Oliver Goldsmith - Wikipedia Oliver Goldsmith From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search This article is about the 18th-century Irish writer. For the 19th-century Canadian poet, see Oliver Goldsmith (Canadian poet). For the British eyewear company, see Oliver Goldsmith (company). Oliver Goldsmith Portrait 1769–70 by Joshua Reynolds Born (1728-11-10)10 November 1728 Either Ballymahon, County Longford, Kingdom of Ireland, or Elphin, County Roscommon, Kingdom of Ireland Died 4 April 1774(1774-04-04) (aged 45) London, England Resting place Temple Church, London Occupation Playwright, poet, busker, apothecary's assistant Language English Education BA Alma mater Trinity College, Dublin Literary movement The Club Notable works The Vicar of Wakefield, "The Deserted Village", The Good-Natur'd Man, She Stoops to Conquer Signature Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1728 – 4 April 1774) was an Anglo-Irish novelist, playwright and poet, who is best known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), his pastoral poem The Deserted Village (1770), and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man (1768) and She Stoops to Conquer (1771, first performed in 1773). He is thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes (1765). Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 2.1 The Citizen of the World 2.2 The Hermit 2.3 The Deserted Village 2.4 Other works 3 Religious beliefs 4 Memorials concerning Oliver Goldsmith 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biography[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Goldsmith's birth date and year are not known with certainty. According to the Library of Congress authority file, he told a biographer that he was born on 10 November 1728. The location of his birthplace is also uncertain. He was born either in the townland of Pallas, near Ballymahon, County Longford, Ireland, where his father was the Anglican curate of the parish of Forgney, or at the residence of his maternal grandparents, at the Smith Hill House near Elphin in County Roscommon, where his grandfather Oliver Jones was a clergyman and master of the Elphin diocesan school, and where Oliver studied.[1] When Goldsmith was two years old, his father was appointed the rector of the parish of "Kilkenny West" in County Westmeath. The family moved to the parsonage at Lissoy, between Athlone and Ballymahon, and continued to live there until his father's death in 1747. In 1744, Goldsmith went up to Trinity College, Dublin. His tutor was Theaker Wilder. Neglecting his studies in theology and law, he fell to the bottom of his class. In 1747, along with four other undergraduates, he was expelled for a riot in which they attempted to storm the Marshalsea Prison.[2] He was graduated in 1749 as a Bachelor of Arts, but without the discipline or distinction that might have gained him entry to a profession in the church or the law. His education seemed to have given him mainly a taste for fine clothes, playing cards, singing Irish airs, and playing the flute. He lived for a short time with his mother, tried various professions without success, studied medicine desultorily at the University of Edinburgh from 1752 to 1755, and set out on a walking tour of Flanders, France, Switzerland, and Northern Italy, living by his wits (busking with his flute). A literary party at Sir Joshua Reynolds's[3] (use a cursor to identify each member) A plaque to Oliver Goldsmith at the Temple Church in London, where he was buried. He settled in London in 1756, where he briefly held various jobs, including an apothecary's assistant and an usher of a school. Perennially in debt and addicted to gambling, Goldsmith produced a massive output as a hack writer on Grub Street[4][5][6][7] for the publishers of London, but his few painstaking works earned him the company of Samuel Johnson, with whom he was a founding member of "The Club". There, through fellow Club member Edmund Burke, he made the acquaintance of Sir George Savile, who would later arrange a job for him at Thornhill Grammar School. The combination of his literary work and his dissolute lifestyle led Horace Walpole to give him the epithet "inspired idiot". During this period he used the pseudonym "James Willington" (the name of a fellow student at Trinity) to publish his 1758 translation of the autobiography of the Huguenot Jean Marteilhe. In his 'Life', Washington Irving states that Goldsmith was between 5'4" and 5'6" in height, not heavily built but quite muscular and with rather plain features. In character he had a lively sense of fun, was totally guileless, and never happier than when in the light-hearted company of children. The money that he