JOURNAL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND CLEAN ENERGY, VOL. 8, NO. 2, March 2020 Infrastructure of Sustainable Energy Development in Pakistan: A Review Sidra Kanwal, Bilal Khan, and Muhammad Qasim Rauf Abstract——Pakistan is an energy-resourceful country with vast and untapped renewable energy sources (RESs). The wind, so‐ lar, and biomass of the country are practically capable of end‐ ing a power sector collapse caused by demand-supply variances. A significant percentage of Pakistan’s population resides in ru‐ ral areas. For rural population, the lack of connection to the mainstream of national development is a direct consequence of frequent power blackouts and, in certain cases, a lack of grid connection altogether. Lucrative features of smart grid are not fully incorporated into the power network yet, but policy-mak‐ ers are paying attention to increase RES reliance. A comprehen‐ sive study describing the renewable energy potential of Paki‐ stan is of importance. This research work attempts to present a collective summary of Pakistan’s renewable energy potential. A statistical analysis of the proposed and installed projects in vari‐ ous districts are presented. This paper elaborates the pressing needs of renewable energy integration for resolving Pakistan’s energy crisis. Renewable energy projects are acclaimed in this paper for affording higher living standards and better job op‐ portunities than the fossil fuel based industry in Pakistan. Inte‐ grating RESs into the national portfolio is guaranteed to offer profound socio-economic benefits to Pakistan’s rural population. Index Terms——Biomass energy, geothermal energy, renewable energy source (RES), solar energy, smart grid, wind energy. I. INTRODUCTION Pakistan’s energy crisis is attributed to an ever-increasing population size, followed by consumers being subjected to frequent load shedding. A stable energy supply is crucial for the development of the social and economic fabric of the so‐ ciety. The task is feasible in terms of home-grown conven‐ tional energy reserves. Pakistan primarily relies on foreign imported fossil fuels to fulfill its energy demand, and ex‐ pends approximately 20% in crude oil imports [1]. Pakistan has about 2.56% of the total worldwide popula‐ tion, and is the world’s sixth most populous country [2]. The geographical location of Pakistan benefits international maritime trade immensely and presents a lucrative paradigm for foreign investment. Stable energy supplies to handle cur‐ rent and future energy demand will depend on power genera‐ tion from sustainable energy sources. Imported crude for electricity generation is an established fiscal burden on the economy [3] —a situation further aggravated by depleting home-grown natural gas reserves. The country’s installed power generation capacity is rated at 17000 MW, with a peak demand of 22000 MW. Figure 1 illustrates that the power demand is growing by 8% to 10% annually, in con‐ trast with an annual supply growth of only 7% [4]. Urban areas are frequently subjected to a regular 8 to 10 hours of load shedding, while the average load shedding in rural areas is 20 hours. The contribution of renewable ener‐ gy sources (RESs) in power generation was reported to be less than 1% in 2010. However, the government seeks to ramp up RES contribution by 5% until the year 2030 [5]. Residential and commercial sectors are major electricity con‐ sumers due to the significant number of indoor electricity ap‐ pliances. The increase in the number of appliances is a di‐ rect consequence of the rapid technological development and urbanization of the rural community. The attention gathered by the vast and untapped renewable energy reserves in Paki‐ stan is expected to effectively meet the country’s energy re‐ quirements [7]. A summary of Pakistan’s current energy resources is de‐ picted in Fig. 2 [8]. The current energy shortfall indicates that the existing energy infrastructure is insufficient for coun‐ tering the increasing energy demand. Thus, the ultimate solu‐ tion of the problem is to increase the renewable energy pene‐ tration in Pakistan’s energy spectrum. Pakistan has a huge potential for RES, despite little attention has been paid to its benefits. Chief sources for electricity generation in Pakistan are natural gas, oil, and coal. Hydro energy contributes 29% toward the total energy mix. 0 100 200 300 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2020 2030 Po w er G W ) Year Supply Demand Fig. 1. Power demand-supply trends of Pakistan. Manuscript received: April 18, 2019; accepted: December 19, 2019. Date of CrossCheck: December 19, 2019. Date of online publication: March 9, 2020. The authors are grateful to anonymous reviewers for providing valuable sug‐ gestions and comments to improve the work. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribu‐ tion 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). S. Kanwal (corresponding author) and B. Khan are with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbot‐ tabad Campus 22010, Pakistan (e-mail: sidrakanwal@ciit.net.pk; bilalkhan@ciit. net.pk). M. Q. Rauf is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan (e-mail: muhammadqasimrauf@ gmail.com) DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2019.000252 206 KANWAL et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN: A REVIEW Countries adopting RESs for power generation experience both positive and negative impacts. Even though RES adop‐ tion provides self-sufficiency of the energy, the country’s heavy reliance on fossil fuels shows that RESs are not suffi‐ cient to phase out fossil fuels entirely. Reference [9] investi‐ gated the factors of economic growth, energy consumption, fiscal development, and relative prices for high-income orga‐ nization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. Reference [10] investigated the link between economic development and energy consump‐ tion, and indicated that economic growth increases together with renewable energy consumption. Reference [11] ad‐ dressed the issues related to the electricity sector, analyzed the current regime’s policies, and discussed their impact