John Wycliffe - Wikipedia John Wycliffe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search English theologian "John Wickliffe" and "Wycliff" redirect here. For the ship, see John Wickliffe (ship). For other uses and other people, see Wycliffe. John Wycliffe Portrait of Wycliffe Born c. 1328 Hipswell, Yorkshire, Kingdom of England Died 31 December 1384(1384-12-31) (aged 56) Lutterworth, Leicestershire, England[1] Alma mater Merton College, Oxford Notable work Wycliffe's Bible Era Medieval philosophy Influences Roger Bacon William of Ockham Augustine of Hippo Robert Grosseteste Thomas Bradwardine Richard Fitzralph Influenced Jan Hus Martin Luther Henry VIII John Calvin Huldrych Zwingli William Tyndale The Bible in English List of English Bible translations Old English (pre-1066) Middle English (1066–1500) Early Modern English (1500–1800) Modern Christian (1800– ) Modern Jewish (1853– ) Miscellaneous Main category: Bible translations into English  Bible portal v t e John Wycliffe (/ˈwɪklɪf/; also spelled Wyclif, Wiclef, Wickliffe and other variants; c. 1320s – 31 December 1384)[2] was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian, biblical translator, reformer, priest, and a seminary professor at the University of Oxford. He became an influential dissident within the Roman Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is considered an important predecessor to Protestantism. Wycliffe questioned the privileged status of the clergy which had bolstered their powerful role in England and the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies.[3] Wycliffe advocated translation of the Bible into the common vernacular. Wycliffe’s involvement in such translation is disputed; however, according to tradition, Wycliffe is said to have completed a translation directly from the Vulgate into Middle English – a version now known as Wycliffe's Bible. It is probable that he personally translated the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; and it is possible he translated the entire New Testament, while his associates translated the Old Testament. Wycliffe's Bible appears to have been completed by 1384, additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant John Purvey and others in 1388 and 1395. More recently, historians of the Wycliffite movement have determined that Wycliffe had, at most, a minor role in the actual translations.[4] Wycliffe's later followers, derogatorily called Lollards by their orthodox contemporaries in the 15th and 16th centuries, adopted many of the beliefs attributed to Wycliffe such as theological virtues, predestination, iconoclasm, and the notion of caesaropapism, while questioning the veneration of saints, the sacraments, requiem masses, transubstantiation, monasticism, and the legitimacy of the Papacy. Like the Paulicians and Waldensians, the Lollard movement is sometimes regarded as a precursor to the Protestant Reformation. Wycliffe was accordingly characterised as the "evening star" of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the English Reformation.[5] An epithet first accorded to the theologian by the 16th century historian and controversialist John Bale in his Illustrium maioris britanniae scriptorum (Wesel, 1548).[6] Wycliffe’s writings in Latin greatly influenced the philosophy and teaching of the Czech reformer Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415), whose execution in 1415 sparked a revolt and led to the Hussite Wars of 1419–1434.[7] Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Politics 2.2 Conflict with the Church 3 Doctrines 3.1 Attack on monasticism 3.2 Views on the papacy 4 The English Bible 5 Anti-Wycliffe synod 6 Last days 7 Declared a heretic 8 Works 9 Basic positions in philosophy 10 Attitude toward speculation 11 Veneration 12 Legacy 13 See also 14 Notes 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Early life[edit] Wycliffe was born in the village of Hipswell near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire, England, around the 1320s[a] His family was long settled in Yorkshire. The family was quite large, covering considerable territory, principally centred on Wycliffe-on-Tees, about ten miles to the north of Hipswell. Wycliffe received his early education close to his home.[10] It is not known when he first came to Oxford, with which he was so closely connected until the end of his life, but he is known to have been at Oxford around 1345. Thomas Bradwardine was the archbishop of Canterbury, and his book On the Cause of God against the Pelagians, a bold recovery of the Pauline-Augustine doctrine of grace, would greatly shape young Wycliffe's views,[11] as did the Black Death which reached England in the summer of 1348.[12] From his frequent references to it in later life, it appears to have made a deep and abiding impression upon him. According to Robert Vaughn, the effect was to give Wycliffe "Very gloomy views in regard to the condition and prospects of the human race."[13] Wycliffe would have been at Oxford during the St Scholastica Day riot in which sixty-three students and a number of townspeople were killed. Career[edit] Wycliffe completed his arts degree at Merton College as a junior fellow in 1356.