brittany, representing one of the nationalities and languages of the mother-country- a race Atlantean in origin. In the same way we may suppose Hamitic emigrations to have gone out from Atlantis to Syria, Egypt, and the Barbary States. If we could imagine High- land Scotch, Welsh, Cornish, and Irish populations emigrating en masse from England in later times, and carrying to their new lands the civilization of England, with peculiar languages not English, we would have a state of things probably more like the migrations which took place from Atlantis. England, with a civilization Atlantean in origin, peopled by races from the same source, is repeating in these modern times the ein- pire of Zeus and Chronos; and, just as we have seen Troy, Egypt, and Greece warring against the parent race, so in later days we have seen Brittany and the United States separating themselves from England, the race characteristics remaining after the governmental connection had ceased. In religion the Atlanteans had reached all the great thonghts which underlie our modern creeds. They had attained to the conception of one universal, omnipotent, great First Cause. We find the worship of this One God in Peru and in carly Egypt. They looked upon the sun as the mighty emblem, type, and instrumentality of this One God. Such a conception could only have come with civilization. It is not until these later days that science has realized the utter dependence of all earthly life upon the sun's rays: “ All applications of animal power may be regarded as de- rived directly or indirectly from the static chemical power of the vegetable substance by which the various organisms and their capabilities are sustained ; and this power, in turn, from the kinetic action of the sun's rays. “Winds and ocean currents, hailstorms and rain, sliding 478 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. a kingly government; they had their courts, their judges, their records, their monuments covered with inscriptions, their mines, their founderies, their workshops, their looms, their grist-mills, their boats and sailing - vessels, their highways, aqueducts, wharves, docks, and canals. They had processions, banners, and triumphal arches for their kings and heroes; they built pyramids, temples, round-towers, and obelisks; they practised religious ablutions; they knew the use of the magnet and of gunpowder. In short, they were in the enjoyment of a civiliza- tion nearly as high as our own, lacking only the printing-press, and those inventions in which steam, electricity, and magnetism are used. We are told that Deva-Nahusha visited his colonies in Farther India. An empire which reached from the Andes to Hindostan, if not to China, must have been magnificent indeed. In its markets must have met the maize of the Mississippi Valley, the copper of Lake Superior, the gold and silver of Peru and Mexico, the spices of India, the tin of Wales and Cornwall, the bronze of Iberia, the amber of the Baltic, the wheat and barley of Greece, Italy, and Switzerland. It is not surprising that when this mighty nation sank beneath the waves, in the midst of terrible convulsions, with all its millions of people, the event left an everlasting impres- sion upon the imagination of mankind. Let us suppose that Great Britain should to-morrow meet with a similar fate. Wbat a wild consternation would fall upon her colonies and upon the whole human family! The world might relapse into barbarism, deep and almost universal. William the Conqueror, Richard Cæur de Lion, Alfred the Great, Cromwell, and Victo- ria might survive only as the gods or demons of later races ; but the memory of the cataclysm in which the centre of a