on the electricity sector. Also, it is found that the cost of fuel and the emission of hazardous gases are increasing due to the imports of fossil fuels. Reference [12] provided statistical information about RESs in Pakistan. It is found that RESs have a huge poten‐ tial, the utilization of which will overcome the energy crisis. Reference [13] inspected Pakistan’s energy sector in detail by addressing the infrastructure that generates and distributes the energy. It asserted that the consumption of RESs plays a significant role in economic growth and argued that renew‐ able energy generation should be increased. It also explained that RESs are the best alternative to overcome the energy cri‐ sis, though barriers that punctuate progress are also ad‐ dressed. Reference [14] investigated the relationship between inflation and the energy crisis. It explained the situation of energy sector, both globally and in Pakistan, and inspected key factors contributing toward energy inflation. It collected annual data related to energy inflation such as the exchange rate, international oil prices, energy imports, the tax ratio, and the money supply from 1973 to 2012. Reference [15] ex‐ amined various factors contributing to the energy crisis that contains reduced reserves of oil and gas, an energy gap be‐ tween supply and demand, security concerns over the power supply, and energy costs. A solution to the entire problem is renewable energy generation. Reference [16] investigated the potential capacity of energy production through renewable energy technologies (RETs) within Pakistan. Current energy crisis requires balancing energy supply-demand curve with RESs as reliable solution [17]. Reference [8] explained that RETs must be utilized to fulfill energy demand and supply gap. It examined the demand and supply gap in Pakistan and inspected various geographical locations for RET installa‐ tion. According to [18], solar, wind, and biomass energy po‐ tential exists abundantly in Pakistan, which can meet the en‐ ergy needs. It is explained that the solar energy returns its in‐ vestment cost within 5 years; the biomass energy and wind energy return their investment cost within 6 years, while par‐ abolic trough collectors (PTC) produce returns within 17 years. Reference [19] inspected problems related to biomass energy utilization effectively and efficiently. It also deduced that local government must be considered as the main factor while establishing a biomass-based electricity plant. Refer‐ ence [20] deduced that biomass can supply 42 percent of the power portfolio in Pakistan. Reference [21] studied the de‐ velopment for bioenergy using anaerobic digestion, and found that separate biogas plants can be installed in an area that has no electricity. Reference [22] discussed prospects of both wind and solar energy in Pakistan. Reference [21] stud‐ ied the current status of solar energy generation in Pakistan and emphasized that the main hindrance is the high capital cost to install solar technologies. Reference [22] surveyed the Quetta district of Pakistan and determined rich potentials of solar energy in the area. An RET screen simulation showed that about 23.206 GWh of electricity can be pro‐ duced in a year. A photovoltaic (PV) plant will generate elec‐ tricity at a rate of 0.157 $/kWh, at a total cost of $50 mil‐ lion, and a 50 percent debt ratio. Reference [23] provided a detailed analysis of wind energy development in Pakistan, and provided guidelines for increased wind energy. A sum‐ mary of some generic state-of-the-art surveys is illustrated in Table I. All studies emphasized the need to develop alternative en‐ ergy sources and challenges related to the implementation of alternative energy sources at the national level. Some re‐ search has been conducted at the regional level. Reference [24] examined the wind energy potential in Pakistan and the challenges related to the installation of such facilities. It also inspected the reserve of 1678 MWh energy, while half of the residential consumers in Karachi have installed micro wind turbines. Reference [25] conducted the research on urbaniza‐ tion, growth of vehicle use, energy consumption, CO2 emis‐ sion, and industrialization, and deduced that the urban area and its population increased by 1500 percent from 1947 to 2008. An investigation also revealed that the consumption of natural gas, coal, and gasoline increased by 367%, 287%, and 219%, respectively. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: 1) A discussion of the energy crisis in Pakistan and its worsening impact on the social and economic fabric of the country is presented. Energy demand is far greater than the existing infrastructure of supply, and RES-based power gen‐ eration is the ultimate solution to the problem. 2) A quantitative analysis of current and future RES pow‐ er generation in Pakistan is presented at considerable length. 3) A comprehensive depiction of the dire need and status of implementing a smart grid (SG) in Pakistan is illustrated. 29% 1% 38% 29% 3% Gas; Coal; Oil; Hydro; Nuclear Fig. 2. Share of conventional sources for power generation in Pakistan. 207 JOURNAL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND CLEAN ENERGY, VOL. 8, NO. 2, March 2020 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Sec‐ tion II presents an overview of RESs in Pakistan along with strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of its energy system. The status of SG implementa‐ tion and suggestions for RET development are discussed in Section III. Finally, Section IV concludes the paper and pro‐ vides future approaches. II. STATUS OF RES UTILIZATION IN PAKISTAN According to an estimate, Pakistan is blessed with solar ra‐ diations of 5.5 Wh/m2 per day. Wind speed is 5-7 m/s in the shoreline front territories of Sindh and Baluchistan. The po‐ tential of energy generation from wind is more than 20 GW [12]. Figure 3 clearly demonstrates that RESs are able to TABLE I SUMMARY OF SOME GENERIC STATE-OF-THE-ART SURVEYS Ref. [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [5] [32] [12] [33] [34] [35] [34] [15] [13] [37] [18] [10] [16] [38] [39] [23] [40] [41] [19] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [6] [8] [21] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] Our