Laurence Sterne - Wikipedia Laurence Sterne From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Irish/English writer The Reverend Laurence Sterne Portrait, 1760 Born (1713-11-24)24 November 1713 Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland Died 18 March 1768(1768-03-18) (aged 54) London, England Occupation Novelist, clergyman Nationality Anglo-Irish Alma mater Jesus College, Cambridge Notable works The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy A Political Romance Spouse Elizabeth Lumley Laurence Sterne (24 November 1713 – 18 March 1768) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and an Anglican cleric. He wrote the novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, and also published many sermons, wrote memoirs, and was involved in local politics. Sterne died in London after years of fighting tuberculosis. Sterne grew up in a military family and spent his early youth travelling from place to place, mainly in Ireland but also (on brief occasions) in England. Sterne's wealthy uncle provided the funds for Sterne to attend Hipperholme Grammar School in the West Riding of Yorkshire as Sterne's father was ordered to Jamaica where he would die of malaria a few years later. Sterne attended Jesus College, Cambridge on a sizarship where he earned a bachelor's degree and a master's degree. While he was serving a vicarship at Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire, he married Elizabeth Lumley in 1741. Sterne's A Political Romance, an ecclesiastical satire, received harsh criticism by the church and was burnt. Having discovered a talent for writing, Sterne published the first few volumes of his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Sterne struggled with tuberculosis and travelled to France to find relief from his illness. His travels in France were documented in A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy, which was published a few weeks before his death. Published posthumously was Journal to Eliza, a collection of his letters to Eliza Draper, a woman for whom Sterne had romantic feelings. Sterne died in 1768 and was buried in the churchyard of St George's, Hanover Square. It has been alleged that Sterne's body was stolen after burial and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University. After being recognised, he was reinterred. His alleged skull was found after the churchyard was redeveloped and was transferred to Coxwold churchyard in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Early career 1.3 Writing 1.4 Foreign travel 1.5 Eliza 1.6 Death 2 Works 3 Publications 4 See also 5 Citations 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biography[edit] Early life and education[edit] Laurence Sterne by Joseph Nollekens, 1766, National Portrait Gallery, London Sterne was born in Clonmel, County Tipperary on 24 November 1713.[1] His father, Roger Sterne, was an ensign in a British regiment recently returned from Dunkirk.[2] His great-grandfather Richard Sterne had been the Master of Jesus College, Cambridge as well as the Archbishop of York.[3] Roger Sterne was the youngest son of Richard Sterne's youngest son and consequently, Roger Sterne inherited little of Richard Sterne's wealth.[3] Roger Sterne left his family and enlisted in the army at the age of 25; he enlisted uncommissioned, which was unusual for someone from a family of high social position. Despite being promoted to an officer, he was of the lowest commission and lacked financial resources.[4] Roger Sterne married Agnes Hobert, the widow of a military captain.[5] Agnes was "born in Flanders but ... was in fact Anglo-Irish and lived for much of her life in Ireland."[6] The first decade of Laurence Sterne's life was spent moving from place to place as his father's was regularly reassigned to a new (usually Irish) garrison. "Other than a three-year stint in a Dublin townhouse, the Sternes never lived anywhere for more than a year between Laurence’s birth and his departure for boarding school in England a few months shy of his eleventh birthday. Besides Clonmel and Dublin, the Sternes also lived in Wicklow Town; Annamoe, Co. Wicklow; Drogheda, Co. Louth; Castlepollard, Co. Westmeath; Carrickfergus, Co. Antrim; and Derry City."[7] In 1724, "shortly before the family's arrival in Derry,"[8] Roger took Sterne to his wealthy brother, Richard, so that Laurence could attend Hipperholme Grammar School near Halifax.