universal empire instantaneously went down to death would never be forgotten ; it would survive in fragments, more or less complete, in every land on earth; it would outlive the memory of a thousand lesser convulsions of nature; it would survive dynasties, nations, creeds, and languages; it would never 480 ATLANTIS: THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. We are but beginning to understand the past: one hundred years ago the world knew nothing of Pompeii or Herculaneum; nothing of the lingual tie that binds together the Indo-European nations; nothing of the significance of the vast volume of in- scriptions upon the tombs and temples of Egypt; nothing of the meaning of the arrow-headed inscriptions of Babylon; noih- ning of the marvellous civilizations revealed in the remains of Yucatan, Mexico, and Peru. We are on the threshold. Scien- tific investigation is advancing with giant strides. Who shall say that one bundred years from now the great museums of the world may not be adorned with gems, statues, arms, and implements from Atlantis, while the libraries of the world shall contain translations of its inscriptions, throwing new light upon all the past history of the human race, and all the great probe Lems which now perplex the thinkers of our day? INDE X. A. . . 11: Eastern origin of the races, 165, 167, Abaras, 441. 16S; not all red men, 18+; not all of Acla, 171. same type, 190. Ad, the people of, 236: "as old as Ad," Amon, 465. 277: people of, colonized Arabia, 277: Lampheres, son of Poseidon), 13. empire of, 278; language of, 278; at Amyander, 7. base of many rices, 282. Amynos, 329. Adah, sons of, 250. Ancestor-worship, 155. Adam, 72; a red man, 193; composed Aucient ships, of Troy, 446; of Rameses books in Paradise, 230; author of arts | the Great, 440; of Sesostris, 447 ; of and letters, 236, 329. Syracuse, 447: of the Rumaus, 417; of Ad-amah, 279. the Veneti, 447. All-imi, the, 236, 231. Animal-worship, 143. Ad-in, 279. Antediluvian patriarchs, 27; kings of All-ima, 279. Chaldea, 27. Adites, ancient people of Arabia, 27, 276; Antediluvinus, the, possessed au alpha- sull-worshippers, 277; red-men, 275. bet, 235. Aditi, the, 280. Antla, 169, 171. Aditya, the, 250, Anubis, 236. Ad, Mashab, 279. Apache, the, Flood legends, 117. Alimi, 291. Apar, Aphar, Apara, 409. Allon, 279. Apaturia, 7. Adonii, 425. Api-, 147. Adonis, 425. Aqueducts, the, of Perii, 141. All: Shed-Ad, ben, 276. Arabs, 27; red mell, 193. Ege:un Sea, 25. Ar-Ad, 279. Ælian, 27. Arimeas, their Deluge legend, 85. Afghaus, 155. Arch, the, 140; of Central America, 353, Africa, Egyptian circumnavigation of, 3. 354; of ancient Greece, 357; of the Africans not all negroes, 104; red and Etruscans, 357. white races among, 404, 405; origin of Architecture of Europe and America these, 407. compired, 136. Ayutharcides, 278. Ark, the, veuerated by different nations, Ayni, the god, 467. 207; of the Mandaus, 111; of the Eyp- Agriculture, 141 ; origin of, 453. tiws, 352. Agros, 329. Armenia Major, list of cities in, 178. Ahuramazda, S. Arys, the, from Europe and Atlantis, Alcinions, Gardens of. 2. 323. 177, 423, 426, 456; not from Asin, 457; Alexander the Great, 136. their civilization), 459; their religion, Allah, 425. 462: the two great divisions of, 409. Alphabet, the, origin of. 214: Egyptians Ascension), the island of, 13. did not invent the, 214; slow growth Asgard. 313, 324. of ages, 215; letters added by Greeks | Asshurbauapal, 77. aud Romans, 216; the Phoenici leta Assyrian cycles, 29; esorcisms, 211. ters, 216: the Mava alphabet. 