survey Technology Renewable energy generation Wind energy Biomass/biogas energy Hydro Solar energy BA × × × × × × × 􀳫 × × × × × × × × × 􀳫 × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 􀳫 FP 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 RDC × × × × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 × × × 􀳫 × × 􀳫 × × 􀳫 × 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 TP 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 GP 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 MP 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 TS × × × × × × 􀳫 × × × × × × × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × × × × × 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 × × SA × 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 EI × × × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 × × × 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 × × × × × × × 􀳫 × × 􀳫 CA × 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 × 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 SEP × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 × × 􀳫 × 􀳫 × × 􀳫 × 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 GPA × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 GT 􀳫 × × × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 × × × × 􀳫 × × × 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 􀳫 × 􀳫 􀳫 × × 􀳫 Note:􀳫: explored; ×: not explored; BA: bibliometric analysis; FP: future prospects; RDC: real-time data collection; TP: theoretical potential; GP: geographi‐ cal potential; MP: market potential; TS: technical study; SA: statistical analysis; EI: ecological impact; CA: cost analysis; SEP: socio-economic potential; GPA: geo-political assessment; GT: global trends. 208 KANWAL et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN: A REVIEW complement Pakistan’s energy requirements for providing a sustainable energy base [54]. The main reasons for the energy crisis in Pakistan are an imbalance in the energy mix, the non-utilization of numer‐ ous indigenous energy resources, a deficiency of investment in power, political instability, energy policy failure, and high energy production costs. Other crisis factors are political ar‐ guments over mega-energy projects, corruption by both pro‐ ducers and consumers, and an old transmission and distribu‐ tion infrastructure [55]. The significant energy utilization sec‐ tors in Pakistan are domestic, commercial, industrial, agricul‐ tural, government, and transportation. The increase in energy consumption in these sectors are 9%, 2.8%, 3.8%, 7.1%, 1.4%, and 4.6%, respectively. The present energy deficit is around 5000 MW and the annual increase in demand is 10%, while the supply rate is 7% [13]. Table II demonstrates predictive information about peak demands, available genera‐ tion, and energy gap of electricity from 2016 to 2020 [56]. Pakistan’s energy demand is predicted to increase at a rate of 9% until 2030. The government must attempt to orga‐ nize, facilitate, and encourage all power generation technolo‐ gies [57]. A. Conventional Energy Sources Numerous countries of the world are completely depen‐ dent on conventional energy sources, triggering a fast deple‐ tion of these sources. The utilization of these sources pol‐ lutes the environment due to the emission of harmful gas and waste production. Figure 4 illustrates conventional and non-conventional energy sources [17]. The chief convention‐ al energy sources of Pakistan are briefly described in this section. 1) Coal Resources Pakistan has sixth largest coal reserves with total coal re‐ serves of nearly 186 billion tons. The largest reserve of low- quality coal of about 175 billion tons is found in Thar, which has the capability to generate power of 50000 MW. Thar coal reserve has heating value of 6223 to 10288 Btu/lb, Jherruck and Lakhra have 106 and 244 million tons of coal, respectively. The main consumers of coal resources are the cement sector and the brick kiln industry. The share of the cement sector in the consumption of coal resources is 58%, and the share of the brick kiln industry is about 41% in 2012 [13]. 2) Oil Resources The oil resources of Pakistan are about 27 million barrels. Daily oil production is about 66032 barrels. Thirteen compa‐ nies are working to produce crude oil from 133 oil fields. The transportation and power sectors are the main consum‐ ers of petroleum products. The consumption of petroleum products by the transportation sector in 2010-2011 is 48.9%; by the power sector, 41.3%; and by the industrial sector, 7.1% [13], [17]. 3) Natural Gas Resources The total natural gas reserves of Pakistan are about 282 trillion cubic feet (TCF). Daily natural gas production is about 4 billion cubic feet. Fifteen companies are working to produce gas from 190 gas fields, of which 44 are associated (a natural gas reservoir with petroleum deposits) and 146 are non-associated (a natural gas reservoir without crude oil de‐ posits). The largest reserve of natural gas is found in Sui, with potential of about 12.7 TCF. The power sector is the largest consumer of gas in 2012-2013, consuming 27.5%; the industrial share is 22.6%, and the household share is about 23.2% [13], [17]. 4) Nuclear Energy Resources The development and operation of nuclear power plants are the responsibility of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Com‐ Energy resources Conventional Non-conventional Solar Hydro Wind Geothermal Ocean Biomass/biogas Waste heat Fossil fuel Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear Wave Tidal Fig. 4. Taxonomy tree of conventional and non-conventional energy sources. TABLE II POWER DEMAND AND SUPPLY FROM 2016 TO 2020 Year 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2019 2020 2020 Month Jan. Jul. Jan. Jul. Jan. Jul. Jan. Jul. Jan. Jul. Peak demand (MW) 17582 23107 17582 23500 18402 25145 19690 26905 21068 28788 Available generation (MW) 12140 17285 14174 23436 20213 27094 22940 28168 25077 30803 Energy gap (MW) -5442 -5822 -3408 -64 +1811 +1949 +3250 +1263 +4009 +2015 Co-generation/biomass/waste to energy Solar; Wind; Small hydro; Geothermal 89.05% 10.62% 0.14% 0.12% 0.06142% Fig. 3. Pakistan’s RES potential. 