Print FEATURES BOOKS 162 MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 42 • FEBRUARY 2017 • www.mrs.org/bulletin This book gives an overview of silver (Ag) and silver halide (AgX, X = Br, I) nanoparticles used in the fi eld of photogra- phy and other applications. Topics include structure, synthesis, photophysics, cataly- sis, photovoltaics, and stability. Chapter 1 introduces metal nanopar- ticles, plasmonics, and AgX photography. Chapter 2 reviews the shape and structure of metal, Ag, and AgX nanoparticles. The structures of nuclei and seeds, single- crystalline nanoparticles, nanoparticles modifi ed by crystal defects, and compos- ite structures are described. The chapter then gives methods for characterizing the crystal structures. Chapter 3 reviews the preparation of Ag nanoparticles and related materials for plasmonics and AgX photography. The chemistry of nanoparticle synthesis is given, including nuclei and seeds, preparation of single- crystalline nanoparticles, and growth of asymmetric nanoparticles through the introduction of defects and surfactants. The preparation of AgX nanoparticles for photography focuses on AgX-gelatin interactions and a discussion of various methods for preparation of single-crys- talline and tabular AgX nanoparticles. There is a description of industrial-scale AgX nanoparticle synthesis. Methods for the arrangement of AgX and Ag nanopar- ticles needed for fi ne imaging and fabrica- tion of photographic fi lm are described. Chapter 4 covers light absorption and scattering of Ag, including molecule- scale Ag nanoparticles as well as larger isotropic and anisotropic Au nanopar- ticles, nanorods, and nanoplates. There is a discussion of light absorption of J- and H-aggregated chromophores, Ag nanoparticles, and related materials in AgX photography. Chapter 5 discusses catalysis by Ag and other metal nanopar- ticles in plasmonics and photography. Topics discussed include photocatalytic water splitting and hydrogen production. There follows a discussion of the role of Ag catalysts in the mechanism of photo- graphic development. Chapter 6 focuses on the photovoltaic effect in Ag and other metal nanoparticles, covering light-induced charge separation in inorganic and organic semiconductors. The chapter also covers light-induced charge separation in Ag/AgX nanopar- ticle systems in relation to photography. Chapter 7 covers stability of Ag and other metal nanoparticles in AgX photography. There is an extensive discussion of the effect of gelatin on the electrochemical properties of Ag nanoparticles and the reasons why it performs better than other polymers. The chapter also discusses the electronic structure of Ag nanoparticles in gelatin layers in ambient atmosphere and stabilization of Ag and other metal nanoparticles in photographic materials and plasmonic devices. Historically, Ag and AgX nanoparti- cles have played central roles in photogra- phy. Due to the rise of digital photography, knowledge of AgX photography risks being lost. This book is important because it gives an overview of this fi eld drawn from the history of photography and how it can be applied to emerging technolo- gies such as catalysis, photovoltaics, and plasmonics. The author has worked in the photography industry for nearly 50 years and has a deep knowledge that is refl ected in this book. There are 566 refer- ences, including critical articles from the early history of AgX photography, and 168 fi gures. This book is a useful refer- ence for researchers and graduate students interested in all aspects of plasmonics and metal nanoparticles. Reviewer: Thomas M. Cooper of the Air Force Research Laboratory, USA. Silver Nanoparticles: From Silver Halide Photography to Plasmonics Tadaaki Tani Oxford University Press, 2015 240 pages, $110.00 ISBN 978-0-19-871460-6 hi b k i In the interest of transparency, MRS is a co-publisher of this title. However, this review was requested and reviewed by an independent Book Review Board. This authoritative volume introduces the reader to computational thermody- namics and the use of this approach to the design of material properties by tailoring the chemical composition. The text covers applications of this approach, introduces the relevant computational codes, and offers exercises at the end of each chapter. The book has nine chapters and two appendices that provide background mate- rial on computer codes. Chapter 1 covers the fi rst and second laws of thermody- namics, introduces the spinodal limit of stability, and presents the Gibbs–Duhem equation. Chapter 2 focuses on the Gibbs energy function. Starting with a homo- geneous system with a single phase, the authors proceed to phases with variable compositions and polymer blends. The discussion includes the contributions of Computational Thermodynamics of Materials Zi-Kui Liu and Yi Wang Materials Research Society and Cambridge University Press, 2016 260 pages, $89.99 (e-book $72.00) ISBN 9780521198967 h f https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.21 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Carnegie Mellon University, on 06 Apr 2021 at 01:16:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1557/mrs.2017.21&domain=pdf https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.21 https://www.cambridge.org/core FEATURES BOOKS 163MRS BULLETIN • VOLUME 42 • FEBRUARY 2017 • www.mrs.org/bulletin X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a power-ful nondestructive characterization technique for determining the structure, phase, composition, and strain in materials. It