[9] Laurence never saw his father again as Roger was ordered to Jamaica where he died of malaria in 1731.[10] Laurence was admitted to a sizarship at Jesus College, in July 1733 at the age of 20.[11] He graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Arts in January 1737 and returned in the summer of 1740 to be awarded his Master of Arts degree.[12] Early career[edit] Sterne was ordained as a deacon on 6 March 1737[13] and as a priest on 20 August 1738.[14] His religion is said to have been the "centrist Anglicanism of his time", known as "latitudinarianism".[15] A few days after his ordination as a priest, Sterne was awarded the vicarship living of Sutton-on-the-Forest in Yorkshire.[16] Sterne married Elizabeth Lumley on 30 March 1741, despite both being ill with consumption.[17] In 1743, he was presented to the neighbouring living of Stillington by Rev. Richard Levett, Prebendary of Stillington, who was patron of the living. Subsequently, Sterne did duty both there and at Sutton.[18] He was also a prebendary of York Minster.[19] Sterne's life at this time was closely tied with his uncle, Jaques Sterne, the Archdeacon of Cleveland and Precentor of York Minster. Sterne's uncle was an ardent Whig,[20] and urged Sterne to begin a career of political journalism which resulted in some scandal for Sterne and, eventually, a terminal falling-out between the two men.[21] Jaques Sterne was a powerful clergyman but a mean-tempered man and a rabid politician.[22] In 1741–42 Laurence Sterne wrote political articles supporting the administration of Sir Robert Walpole for a newspaper founded by his uncle but soon withdrew from politics in disgust. His uncle became his arch-enemy, thwarting his advancement whenever possible. Despite the friction with his uncle, Laurence's Whig sympathies remained with him throughout his life.[23] Laurence lived in Sutton for twenty years, during which time he kept up an intimacy which had begun at Cambridge with John Hall-Stevenson, a witty and accomplished bon vivant, owner of Skelton Hall in the Cleveland district of Yorkshire.[24] Writing[edit] Shandy Hall, Sterne's home in Coxwold, North Yorkshire In 1759, to support his dean in a church squabble, Sterne wrote A Political Romance (later called The History of a Good Warm Watch-Coat), a Swiftian satire of dignitaries of the spiritual courts. At the demands of embarrassed churchmen, the book was burnt.[25] Thus, Sterne lost his chances for clerical advancement but discovered his real talents; until the completion of this first work, "he hardly knew that he could write at all, much less with humour so as to make his reader laugh".[26] Having discovered his talent, at the age of 46, he turned over his parishes to a curate, and dedicated himself to writing for the rest of his life. It was while living in the countryside, having failed in his attempts to supplement his income as a farmer and struggling with tuberculosis, that Sterne began work on his best-known novel, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, the first volumes of which were published in 1759. Sterne was at work on his celebrated comic novel during the year that his mother died, his wife was seriously ill, and his daughter was also taken ill with a fever.[27] He wrote as fast as he possibly could, composing the first 18 chapters between January and March 1759.[28] Due to his poor financial position, Sterne was forced to borrow money for the printing of his novel, suggesting that Sterne was confident in the prospective commercial success of his work and that the local critical reception of the novel was favourable enough to justify the loan.[29] The publication of Tristram Shandy made Sterne famous in London and on the continent. He was delighted by the attention, famously saying "I wrote not [to] be fed but to be famous."[30] He spent part of each year in London, being fêted as new volumes appeared. Even after the publication of volumes three and four of Tristram Shandy, his love of attention (especially as related to financial success) remained undiminished. In one letter, he wrote "One half of the town abuse my book as bitterly, as the other half cry it up to the skies—the best is, they abuse it and buy it, and at such a rate, that we are going on with a second edition, as fast as possible."[31] Indeed, Baron Fauconberg rewarded Sterne by appointing him as the perpetual curate of Coxwold, North Yorkshire in March 1760.