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For information on how to proceed, first see the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful. Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked You can view and copy the source of this page: =={{Anchor|Restoration Age: 1660-1700}} Restoration Age (1660–1700)== {{main|Restoration literature|Restoration Comedy}} {{more citations needed section|date=March 2016}} Restoration literature includes both ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' and the [[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]]'s ''[[Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery|Sodom]],'' the sexual comedy of ''[[The Country Wife]]'' and the moral wisdom of ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]].'' It saw Locke's ''[[Two Treatises on Government]],'' the founding of the [[Royal Society]], the experiments and the holy meditations of [[Robert Boyle]], the [[Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage|hysterical attacks on theatres]] from [[Jeremy Collier]], the pioneering of literary criticism from Dryden, and the first newspapers. The official break in literary culture caused by censorship and radically moralist standards under Cromwell's Puritan regime created a gap in literary tradition, allowing a seemingly fresh start for all forms of literature after the Restoration. During the Interregnum, the royalist forces attached to the court of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] went into exile with the twenty-year-old [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. The nobility who travelled with Charles II were therefore lodged for over a decade in the midst of the continent's literary scene. ===Poetry=== [[File:John Milton - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg|150px|left|thumb|[[John Milton]], religious [[epic poem]] ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' published in 1667.]] [[John Milton]], one of the greatest English poets, wrote at this time of religious flux and political upheaval. Milton is best known for his epic poem ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' (1667). Among other important poems include ''[[L'Allegro]]'', 1631, ''[[Il Penseroso]]'' 1634, ''[[Comus (John Milton)|Comus]]'' (a masque), 1638 and ''[[Lycidas]]''. Milton's poetry and prose reflect deep personal convictions, a passion for freedom and self-determination, and the urgent issues and political turbulence of his day. His celebrated ''[[Areopagitica]]'', written in condemnation of pre-publication censorship, is among history's most influential and impassioned defenses of [[free speech]] and [[Freedom of the press#United Kingdom|freedom of the press]].{{cite book | last = Sanders| first = Karen| title = Ethics & Journalism| publisher = Sage| year = 2003| page = 66| url = https://www.google.com/books?id=bnpliIUyO60C&as_brr=3| isbn = 978-0-7619-6967-9}} The largest and most important poetic form of the era was satire. In general, publication of satire was done anonymously, as there were great dangers in being associated with a satire. [[John Dryden]] (1631–1700) was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who dominated the literary life of Restoration England to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden. He established the heroic couplet as a standard form of English poetry. Dryden's greatest achievements were in satiric verse in works like the mock-heroic ''[[MacFlecknoe]]'' (1682).John Dryden, ''Major Works'', ed. by Keith Walker, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 37. [[Alexander Pope]] (1688–1744) was heavily influenced by Dryden, and often borrowed from him; other writers in the 18th century were equally influenced by both Dryden and Pope. ===Prose=== Prose in the Restoration period is dominated by [[Christianity|Christian]] religious writing, but the Restoration also saw the beginnings of two genres that would dominate later periods, [[fiction]] and journalism. Religious writing often strayed into political and economic writing, just as political and economic writing implied or directly addressed religion. The Restoration was also the time when [[John Locke]] wrote many of his philosophical works. His two ''Treatises on Government,'' which later inspired the thinkers in the [[American Revolution]]. The Restoration moderated most of the more strident sectarian writing, but radicalism persisted after the Restoration. Puritan authors such as [[John Milton]] were forced to retire from public life or adapt, and those authors who had preached against monarchy and who had participated directly in the [[regicide]] of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] were partially suppressed. Consequently, violent writings were forced underground, and many of those who had served in the Interregnum attenuated their positions in the Restoration. [[John Bunyan]] stands out beyond other religious authors of the period. Bunyan's ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' is an [[allegory]] of personal salvation and a guide to the Christian life. [[File:Pilgrim's Progress first edition 1678.jpg|thumb|165px|[[John Bunyan]]'s ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]'' (1678)]] During the Restoration period, the most common manner of getting news would have been a [[broadsheet]] publication. A single, large sheet of paper might have a written, usually partisan, account of an event. It is impossible to satisfactorily date the beginning of the [[novel]] in English. However, long fiction and fictional biographies began to distinguish themselves from other forms in England during the Restoration period. An existing tradition of ''Romance'' fiction in [[France]] and [[Spain]] was popular in England. One of the most significant figures in the rise of the novel in the Restoration period is [[Aphra Behn]], author of ''[[Oroonoko]]'' (1688), who was not only the first professional female novelist, but she may be among the first professional novelists of either sex in England. ===Drama=== As soon as the previous Puritan regime's ban on public stage representations was lifted, [[drama]] recreated itself quickly and abundantly.{{cite book|last1=Hatch|first1=Mary Jo|title=The Three Faces of Leadership: Manager, Artist, Priest|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=47}} The most famous plays of the early Restoration period are the unsentimental or "hard" comedies of [[John Dryden]], [[William Wycherley]], and [[George Etherege]], which reflect the atmosphere at Court, and celebrate an aristocratic [[machismo|macho]] lifestyle of unremitting sexual intrigue and conquest. After a sharp drop in both quality and quantity in the 1680s, the mid-1690s saw a brief second flowering of the drama, especially comedy. Comedies like [[William Congreve (playwright)|William Congreve]]'s ''[[The Way of the World]]'' (1700), and [[John Vanbrugh]]'s ''[[The Relapse]]'' (1696) and ''[[The Provoked Wife]]'' (1697) were "softer" and more middle-class in ethos, very different from the aristocratic [[extravaganza]] twenty years earlier, and aimed at a wider audience. Return to English literature. 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