209 JOURNAL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND CLEAN ENERGY, VOL. 8, NO. 2, March 2020 mission (PAEC). Table III depicts the information on the country’s nuclear plants [58]. Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2 (C-1 and C-2) and the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) are working with a capacity of 787 MW. The government directed PAEC to increase its capacity of electricity production to 8800 MW by 2030. PAEC has de‐ cided to build a huge civilian enrichment plant to expand the program. These plants, when successfully installed, will pro‐ vide the employment and will resolve the energy demand is‐ sue to a great extent [13]. B. RESs The accessible potential and status of RESs in Pakistan are discussed in the following subsections. 1) Solar Energy Solar energy has a huge share in fulfilling worldwide ener‐ gy demand with the least unfavorable environmental conse‐ quences. According to a solar map prepared by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Pakistan is the second highest area to receive solar irradiation [59]. The annual solar irradiance received by Pakistan is around 1900- 2200 kWh/m2 [3]. These enormous solar radiations make so‐ lar a highly recommended energy generation source. Solar re‐ source potential in Pakistan is demonstrated in Table IV [60]. The descriptions for KESC, HESCO, SEPCO, MEP‐ CO, FESCO, LESCO, GEPCO, IESCO, FATA, KP1, KP2, AJK can be found in [60]. The total estimated energy that can be generated from so‐ lar is 8084.72 TW. Bahawalpur has the maximum number of annual sunshine hours, an average of 3300 hours per year. The regions of Gilgit and Chitral receive the least amount of solar radiation, 2400 hours per year. The first solar genera‐ tion plant went into operation in September 2016 in Baha‐ walpur with a potential to produce 400 MW of energy. The second phase of this project, with a generation capacity of 600 MW, went into operation in 2017. Details of projects un‐ der implementation, completed, or with a letter of intent (LOI) issued, are listed in Table V [61]. TABLE III OPERATIONAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (2016) Plant KANUPP C-1 C-2 Contractor CANDU Owners Group (COG), Canada China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), China CNNC, China Capacity (MW) 137 325 325 Construction started Aug. 1996 Aug. 1993 Dec. 2005 Commercial operation Dec. 1972 Sept. 2000 May 2011 TABLE IV SOLAR RESOURCE POTENTIAL IN PAKISTAN (2014) Sub region KESC Baluch 1 Baluch 2 Baluch 3 Baluch 4 HESCO SEPCO MEPCO FESCO LESCO GEPCO IESCO FATA KP1 KP2 AJK Gilgit Total Maximum average instant solar insolation 0.90 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.89 0.91 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.92 1.16 1.04 1.11 1.16 1.10 1.11 1.18 17.25 Solar resource capacity (TW) 202.83 1518.25 948.89 1981.90 451.19 776.61 210.07 519.49 319.62 8.68 9.13 555.90 482.67 7.11 22.34 8084.72 22.34 16121.74 TABLE V LIST OF SOLAR POWER PROJECTS (2016) Project Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park Conergy Solar Project Bakhsh Energy Solar First Solar Wah Industries Limited Solar Scatec Solar Project Solar Energy Pakistan Limited DACC LLC Solar CWE Solar Pakistan Parliament Tech Access Solar SSJD Bagasse Energy Roshan Power Solar Status 400 MW operational; 600 MW will be operational in 2017 Under implementation LOI issued LOI issued LOI issued Set up starts LOI issued LOI issued LOI issued Under implementation LOI issued Under implementation LOI issued Location Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Lodhran Punjab Taxila Sindh Thatta Sindh Cholistan Islamabad Punjab Jhimpur Kasur Capacity (MW) 1000 50 20 2 1 150 35 50 50 80 10 50 10 210 KANWAL et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN: A REVIEW Pakistan is an agrarian country. Most people living in ru‐ ral areas are deprived of electricity, and the maximum ener‐ gy demand of every house is 50-100 W. The extension of transmission lines is impracticable and uneconomical for such a small load. Solar energy can help electrify these areas [45]. Thus, the project was initiated, and about 3000 solar home systems were installed in 49 villages of Thar Parker, Sindh. The second phase of this program has been approved, and it will provide solar home systems to 51 and 300 villag‐ es in Sindh and Baluchistan, respectively. 2) Hydro Energy Annual surface flow rate of water in Pakistan is 145 mil‐ lion acre feet (MAF) [59]. Hydro power plants are suitable for Pakistan because of its abundant water supply and low generation cost. Most of the hydropower resources are in the northern areas of Pakistan. Table VI demonstrates the details of hydropower generation for operational projects, under-im‐ plementation projects, and projects with completed feasibili‐ ty analyses [62]. Northern areas of Pakistan have numerous sites, where energy generation is possible in the form of mini and micro hydel power plants. The hydro power genera‐ tion potential for micro hydel plants is about 1200 MW [12]. 3) Geothermal Energy Pakistan lies on the intersection of seismic-tectonic plates. Thus, the country has plentiful geothermal resources. The geo-pressurized system, the seismic-tectonic system, and the Neogene-Quaternary system are three environments where geothermal resources can be found. It is estimated that Paki‐ stan can produce 240 GW of electrical energy from geother‐ mal sources [63]. Numerous geysers, hot springs, and mud volcanoes are available, with temperatures ranging from 30 ℃ to 170 ℃ . No locality has yet been introduced for the direct or indirect use of geothermal energy [64]. No attempt has been made to utilize geothermal energy in the Himalayan range of Paki‐ stan [65]. Currently, there is no power plant for geothermal energy, but there are many locations where the electricity generation is possible. Details of the geothermal resources in various locations of Pakistan, along with the temperature cat‐ egory, the surface temperature, and weather geothermal ener‐ gy are categorized in Table VII [63]. Geothermal power plants can provide power grid support, as it produces constant output power because of its day-and- night availability. Both the private and public sectors of Paki‐ stan should contribute to the practical implementation of geo‐ thermal power plants to overcome the energy crisis [66]. 