2e.xps Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 22 (6): 796-801, 2014 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.22.06.21944 Corresponding Author: R. Sitharthan, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, India. 796 Wind Energy Utilization in India: A Review R. Sitharthan and M. Geethanjali Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, India Abstract: The enormous population and economic development, made a massive demand for the electrical power in India. In the past decade, the majority of power generated was based essentially on fossil fuel. As India has infinite renewable energy resources there occurs a remarkable change, of shifting the power production from conventional power recourses methods to the non-conventional renewable energy recourses methods. Among the renewable energy recourses, wind energy plays a vital role in power generation. Even though wind energy has not been well utilised in India, It has made a significant progress in wind energy utilisation for power generation. Consequently, the prime objective of this study is to tackle some scenarios of investigation on wind energy utilisation for power production in India. The investigation includes major achievements, future aspects government initiatives and policy on wind energy utilisation. The investigation indicates that India is appreciably in advance in wind energy utilisation. Besides, the main problem that faces is the lack of obvious policies on wind energy utilisation and the government initiatives. However, Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) has been formed for the development of wind energy and other renewable resources. The immense development can only be seen in the future decades. Key words: Renewable energy Wind energy Wind energy utilisation Wind policy INTRODUCTION energy and solar plant plays a vital role of producing Energy crisis is the vital problem that the world faces environmental impacts than the conventional energy in present decade. It is due to enormous growth of resources. Furthermore, according to the survey from population and economy development. By analysing the International Energy Agency, as India is obviously a past decade, the surplus energy crisis have been satisfied developing country it consumes more than 28 percent by by burning coal, hydrocarbons-oil and natural gas leading the year 2030 appropriately from the world’s total energy to the carbon emissions that forms environmental crisis. production [2]. Hence, there must be an alternate energy The major environmental crisis such as global warming resources installed in India. and irregular weather patterns affects the earth India is consecrated with lots of alternate renewable environment as well as raises the price of fossil fuel. As energy resources such as solar, wind, Tidal, hydro and the prices of coal and oil, concerns the hidden cost about biomass. In India the utilization of wind energy is almost climate change and climate barriers. Therefore, in order to higher that other renewable energy resources as the wind solve environmental crisis and energy crisis a new sort of flow in all season throughout the year. In wind energy energy resources was required. Hence, renewable energy utilization, India stands in the fifth place among the utilizer resources into existence in the later part of the present in the world. It stands after China, U.S.A, Germany and decade [1]. The renewable energy resource uses the Spain in generation of wind power. The significance of energy present in the environment to produce power and renewable energy was predictable in the early 1970s. Later which in-turn reduces the impact of environmental crises. on, new wind turbine technologies are developing On the other hand, renewable energies in general (Wind, gradually and making a remarkable change than many Solar, Hydro, Tidal, Geothermal, Biomass. etc) are other countries. Furthermore, they have capacity to commonly utilized to produce power. Among them, wind generate 21.264 GW in present decade and over 15-16 GW power. Furthermore, they produce considerably lesser Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 22 (6): 796-801, 2014 797 of new generation capacity is to be installed by 2020 [3-5]. risen by 5.5% within last six months and with 13.5 % on Successively, it reduces carbon di-oxide emission of an the yearly basis (from June-2014 compared with June- average of 49 million tons by 2020. That in-turn reduces 2013). From the comparative investigation, the annual the irregular weather patterns in India. In addition to that, utilization capacity rate in 2013 was at 12.8 % and has survey is made on government policy. The Indian raised 0.7% by mid-2014. The five traditional wind energy government policy structure on wind energy utilization utilization countries: China, USA, Germany, Spain and is particularly investor-friendly, has an attractive tariff India in cooperation contribute’s a 72 % share of the total plans and their rigid government provide a strong wind power production from Table 1. The china foundation for the growth of the wind energy sector. The contributes a total wind capacity of 98 GW in mid-2014 MNRE has introduced “generation-based incentive” and unquestionably it would have crossed 100 GW at scheme. As per the scheme, investors will receive present. The US market, after its effectual subside in 2013, incentive of 50 paise per KW/hr of electricity generated has exposed its significant recovery, through a power of by wind