216; 2-Astronomy, perfection of, among aucient ayzed, 219; table of alphabets, 219; Egyptians, 364; origin o1, 153. relation of Phænician and Euryptian Astynome, 330. alphabets, 232; autiquity of, 235. Atargatis, 86. Amasis, King of Egypt, 7. A:hene, 7, 304. Ambrosia, 297. Athens, ancient pre-eminence of, 9: led America, Deluse le rends of, 98. the forces opposed to Atlantis, 11; American continent described by priests founded by Poseidon, 304. of Egypt, 10; ruled over by Atlantis, Ai-hotes, the Egyptian god, 278. 482 INDEX. B Atlantes described by Herodotus, 172. Atlantic Ocean impenetrable, 11; origin of name, 13, 171. Baal, 83 ; in Ireland, 414; the horns of, Atlantids, the, 306. 427, 429. Atlantis, Plato's history of, was true, 1 ; Baalim, 152. was the biribplace of civilization, 1; was Babel, Tower oſ, American legend, 200, colonized by Europe and America, 1:1 202. was the Garden of Eden, 1; its kinys Babylon, 76. became the gods of Greece, 2; founded Bacchus, 149, 305, 306, 464. Egypt, 2; its Bronze Age, 2; origin:ted Bacon, “New Atlantis, 23; his opinion one alphabet, 2; original seat of Ary- of Greek mythology, 283. ans and Semites, 2; suunk in the ocean, Balam Agab, 182. 2; Deluge legends refer to destruction | Boulam Quitze, 176, 182. of, 2: Solon's account of, 5; described | Balboa, 176. . by priests of Sais, 10 ; size of, 10; ex- Banana, carried by man in ancient times tent of its empire, 11; its invasion of across the Atlantic, 57. Greece, 11: its destruction, 11: de- / Baubha, the Lady, 408. Ecribed i: detail by Plato, 13; its fruits Baptism, Mexican, described and flowers, 14; its kinys, 14; its ani- Barbarians of Homer, 179. mals, 14; its temples, harbors, and Barbary States, 172. docks, 15; its great canal, 15; its archi Basques, the, described, 358; their lan. tecture, 15; its walls, 15; its baths and guiage, 172, their American affinities, race - courses, 16; its docks, 17; its 173. mountains, 17; its ships and merchants, Baths, hot and cold, in Atlantis, 16. 17; its great plain, 19; its military ser Baukis, 302. vice, 19; the arrangement of its gov- Bearded men in America, 165, 166. ernment, 19; its columus covered with Bel, 63. inscriptions, 19; the adininistration Belus, temple of, 335, 341. of justice in, 19; its records, 20; its Berber languages, 196, 407. golden age, 20; its wickedness, 20; Berosus, 27; his version of the Chaldean traditions of, 276; sun-worship in, 254; Deluge legend, 75. its kings become the gods of the Beth-el, 308, 425. Greeks, 293, 295; and of the Phænic | Bhagavata Purana, S8, 126. cians, 309; original seat of Phænicians, Bilma, 172. 810; the Garden of Eden, 323; the col Bind Madhn, temple opies of, 349; the inventions derived Black Caribbees, 176. from, 410; reconstrncted, 472; inter- Black Celis, 183. diction of swine-flesh in, 472; practice Black Indians of California, 185. of circumcision in, 472; its religion, Black Sea, 311. 476; its destruction, 478. Bochica, 105. Alas, oldesi son of Poseidon, 13; 811- Boeckh, 27, 91. premeruler of Atlantis, 14, 20, 149; ori | Brahma, 27, 323. of name, 171: mountains of, 172, Brahmadikas, the, 27. 308; he lived in the Hesperides, 288, 289. Brasseur de Bourbourg, 100, 167, 179; his All-tona-ti-11h, 282. description of Indians, 196; he discoy. At-otarho, 119. ers Landa's MS. in Madrid library, 217, Atrens, Mycena, treasure house at, 265. 419. Attika, 304, 308. Brazil, fauna of, 53. At-tit, 292. Bretode, the, 389. Augurs, 144, 118. Bricks, ise of, ou both continents, 140. Anstralia Archipelago, 32. Bride-cake, 158. Autochthon, son of Poseidon, 13, 308, Brigantia, 411. 