4) Wind Energy Wind is another significant source of RESs. The radiation and rotation of the earth affect the direction and speed of the air. The heat difference between the land and sea also affects wind flow. Consequently, the region that lies near water and coastal areas has more wind energy potential [30]. Wind power is classified into 7 different classes. Class 1 is poor, class 2 is marginal, class 3 is moderate, class 4 is good, and the remaining classes are excellent. According to the Nation‐ al Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), classes 3 and above are appropriate for the installation of wind turbines to generate energy. Class 2 is suitable for rustic claims [67]. Pakistan is installing wind energy plants in Gharo, Bin Qa‐ sim, Keti Bandar, and Jhimpir. The first wind energy plant was installed in 2013. Sindh and Baluchistan have the poten‐ tial more than 50000 MW, whereas the wind energy poten‐ tial of Punjab is only 1000 MW [13]. The Pakistan Meteorological Department has done surveys throughout the country to determine the potential of wind en‐ ergy. After collecting data from 20 sites, the potential of wind energy was estimated, and it was found that a 9700 km2 area at the coastal belt is suitable for wind energy pro‐ duction, and can produce 43000 MW of power [30]. Table VIII shows that about 9% land of Pakistan is suitable for wind turbines, giving the country a wind energy potential of 349000 MW [67]. Table IX illustrates that 12.55% of total area of Sindh lies in an adequate-to-outstanding wind power class. Wind ener‐ gy potential is about 88460 MW. Eighteen wind independent power projects (IPPs) received land from the Alternative En‐ ergy Development Board (AEDB) to implement wind pro‐ duction plants, and each plant will have a capacity of 50 MW. Eight IPPs have received licenses from the National Electric Power Regulation Authority (NEPRA), and four IPPs received tariffs from NEPRA [67]. The total land area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) is over 74521 km2. Table X shows that a 11709 km2 area, or more than 15% of the total area, lies in a moderate-to-excellent wind power class [67]. TABLE VI SUMMARY OF HYDRO POWER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN (2016) Region KPK Gilgit Baltistan Punjab Azad Jammu Kashmir Sindh Baluchistan Total Power of operational projects (MW) 3849 133 1699 1039 6720 Power of under implementation projects (MW) Public sector 9482 11876 720 1231 23309 Private sector Provincial 28 40 308 92 468 Federal 2370 720 3172 6262 Power of solicited sites (MW) 77 534 3606 1 67 1 4286 Power of projects with raw sites (MW) 8930 8542 238 915 126 18751 Total (MW) 24736 21125 7291 6450 193 1 59796 211 JOURNAL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND CLEAN ENERGY, VOL. 8, NO. 2, March 2020 The area of Baluchistan is over 347190 km2. Table XI shows that 29229 km2 (8.14% of the area) are in a moderate- to-excellent class. The potential of wind energy production of Baluchistan is nearly 146145 MW. It is obvious from Ta‐ ble XI that the potential area of classes 6 and 7 is larger than other provinces [67]. Table XII indicates that the Sindh province of Pakistan is suitable for the installation of wind energy projects [68]. Six projects are in operation, and the total power generation is 308.2 MW. Nine projects are under construction and the to‐ tal power generation is 477 MW. Thus, 1140 MW will be added to the national power system upon successful comple‐ tion of these projects. 5) Biomass/biogas Energy Pakistan has self-sufficient biomass resources. Punjab province is capable of producing 15.777 TWh electricity an‐ nually from extra and accessible crop biomass of about 27.86 million tons [12]. The number of animals in Pakistan is over 72 million, plus about 785 million birds in poultry farms. Plant residues are about 81 million tons per year. Ani‐ mals produce 360 million kg of 50% collectable dung per day. Birds produce 39.2 million kg of 50% collectable dung per day. In all, 27.5 million cubic meters of biogas are achieved daily, which generates the power of 1900 MW from crop residues. Moreover, 1012 MW of energy is pro‐ duced from 14.68 million cubic meters of biogas daily in Punjab. Biogas plants produce biogas as well as organic fer‐ tilizer in slurry form. TABLE VIII PAKISTAN WIND RESOURCES ASSESSMENT Class 7 6 5 4 3 Total Potential Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Good Adequate Capacity (MW) 2725 12570 26600 97095 216325 349315 Wind land area (km2) 545 2514 5320 18219 43265 69863 Percent of wind land area (%) 0.07 0.33 0.69 2.36 5.16 9.06 TABLE IX SINDH WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (2016) Class 7 6 5 4 3 Total Potential Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Good Adequate Capacity (MW) 3515 23200 61745 88460 Wind land area (km2) 703 4640 12349 17692 Percent of wind land area (%) 0.50 3.29 8.76 12.55 TABLE X WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT OF KPK (2016) Class 7 6 5 4 3 Total Potential Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Good Adequate Capacity (MW) 90 645 3515 15525 38770 58545 Wind land area (km2) 18 129 703 3105 7754 11709 Percent of wind land area (%) 0.020 0.170 0.394 4.170 10.410 15.710 TABLE VII SURVEY OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES OF PAKISTAN (2016) Location Hunza Hakuchar Chagai Volcanic Arc Karakoram Granodiorite Mashkin Murtazabad Tatta Pani Darkut Pass Budelas Gilgit Region Koh-e-Sultan Chicken Dik Dadu District Mango Pir Garam Chashma Salt Range Mianwali TC Low Low Low Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Low Moderate Low Moderate Low Low Low Moderate Low ST (°C) 50-91 49-50 64 172-189 86-169 172-212 85 62 172-212 24-71 150-170 29.9 41 71-98 85-252 30 GR Hot spring Hot spring Mud volcano Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Mud volcano Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring Hot spring PPT RCP RCP RCP BCP BCP BCP RCP RCP BCP RCP BCP × RCP BCP BCP × IP NP NP NP P P P NP NP P NP P NP NP NP P NP DP P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P PPG P P P P × P P P P P × × × P × × CPG × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × Note: ×: not explored; P: possible; NP: not possible; RCP: ranking cycle plant; BCP: binary cycle plant; TC: temperature category; ST: surface temperature; GR: geothermal resource; PPT: power plant type; IP: indirect applications; DP: direct applications; PPG: proposed power generation; CPG: current power generation. 