sporadically earned was often frittered away or happily given away to the next good cause that presented itself so that any financial security tended to be fleeting and short-lived. Goldsmith's talents were unreservedly recognised by Samuel Johnson, whose patronage – somewhat resented by Boswell – aided his eventual recognition in the literary world and the world of drama. Goldsmith was described by contemporaries as prone to envy, a congenial but impetuous and disorganised personality who once planned to emigrate to America but failed because he missed his ship. At some point around this time he worked at Thornhill Grammar School, later basing Squire Thornhill (in The Vicar of Wakefield) on his benefactor Sir George Savile and certainly spending time with eminent scientist Rev. John Mitchell, whom he probably knew from London. Mitchell sorely missed good company, which Goldsmith naturally provided in spades. Thomas De Quincey wrote of him "All the motion of Goldsmith's nature moved in the direction of the true, the natural, the sweet, the gentle".[8] His premature death in 1774 may have been partly due to his own misdiagnosis of his kidney infection. Goldsmith was buried in Temple Church in London. The inscription reads; "HERE LIES/OLIVER GOLDSMITH". A monument was originally raised to him at the site of his burial, but this was destroyed in an air raid in 1941. A monument to him survives in the centre of Ballymahon, also in Westminster Abbey with an epitaph written by Samuel Johnson.[9] Among his papers was found the prospectus of an encyclopedia, to be called the Universal dictionary of the arts and sciences. He wished this to be the British equivalent of the Encyclopédie and it was to include comprehensive articles by Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, Edward Gibbon, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Sir William Jones, Fox and Dr. Burney. The project, however, was not realised due to Goldsmith's death.[10] Works[edit] See The Vicar of Wakefield, The Good-Natur'd Man, The Traveller, and She Stoops to Conquer. The Citizen of the World[edit] In 1760 Goldsmith began to publish a series of letters in the Public Ledger under the title The Citizen of the World. Purportedly written by a Chinese traveller in England by the name of Lien Chi, they used this fictional outsider's perspective to comment ironically and at times moralistically on British society and manners. It was inspired by the earlier essay series Persian Letters by Montesquieu. The Hermit[edit] Goldsmith wrote this romantic ballad of precisely 160 lines in 1765. The hero and heroine are Edwin, a youth without wealth or power, and Angelina, the daughter of a lord "beside the Tyne". Angelina spurns many wooers, but refuses to make plain her love for young Edwin. "Quite dejected with my scorn", Edwin disappears and becomes a hermit. One day, Angelina turns up at his cell in boy's clothes and, not recognising him, tells him her story. Edwin then reveals his true identity, and the lovers never part again. The poem is notable for its interesting portrayal of a hermit, who is fond of the natural world and his wilderness solitude but maintains a gentle, sympathetic demeanor toward other people. In keeping with eremitical tradition, however, Edwin the Hermit claims to "spurn the [opposite] sex". This poem appears under the title of "A Ballad" sung by the character of Mr. Burchell in Chapter 8 of Goldsmith's novel, The Vicar of Wakefield.[11] The Deserted Village[edit] Main article: The Deserted Village In the 1760s Goldsmith witnessed the demolition of an ancient village and destruction of its farms to clear land to become a wealthy man's garden. His poem The Deserted Village, published in 1770, expresses a fear that the destruction of villages and the conversion of land from productive agriculture to ornamental landscape gardens would ruin the peasantry.[12] Other works[edit] Account of the Augustan Age in England (1759) The Life of Richard Nash (Beau Nash) (1762) The History of England, from the Earliest Times to the Death of George II in 4 volumes (1771) Dr. Goldsmith's Roman History Abridged by Himself for the Use of Schools (1772)[13] An History of the Earth and Animated Nature (1774) The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith (1887), edited by Austin Dobson Goldsmith is also thought to have written the classic children's tale The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes • The Grumbler: An Adaptation (1931), edited by Alice I. Perry Wood[14] Religious beliefs[edit] Goldsmith was an Anglican,[15] and famously said "as I take my shoes from the shoemaker, and my coat from the taylor, so I take my religion from the priest."