projects registered under the scheme. The 835 MW, somewhat greater than Canada (723 MW) and incentive will, however, stop once the payout reaches Australia (699 MW). Consequently, Germany made a Rs. 1 crore per MW of capacity. This incentive of Rs. 1 strong performance by adding 1.8 GW within the first half crore can be drawn in not fewer than four years and not of 2014. This is comparatively lesser than its installation more than 10 years. This decision to incentivize, have in past decade [6]. Furthermore, Spanish market has increased the foreign and domestic investors. Therefore, contributed only 0.1 MW in the first half of 2014. This hopefully India have planned to raise its wind energy could possibly slow-down the Spain market in the up- utilization in future decades by catalyze additional coming years. India reserved its position as second investments. largest in Asia and fifth largest in the worldwide. India Worldwide Status of Wind Energy: Wind energy is the Additionally, United Kingdom and the Brazil had made a only major source to fulfil the world’s total electricity brawny performance of adding 649 MW and 1.8 GW first demand. Wind is plenty in nature, widely spread and low half of 2014. production cost; it can be readily used without any The top ten wind countries are show in table as per process. According to the annual report by the Global the utilization capacity installed still mid-2014. Based on Wind Energy Council in the end of December -2013, wind the efficient usage and higher performance analysis, five power utilizer have emerged over the past decade. The countries China, USA, Germany, France and Canada has world’s annual wind energy utilization capacity performed stronger than in 2013. Based on the inefficient quadrupled in 2010 to 2013 and the energy utilization usage and slightly lower performance analysis, five capacity doubles all two years. Furthermore, the countries India, Denmark, Italy, Spain and UK saw a worldwide wind energy utilization has reached 336.327 decreasing market. Portugal has dropped out and GW at the end of mid-2014 [4]. This raise is a appreciably Denmark has entered the top list by installing 0.1 GW higher when compared to 2013 and 2012 and wind power higher than the Portugal. The rest of the world produces production was around 4% of total worldwide electricity 53.334 GW and the total wind capacity is about 336.327 demand. The global wind energy utilization capacity has GW by mid-2014. added 1.1 GW of new wind capacity till the mid-2014. Table 1: Top 10 cumulative installed capacity 2012–June 2014 (C-Wet) Position Country Total Capacity till June-2014(GW) Total Capacity end 2013 (GW) Total Capacity end 2012 (GW) 1 China 98.588 91.413 75.324 2 USA 61.946 61.108 59.882 3 Germany 36.488 34.658 31.315 4 Spain 22.970 22.959 22.796 5 India 21.264 20.150 18.321 6 United Kingdom 11.180 10.531 8.445 7 France 8.592 8.254 7.499 8 Italy 8.586 8.551 8.144 9 Canada 8.526 7.698 6.201 10 Denmark 4.855 4.772 4.162 Rest of the World 53.334 48.394 40.518 Total 336.327 318.488 282.607 Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 22 (6): 796-801, 2014 798 Table 2: Wind energy potential in India Wind Potential Total capacity till State in (MW) June - 2014(GW) Tamil Nadu 5,374 7.253 Gujarat 10,609 3.414 Maharashtra 5,439 2.976 Rajasthan 5,005 2.820 Karnataka 8,591 2.409 Andhra Pradesh 5,394 0.753 Madhya Pradesh 920 0.439 Kerala 790 0.055 Others 11,808 4.30 Total 49,130 21.264 Wind Energy Potential in India: In India, wind energy holds the major portion of 66.7% (of 31707.2 GW total renewable energy capacity) among renewable and continued as the largest supplier of clean energy. The Wind Potential in India was first estimated by Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) at 50m hub-height i.e. 49 GW but according to the new survey at 80m hub height, the potential grows as much as 102 GW. This stature was adopted by the government as the official estimate. However, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL) has stated the potential is over 300 to 400 GW from a survey taken from country-wide network of 774 wind monitoring and wind mapping stations in 27 Indian States [7]. The estimation shows that India’s total wind potential is 49 MW, with Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka and Maharashtra as the leading states up to mid-2014. This effort of estimation made possible to measure the national wind potential and identified the proper location for harnessing wind power for commercial utilize. By means, they have identified 219 suitable sites with high wind potential. Table 2 shows the installation capacity till June-14 along with wind energy potential in India. Wind Energy Programme in India: The wind energy programme in India begins at the end of 1984. At the beginning, energy programme was adopted based on business-oriented policy, which lead to the triumphant business development by implementing advanced technology. Later in 1990, National programme for wind energy development was formed. The National programme embraces wind potential estimation activities; research and technical development; making alertness and opening new wind energy sites; motivating utilities and industry to contribute; expanding the structural capacity of manufacturers, processing, setting and maintenance support for wind generator set-up; and wind policy support. The programme aims at catalyzing commercialization of alternative renewable energy generation within the country. The Wind Resources Assessment