212 KANWAL et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN: A REVIEW Table XIII illustrates that the potentials of biogas in Paki‐ stan and Punjab are about 27.5 million cubic meters per day and 14.68 million cubic meters per day, respectively [12]. Different sectors utilize natural gas to fulfill their energy needs. Biogas can be an alternative to natural gas at negligi‐ ble cost. The government is beginning to install 25000 bio‐ gas plants throughout the country to fulfill the power de‐ mand of the country [69]. Due to financial restraints, only 2000 biogas plants have been installed so far. The remaining 500 plants are still in the process of installation. Initially, cooking was the only purpose of biogas plants. However, the commercial use of biogas has been advertised to farmers for the operation of tube wells. Biogas plants have been installed and are in operation at different sites of TABLE XI BALUCHISTAN WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (2016) Class 7 6 5 4 3 Total Potential Outstanding Outstanding Outstanding Good Adequate Capacity (MW) 2100 9455 13610 38545 82435 146145 Wind land area (km2) 420 1891 2722 7709 16489 29229 Percent of wind land area (%) 0.12 0.54 0.78 2.22 4.75 8.41 TABLE XII WIND PROJECTS IN SINDH PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN (2016) Status of project Operational In pipeline Under construction Project Three Gorges I Wind Farm Sapphire Wind Power Company FFC Energy Foundation Wind Energy I Zorlu Enerji Foundation Wind Energy II Three Gorges II Wind Farm Burj Wind Energy Tricon Boston Consulting Organization Western Energy Tricon Boston Consulting Organization Shaheen Foundation PAF Hawa Energy Trans-Atlantic Energy Three Gorges III Wind Farm Jhampir Wind Power Zephyr Power Tricon Boston Consulting Organization China Sunec Energy Hartford Alternative Energy Tenega Generasi Hydro China Dawood Power Yunus Energy Gul Ahmed Wind Tapal Wind United Energy Metro Power Company Master Wind Sachal Energy Development Location Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Gharo Jhimpir Gharo Jhimpir Gajju Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Gharo Jhimpir Nooriabad Jhimpir Gharo Gharo Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Jhimpir Capacity (MW) 49.50 52.80 49.50 50.00 56.40 50.00 49.50 14.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 49.50 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 50.00 49.50 49.50 50.00 50.00 30.00 99.00 50.00 49.50 49.50 TABLE XIII POTENTIAL OF BIOGAS IN PUNJAB AND PAKISTAN (2016) Location Punjab Pakistan Accessible animal 3.9×107 7.2×107 Dung (kg/d) 3.9×108 7.2×108 Biogas from dung (0.05 m3 per kg dung) (m3) 9.75×106 18.00×106 Poultry bird 3.90×108 7.85×108 Poultry drop‐ ping (kg/d) 3.90×107 7.85×107 Biogas from poultry (0.13 m3 per kg poultry) (m3) 2.54×106 5.10×106 Annually crop scum (tons) 4.4×107 8.1×107 Biogas from crop scum (m3/d) 2.39×106 4.40×106 213 JOURNAL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND CLEAN ENERGY, VOL. 8, NO. 2, March 2020 Sialkot, Jhang, and Narowal in Punjab [16]. Pakistan has the potential to generate 5000 MW of power from agriculture and municipal solid waste (MSW) [12]. Energy generation from MSW is comparatively low but is capable of reducing the energy crisis. According to a survey, about 108.9 tons of combustible MSW are generated per day in Peshawar. The energy produced from 108.9 tons of MSW is 12.4 MW [69]. In Pakistan, the average calorific value of MSW is 6.872 MJ/kg. The total energy generation in the capital cities of Pakistan from MSW are 13594 GWh per year. Table XIV demonstrates the calorific values of MSW and the related moisture contents, according to area classifications [12]. 6) Tidal Energy Tides originate from the gravitational forces between the earth and the astronomical bodies of our solar system. The current energy demand of the world will be successfully met if less than 0.1% of the energy in the oceans is converted in‐ to electricity. Delta creek areas of Pakistan have the capacity to produce approximately 900 MW energy from tidal cur‐ rents. According to surveys by the National Institute of Oceanology (NIO), creeks that spread from Korangi Creek to Kajhar Creek near the Pakistan-India border have a great capacity for tidal energy. The value of the current velocity recorded at these creeks is from 4 to 5 knots, but can be as high as 8 knots. The heights of tidal waves are from 2 to 5 meters. The Kalmat Khor and Sonmiani Hor creeks of Balu‐ chistan are considered as good sources of tidal energy in Pakistan [13], [70]. 7) Wave Energy Waves result from wind action on ocean surfaces, and wind is, in turn, caused by the heat of the sun [71]. Waves produced on the surface of the water have energy travelling across it. Every wave has various characteristics such as wind speed, water depth, wind duration, wind sliding dis‐ tance, and fetch (the distance it blows over open water) [72]. The fluctuation in energy production from wave resources causes a nonlinear energy supply to power system. Grid inte‐ gration problems can be solved by a linear supply of energy, using an energy storage system (ESS). Numerous storage technologies have been inspected such as flywheels, super‐ conducting energy storage, and super capacitors. However, few findings technically and economically validate the ESS requirement for the integration of wave plant grid [73]. Wave power stations are in operation in many countries like Portugal, Spain, and Israel. The world’s largest wave power station is in Portugal, with a generation capacity of 2.25 MW [74]. Pakistan is rich in sea-related wave energy due to the existence of a 1000 km long coastal area. However, Paki‐ stan is not utilizing wave energy. Proper planning, manage‐ ment, and motivation are required to exploit wave energy sources to overcome the energy deficit [59]. 