309, 329. British Islands, formerly enbmerged, 34. Ayar, 391. Britons, a civilized race, 134; aucient, Aymaras, 199. horror of hares, 147, Azaes, son of Poseidon, 14. Bronze Age, its origin, 2; Flood occurred ocks of. 24: the islands during,90; in Europe, 237; a perplex- of, are surviving fragments of Atlan ing problem, 237: preceded by an age tis, 26; earthquakes in, 13; revealed of copper and tin, 237; was imported by deep-sea soudings, 40; covered into Europe, 233, 245; not attributable with volcanic debris, 46, 50; climale to Romans, 241; Dor Phoenicians, 241; of, 473. represents new people, 245; in Iceland. Azum, 97, 105, 326, 327. 249; came from common centre, 230; Aztecs, the, were from Aztlan, 106: their in Olympus, 290. civilization, 350; their religion, 351; Bronze celte, 250, 253; one with inscrip- their customs, 351. tion, 258. 484 INDEX. Couvade, the, 152. Earth, 9; fubmergences of, 31, 83. Cow-headed idols, 427. Eastern origin of American races, 165, Coxcox, the Mexica Noah, 99. 167, 169. Cremation practised on both continents, Egypt, its mythology from Atlantis, 2; 152. was the oldest colony of Atlantis, 2 Critias, 6, 7. founded by Athene, 9; no Flood le- Cro-Magnon, the man of, 273. gends in, 94; vast antiquity of, 131 : Cromlechs of Africa and Europe, 406. people came from Atlantis, 132; given Cross, the, 24, 317: St. George's, 315; St. by Chronos to Taunt, 309; the purile Andrew's, 318, 334; Maltese, 318, 333; mids of, 329; colonized by Atlantis, Greek, 313; Latin, 318; of the Nile, 35$: burial rites of, 359; treat antig- 315, 319; of Central America, 319; a uity of, 360; vast monuments of, 362; symbol of the Garden of Eden, 320; the laws of ancient, 303 ; their arts, 361. "key of the Nile," 321 ; of Nineveh, Egyptian cross, 320; cross-cake, 322. 321 ; of Britain, 321 ; of India, 321 ; of Egyptian plants found in lake dwellings China, 321 ; of Scandinavia, 321. of Switzerland, 62. Cross-cake of Egyptiaus, 392. Egyptian priests gave Solon traditions Crow Indians, the, 159. of Atlantis, 6. Crux-ansata, the, 332. Egyptiaus, circumnavigation of Africa, Çüdüg, 330. 3; cycles, 29; red men, 194; their ear- Culebres, the, 314. ly religion monotheism, 211; aristo- Culhuacan, 97, 326. cratic classes had receding foreheads, Cukulcan, 166. 274. Cusbites, red men, 194. El, 192, 425. Customs, similarities of, in Europe and Elasippus, son of Poseidon, 14. America, 150. Elephauts, in Atlantis, 14; in America, Cycles of sixiy years, 151. 169; elephant mound, Wisconsin, 169; Cyclops, 294. elephant pipe, Iowa, 169; elephant hel. met, 170; Mexican representation of D. elephant, 170; elephant truuks, 170. Dagon, 308, 309. Eleusivian Mysteries, the, 463. Dakota legends of Atlantis, 114. Eloah, 425. Dances: the bodo dance, 156: the Elohim, 495. "mummers,'' 156; dog dauces, 156; Elysian Fields, 1, 285, 359. Dyonisiac dances, 156. Elysion, 359, Dites' pipes in Ireland, 63. Embalming the dead, 144, 179. Dark-whites, the, 195. England, rock carvings in, 178. Darwin, Charles, submarine phenomena, Engraving, ihe art of, very ancient, 141. 44; origin of our domestic animals, 55; Epilepsy, 148. of onr domestic plants, 61. Erichthonis, 91. Deformation of skull, 26S. Erythea, 307. Deluge, herdsmen and shepherds only Erythraean Sea, 310. survive in the, S: there were several Ethiopians, 29; were red men, 194. deluges, 9; the Bible record, 65; de Etruscans not the authors of the Bronze fcribes destruction of Atlantis, 72,290. Age of Europe, 243, 426: they proba- Deluge letrends relate to destruction of bly possessed the mariner's compass, Atlantis, 2,65; tradition universal, 66; 446, of the Chaldeans, 75; of America, 95, Enmelns, 13. Demeter, 305, Eveemon, son of Poseidon, 13. Deucalion, Douge of, 8, 85, 89, 291. Eve, in Toltec legende, 199. Deva Nathisha, 24, 464. Evenor, 13. Dinprepes, son of Poseidon, 14. Exorcism of demons, 147. Diodorus Siculiis describes Atlantis, 28. Dionysus, 149, 305, 306, 165. F. Dolphin, U.S. ship, 46. Dolphin's Ridge, 20, 50, 46S. Fairies of America and Europe, 157. Dominica, earthquake in, 119. Fauna of Europe and America com- Donnelly, Miss Eleanor C., poem of, 421. pared, 5t. Dropidas, 6, 12. Fayal, 24. Druids, their books, 235. Fezzan, 172. Dryfach, 93. Fir-Bolus, the, 409. Dwyfan, 93. Fire, sacred, of Mexicans, 146; of Asia Minor, 146; of India, 1-16; of Sweden, 110; of Romans, 146, 151 ; of Peru, 151. E:1. Chaldean god of the Fluod, 75, 83, Flat-head Indians, 271. 