[16] Thomas Hurst wrote that Goldsmith "recognised with joy the existence and perfections of a Deity. For the christian revelation also, he was always understood to have a profound respect – knowing that it was the source of our best hopes and noblest expectations".[17] Memorials concerning Oliver Goldsmith[edit] A statue of Goldsmith at Trinity College, Dublin Goldsmith lived in Kingsbury, now in north-west London, between 1771 and 1774: Oliver Goldsmith Primary School, Goldsmith Lane, and Goldsmith Avenue there are named after him. Oliver Goldsmith Primary School in Peckham is named after him.[18] The Oliver Goldsmith Summer School is held every June Bank Holiday at Ballymahon with poetry and creative readings being held at Goldsmith's birthplace in nearby Pallas, Forgney. A statue of him by J. H. Foley stands at the Front Arch of Trinity College, Dublin (see image). A statue of him stands in a limestone cell at the ruin of his birthplace in Pallas, Forgney, Ballymahon, County Longford. The statue is a copy of the Foley statue that stands outside Trinity college, Dublin and is the focus point of the annual Oliver Goldsmith Summer School. His name has been given to a new lecture theatre and student accommodation on the Trinity College campus: Goldsmith Hall. Auburn, Alabama, and Auburn University were named for the first line in Goldsmith's poem: "Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain." Auburn is still referred to as the 'loveliest village on the plain.' Auburn in Sydney was also named for "Sweet Auburn". There is a statue in Ballymahon County Longford outside the town library by Irish Sculptor Éamonn O' Doherty (1939–2011) which was unveiled in 1999. London Underground locomotive number 16 (used on the Metropolitan line of the London Underground until 1962) was named Oliver Goldsmith. Longford based band Goldsmith are named after the famous writer. Athlone Institute of Technology library is named the Goldsmith Library In 1870, Goldsmith Street in Phibsborough was renamed after Oliver Goldsmith[19] Goldsmith Street in the 'Poets' Corner' area of Elwood, Melbourne is named after Oliver Goldsmith.[20] Auburn Hill in Stoneybatter, Dublin is named after the fictional town of Auburn from his poem The Deserted Village.[19] In popular culture[edit] Two characters in the 1951 comedy The Lavender Hill Mob quote the same line from Goldsmith's poem "The Traveller" – a subtle joke, because the film's plot involves the recasting of stolen gold. During the opening credits of the SKY One adaptation of Sir Terry Pratchett's Christmas-like story "The Hogfather", a portrait of Goldsmith is shown as part of a hall of memorials to those "inhumed" by the "Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild". In the 1925 novel The Painted Veil by W. Somerset Maugham, the last words of the poem An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog, "The dog it was that died", are the dying words of bacteriologist Walter Fane, one of the primary characters in the novel. In the Nabokov novel Pale Fire, a central character's house is situated between "Goldsworth" (the name of an estate) and "Wordsmith University." Crossing these two names yields the names of the poets Wordsworth and Goldsmith; one of the narrators refers to this as the "witty exchange of syllables invoking the two masters of the heroic couplet."[21] In the play Marx in Soho by Howard Zinn, Marx makes a reference to Goldsmith's poem The Deserted Village.[22] In The Waste Land, TS Eliot parodies Goldsmith's song When lovely woman stoops to folly.[23] References[edit] ^ "History". Sligo Grammar School. ^ Craig, Maurice (1952). Dublin 1650–1860. Allen Figgis & Co. Ltd. p. 184. ^ 'A literary party at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, D. George Thompson, published by Owen Bailey, after James William Edmund Doyle, published 1 October 1851 ^ "Brothers of the Quill: Oliver Goldsmith in Grub Street by Norma Clarke review". irishtimes.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ Mullan, John (11 February 2017). "Brothers of the Quill: Oliver Goldsmith in Grub Street by Norma Clarke – review". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ "Oliver Goldsmith: the most fascinating bore in literature". spectator.co.uk. The Spectator. 