[14] That same year he produced a small treatise, The Last Age of the Church. In the light of the virulence of the plague that had subsided seven years previously, Wycliffe's studies led him to the opinion that the close of the 14th century would mark the end of the world. While other writers viewed the plague as God's judgment on sinful people, Wycliffe saw it as an indictment of an unworthy clergy. The mortality rate among the clergy had been particularly high, and those who replaced them were, in his opinion, uneducated or generally disreputable.[12] He was Master of Balliol College in 1361.[15] In this same year, he was presented by the college to the parish of Fillingham in Lincolnshire, which he visited rarely during long vacations from Oxford.[16] For this he had to give up the headship of Balliol College, though he could continue to live at Oxford. He is said to have had rooms in the buildings of The Queen's College. In 1362 he was granted a prebend at Aust in Westbury-on-Trym, which he held in addition to the post at Fillingham. His performance led Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, to place him in 1365 at the head of Canterbury Hall, where twelve young men were preparing for the priesthood. In December 1365 Islip appointed Wycliffe as warden[17] but when Islip died the following year his successor, Simon Langham, a man of monastic training, turned the leadership of the college over to a monk. In 1367 Wycliffe appealed to Rome. In 1371 Wycliffe's appeal was decided and the outcome was unfavourable to him. The incident was typical of the ongoing rivalry between monks and secular clergy at Oxford at this time.[16] In 1368, he gave up his living at Fillingham and took over the rectory of Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire, not far from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection with the university. In 1369 Wycliffe obtained a bachelor's degree in theology, and his doctorate in 1372.[18] In 1374, he received the crown living of St Mary's Church, Lutterworth in Leicestershire,[19] which he retained until his death. Politics[edit] William Frederick Yeames, Wyclif Giving "The Poor Priests" His Translation of the Bible In 1374 his name appears second, after a bishop, on a commission which the English Government sent to Bruges to discuss with the representatives of Gregory XI a number of points in dispute between the king and the pope.[19] He was no longer satisfied with his chair as the means of propagating his ideas, and soon after his return from Bruges he began to express them in tracts and longer works. In a book concerned with the government of God and the Ten Commandments, he attacked the temporal rule of the clergy, the collection of annates, indulgences, and simony. He entered the politics of the day with his great work De civili dominio ("On Civil Dominion"). This called for the royal divestment of all church property.[20] His ideas on lordship and church wealth caused his first official condemnation in 1377 by Pope Gregory XI, who censured 19 articles. Wycliffe argued that the Church had fallen into sin and that it ought therefore to give up all its property and that the clergy should live in complete poverty. The tendency of the high offices of state to be held by clerics was resented by many of the nobles. John of Gaunt most likely had his own reasons for opposing the wealth and power of the clergy. Conflict with the Church[edit] Wycliffe was summoned before William Courtenay, Bishop of London, on 19 February 1377. The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination. Lechler suggests that Wycliffe was targeted by John of Gaunt's opponents among the nobles and church hierarchy.[21] Gaunt, the Earl Marshal Henry Percy, and a number of other supporters accompanied Wycliffe. A crowd gathered at the church, and at the entrance, party animosities began to show, especially in an angry exchange between the bishop and Wycliffe's protectors.[19] Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the English clergy and their partisans, hinting at the intent to secularise the possessions of the Church. The assembly broke up and Gaunt and his partisans departed with their protégé.[22] Most of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, and attacks upon Wycliffe began. The second and third books of his work dealing with civil government carry a sharp polemic. On 22 May 1377 Pope Gregory XI sent five copies of a bull against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the Bishop of London, King Edward III, the Chancellor, and the university; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State. Stephen Lahey suggests that Gregory's action against Wycliffe was an attempt to put pressure on King Edward to make peace with France.[20] Edward III died on 21 June 1377, and the bull against Wycliffe did not reach England before December. Wycliffe was asked to give the king's council his opinion on whether it was lawful to withhold traditional payments to Rome, and he responded that it was.[23] Back at Oxford the Vice-Chancellor confined Wycliffe for some time in Black Hall, but his friends soon obtained his release. In March 1378, he was summoned to appear at Lambeth Palace to defend himself. However, Sir Lewis Clifford entered the chapel and in the name of the queen mother (Joan of Kent), forbade the bishops to proceed to a definite sentence concerning Wycliffe's conduct or opinions.