8) Waste Heat Energy The emission of air pollutant gases can be controlled by the implementation of waste heat power plants (WHPPs). WHPPs are green energy producers and minimize overall en‐ vironmental pollution [75]. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is used to convert waste heat into electrical energy. The char‐ acteristics of TEG such as it does not have moving parts, does not require input power, can transfer reflexive heat, is small in size, and is lightweight, make it feasible for com‐ mercial and industrial use [76]. The three main technologies used in electricity generation from waste heat are the steam- based Rankine cycle system, the organic Rankine cycle sys‐ tem, and the Kalina cycle system [77]. Clinker production in the cement industry emits 40% of produced heat into the at‐ mosphere, causing environmental pollution. Thus, the instal‐ lation of a TEG helps minimize air pollution and can also contribute some proportion to the electrical load [77]. Nu‐ merous industries in Pakistan are potentially capable of in‐ stalling WHPP to get the benefit of their waste heat. Table XV displays the information on waste heat recovery plants in several industries. WHPP can minimize the dependency of industry on the national grid as well. C. SWOT Analysis of Pakistan’s Energy System An SWOT analysis is a common practice used by both in‐ dustry and academia for strategic planning purposes. It high‐ lights the strengths and weaknesses of a fundamental energy system. Moreover, it explores the opportunities for invest‐ ment, and the probable threats of delay in achieving the tar‐ get. An SWOT analysis will help propose actions and mea‐ sures that can be recommended for the roadmap. The major outcomes of an SWOT analysis of Pakistan’s energy system are depicted in Fig. 5. III. STATUS OF SG IMPLEMENTATION IN PAKISTAN The social and economic development of any country is estimated from its energy utilization. Pakistan is unable to tackle its increasing energy demands due to the limited num‐ ber of explored energy sources. Consequently, most people in the country are deprived of the electricity. The existing power infrastructure depends heavily on hydro power genera‐ tion. TABLE XIV CALORIFIC VALUES OF MSW (2016) Classification Commercial area Low income residential area Medium income residential area High income residential area Industrial area Calorific value (MJ/kg) 6.67 6.25 6.98 7.27 7.19 Moisture content (%) 64 67 63 60 61 TABLE XV WASTE HEAT RECOVERY POWER PLANTS Ref. [78] [79] [79] [80] [80] [81] Industry Bestway Cement Limited Bestway Cement Limited Bestway Cement Limited D.G.K. Cement Company D.G.K Cement Company Fauji Cement Company Region Chakwal Hattar Farooqia D.G. Khan Khairpur Attock Output (MW) 15.0 6.0 7.5 10.4 8.6 12.0 214 KANWAL et al.: INFRASTRUCTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN: A REVIEW Moreover, fossil fuel based power generation is unreliable due to the power demand that is increasing day by day. Paki‐ stan is thus trying to exploit indigenous energy sources of so‐ lar, wind, and biomass on a commercial scale. The SG needs to be introduced to overcome transmission and distribution challenges and losses [82]. The SG is not in full operation in Pakistan, but power gen‐ eration from RESs is in practice. Moreover, NEPRA issued smart meters and tariff guidelines in 2015 for the electricity demand of consumers. Consumers can sell their surplus elec‐ tricity back to the grid by generating their own energy from solar or biomass resources. Smart meters record electricity flow both in and out, and only the net amount is charged. The incentive of selling surplus electricity to the grid moti‐ vates people to generate their own electricity utilizing RESs. Electricity crises can be handled in this way. Smart meters record various electrical parameters in different time slots ranging from minutes to hours. Recorded data gives a proper understanding of load consumption and a more thorough pic‐ ture of particular event occurrences. Lately, most of Paki‐ stan’s traditional power system relies on manual energy me‐ ter reading. Consequently, there is severe energy theft and much corruption in the recorded data. The flawed data leads to defective load consumption information, thus affecting on- demand management approaches. The government is motivating people to install smart me‐ ters due to the meters’ credibility. Moreover, they can gener‐ ate alarms in various monitored situations like identifying grid energy losses. Smart meters can store data, so it can be retrieved from the meter in case of poor communication. This feature is conspicuous for Pakistan’s energy theft is‐ sues. The load control feature of smart meters allows the en‐ ergy generation side to meet peak demand. However, the available smart meters in Pakistan lack the control of individ‐ ual loads, and the implementation of efficient demand re‐ sponse plans requires intervention by computers or human beings. Bidirectional energy flow measurement meters are in‐ stalled mostly for industrial consumers. The government is planning to install prepaid energy meters. In this way, the timely identification and elimination of power theft and loss‐ es can be made possible by incorporating smart meters into the energy mix [83]. The implementation of SG is challenging due to the unreli‐ able transmission network in Pakistan. SG can only be inte‐ grated in the main grid under the compatible and synchro‐ nized phase conditions and the constant voltage from distrib‐ uted energy sources. The reliability of any transmission sys‐ tem is estimated by its duration and the number of outages. Pakistan’s power grid has encountered many unplanned and forced outages. Thus, attention is directed toward the integra‐ tion of RETs in the energy mix. The aforementioned detailed description of RESs shows that distribution generation is the last resort to overcome declining energy economy of Paki‐ stan [82]. The following suggestions are made for RET development and the effective utilization of RETs in Pakistan. 