125. | Flood of Deucalion, 291. INDEX. 485 II. G. Flood tablet, Calendar stone, Mexico, | Gulf Stream, 50. 1 Gulguntius, 409. Flora of Europe and America compared, , Gurani, 179. Flora of Pacific States of America, 59. Fogo), 43. Haadam, 281. Folk-lore, 150, 160, Hades, 285. Foolahs, the, 406. Ham, what races descended from, 436. Formorians, the, 40S. Hure, superstitious fear of, 117. Frog Indians, 272. Harlequin, 210. Haroeri, 442. Havilah, 325. Gadeirus, 13. Hayagriva, ss, 236. Gades, part of empire of Atlantis, 13; Heuris, hanging up of enemies', 209. why so named, 13, 172. Hebrew language, similarity to Chia- Gæn, 308. penec, 234. Gæthulighe, 411. Hebrews, greater health of, 472. Galley, of Bronze Age, 256 ; of Romans, Hecla, 43. 257; of William the Congneror, 257. Tektoncheires, 294 ; described, 299. Gama, Vasquez de, discovery of the Cape Hellenes, S. of Good Hope, 3. llera, S6, 303. Games the sume on both continents, 162. llerenlaneum and Pompeii, once called Garden of Eden, 1, 24; cross a symbol "the fabulous cities, 3. of, 320; described, 321, 325, 320. Ilercules, 306; Columus of, 10, 11, 27, 2S; Ganus, possessed traditions of Atlantis, the stone of, 441, 443. 23; a civilized race, 134. Hermes Trismegistus, 125. Ge, 308. llerodotus, increased respect for, 3; Genea, 329. quotation from, 23; burial rites of Genesis, 27; contains a history of Atlan Scythians, 136; describes the Max- tis, 193; similarities to American le- yans, 190; describes Scythian nude gends, 199; its great antiquity, 212. of scalping enemies, 209, 333, 362. Genos, 329. Ilesiod, 7. Geological formation of United Stat llesperides, the gardens of the, were in 32; of Europe, 33. Allantis, 259; golden apples of, 306. Germans, ancient, a civilized race, 134. Ilesperis, 306. Gettysburg, U. S. ship, explorations by, Hiawatha, 149. 53. Hierapolis, 35; chasm of, so. Geryon, 307. Hieroglyphics, 214, 216, 23. Ghosts, beliefin, on both continents, 146. Him yuritic-Arabians, 194. Gihon, the river, 312, 325. Hindoo legends of Deluge, 24, S6, 87, 181. Glacial Period, the, causes of, 50. Ilirim, 314. Gobi, 429. Hivites, 314. Gold sacred in Assyria and Peru to the Iloma, water of life, 27. $11), 347. Ilomer, 7, 191, 297, 324. Gold, a sacred metal of Atlantis, 313 : a llood, Robin, 210. sacred metal of Peruvians, 315.. Horse, race-courses and baths for, in Golden Age, the, 290, 301. Atlantis, 17; associated with Atlantis Gomer, 412. and Poseidon, 25; originated in North Gömüshtepe, 429. America, 54; domesticated in very Goths, ancient writings of, 236; their ancient times, 55. mythology, 313, 310. 1111, 93, 152; the writings of, 235. Graham's island, 36. IT1-hu-nap-hu, 12. Grave-cists, 139. Hunaphu, 149, 152. Gray, Professor Asa, on florn of the Pa- Hunbatz, 182. citic coast, 59. Ilumcan, 192. Greeks, no history of antiquity, 6; their Hue Hue Tlapalan, 165, 38-4. legends of the Deluge, 9; their divin- Ilumboldt, 151,327, 335, 311, 426, 438. iries the rulers of Atlantis, 953. Huns, the aucient, flattened the skull, Gunpowder, its antiquity, 447; known ! 272. to ancient Chinese, 417to the Phæni. Hurakan, a Central American god, 102. cians, 448; to Hindoos, 445 ; tu Moses, Hurricane, origin of word, 103. 419; to Atlantis, 450. Hydrophoria, Greek ceremony having Gulbaani, inhabitants of, 196. reference to Deluye, 90. Guanches, 178, 179, 180, 473. Ilyksos, the, 333. Guatemala, 26. Hyperboreans, people from Atlantis vis- Gucumutz, 199. ited the, 27. 488 INDEX. P. Atlantis, 5 : probabilities of his history of Atlantis, 22, 177, 235. Painting, antiqnity of the art of, 141. Plough festivals of Peru and Egypt, 141, Palenque, negroid figure from, 175, 31: 438. Pau adored in Europe and America, Plutarch, opinion of Herodotus, 3; men- 145. tions islands in Atlantic, 28. Panthenea, 91. Pluto, 294, 297, 300. Panuco, city of, 145. Poisoned arrows, 156. Paper, antiquity of, 451 ; of Egypt, 451; Pompeii and Herculaneum once called of Mexico, 451 ; of Perni, 451. " the fabulous cities,"3; their discov. Parian Gulf, Indians of, 190. ery, 124. Partholan, 409. Popul Vrh, 167; Deluge legend of, 102; Passage, west, from Atlantis to Ameri ii describes Atlanus, 175, 419. ca, 172. Port Royal, earthquake at, 43. Peisdadien, the, kings, 27. Porto Praya, 44. Penance, 144. Poseidon, receives Atlantis as his share Penn, William, letter oſ, describing In of the world, 13; marrics (leito, 13; dians, 155. builds a city, 13; his temple, 10; his Perirrhoos, 91. chariot, 16, 25: his grove, 17; ancient Persian Gulf, 310, 311. worship of, in Europe, 24; called Nep- Persian Magi, Flood leveud, 92. tume, 25; associated with the horse, Pern, description of temple of Cuzco, 25; horses sacriticed to, 25; his trident, 22 ; ruled over by Atlantis, 23; great 26, 196, 294, 297, 300; described, 304, public roads of, 141 ; aqueducts, 141; 308, 309, 428. posts, 141; mile-stones, 141. Potato known to ancient Chinese, GO, Peruvians, ancient, their color, 189; col | Pottery of Bronze Age and mounds of onized from Atlantis, 390 ; their civ. United States compared, 261: of Cola ilization, 392; ils antiquity, 392; their orado, 262; of Zunis, 262; Switzerland great monuments, 393; their pyri and Mexico, 266. mids, 393; roads, 394; customs, 396; Poulle-i-feron (Hell-holc), 122. language, 102. Priapus worship, 136. Petecall, 145. Priesthood, in Mexico, 159; celibacy of, Petris, the ten, 27. 1160. Phracians, the, 209. Proclus, his allusion to Atlantis, 27. Phaëton, S; the myth of, found in Protogonos, 329. America, 145. Ptah-hotep, 212, 213. Phallus worship, 136. Ptolemy's list of ancient cities, 178. Pharaoh Nechý, circumnavigation of Public roads of Peru, 141. Africa, 3. Pyramid, the, 139, 317; a transcript of Pheryllt, books of, 235. The holy mountain, 330: Arabian tra- Philemon, 302, ditions as to, 331; of India, 330, 334; Phison, 326. of Mexico, 335, 336; of Eyypt, 335, 336. Phænicians, their gods derived from Pyrrha, 8. Atlantis, 2; leiters. 2; red men, 194: origin of their alphabet, 214: not the anthors of the Bronze Age of Europe, Qen, 329. 241, 243; their mythology from AtliuiQenath, 329. tis, 305; they came from the Erythraean Quetzalcoatl, 105. Sea, 310; from Atlantis, 310, humani Quiches, 106, 175; their gods, 149; their sacritices among, 311; extent of their legends of the creation, 198. commerce, 311; association with Bible Quichuas, the, 391. records, 325 Quinames, the giants, 204. Phoroneus, 8. Quipu, the, 438. Phos, Phur, and Phlox, 329. Pico, 43. Pimis, Flood legends of, 118. Ra, 2S4. Pimerital, Señor, 218. Races, the four, known to the Egyptians, Pineapple known to ancient Assyrians, 194; to the Aryans, 194. 63. Rainbow, the, 105; sign of promise tc Pipes, tobacco, prehistoric in Ireland, Peruviane, 207. 63 : Indian. 64; African, 61. Rama, 251. Phlebotomy in America, 160. Rana, 390. Plants, aucicut, domesticated in Europe Rauda Kamba, 43. and America, 56; origin of, 61. Rayam, 359. Platicnemism of ancient races, 273. Raymi, 284. Plato, his story true, 1; bis history of Raz, Cape, 297, 359. R. INDEX. 