[13] The bishops, who were divided, satisfied themselves with forbidding him to speak further on the controversy. Wycliffe then wrote his De incarcerandis fedelibus, in which he demanded that it should be legal for the excommunicated to appeal to the king and his council against the excommunication; in this writing he laid open the entire case, in such a way that it was understood by the laity. He wrote his 33 conclusions in Latin and English. The masses, some of the nobility, and his former protector, John of Gaunt, rallied to him. Before any further steps could be taken at Rome, Gregory XI died in 1378. The attacks on Pope Gregory XI grow ever more extreme. Wycliffe's stand concerning the ideal of poverty became continually firmer, as well as his position with regard to the temporal rule of the clergy. Closely related to this attitude was his book De officio regis, the content of which was foreshadowed in his 33 conclusions. This book, like those that preceded and followed, was concerned with the reform of the Church, in which the temporal arm was to have an influential part. From 1380 onwards, Wycliffe devoted himself to writings that argued his rejection of transubstantiation, and strongly criticised the friars who supported it.[24]:281 Doctrines[edit] John Wycliffe at work in his study Wycliffe had come to regard the scriptures as the only reliable guide to the truth about God, and maintained that all Christians should rely on the Bible rather than on the teachings of popes and clerics. He said that there was no scriptural justification for the papacy.[25] Theologically, his preaching expressed a strong belief in predestination that enabled him to declare an "invisible church of the elect", made up of those predestined to be saved, rather than in the "visible" Catholic Church.[26] To Wycliffe, the Church was the totality of those who are predestined to blessedness. No one who is eternally lost has part in it. There is one universal Church, and outside of it there is no salvation. His first tracts and greater works of ecclesiastical-political content defended the privileges of the State. By 1379 in his De ecclesia ("On the Church"), Wycliffe clearly claimed the supremacy of the king over the priesthood.[9] He rejected the concept of purgatory,[17] and disapproved of clerical celibacy, pilgrimages, the selling of indulgences and praying to saints.[25] So far as his polemics accord with those of earlier antagonists of the papacy, it is fair to assume that he was not ignorant of them and was influenced by them. It was Wycliffe who recognised and formulated one of the two major formal principles of the Reformation – the unique authority of the Bible for the belief and life of the Christian. Attack on monasticism[edit] The battle against what he saw as an imperialised papacy and its supporters, the "sects", as he called the monastic orders, takes up a large space not only in his later works as the Trialogus, Dialogus, Opus evangelicum, and in his sermons, but also in a series of sharp tracts and polemical productions in Latin and English (of which those issued in his later years have been collected as "Polemical Writings"). In the 1380 Objections to Friars, he calls monks the pests of society, enemies of religion, and patrons and promoters of every crime.[12] He directed his strongest criticism against the friars, whose preaching he considered neither scriptural nor sincere, but motivated by "temporal gain".[16] While others were content to seek the reform of particular errors and abuses, Wycliffe sought nothing less than the extinction of the institution itself, as being repugnant to scripture, and inconsistent with the order and prosperity of the Church.[13] He advocated the dissolution of the monasteries. Views on the papacy[edit] Rudolph Buddensieg finds two distinct aspects in Wycliffe's work. The first, from 1366 to 1378, reflects a political struggle with Rome, while 1378 to 1384 is more a religious struggle. In each Wycliffe has two approaches: he attacks both the Papacy and its institutions, and also Roman Catholic doctrine.[27] Wycliffe's influence was never greater than at the moment when pope and antipope sent their ambassadors to England to gain recognition for themselves. In 1378, in the ambassadors' presence, he delivered an opinion before Parliament that showed, in an important ecclesiastical political question (the matter of the right of asylum in Westminster Abbey), a position that was to the liking of the State. He argued that criminals who had taken sanctuary in churches might lawfully be dragged out of sanctuary.[23] The books and tracts of Wycliffe's last six years include continual attacks upon the papacy and the entire hierarchy of his times. Each year they focus more and more, and at the last, the pope and the Antichrist seem to him practically equivalent concepts. Yet there are passages which are moderate in tone: G. V. Lechler identifies three stages in Wycliffe's relations with the papacy. The first step, which carried him to the outbreak of the schism, involves moderate recognition of the papal primacy; the second, which carried him to 1381, is marked by an estrangement from the papacy; and the third shows him in sharp contest. The English Bible[edit] John Wycliffe portrayed in Bale's Scriptor Majoris Britanniæ 1548. In keeping with Wycliffe's belief that scripture was the only authoritative reliable guide to the truth about God, he became involved in efforts to translate the Bible into English. While Wycliffe is credited, it is not possible exactly to define his part in the translation, which was based on the Vulgate.