1) Ending the fossil fuel dependence of the economy and embracing renewable alternatives are daunting tasks. It is crucial to devise laws and policies to encourage investment in RETs. RET investment should be facilitated by energy policies that encourage tax rebates and financial leasing through banks. 2) Following international quality assurance standards is important during the project installation and operation of RETs. Public health safety is an important issue that merits devising proper security protocols and subsequent implemen‐ tation. 3) The corruption is reportedly a major roadblock for RET promotion. Financing an RET project is as important as over‐ seeing original capital utilization in a project. Ensuring the transparency of mechanisms at the governmental scale is a prerequisite for effectively monitoring and evaluating these projects. 4) Human resource development in the renewable energy domain is a necessity to prepare the next generation of engi‐ neers and scientists to undertake the associated challenges. Introducing renewable subjects at graduate or post-graduate levels and offering lucrative scholarships and stipends in re‐ newable research are also important. 5) The government must benefit from international collab‐ oration in RET research and development. No barrier has been reported on the transfer of technology (TOT) for RETs internationally. The only barrier is the lack of coordination, planning, and diplomatic drive to explore TOT possibilities. IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK The global drive to abandon fossil fuel based electricity and opt for renewable alternatives is imperative. The devas‐ tating environmental impact of the fossil fuel industry is a huge reason for the world to mount a concerted campaign for renewable alternatives. The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a watershed moment for the power industry to evaluate the ecological repercussions of producing unsafe electricity. Developed nations have accelerated the enterprise to tap as much of the renewable energy potential as feasible. China, Japan, the USA, and the European Union in particu‐ lar lead on the renewable energy front. Denmark nearly elim‐ inates foreign fuel imports by employing 100% wind-generat‐ ed electricity, and Germany credits 30% of its electricity to Strengths ThreatsOpportunities • Excessive reliance on thermal generation High per-unit generation cost • • Inefficient utilization of domestic resources Performance of state owned institutions Transmission network and transmission and distribution losses • • • Potential of renewable energy generation solar, biomass, wind, hydro) Fossil fuel (domestic coal reserve and opportunity of building gas infrastructure) • • Distributed generation (using solar and biomass) SG• SWOT analysis Weaknesses Fig. 5. SWOT analysis of Pakistan’s energy system. 215 JOURNAL OF MODERN POWER SYSTEMS AND CLEAN ENERGY, VOL. 8, NO. 2, March 2020 renewable means. Pakistan is a developing country, and a sustainable elec‐ tricity supply plays a pivotal role for the economic growth of the country. Besides hydro power, fossil fuel-fired power plants are a major source of electricity generation. There is insufficient fuel in Pakistan, so electricity production exclu‐ sively relies on foreign imported fossil fuels. However, floods in 2010 and Kashmir earthquake in 2005 exposed the vulnerability of centralized power generation and distribution of the country after natural catastrophes. Pakistan’s nuclear power plants are situated on a seismic fault line and are threatened by a potential meltdown. The development of Chi‐ na-supplied nuclear plants near Karachi is capable of jeopar‐ dizing the health and safety of a coastal population of 20 million people. All these facts lead to a singular conclusion: a sustainable, decentralized, and secure power source is im‐ perative for the collapsing energy infrastructure of the coun‐ try. RES offers a promising future, considering Pakistan’s dynamic climate and geographical location. 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Available: https://www. etimaad. com/news_details.php?ID=51 [82] M. Irfan, J. Iqbal, A. Iqbal et al., “Opportunities and challenges in control of smart grids–Pakistani perspective,” Renewable and Sustain‐ able Energy Reviews, vol. 71 pp. 652-674, May 2017. [83] W. Aslam, M. Soban, F. Akhtar et al., “Smart meters for industrial en‐ ergy conservation and efficiency optimization in Pakistan: scope, tech‐ nology and applications,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 44, pp. 933-943, Apr. 2015. Sidra Kanwal received the B.S. degree in electronics engineering from Uni‐ versity of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2012, and the M. S. degree in electrical engineering from Comsats University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan, in 2015. Currently, she is a Ph.D. scholar in Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Comsats University Is‐ lamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan. Her research interests include re‐ newable energy systems, nonlinear control, and energy management systems. Bilal Khan received the Ph. D. degree in electrical engineering from The University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK, in 2013. Currently, he is an assistant professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Comsats University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan. His research interests include nonlinear control, optimization, smart grid, and energy man‐ agement systems. Muhammad Qasim Rauf received the B.S. degree in electronics engineer‐ ing from University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2011. He is curently pursuing the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. His re‐ search interests include smart grid control system design and state estima‐ tion of battery based systems. 218