s o u r c e : h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 7 8 9 2 / b o r i s . 3 6 3 9 0 | d o w n l o a d e d : 6 . 4 . 2 0 2 1 ≤ � ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 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0 0.42 0.38 0.34 30 20 10 0 –10 G P P ( µ m o l m –2 s – 1 ) Te m p e ra tu re ( °C ) G re e n f ra c ti o n P re c ip it a ti o n ( m m ) 20 60 40 ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● ● ● ●●●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●● 20062005 2007 20 15 10 5 0 0.50 0.42 0.34 20 60 40 30 20 10 0 –10 G P P ( µ m o l m –2 s – 1 ) Te m p e ra tu re ( °C ) G re e n f ra c ti o n P re c ip it a ti o n ( m m ) 110 130 150 Day of year Day of year 220 260 300 340 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.38 0.34 0.42 0.38 0.34 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 100 75 50 25 0 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 0 25 50 75 100 100 75 50 25 0 100 75 50 25 0 G re e n f ra c ti o n G re e n f ra c ti o n L e a f d e ve lo p m e n t (% ) L e a f se n e sc e n e ( % ) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● LAE 2005 y = (−11.3 ± 4.9) + (43.9 ± 12.3)*x R2 = 0.48, p < 0.001 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 0.36 0.44 0.52 12 8 4 0 12 8 4 0 12 8 4 0 12 8 4 0 12 8 4 0 G P P ( µ m o l m –2 s – 1 ) Green fraction 0.36 0.44 0.52 Green fraction 0.36 0.40 0.440.320.36 0.40 0.440.320.36 0.40 0.440.32 Green fraction LAE 2006 y = (−25.4 ± 4.1) + (83.2.9 ± 10.9)*x R2 = 0.75, p < 0.001 HAI 2005 y = (−8.5 ± 2.2) + (32.1 ± 5)*x R2 = 0.57, p < 0.001 HAI 2006 y = (−6.9 ± 1) + (26.3 ± 2.4)*x R2 = 0.84, p < 0.001 LAE 2007 y = (−16.7 ± 2.4) + (59.8 ± 6.2)*x R2 = 0.83, p < 0.001 ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● Day of year a b c ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●●●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 0 25 50 30 20 10 0 –10 80 120 160 200 80 120 160 200 80 120 160 200 G P P ( µ m o l m –2 s –1 ) Te m p e ra tu re ( °C ) P re c ip it a ti o n ( m m ) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Day of year a b c 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 15 10 5 0 0 25 50 30 20 10 0 –10 80 120 160 200 80 120 160 200 80 120 160 200 G P P ( µ m o l m –2 s –1 ) Te m p e ra tu re ( °C ) P re c ip it a ti o n ( m m ) ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ 1