[28] There is no doubt that it was his initiative, and that the success of the project was due to his leadership. From him comes the translation of the New Testament, which was smoother, clearer, and more readable than the rendering of the Old Testament by his friend Nicholas of Hereford. The whole was revised by Wycliffe's younger contemporary John Purvey in 1388. There still exist about 150 manuscripts, complete or partial, containing the translation in its revised form. From this, one may easily infer how widely diffused it was in the 15th century. For this reason the Wycliffites in England were often designated by their opponents as "Bible men". Anti-Wycliffe synod[edit] In the summer of 1381 Wycliffe formulated his doctrine of the Lord's Supper in twelve short sentences, and made it a duty to advocate it everywhere. Then the English hierarchy proceeded against him. The chancellor of the University of Oxford had some of the declarations pronounced heretical. When this was announced to Wycliffe, he declared that no one could change his convictions. He then appealed – not to the pope nor to the ecclesiastical authorities of the land, but to the king. He published his great confession upon the subject and also a second writing in English intended for the common people.[29] As long as Wycliffe limited his attacks to abuses and the wealth of the Church, he could rely on the support of part of the clergy and aristocracy, but once he dismissed the traditional doctrine of transubstantiation, his theses could not be defended any more.[9] This view cost him the support of John of Gaunt and many others.[23] In the midst of this came the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. The revolt was sparked in part by Wycliffe's preaching carried throughout the realm by "poor priests" appointed by Wycliffe (mostly laymen). The preachers didn't limit their criticism of the accumulation of wealth and property to that of the monasteries, but rather included secular properties belonging to the nobility as well.[30] Although Wycliffe disapproved of the revolt, some of his disciples justified the killing of Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1382 Wycliffe's old enemy William Courtenay, now Archbishop of Canterbury, called an ecclesiastical assembly of notables at London. During the consultations on 21 May an earthquake occurred; the participants were terrified and wished to break up the assembly, but Courtenay declared the earthquake a favourable sign which meant the purification of the earth from erroneous doctrine, and the result of the "Earthquake Synod" was assured.[31] Of the 24 propositions attributed to Wycliffe without mentioning his name, ten were declared heretical and fourteen erroneous. The former had reference to the transformation in the sacrament, the latter to matters of church order and institutions. It was forbidden from that time to hold these opinions or to advance them in sermons or in academic discussions. All persons disregarding this order were to be subject to prosecution. To accomplish this the help of the State was necessary; but the Commons rejected the bill. The king, however, had a decree issued which permitted the arrest of those in error. The citadel of the reformatory movement was Oxford, where Wycliffe's most active helpers were; these were laid under the ban and summoned to recant, and Nicholas of Hereford went to Rome to appeal.[32] On 17 November 1382, Wycliffe was summoned before a synod at Oxford. He still commanded the favour of the court and of Parliament, to which he addressed a memorial. He was neither excommunicated then, nor deprived of his living. Wycliffe aimed to do away with the existing hierarchy and replace it with the "poor priests" who lived in poverty, were bound by no vows, had received no formal consecration, and preached the Gospel to the people. Itinerant preachers spread the teachings of Wycliffe. The bull of Gregory XI impressed upon them the name of Lollards, intended as an opprobrious epithet, but it became, to them, a name of honour. Even in Wycliffe's time the "Lollards" had reached wide circles in England and preached "God's law, without which no one could be justified."[33] Last days[edit] Portrait of John Wycliffe by Bernard Picart, showing the burning of his works (1714) In the years before his death in 1384 he increasingly argued for Scriptures as the authoritative centre of Christianity, that the claims of the papacy were unhistorical, that monasticism was irredeemably corrupt, and that the moral unworthiness of priests invalidated their office and sacraments.