7 May 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ Dublin, Trinity Writers, Trinity College. "Oliver Goldsmith". www.tcd.ie. Retrieved 25 March 2018. ^ De Quincey Writings (ed) James Thomas Fields 1850–1855 ^ "Oliver Goldsmith: A Poet, Naturalist, and Historian, who left scarcely any style of writing untouched, and touched nothing that he did not adorn. Of all the passions, whether smiles were to move or tears, a powerful yet gentle master. In genius, vivid, versatile, sublime. In style, clear, elevated, elegant." Epitaph written by Dr. Johnson, translated from the original Latin. ^ Collison Robert Lewis. Encyclopaedias: their history throughout the ages; a bibliographical guide with extensive historical notes to the general encyclopaedias issued throughout the world from 350 B.C. to the present day. New York, Hafner, 1966 p. 109 ^ Dyachok, Tatyana (2012). Oliver Goldsmith's works in the sociocultural context of the Enlightenment. Master's dissertation, Belarusian State University. pp. 341–342 ^ Rowley, Trevor (1978). Villages in the Landscape. Archaeology in the Field Series. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-460-04166-9. ^ Dr. Goldsmith's Roman History Abridged by Himself for the Use of Schools, London: S. Baker & al., 1772 ^ "Oliver Goldsmith – British and Irish Literature – Oxford Bibliographies – obo". www.oxfordbibliographies.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ "After Rowan: The Coherence and Future of Anglicanism". 3 April 2012. ^ "The Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page: Quotes on Oliver Goldsmith". ^ Evans, John (1993). "Goldsmith and Religion". Goldsmith. p. 23. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23093-8_5. ISBN 978-1-349-23095-2. ^ Oliver Goldsmith Primary School website. ^ a b Christopher Teeling M 'Cready (25 March 1892). "Dublin Street Names, Dated and Explained …". Hodges. Retrieved 25 March 2018 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Walking Tours of Melbourne: Elwood Poetry Walk". ^ Nabokov, Vladimir (1989). Pale Fire (1st ed.). Vintage International. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-679-72342-4. ^ Marx in Soho, Howard Zinn 1999, South End Press ^ Collected Poems 1909-1935, TS Eliot, Faber 1936, p70. Further reading[edit] Austin Dobson, Henry (Editor) The Complete Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith, ISBN 1-58827-277-X Campbell, Gordon (ed.), Oliver Goldsmith (Everyman's Poetry Series), ISBN 0-460-87827-1 Connellan, J.A., Oliver Goldsmith of Elphin, Published for the Goldsmith Society (1935) Forster, John, The life and times of Oliver Goldsmith, Published by: Ward, Lock and Co (London, New York, 1848) Goldsmith, Oliver, The Vicar of Wakefield, ISBN 0-19-283940-3 Goldsmith, Oliver, She Stoops to Conquer, ISBN 0-486-26867-5 Irving, Washington, Life of Oliver Goldsmith, ISBN 1-58963-236-2 Prior, James, Life of Goldsmith, two volumes (London: John Murray, 1837) at Internet Archive Rousseau, George (1974), Goldsmith: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7720-3 Goldsmith, Oliver, The Letters of Oliver Goldsmith, (Edited by Michael Griffin and David O'Shaughnessy) ISBN 978-1107093539 External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Oliver Goldsmith Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oliver Goldsmith. Wikisource has original works written by or about: Oliver Goldsmith Library resources about Oliver Goldsmith Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Oliver Goldsmith Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Oliver Goldsmith at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA) Works by Oliver Goldsmith at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Oliver Goldsmith at Internet Archive Works by Oliver Goldsmith at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Essays by Oliver Goldsmith at Quotidiana.org The Deserted Village UNCG American Publishers' Trade Bindings: The Deserted Village Oliver Goldsmith: A Biography by Washington Irving from Project Gutenberg Goldsmith (English Men of Letters series) by William Black from Project Gutenberg An Essay on the Theatre; or, A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy Goldsmith Hall – student accommodation and lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin. Information on Goldsmith Oliver Goldsmith Resource http://www.olivergoldsmithfestival.com The Goldsmith International Literary Festival] Info on the Festival held annually in Goldsmith's Home County Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London) Oliver Goldsmith at Find a Grave v t e Irish poetry Topics Irish poetry Chief Ollam of Ireland Irish bardic poetry Irish Literary Revival Metrical Dindshenchas Contention of the bards Aisling Weaver Poets An Gúm Kildare Poems Táin Bó Cúailnge Poets Bardic Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh Flann mac Lonáin Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh Fear Flaith Ó Gnímh Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin Cormac Mac Con Midhe Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa Proinsias Ó Doibhlin Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn Niníne Éces Colmán of Cloyne Cináed ua hArtacáin Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh Dallán Forgaill Óengus of Tallaght Sedulius Scottus Saint Dungal Maol Sheachluinn na n-Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn Philip Ó Duibhgeannain 15th/16th century Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh 17th century Dáibhí Ó Bruadair Piaras Feiritéar Aogán Ó Rathaille 18th century Aogán Ó Rathaille Brian Merriman Jonathan Swift Oliver Goldsmith John Hewitt 19th century Thomas Moore Charles Gavan Duffy James Clarence Mangan Samuel Ferguson William Allingham Douglas Hyde James Henry Antoine Ó Raifteiri Aeneas Coffey Robert Dwyer Joyce Thomas Davis Speranza Katharine Tynan Oscar Wilde 20th century James Joyce Patrick Pearse Joseph Plunkett Thomas MacDonagh Francis Ledwidge Padraic Colum F. R. Higgins Austin Clarke Samuel Beckett Brian Coffey Denis Devlin Thomas MacGreevy Blanaid Salkeld Mary Devenport O'Neill Patrick Kavanagh John Hewitt Louis MacNeice Máirtín Ó Direáin Seán Ó Ríordáin Máire Mhac an tSaoi Michael Hartnett Gabriel Rosenstock Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill Micheál Mac Liammóir Robert Greacen Roy McFadden Padraic Fiacc John Montague Michael Longley Derek Mahon Seamus Heaney Paul Muldoon Thomas Kinsella Michael Smith Trevor Joyce Geoffrey Squires Augustus Young Randolph Healy John Jordan Paul Durcan Basil Payne Eoghan Ó Tuairisc Patrick Galvin Cathal Ó Searcaigh Bobby Sands Rita Ann Higgins Eavan Boland Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin Medbh McGuckian Paula Meehan Dennis O'Driscoll Seán Dunne Anthony Cronin W. F. Marshall W. B. Yeats 21st century Thomas McCarthy John Ennis Pat Boran Mairéad Byrne Ciarán Carson Patrick Chapman Harry Clifton Tony Curtis Pádraig J. Daly Gerald Dawe Greg Delanty Eamon Grennan Vona Groarke Seamus Heaney Pat Ingoldsby Trevor Joyce Brendan Kennelly Hugh McFadden Sinéad Morrissey Gerry Murphy Bernard O'Donoghue Conor O'Callaghan Caitriona O'Reilly Justin Quinn Maurice Riordan Maurice Scully William Wall Catherine Walsh Poems Anthologies Faber Book of Irish Verse Epics The Wanderings of Oisin Bardic Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean Is acher in gaíth in-nocht... Is trúag in ces i mbiam Sen dollotar Ulaid ... Sorrow is the worst thing in life ... An Díbirt go Connachta Foraire Uladh ar Aodh A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn A theachtaire tig ón Róimh An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol Pangur Bán Liamuin Buile Shuibhne The Prophecy of Berchán Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide 18th century The Traveller Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha Mná na hÉireann 19th century Tone's Grave The Wind That Shakes the Barley Contemporary Love Songs of Connacht Hi Uncle Sam Meeting The British Horse Latitudes Sweeney Astray Prayer Before Birth D-Day Organizations Poetry Ireland Publications Cyphers Poetry Ireland Review The Lace Curtain Events SoundEye Festival Authority control BIBSYS: 90121991 BNE: XX1159379 BNF: cb11905327x (data) CANTIC: a11059965 CiNii: DA0110972X GND: 118696211 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\019083 ISNI: 0000 0000 3222 6937 LCCN: n79121384 LNB: 000051255 MBA: bd06db35-21de-4e13-a4c4-5f15f1426033 NDL: 00467294 NKC: jn19990002756 NLA: 35131786 NLG: 93296 NLI: 000054711 NLK: KAC199610342 NLP: A29136751 NSK: 000135567 NTA: 068678037 PLWABN: 9810663277605606 RSL: 000039605 SELIBR: 188383 SNAC: w63j3j8m SUDOC: 026896206 Trove: 836210 VcBA: 495/75431 VIAF: 100167171 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79121384 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Goldsmith&oldid=995575647" Categories: 1728 births 1774 deaths People from County Longford People from County Roscommon Anglo-Irish artists 18th-century Anglo-Irish people Irish Anglicans Irish male poets Irish male novelists Irish male dramatists and playwrights Members of The Club Alumni of Trinity College Dublin Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Streathamites 18th-century Irish novelists 18th-century Irish poets 18th-century male writers 18th-century Irish dramatists and playwrights Irish essayists Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2020 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons link from Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RSL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers AC with 28 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans العربية تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български བོད་ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2020, at 20:17 (UTC). 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