489 S. Renping-machine, on wheels, of the au- | Shedd-Ad-ben-Ad, 276. cient Gauls, 131. Sheep, ancient, domestication of, 55. Red men, ancient Egyptians, 174. Shem, the oldest son of Noah, 423; what Red a sacred color, 194; Cushites and races descended from, 136, 437. Ethiopians red men, 194. Sicanes, aun Iberian colouy, 357. Religion of aucient races, 143; the great Sicily, formerly submerged, 34. religions derived from red men, 195; Sidon, 25. the essence of is conservatism, 210. Silenas describes Altantis, 27, 28. Republicau form of goverument, origiu Silk, antiquity of manufacture of, 451; of, 452. kuown to ancient Hindoos, 152; to an- Rerzins, Anders, Professor, 179. cient Chinese, 452; to Phæniciaus, 452. Rhea, 300. Silsbury Hill, England, 341. Round-towers, of Ireland, 416 : of India, Silver Age, the, 290. 417; of Surdinia, 417; of the Shetlans, Silver, a sacred metal of Atlantis, 343; 417: of New Mexico and Colorado, +18. sacred in Assyria to the moon, 3 17. Ria, 314. Similarities of customs, 150; of languages Ru-Ad, 279. of Mandans and Welsh, 115; Dakota and European tongues, 116. Sabxans, the, 278. Sindree, submergence of, 38. Sabinu worship, 333. Sippara, City of the Sw), 75 ; antedilu- Sailin.r-vessels kuown in ancient Amer vian records buried there, 76. ica, 112. Sirens, the Greek, 49S. St. Brendan, of Ireland, visits America, Sithnides, 90. 419. Skull, artificial deformation of, 269; found St. Helena, 43. in Europe, Asia, and America, 269; still St. Paul's Rocks, 19. practised in Normaudy, 209; aucient Sahara, sands of Desert of, 31. Sviss skull, 270 : Peruvian, 271; chape Sais, city and district of, in Egypt, 7; of in different races, 273: boring holes priests of told Sulon of Atlantis, 5, 7; in by ancient vations, 273. description of, 7. Slieve-donart, 122. Sakkarah, 311. Solon wrote an account of Atlantis, 5; Samné, 165. be visited Egypt, 5; verscs by, 5; his Samson, 204. | poems recited, 7; his reception at Sais, Sanchoniathon, 308, 309, 310, 312, 329, 330, 445. Soma, 257. Sanscrit maps of Westeru Europe, 211. Surcerers who produce fair and foul Santorin, Gulf of, 37. weather, 1IS. Surki, the, 251. Spiral, the double, peculiar to Bronze Satar, a Gothic god, 316. Aye, 262. Saturo, 301. Stone Age in America and Europe, 206. Saturnalia, the Roman, 302, 464. Stone Are of Europe, animals of, 55; its Saturnia, 301. two divisions, 237. Siturnian continent, the, 259. Stone-beer, 156. Satyravata, 8s. Strabo, 311, 397. Satyrs, 145. Submergences of the earth, 31, 34. Savonarola, 190. Suchiquecal, 199. Scalping practised in Europe and Amer- Sumbawa, convulsions in, 35. ica, 209. Sun-worship, 143; Peru, 253; Egypt, 283; Scandinavia, mythology of, 313, 324. Babylonia, 253; Phænicia, 253; At- Scandinavian Flood legends, 93. lantis, 254; Samoyeds, 284; American Scandinavians, 209; aucient, flattened races, 254. the skull, 270. Sutteeism, 155. Schlegel, Frederick, opinion of Herodo Swine-flesh, use of, 472. tus, 3. Swiss, ancient, poutery of, 261 ; bronze Scholt, Dr. Arthur, 26, 110. implements of, 262. Scots, inicient, used iron swords, 184. Switzerland, fossil beds of, 56. Sculpture, the art of, 110. Sydyk, 329, 330. Scomalt, 117. T. Scythians, their burial rites, 136, 412. Seedless plats, SS. Tanut, the Phænician god who invented Semiramis, 139. the alphabet, 309. Semitic, the, races, 177; from Atlantis, Taautos, 125. 423. Thi-Ko-Fokee, 427. Serpent-mounds, 205. Tamahu, the, 407. Serpeut-worship, 2014. Tumhu, 194. Seth, the patriarch, 125. Tartars, the, 209. 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