[34] Wycliffe returned to Lutterworth, and sent out tracts against the monks and Urban VI, since the latter, contrary to Wycliffe's hopes, had not turned out to be a reforming pope. The literary achievements of Wycliffe's last days, such as the Trialogus, stand at the peak of the knowledge of his day. His last work, the Opus evangelicum, the last part of which he named in characteristic fashion "Of Antichrist", remained uncompleted. While he was saying Mass in the parish church on Holy Innocents' Day, 28 December 1384, he suffered a stroke, and died as the year ended. The Anti-Wycliffite Statute of 1401 extended persecution to Wycliffe's remaining followers. The "Constitutions of Oxford" of 1408 aimed to reclaim authority in all ecclesiastical matters, and specifically named John Wycliffe as it banned certain writings, and noted that translation of Scripture into English by unlicensed laity was a crime punishable by charges of heresy. Declared a heretic[edit] Burning Wycliffe's bones, from Foxe's Book of Martyrs (1563) The Council of Constance declared Wycliffe a heretic on 4 May 1415, and banned his writings, effectively both excommunicating him retroactively and making him an early forerunner of Protestantism. The Council decreed that Wycliffe's works should be burned and his bodily remains removed from consecrated ground. This order, confirmed by Pope Martin V, was carried out in 1428.[9] Wycliffe's corpse was exhumed and burned and the ashes cast into the River Swift, which flows through Lutterworth. None of Wycliffe's contemporaries left a complete picture of his person, his life, and his activities. Paintings representing Wycliffe are from a later period. In the history of the trial by William Thorpe (1407), Wycliffe appears wasted and physically weak. Thorpe says Wycliffe was of unblemished walk[clarification needed] in life, and regarded affectionately by people of rank, who often consorted with him, took down his sayings, and clung to him. "I indeed clove to none closer than to him, the wisest and most blessed of all men whom I have ever found." Thomas Netter highly esteemed John Kynyngham in that he "so bravely offered himself to the biting speech of the heretic and to words that stung as being without the religion of Christ". But this example of Netter is not well chosen, since the tone of Wycliffe toward Kynyngham is that of a junior toward an elder whom one respects, and he handled other opponents in similar fashion. Works[edit] The Last Age of the Church (1356) De Logica ("On Logic") 1360 De Universalibus ("On Universals") 1368 De Dominio Divino (1373) De Mandatis Divinis (1375) De Statu Innocencie (1376) De Civili Dominio (1377) Responsio (1377) De Ecclesia ("On the Church") 1378 De veritate sacrae scripturae (On the Truthfulness of Holy Scripture) 1378 On the Pastoral Office 1378 De apostasia ("On Apostasy") 1379 De Eucharistia (On the Eucharist") 1379 Objections to Friars (1380) Basic positions in philosophy[edit] Wycliffe was a prominent English theologian and scholastic philosopher of the second half of the 14th century.[9] He earned his great repute as a philosopher at an early date. Henry Knighton says that in philosophy he was second to none, and in scholastic discipline incomparable.[35] There was a period in his life when he devoted himself exclusively to scholastic philosophy. His first book, De Logica (1360), explores the fundamentals of Scholastic Theology. He believed that "one should study Logic in order to better understand the human mind because ...human thoughts, feelings and actions bear God’s image and likeness".[36] The centre of Wycliffe's philosophical system is formed by the doctrine of the prior existence in the thought of God of all things and events. While Platonic realism would view "beauty' as a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or thing, "for Wycliffe every universal, as part of creation, derived its existence from God, the Creator".[36] Wycliffe was a close follower of Augustine, and always upheld the primacy of the Creator over the created reality. A second key point of Wycliffe's is his emphasis on the notion of divine Lordship, explored in De dominio Divino (c. 1373), which examines the relationship between God and his creatures. The practical application of this for Wycliffe was seen in the rebellious attitude of individuals (particulars) towards rightful authority (universals). In De civili dominio he discusses the appropriate circumstance under which an entity may be seen as possessing authority over lesser subjects. Dominium is always conferred by God. "Beyond all doubt, intellectual and emotional error about universals is the cause of all sin that reigns in the world."[37] In some of his teachings, as in De annihilatione, the influence of Thomas Aquinas can be detected. He said that Democritus, Plato, Augustine, and Grosseteste far outranked Aristotle. So far as his relations to the philosophers of the Middle Ages are concerned, he held to realism as opposed to the nominalism advanced by William of Ockham. A number of Wycliffe's ideas have been carried forward in the twentieth century by philosopher and Reformed theologian Cornelius Van Til. Attitude toward speculation[edit] Wycliffe's fundamental principle of the preexistence in thought of all reality involves the most serious obstacle to freedom of the will; the philosopher could assist himself only by the formula that the free will of man was something predetermined of God. He demanded strict dialectical training as the means of distinguishing the true from the false, and asserted that logic (or