is one of the most frequently employed methods for characterizing materials. This book distinguishes itself from other books on this topic by its simplifi ed treatment and its coverage of thin-fi lm analysis. It largely minimizes the math- ematics and is profusely illustrated, mak- ing it a good entry point for learning the basic principles of XRD. The common thin-fi lm structures (random polycrystal- line, textured) and their relationships with the substrate (strain, in-plane rotation) are defi ned and explained. This makes it valu- able to researchers who study thin-fi lm deposition. The book includes example problems to reinforce the concepts cov- ered, plus problems that can be assigned as homework. The background physics is presented first. Chapter 1 covers the properties of electromagnetic radiation, including wave-particle duality and the generation of x-rays. Chapter 2 describes crystal geometry, explaining the concept of a lat- tice and how Miller indices are assigned to planes and directions, reciprocal lattices, and crystal structures. The scope of this treatment is above that found in introduc- tory materials science and engineering textbooks. The interaction of electromag- netic radiation with materials is discussed in chapter 3, including interference and diffraction. Many of these topics will be familiar to those who have taken college physics, but here they are described with an emphasis on their importance to XRD. After establishing the basic physics, the book describes the conditions required for XRD to occur in chapter 4. Bragg’s Law and the Laue equations are presented and explained. Electron diffraction and the Scherrer equation for estimating nanopar- ticle size are discussed. In chapter 5, the main factors controlling the intensity of diffracted x-rays are delineated. These include scattering by electrons and atoms and the specifi c arrangement of atoms, the material’s unit cell. Specifi c applications of XRD are cov- ered in chapter 6 (thin fi lms), chapter 7 (single crystals), and chapter 8 (powder diffraction). Rocking curves for assessing thin-fi lm quality as well as grazing inci- dence XRD for enhancing the signal from the surface and diminishing signal from the substrate are introduced. The Laue method for determining the orientation of single crystals is described in detail. The procedure for identifying phases present and lattice constant values is recounted. This book is a highly accessible intro- duction to XRD for materials research. It is written in concise and clear prose. The text creates a cohesive picture of XRD. After fi nishing this book, researchers will be able to understand the basics of many materials science and engineering research papers. Reviewer: J.H. Edgar of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, USA. external electric and magnetic fi elds to the Gibbs energy. Chapter 3 deals with phase equilibria in heterogeneous systems, the Gibbs phase rule, and phase diagrams. Chapter 4 briefly covers experimental measurements of thermodynamic prop- erties used as input for thermodynamic modeling by calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD). Chapter 5 discusses the use of density functional theory to obtain thermochemi- cal data and fi ll gaps where experimental data are missing. The chapter introduces the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) for density functional theory and the YPHON code for phonon calculations. Chapter 6 introduces the modeling of Gibbs energy of phases using the CALPHAD method. Chapter 7 deals with chemi- cal reactions and the Ellingham diagram for metal oxide systems, and presents the calculation of the maximum reaction rate from equilibrium thermodynamics. Chapter 8 is devoted to electrochemical reactions and Pourbaix diagrams with application examples. Chapter 9 concludes this volume with the application of a model of multiple microstates to Ce and Fe3Pt. CALPHAD modeling is briefl y discussed in the context of genomics of materials. The book introduces basic thermody- namic concepts clearly and directs read- ers to appropriate references for advanced concepts and details of software imple- mentation. The list of references is quite comprehensive. The authors make liberal use of diagrams to illustrate key concepts. The two appendices discuss software requirements and the fi le structure, and present templates for special quasi-random structures. There is also a link to download pre-compiled binary fi les of the YPHON code for Linux or Microsoft Windows systems. The exercises at the end of the chapters assume that the reader has access to VASP, which is not freeware. Readers without access to this code can work on a limited number of exercises. However, results from other fi rst-principle codes can be organized in the YPHON format, as explained in the appendix. This book will serve as an excellent reference on compu- tational thermodynamics, and the exercises provided at the end of each chapter make it valuable as a graduate level textbook. Reviewer: Ram Devanathan is Acting Director of the Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA. X-Ray Diffraction for Materials Research: From Fundamentals to Applications Myeongkyu Lee Apple Academic Press and CRC Press, 2016 302 pages, $159.95 (e-book $111.97) ISBN 9781771882989 https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.21 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Carnegie Mellon University, on 06 Apr 2021 at 01:16:27, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2017.21 https://www.cambridge.org/core