[32] In 1766, at the height of the debate about slavery, the composer and former slave Ignatius Sancho wrote to Sterne[33] encouraging him to use his pen to lobby for the abolition of the slave trade.[34] In July 1766 Sterne received Sancho's letter shortly after he had finished writing a conversation between his fictional characters Corporal Trim and his brother Tom in Tristram Shandy, wherein Tom described the oppression of a black servant in a sausage shop in Lisbon which he had visited.[35] Sterne's widely publicised response to Sancho's letter became an integral part of 18th-century abolitionist literature.[35] Foreign travel[edit] Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War and France in the Seven Years' War Sterne painted in watercolour by French artist Louis Carrogis Carmontelle, ca. 1762 Sterne continued to struggle with his illness, and departed England for France in 1762 in an effort to find a climate that would alleviate his suffering. Sterne was lucky to attach himself to a diplomatic party bound for Turin, as England and France were still adversaries in the Seven Years' War. Sterne was gratified by his reception in France, where reports of the genius of Tristram Shandy had made him a celebrity. Aspects of this trip to France were incorporated into Sterne's second novel, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy.[36] Eliza[edit] Early in 1767, Sterne met Eliza Draper, the wife of an official of the East India Company, then staying on her own in London.[37] He was quickly captivated by Eliza's charm, vivacity, and intelligence, and she did little to discourage the attentions of such a celebrated man.[38][39] They met frequently, exchanged miniature portraits, and Sterne's admiration seems to have turned into an obsession which he took no trouble to conceal. To his great distress, Eliza had to return to India three months after their first meeting, and he died from consumption a year later without seeing her again. At the beginning of 1768, Sterne brought out his Sentimental Journey which contains some extravagant references to her, and the relationship, though platonic, aroused considerable interest. He also wrote his Journal to Eliza part of which he sent to her, and the rest of which came to light when it was presented to the British Museum in 1894. After Sterne's death, Eliza allowed ten of his letters to be published under the title Letters from Yorick to Eliza and succeeded in suppressing her letters to him, though some blatant forgeries were produced, probably by William Combe, in a volume entitled Eliza's Letters to Yorick.[40] Death[edit] Less than a month after Sentimental Journey was published, early in 1768, Sterne died in his lodgings at 41 Old Bond Street on 18 March, at the age of 54.[41] He was buried in the churchyard of St George's, Hanover Square on 22 March.[42] It was widely rumoured that Sterne's body was stolen shortly after it was interred and sold to anatomists at Cambridge University. Circumstantially, it was said that his body was recognised by Charles Collignon, who knew him[43][44] and discreetly reinterred back in St George's, in an unknown plot. A year later a group of Freemasons erected a memorial stone with a rhyming epitaph near to his original burial place. A second stone was erected in 1893, correcting some factual errors on the memorial stone. When the churchyard of St. George's was redeveloped in 1969, amongst 11,500 skulls disinterred, several were identified with drastic cuts from anatomising or a post-mortem examination. One was identified to be of a size that matched a bust of Sterne made by Nollekens.[45][46] The skull was held up to be his, albeit with "a certain area of doubt".[47] Along with nearby skeletal bones, these remains were transferred to Coxwold churchyard in 1969 by the Laurence Sterne Trust.[48][49][50] The story of the reinterment of Sterne's skull in Coxwold is alluded to in Malcolm Bradbury's novel To the Hermitage.[51] Works[edit] First editions of Tristram Shandy, part of the collection of the Laurence Sterne Trust at Shandy Hall The works of Laurence Sterne are few in comparison to other eighteenth-century authors of comparable stature.[52] Sterne's early works were letters; he had two sermons published (in 1747 and 1750), and tried his hand at satire.[53] He was involved in, and wrote about, local politics in 1742.[53] His major publication prior to Tristram Shandy was the satire A Political Romance (1759), aimed at conflicts of interest within York Minster.[53] A posthumously published piece on the art of preaching, A Fragment in the Manner of Rabelais, appears to have been written in 1759.[54] Rabelais was by far Sterne's favourite author, and in his correspondence he made clear that he considered himself as Rabelais' successor in humour writing, distancing himself from Jonathan Swift.[55][56] Sterne's novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman sold widely in England and throughout Europe.[57] Translations of the work began to appear in all the major European languages almost upon its publication, and Sterne influenced European writers as diverse as Denis Diderot[58] and the German Romanticists.[59] His work had also noticeable influence over Brazilian author Machado de Assis, who made use of the digressive technique in the novel The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas.[60] English writer and literary critic Samuel Johnson's verdict in 1776 was that "Nothing odd will do long. Tristram Shandy did not last."[61] This is strikingly different from the views of European critics of the day, who praised Sterne and Tristram Shandy as innovative and superior. Voltaire called it "clearly superior to Rabelais", and later Goethe praised Sterne as "the most beautiful spirit that ever lived".[53] Swedish translator Johan Rundahl described Sterne as an arch-sentimentalist.[62] The title page to volume one includes a short Greek epigraph, which in English reads: "Not things, but opinions about things, trouble men."[63] Before the novel properly begins, Sterne also offers a dedication to Lord William Pitt.[64] He urges Pitt to retreat with the book from the cares of statecraft.[65] The novel itself starts with the narration, by Tristram, of his own conception. It proceeds mostly by what Sterne calls "progressive digressions" so that we do not reach Tristram's birth before the third volume.[66][67] The novel is rich in characters and humour, and the influences of Rabelais and Miguel de Cervantes are present throughout. The novel ends after 9 volumes, published over a decade, but without anything that might be considered a traditional conclusion. Sterne inserts sermons, essays and legal documents into the pages of his novel; and he explores the limits of typography and print design by including marbled pages and an entirely black page within the narrative.[53] Many of the innovations that Sterne introduced, adaptations in form that were an exploration of what constitutes the novel, were highly influential to Modernist writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, and more contemporary writers such as Thomas Pynchon and David Foster Wallace.[68] Italo Calvino referred to Tristram Shandy as the "undoubted progenitor of all avant-garde novels of our century".[68] The Russian Formalist writer Viktor Shklovsky regarded Tristram Shandy as the archetypal, quintessential novel, "the most typical novel of world literature."[69] However, the leading critical opinions of Tristram Shandy tend to be markedly polarised in their evaluations of its significance. Since the 1950s, following the lead of D. W. Jefferson, there are those who argue that, whatever its legacy of influence may be, Tristram Shandy in its original context actually represents a resurgence of a much older, Renaissance tradition of "Learned Wit"—owing a debt to such influences as the Scriblerian approach.[70] A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy has many stylistic parallels with Tristram Shandy, and indeed, the narrator is one of the minor characters from the earlier novel.[71] Although the story is more straightforward, A Sentimental Journey is interpreted by critics as part of the same artistic project to which Tristram Shandy belongs.[72] Two volumes of Sterne's Sermons were published during his lifetime; more copies of his Sermons were sold in his lifetime than copies of Tristram Shandy.[73] The sermons, however, are conventional in substance.[74] Several volumes of letters were published after his death, as was Journal to Eliza.[75] These collections of letters, more sentimental than humorous, tell of Sterne's relationship with Eliza Draper.[76] Publications[edit] 1743 – "The Unknown World: Verses Occasioned by Hearing a Pass-Bell" (disputed, possibly written by Hubert Stogdon[77]) 1747 – "The Case of Elijah and the Widow of Zerephath" 1750 – "The Abuses of Conscience" 1759 – A Political Romance 1759 – Tristram Shandy vol. 1 and 2 1760 – The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 1 and 2 1761 – Tristram Shandy vol. 3–6 1765 – Tristram Shandy vol. 7 and 8 1766 – The Sermons of Mr Yorick vol. 3 and 4 1767 – Tristram Shandy vol. 9 1768 – A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy Source[78] See also[edit] List of abolitionist forerunners List of Irish writers Citations[edit] ^ Keymer 2009, p. xii. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 20–21. ^ a b Ross 2001, pp. 22–23. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 23–24. ^ Ross 2001, p. 24. ^ Clare 2016, pp. 16. ^ Clare 2016, pp. 16–17. ^ Clare 2016, pp. 17. ^ Ross 2001, p. 33. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 29–30. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 36–37. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 43–44. ^ "Laurence Sterne's holy orders". British Library. British Library. Retrieved 7 February 2020. ^ Sichel 1971, p. 27. ^ "Laurence Sterne". www.oxforddnb.com. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 48–49. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 58–60. ^ Cross 1909, p. 54. ^ Cross 1909, p. 37. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 45–47. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 64–70, 168–174. ^ Venn & Venn 1927, p. 159. ^ Keymer 2009, p. 16. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 41–42; Vapereau 1876, p. 1915 ^ Ross 2001, pp. 190–196. ^ Howes 1971, p. 60. ^ "Cross (1908), chap. 8, The Publication of Tristram Shandy: Volumes I and II, p.197 ^ Cross (1908), chap. 8, The Publication of Tristram Shandy: Volumes I and II, p.178 ^ Ross 2001, p. 213. ^ Fanning, Christopher. "Sterne and print culture". The Cambridge Companion to Laurence Sterne: 125–141. ^ The Letters of Laurence Sterne: Part One, 1739–1764. University Press of Florida. 2009. pp. 129–130. ISBN 978-0813032368. ^ Howes 1971, p. 55. ^ Carey, Brycchan (March 2003). "The extraordinary Negro': Ignatius Sancho, Joseph Jekyll, and the Problem of Biography" (PDF). Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies. 26 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1754-0208.2003.tb00257.x. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ Phillips, Caryl (December 1996). "Director's Forward". Ignatius Sancho: an African Man of Letters. London: National Portrait Gallery. p. 12. ^ a b "Ignatius Sancho and Laurence Sterne" (PDF). Norton. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1985. pp. 256–257. ISBN 0852294239. ^ Ross 2001, p. 360. ^ Ross 2001, p. 361 ^ Sterne, Laurence. "The Project Gutenberg EBook of the Journal to Eliza and Various letters". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ Sclater, William Lutley (1922). Sterne's Eliza; some account of her life in India: with her letters written between 1757 and 1774. London: W. Heinemann. pp. 45–58. ^ Ross 2001, p. 415. ^ Ross 2001, p. 419. ^ Arnold, Catherine (2008). Necropolis: London and Its Dead. p. contents. ISBN 978-1847394934. Retrieved 11 November 2014 – via Google Books. ^ Ross 2001, pp. 419–420 ^ "Is this the skull of Sterne?". The Times. 5 June 1969. ^ Loftis, Kellar & Ulevich 2018, pp. 220, 227 ^ Loftis, Kellar & Ulevich 2018, p. 220. ^ Green, Carole (13 March 2009). "Laurence Sterne". BBC. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ "Laurence Sterne and the Laurence Sterne Trust". The Laurence Sterne Trust. Laurence Sterne Trust. Retrieved 4 March 2020. ^ Alas, Poor Yorick, Letters, The Times, 16 June 1969, Kenneth Monkman, Laurence Sterne Trust. "If we have reburied the wrong one, nobody, I feel beyond reasonable doubt, would enjoy the situation more than Sterne" ^ Suciu, Andreia Irina (2009). "The Sense of History in Malcolm Bradbury's Work". Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition (2): 152–160. ProQuest 757935757. ^ New 1972, p. 1083. ^ a b c d e Washington 2017, p. 333. ^ New 1972, pp. 1083–1091. ^ Brown, Huntington (1967) Rabelais in English literature pp.190–1 ^ Cross (1908), chap. 8, The Publication of Tristram Shandy: Volumes I and II, p.179 ^ Cash 1975, p. 296. ^ Cash 1975, p. 139. ^ Large 2017, p. 294. ^ Barbosa 1992, p. 28. ^ James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson…, ed. Malone, vol. II (London: 1824) p. 422. ^ de Voogd & Neubauer 2004, p. 118. ^ Pierce & de Voogd 1996, p. 15. ^ King 1995, p. 293. ^ Havard 2014, p. 586. ^ Descargues-Grant 2006 ^ Graham, Thomas (17 June 2019). "The best comic novel ever written?". BBC. BBC. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ a b Washington 2017, p. 334. ^ Gratchev & Mancing 2019, p. 139. ^ Jefferson 1951; Keymer 2002, pp. 4–11 ^ Viviès 1994, pp. 246–247. ^ Line, Anne. "Two Englishmen in France: A Comparison of Laurence Sterne's Book 7 of "Tristram Shandy" and "A Sentimental Journey"". University of Oslo Research Archive. University of Oslo. Retrieved 28 February 2020. ^ Ross 2001, p. 245. ^ Pfister 2001, p. 26. ^ Keymer 2009, p. xv. ^ Pfister 2001, p. 15. ^ New, Melvyn (2011). "'The Unknown World': The Poem Laurence Sterne Did Not Write". Huntington Library Quarterly. 74 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1525/hlq.2011.74.1.85. JSTOR 10.1525/hlq.2011.74.1.85. ^ Sterne, Laurence (1851). Works of Laurence Sterne. Bohn. References[edit] Barbosa, Maria José Somerlate (May 1992). "Sterne and Machado: Parodic and Intertextual Play in "Tristram Shandy" and "Memorias"". The Comparatist. 16: 24–48. doi:10.1353/com.1992.0014. JSTOR 44366842. Cash, Arthur H. (1975). Laurence Sterne: The Early & Middle Years. London: Methuen & Co. ISBN 041682210X. Clare, David (2016). "Under-regarded Roots: The Irish References in Sterne's Tristram Shandy". The Irish Review. 52 (1): 15–26. ISBN 9781782050629. Cross, Wilbur L. (1909). The Life and Times of Laurence Sterne. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 53. Retrieved 10 February 2020. Laurence Sterne Stillington Rev. Richard Levett. Descargues-Grant, Madeleine (2006). "The Obstetrics of Tristram Shandy". Études anglaises. 59 (4): 401–413. doi:10.3917/etan.594.0401. de Voogd, Peter; Neubauer, John, eds. (2004). The Reception of Laurence Sterne in Europe. London: Thoemmes Continuum. ISBN 0826461344. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Gratchev, Slav N.; Mancing, Howard, eds. (2019). Viktor Shklovsky's Heritage in Literature, Arts, and Philosophy. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498597937. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Havard, John Owen (Summer 2014). "Arbitrary Government: "Tristram Shandy" and the Crisis of Whig History". ELH. 81 (2): 585–613. doi:10.1353/elh.2014.0015. JSTOR 24475634. S2CID 154424358. Howes, Alan B., ed. (1971). Laurence Sterne: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415134250. Retrieved 10 February 2020. Jefferson, D.W. (July 1951). "Tristram Shandy and the Tradition of Learned Wit". Essays in Criticism. I (3): 225–248. doi:10.1093/eic/I.3.225. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Keymer, Thomas (2009). The Cambridge Companion to Laurence Sterne. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521849722. Keymer, Thomas (2002). Sterne, the Moderns, and the Novel. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199245924. King, Ross (Summer 1995). ""Tristram Shandy" and the Wound of Language". Studies in Philosophy. 92 (3): 291–310. JSTOR 4174520. Large, Duncan (2017). "'Lorenz Sterne' among German philosophers: reception and influence" (PDF). Textual Practice. 31 (2): 283–297. doi:10.1080/0950236X.2016.1228847. S2CID 171978531. Loftis, Sonya Freeman; Kellar, Allison; Ulevich, Lisa, eds. (2018). Shakespeare's Hamlet in an Era of Textual Exhaustion. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781315265537. Retrieved 4 March 2020. New, Melvyn (October 1972). "Sterne's Rabelaisian Fragment: A Text from the Holograph Manuscript". PMLA. 87 (5): 1083–1092. doi:10.2307/461185. JSTOR 461185. Pfister, Manfred (2001). Laurence Sterne. Devon: Northcote House Publishers. ISBN 074630837X. Pierce, David; de Voogd, Peter, eds. (1996). Laurence Sterne in Modernism and Postmodernism. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 9042000023. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Ross, Ian Campbell (2001). Laurence Sterne: A Life. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192122355. Sichel, Walter (1971). Sterne: A Study. New York: Haskell House Publishers. Retrieved 7 February 2020. Vapereau, Gustave (1876). Dictionnaire universal des littératures. Paris: Librairie Hachette. p. 1915. Retrieved 10 February 2020. Venn, John; Venn, J.A., eds. (1927). Alumni Cantabrigienses. London: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 10 February 2020. Viviès, Jean (1994). "A Sentimental Journey, or Reading Rewarded" (PDF). Bulletin de la société d'études anglo-américaines des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. 38. Retrieved 12 February 2020. Washington, Ellis (2017). The Progressive Revolution: History of Liberal Fascism through the Ages. Lanham: Hamilton Books. ISBN 9780761868507. Retrieved 26 February 2020. Further reading[edit] René Bosch, Labyrinth of Digressions: Tristram Shandy as Perceived and Influenced by Sterne's Early Imitators (Amsterdam, 2007) W. M. Thackeray, in English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century (London, 1853; new edition, New York, 1911) Percy Fitzgerald, Life of Laurence Sterne (London, 1864; second edition, London, 1896) Paul Stapfer, Laurence Sterne, sa personne et ses ouvrages (second edition, Paris, 1882) H. D. Traill, Laurence Sterne, "English Men of Letters", (London, 1882) H. D. Traill. "Sterne". Harper & Brothers Publishers. Retrieved 22 March 2018 – via Internet Archive. Texte, Rousseau et le cosmopolitisme littôraire au XVIIIème siècle (Paris, 1895) H. W. Thayer, Laurence Sterne in Germany (New York, 1905) P. E. More, Shelburne Essays (third series, New York, 1905) L. S. Benjamin, Life and Letters (two volumes, 1912) Rousseau, George S. (2004). Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature, Culture and Sensibility. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-3454-1 External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laurence Sterne. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Laurence Sterne Wikisource has original works written by or about: Laurence Sterne Works by Laurence Sterne at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Laurence Sterne at Internet Archive Works by Laurence Sterne at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Tristram Shandy (beta) In Our Time – BBC Radio 4 Laurence Sterne at the Google Books Search Laurence Sterne at Curlie "Tristram Shandy". Annotated, with bibliography, criticism. Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: The Scrapbook Mind of Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy & A Sentimental Journey. Munich: Edited by Günter Jürgensmeier, 2005 The Shandean: A Journal Devoted to the Works of Laurence Sterne (tables of contents available online) Laurence Sterne at the National Portrait Gallery, London The Laurence Sterne Trust Laurence Sterne at Library of Congress Authorities, with 182 catalogue records Anonymous parodies of the kinds of letters written by Elizabeth Draper to Laurence Sterne (as Yorick), MSS SC 4, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University Authority control BIBSYS: 90052138 BNC: 000035568 BNE: XX830846 BNF: cb11925542s (data) CANTIC: a10456090 CiNii: DA01562538 GND: 11861794X ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\004448 ISNI: 0000 0001 2320 8558 LCCN: n79073616 LNB: 000033474 MBA: 7a3ae370-35c7-4dda-9582-e54a57dba3ad NDL: 00457665 NKC: jn20010420027 NLA: 35523731 NLG: 83503 NLI: 001788082 NLK: KAC200106746 NLP: A11807854 NSK: 000033923 NTA: 068432488 PLWABN: 9810574390205606 RERO: 02-A003863807 SELIBR: 225548 SNAC: w6kk9gc3 SUDOC: 027148939 Trove: 983788 ULAN: 500281377 VcBA: 495/19504 VIAF: 61552699 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79073616 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurence_Sterne&oldid=1003656136" Categories: 1713 births 1768 deaths 18th-century deaths from tuberculosis 18th-century English Anglican priests 18th-century English novelists 18th-century Irish novelists 18th-century Irish writers Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge Anglican writers Burials at St George's Hanover Square Church English male novelists English memoirists English satirists English sermon writers Tuberculosis deaths in England 18th-century Irish Anglican priests Irish male writers People from Clonmel People from County Tipperary Self-published authors English male non-fiction writers 18th-century English male writers Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use British English from August 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2020 Commons category link from Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNC identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NSK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers AC with 30 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2021, at 01:18 (UTC). 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