the syllogism) furthered the knowledge of catholic verities; ignorance of logic was the reason why men misunderstood Scripture, since men overlooked the connection, the distinction between idea and appearance. Wycliffe was not merely conscious of the distinction between theology and philosophy, but his sense of reality led him to pass by scholastic questions. He left aside philosophical discussions that seemed to have no significance for the religious consciousness and those that pertained purely to scholasticism: "We concern ourselves with the verities that are, and leave aside the errors which arise from speculation on matters which are not." Veneration[edit] Wycliffe is honoured in the Church of England on 31 December, and in the Anglican Church of Canada [38] and in the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 30 October. Legacy[edit] A stained glass window in Wycliffe College Chapel, Toronto Wycliffe was instrumental in the development of a translation of the Bible in English, thus making it accessible to laypeople. He also had a strong influence on Jan Hus.[17] Several institutions are named after him: Wycliffe Global Alliance, an alliance of organisations with the common objective of translating the Bible for every language group that needs it. Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, one of the Church of England's designated Evangelical theological colleges. Wycliffe College, Toronto, a graduate theological school federated with the University of Toronto. Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire, an English independent, private day and boarding school. See also[edit] Saints portal William Tyndale Ecclesiae Regimen General Prologue of the Wycliffe Bible Lollardy Notes[edit] ^ He has conventionally been given a birth date of 1324 but Hudson and Kenny state only records "suggest he was born in the mid-1320s"[8] Conti states that he was born "before 1330".[9] ^ "John Wycliffe | Biography, Legacy, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ For a recent biography see: Andrew Larsen, John Wyclif c. 1331–1384, in Ian Christopher Levy (ed.), A Companion to John Wyclif. Late Medieval Theologian, Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 1–61. ^ Lacey Baldwin Smith, This Realm of England: 1399 to 1688 (3rd ed. 1976), p. 41 ^ See Mary Dove, The First English Bible (Cambridge, 2007), and Elizabeth Solopova (ed.), The Wycliffite Bible (Leiden, 2016). ^ Emily Michael, "John Wyclif on body and mind", Journal of the History of Ideas (2003) p. 343. ^ Margaret Aston, “John Wycliffe’s Reformation Reputation”, ‘’Past & Present’’ (30, 1965) p. 24 ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Jan Hus". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford. ^ a b c d e Conti, Alessandro. "John Wyclif". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 3 June 2019. ^ Dallmann, W (1907), Concordia Theological Quarterly, XI, St. Louis, p. 41. ^ Calhoun, David B, The Morning Star of the Reformation, CS Lewis institute. ^ a b c Murray, Thomas (26 October 1829). "The Life of John Wycliffe". John Boyd. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Google Books. ^ a b c Vaughan, Robert (26 October 1845). Tracts and Treatises of John de Wycliffe: With Selections and Translations from His Manuscripts and Latin Works. Society. ISBN 9780790561592. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Google Books. ^ Davison, Jon (1995). Oxford – Images & Recollections, p. 261. ISBN 1-86982499-7. ^ "Archives & Manuscripts". Oxford: Balliol College. Retrieved 22 August 2009. ^ a b c Estep, William Roscoe (26 October 1986). Renaissance and Reformation. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802800503. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Google Books. ^ a b c Buddensieg, Rudolf (26 October 1884). "John Wiclif, patriot & reformer; life and writings". London : T. Fisher Unwin. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Internet Archive. ^ "John Wycliffe and the Dawn of the Reformation". Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ a b c Urquhart, Francis. "John Wyclif." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 28 July 2015 ^ a b Lahey, Stephen Edmund (8 December 2008). John Wyclif. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199720286. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Google Books. ^ Lechler, Gotthard Victor (26 October 1904). "John Wycliffe and His English Precursors". Religious Tract Society. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Google Books. ^ An excellent account of this dispute between the bishop and the protectors of Wycliffe is given in the Chronicon Angliae, the gist of which is quoted in DNB, lxiii. 206–07. ^ a b c "John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist". ^ Hudson, Anne (2002). The premature Reformation: Wycliffite texts and Lollard history. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-822762-5. ^ a b "John Wycliffe condemned as a heretic". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ "John Wycliffe", Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.), 16 October 2009. ^ Wycliffe, John (26 October 1883). "John Wiclif's Polemical works in Latin". Wyclif society. Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via Google Books. ^ Walker, Williston (1958). A History of the Christian Church. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 269. ASIN B00087NRC8. ^ "John Wycliffe". www.greatsite.com. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ "John Wycliffe – Michael Davies". Retrieved 26 October 2019 – via www.youtube.com. ^ *"Earthquake Synod." Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437. ^ "§12. Nicholas Hereford and John Purvey. II. Religious Movements in the Fourteenth Century. Vol. 2. The End of the Middle Ages. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ "John Wycliffe (1324–1384)". WebTruth.org. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ Herring, George (2006), Introduction To The History of Christianity, New York: New York University Press, p. 230. ^ Deanesly, Margaret (1971). "A History of the Medieval Church 590-1500". Scottish Journal of Theology. 24 (2): 239 – via Cambridge University Press. ^ a b "John Wycliffe: The Morning Star of the Reformation". 14 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2019. ^ Wycliffe, John. On Universals, (trans. A. Kenny), Oxford: 1985, pp. 162–65 ^ "57. The Calendar, ix", The Prayer Book online, CA Sources[edit] Edgar, Robert (2008). Civilizations Past & Present. 1 (12th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 434–35.[ISBN missing] Hudson, Anne; Kenny, Anthony (2004). "Wyclif, John (d. 1384)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30122. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Further reading[edit] Boreczky, Elemér. John Wyclif's Discourse on Dominion in Community (Leiden, Brill, 2007) (Studies in the History of Christian Traditions, 139). Fountain, David. John Wycliffe – The Dawn Of The Reformation (Mayflower Christian Publications, 1984) ISBN 978-0907821021. Hudson, Anne, and Anthony Kenny. "Wyclif , John (d. 1384)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, September 2010 accessed 13 October 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30122; a short biography Ghosh, Kantik. The Wycliffite Heresy. Authority and the Interpretation of Texts (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001) (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 45) ( ISBN 0-521-80720-4). Lahey, Stephen E. John Wyclif (Oxford University Press, 2009) (Great Medieval Thinkers). Lahey, Stephen E. "John Wyclif." in Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy (Springer Netherlands, 2011) pp. 653–58. G. W. H. Lampe, ed. The Cambridge History of the Bible. The West from the Fathers to the Reformation, [Vol 2] Leff, Gordon. John Wyclif: The Path the Dissent (Oxford University Press, 1966) Levy, Ian C., ed. A Companion to John Wyclif, Late Medieval Theologian (Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition; 4). (Leiden: Brill, 2006) (hardcover, ISBN 90-04-15007-2). McFarlane, K. B. The origins of religious dissent in England (New York, Collier Books, 1966) (Originally published under the title "John Wycliffe and the beginnings of English nonconformity", 1952). Michael, Emily. "John Wyclif on body and mind." Journal of the History of Ideas (2003) 64#3 pp: 343–60. online Robson, John Adam. Wyclif and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to Scholastic Debates at Oxford in the Later Fourteenth Century (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1961). Thakkar, Mark. Duces caecorum: On Two Recent Translations of Wyclif (Vivarium, 2020) External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Wycliffe. Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Wycliffe Lahey, Stephen. "Wyclif's Political Philosophy". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. BBC radio 4 discussion from In Our Time. "John Wyclif and the Lollards". (45 mins) Texts on Wikisource: John Foxe, "An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe," The Book of Martyrs. "Wiclif, John". New International Encyclopedia. 1905. "Wycliffe, John". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. "John Wyclif". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1913. Works by or about John Wycliffe at Internet Archive Works by John Wycliffe at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) v t e Masters of Balliol College, Oxford Walter de Fodringeye Hugh de Warkenby Stephen de Cornubia Richard de Chickwell Thomas de Waldeby Henry de Seton Nicholas de Luceby John Poclynton Hugh Corbrygge Robert de Derby John Wycliffe John Hugate Thomas Tyrwhit Hamond Haskman William Lambert Thomas Chace Robert Burley Richard Stapilton William Brandon Robert Twaytes William Lambton John Segden Robert Abdy William Bell Richard Barningham Thomas Cisson Richard Stubbys William White George Coote William Wright James Brooks William Wright Francis Babington Antony Garnet Robert Hooper John Piers Adam Squier Edmund Lilly Robert Abbots John Parkhurst Thomas Laurence George Bradshaw Henry Savage Thomas Good John Venn Roger Mander John Baron Joseph Hunt Theophilus Leigh John Davey John Parsons Richard Jenkyns Robert Scott Benjamin Jowett Edward Caird James Strachan-Davidson Arthur Lionel Smith Alexander Dunlop Lindsay David Lindsay Keir Christopher Hill Sir Anthony Kenny Baruch Blumberg Colin Lucas Andrew Graham Drummond Bone Helen Ghosh v t e History of Christianity Centuries 