Programme is being enforced through the State Nodal Agencies, Field analysis Unit of Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM-FRU) and Center for Wind Energy Technology (C- WET). Wind in India are manipulated with the robust south-west summer monsoon, that begins in the month of May-June, when cool, wet air moves towards the land and also the weaker north-east winter monsoon, that begins during the month of October, when cool, dry air moves towards the ocean. The wind flow is strong all over the Indian isthmus, except eastern costal isthmus during the month of March to August. Furthermore, wind flow is weak all over Indian isthmus except the Tamilnadu coastline during the month of November to March [8, 9]. Outstanding feature taken place in the Indian programme is wind power investors have shown their interest in planting commercial wind power plant all over the India. The wind power installed capacity is 21.164 GW as per the estimation in Indian atlas taken by (C-WET) still mid of 2014. The wind potential is calculated at 50 meter hub level of the wind turbine with respect to 2 % land allocated to wind plant. Moreover, at present the Indian market is installed with larger wind turbines at 80-100 meter hub level. Such development in hub level and technology made the wind potential higher value with the same land availability than that obtained with the 50 meter hub level with same land availability. The total commercial project installed till mid-2014 is estimated about 21264.06 MW [10-13]. Wind energy status in India: India’s rapidly growing economy and population leads to relentlessly increasing electricity demand. The IEA predicts that by 2020, 327 GW of power generation capacity will be needed, which would simply an addition of 16 GW per year. This urgent need is reflected in the target the Indian government has set in its 11th Five Year Plan (2007–2012), which envisages an addition of 78.7 GW in this period, 50.5 GW of which is coal. Wind energy program was commenced in India by the end of the 6 five yearly plan during 1983-84 and inth the last few years it has increased considerably. The main objective of the program was the commercialization of wind energy production, support research and development, provide help to wind projects and to create awareness among people. Under this program Ministry of Non Renewable Energy (MNRE) has done various modification regarding incentives, schemes and policies for wind energy. India is relatively new comer to the wind energy sector as compared to Denmark or USA. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 22 (6): 796-801, 2014 799 Table 3: India’s largest wind power facilities (10 MW and greater) (C-Wet) Total capacity (MWe) ------------------------------------------------------ Power plant Owner Location City State Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara Dist. Maharashtra 259 Cape Comorim Aban Lloyd Chiles Offshore Ltd. Kanyakumari Tamilnadu 33 Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamilnadu 30 Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25 Muppandal Wind Muppandal Wind Farm Muppandal Tamilnadu 22 Gujdimangalam Gujdimangalam Wind Farm Gujdimangalam Tamilnadu 21 Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Andhra Pradesh 20 Lamda Danida Danida India Ltd. Lamda Gujarat 15 Chennai Mohan Mohan Breweries and Distilleries Ltd Chennai Tamilnadu 15 Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14 Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Chitradurga Dist. Karnataka 14 Perungudi Newam Newam Power Company Ltd. Perungudi Tamilnadu 12 Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamilnadu 11 Hyderabad APSRTC Andhra Pradesh State Rapid Transit Corp. Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh 10 Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamilnadu 10 Poolavadi Chettinad Chettinad Cement Corp. Ltd. Poolavadi Tamilnadu 10 Fig. 1: Total installed capacity India till- June 2014 But Indian policy support for wind energy has led India India’s cumulative installed capacity up to mid-2014 is and it ranked fifth with largest installed wind power shown in Figure 1. A rapid growth in wind power capacity. The total installed power capacity was 21,264 installation has been measured in southern and western MW till July, 2014. Now India is just behind USA, China, states in India. A need for about 350- 360 GW of total Germany and Spain [11]. Global installed wind power energy generation capacity was reported by the Central capacity shows India’s better performance in wind energy Electricity Authority in its National Electricity Plan, by the sector shown in Table 3. The five main wind power year 2028. Only onshore wind potential has been utilised countries are China, USA, Germany, Spain and India and so far by India. In spite of the fact that India has long they together represent a share of 73 percent of the global coast line over 7500 km, we have not yet tapped our wind energy capacity. offshore wind resource for energy generation. The As per MNRE, wind power accounts for the largest Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) of offshore wind share of renewable power installed capacity i.e. 72 percent turbines is much higher as compared to the onshore (2013), as compared to the other renewable sources. The turbines because of the high offshore wind speed. total installed wind power capacity in India had reached Offshore Wind Steering Committee was established by 21.2 GW in July 2014 [7]. The total capacity added during MNRE in August 2012, which released a draft of the financial year 2013- mid-2014 was around 2,192 MW. National Offshore Wind Energy Policy in May 2013 [14]. Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 22 (6): 796-801, 2014 800 Steady market growth for wind in India: India is procuring 15% of its power from renewable energy emerging as a major wind turbine-manufacturing hub sources. Current policy and regulatory incentives for wind today due to favourable policy framework, low manpower power development are listed as follows. cost, raw material availability and vast market potential. Generation based incentive: Initially implemented in Currently 18 existing manufacturers have a consolidated June 2008 and then re-launched in December 2009 by the annual production capacity of over 10,000 MW. Some of union government for grid connected wind power the international companies with subsidiaries in India are projects. A GBI of INR 0.50 per kWh (~1 US cent), with a sourcing over 80% of their components from Indian cap of approximately $29,000 per MW per year, totalling component manufacturers. Besides manufactures like $116,000 per MW over 10 years of a project’s life was Enercon, RRB, Suzlon and Leitmer Shriram, Win Wind has offered under this scheme [20]. The GBI scheme includes also set up a blade manufacturing facility in India [12,13]. captive wind power projects, but excludes third party sale. The Indian manufacturers have ramped up their The scheme is applicable for the projects commissioned production capacity over a period of time. Besides on/after 27.12.2013. Eligibility criterion is that projects meeting the domestic demand, some manufacturers have should not avail accelerated depreciation and should sell also started exporting turbines. The wind turbine the electricity to grid at a tariff fixed by SERC/state govt. manufactured in India has been exported to countries like The scheme is modified and likely to be announced by Thailand, Turkey, Estonia, Netherlands, the UK and MNRE. srilanka. According to estimates by WISE the annual wind turbine manufacturing capacity is likely to cross 22,000 CONCLUSION MW by the end of 2014 if all manufacturers go ahead with their plans. India’s growing energy demand requires efficient Indian Wind Energy Policy: In 1993, when the MNES the country is going to change. There is no doubt that issued guidelines for purchase of power from renewable renewable sources of energy would play critical role in energy sources by state utilities, it marked the beginning ensuring energy security of the country. There is of initial policy support for renewable energy based power enormous potential to generate energy from renewable generation in India [15]. The most important development sources like solar and wind. The government of India has after this was the enactment of the Electricity act, 2003 been very actively involved in promoting renewable with specific provision for promotion of renewable energy. It has been observed that the size of wind turbine energy. However, the EA 2003 changed the legal and has increased and the cost of production has decreased. regulatory framework for the renewable energy sector in The future challenge is to bring down the cost further and India. The significant provision of this Act are Section make it more competitive. The wind turbine cost 61(h) which give power to state electricity regulatory contributes 68–84% total cost. Hence, it is important to commission for fixing prudential tariff for renewable design, develop and market newer, technologically energy projects so as to promote investment while superior and more cost efficient wind turbines to reduce Section 86(1) enables state commissions to create market unit cost of wind power. It is high time for the government for RE and co-generation projects by prescribing a to develop a comprehensive renewable energy policy and minimum percentage of electricity to be procured from non design support schemes to send across positive signals conventional energy sources [16-18]. to the wind power producers. These producers should be Regulatory and policy incentives for wind power: encouraged to invest in wind energy. No doubt, India has India, as part of its obligations to the United Nations marked its presence all over the world in generation of climate convention (UNFCCC), released a National Action wind energy. It has huge potential for producing wind Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in June 2008 [18] that energy too, but there are still some lacunas. Indian laid out the government’s vision for a sustainable and government has laid the foundation for a broad-based clean energy future. The NAPCC stipulates that a renewable energy program and designed it specially to dynamic minimum renewable purchase target of 5% (of meet the growing energy needs and to fulfil energy total grid purchase) may be prescribed in 2011-2013 and shortage. Despite all its efforts, India is unsettled by this should increase by 1% each year for a period of 10 China and has now slipped to the fifth rank in its years [19]. That would mean that by 2020, India should be contribution to global wind energy production. energy management. In the coming years energy mix of Middle-East J. Sci. Res., 22 (6): 796-801, 2014 801 Analysis shows that the main factor behind China’s lead 8. Chen, T.C. and J.M. Chen, 1993. The 10-20-day mode is presence of a countywide renewable energy law. 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