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Origins and Apostolic Age Background Jesus Baptism Ministry Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Holy Spirit Apostles Jewish Christians Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Split with Judaism New Testament Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period Diversity Adoptionism Arianism Docetism Donatism Gnosticism Marcionism Montanism Canon development Persecution Church / Apostolic Fathers Pope Clement I Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Tertullian Origen Late antiquity (Great Church) Constantine Constantinian shift Monasticism Councils Nicaea I Nicene Creed Athanasius Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Biblical canon Catholicism Papacy Development of primacy Eastern Orthodox opposition Lateran IV Art patronage of Julius II Leo X Counter-Reformation Trent Art Catholic Reformation Jesuits Xavier Thomas More Monastery dissolution Wars Mass rocks and priest holes Guadalupe Jansenists Molinists Neo-Scholasticism Teresa Modernism Independent Catholics Vatican I and Vatican II Ecclesial community Timeline Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Church of the East Oriental Orthodoxy Chrysostom Nestorianism Icons Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syria Ethiopia Bulgaria Ottoman Empire Russia America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Scandinavian Kievan Rus' Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard Bogomils Bosnian Cathars Apostolic Brethren Dulcinian Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Early Scholasticism Christian mysticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Five Ways Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Synods Reformation and Protestantism Erasmus Eucharist Calvinist–Arminian debate Arminianism Wars Resistance theories Separation of church and state Nicodemites Hymnody of continental Europe Formal and material principles Literature Protestant work ethic Lutheranism Luther 95 Theses Diet of Worms Theology Bible Melanchthon Book of Concord Orthodoxy Scholasticism Eucharist Art Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Huguenots Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Baptism Law and Gospel Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Scholasticism Metrical psalters Anglicanism Timeline Henry VIII Cranmer Elizabethan 39 Articles Puritans Civil War Church music Book of Common Prayer King James Version Anabaptism Theology Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs' Synod Menno Simons Smyth Martyrs Mirror Ausbund 1640–1789 Revivalism Missionaries Baptists Separation of church and state Edicts of toleration Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Fostering of early experimental science Neo- and Old Lutherans 1789–present Camp meeting Holiness movement Second Great Awakening Restorationists Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh-day Adventist Adventism Oxford Movement Laestadianism Finnish Awakening Christian existentialism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Gospel music Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy Pacifism Ecumenism Five solae Jesus movement Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Reformed epistemology Fourth Great Awakening Evangelical and Mainline Protestants Christian right and left Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America Persecution by ISIL Timeline Missions Martyrs Theology Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Protestantism Catholicism Authority control BIBSYS: 90106461 BNE: XX873208 BNF: cb11999404c (data) BPN: 61246235 CANTIC: a10179720 CiNii: DA02817168 GND: 118632299 ISNI: 0000 0001 1665 0647 LCCN: n79060439 NDL: 00649787 NKC: jn20000701964 NLA: 35622455 NLI: 000143668 NLK: KAC201902939 NLP: A17164710 NTA: 069401799 PLWABN: 9810562954205606 RERO: 02-A000176429 SELIBR: 200725 SNAC: w6w97wjk SUDOC: 028089685 Trove: 1018237 ULAN: 500330566 VcBA: 495/20684 VIAF: 98313983 WorldCat Identities: viaf-68939042 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wycliffe&oldid=999434180" Categories: 1320s births 1384 deaths 14th-century Latin writers Alumni of Merton College, Oxford Christian radicals Critics of the Catholic Church English Reformation English evangelicals Lollards Masters of Balliol College, Oxford Wardens of Canterbury College, Oxford People excommunicated by the Catholic Church People from Buckinghamshire People from Richmondshire (district) Translators of the Bible into English Translators to English 14th-century English people 14th-century English writers 14th-century philosophers 14th-century Christian biblical scholars Hidden categories: CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from October 2016 Use dmy dates from February 2020 Articles with hCards Articles containing Latin-language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Pages with missing ISBNs Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Commons link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers AC with 25 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu বাংলা Bislama Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Reo tahiti Română Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 04:12 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement