Iranian languages - Wikipedia Iranian languages From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Old Iranian) Jump to navigation Jump to search Language family This article is about the language family. For languages spoken in Iran, see Languages of Iran. For the official language of Iran, see Persian language. Iranian Iranic Ethnicity Iranian peoples Geographic distribution West Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and South Asia Linguistic classification Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Proto-language Proto-Iranian Subdivisions Western Avestan (Central) Eastern ISO 639-2 / 5 ira Linguasphere 58= (phylozone) Glottolog iran1269 Countries and areas where an Iranian language has official status or is spoken by a majority Part of a series on Indo-European topics Languages List of Indo-European languages Historical Albanian Armenian Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Celtic Germanic Hellenic Greek Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Italic Romance Extinct Anatolian Tocharian Paleo-Balkan Dacian Illyrian Liburnian Messapian Mysian Paeonian Phrygian Thracian Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language Phonology: Sound laws, Accent, Ablaut Hypothetical Daco-Thracian Graeco-Armenian Graeco-Aryan Graeco-Phrygian Indo-Hittite Italo-Celtic Thraco-Illyrian Grammar Vocabulary Root Verbs Nouns Pronouns Numerals Particles Other Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Armenian Proto-Germanic (Proto-Norse) Proto-Celtic Proto-Italic Proto-Greek Proto-Balto-Slavic (Proto-Slavic) Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Iranian) Philology Hittite texts Hieroglyphic Luwian Linear B Rigveda Avesta Homer Behistun Gaulish epigraphy Latin epigraphy Runic epigraphy Ogam Gothic Bible Armenian Bible Slanting Brahmi Old Irish glosses Origins Homeland Proto-Indo-Europeans Society Religion Mainstream Kurgan hypothesis Indo-European migrations Eurasian nomads Alternative and fringe Anatolian hypothesis Armenian hypothesis Indigenous Aryans Baltic homeland Paleolithic Continuity Theory Archaeology Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Pontic Steppe Domestication of the horse Kurgan Kurgan culture Steppe cultures Bug–Dniester Sredny Stog Dnieper–Donets Samara Khvalynsk Yamnaya Mikhaylovka culture Novotitorovka culture Caucasus Maykop East Asia Afanasievo Eastern Europe Usatovo Cernavodă Cucuteni Northern Europe Corded ware Baden Middle Dnieper Bronze Age Pontic Steppe Chariot Yamnaya Catacomb Multi-cordoned ware Poltavka Srubna Northern/Eastern Steppe Abashevo culture Andronovo Sintashta Europe Globular Amphora Corded ware Beaker Unetice Trzciniec Nordic Bronze Age Terramare Tumulus Urnfield Lusatian South Asia BMAC Yaz Gandhara grave Iron Age Steppe Chernoles Europe Thraco-Cimmerian Hallstatt Jastorf Caucasus Colchian India Painted Grey Ware Northern Black Polished Ware Peoples and societies Bronze Age Anatolian peoples (Hittites) Armenians Mycenaean Greeks Indo-Iranians Iron Age Indo-Aryans Indo-Aryans Iranians Iranians Persians Medes Parthians Scythians Saka Sarmatians Massagetae Alans East Asia Wusun Yuezhi Europe Celts Gauls Celtiberians Insular Celts Cimmerians Hellenic peoples Italic peoples Germanic peoples Paleo-Balkan/Anatolia Thracians Dacians Illyrians Paeonians Phrygians Middle Ages East Asia Tocharians Europe Albanians Balts Slavs Norsemen/Medieval Scandinavians Medieval Europe Indo-Aryan Medieval India Iranian Greater Persia Religion and mythology Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European mythology Proto-Indo-Iranian religion Ancient Iranian religion Historical Hittite Indo-Aryan Vedic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism Iranian Persian Zoroastrianism Kurdish Yazidism Yarsanism Scythian Ossetian Others Armenian Europe Paleo-Balkan (Albanian · Illyrian · Thracian · Dacian) Greek Roman Celtic Irish Scottish Breton Welsh Cornish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Norse Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Slavic Practices Fire sacrifice Horse sacrifice Sati Winter solstice/Yule Indo-European studies Scholars Marija Gimbutas J. P. Mallory Institutes Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European Publications Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture The Horse, the Wheel and Language Journal of Indo-European Studies Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Indo-European Etymological Dictionary v t e The Iranian or Iranic languages[1][2] are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples. The Iranian languages are grouped in three stages: Old Iranian (until 400 BC), Middle Iranian (400 BC – 900 AD), and New Iranian (since 900 AD). The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite empires). As of 2008, there were an estimated 150–200 million native speakers of the Iranian languages.[3] Ethnologue estimates that there are 86 Iranian languages,[4][5] the largest among them being Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, and the Balochi languages.[6] Contents 1 Term 2 Proto-Iranian 3 Old Iranian 3.1 Isoglosses 4 Middle Iranian languages 5 New Iranian languages 6 Comparison table 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Term[edit] The term Iranian is applied to any language which descends from the ancestral Proto-Iranian language.[7] Some scholars such as John Perry prefer the term Iranic as the anthropological name for the linguistic family and ethnic groups of this category (many of which exist outside Iran), while Iranian for anything about the country Iran. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating German from Germanic or differentiating Turkish and Turkic.[8] This use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen.[9] Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878,[10] and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.[11][12][13][14] The Iranian languages are divided into the following branches: The Western Iranian languages subdivided into: Southwestern, of which Persian is the dominant member; Northwestern, of which the Kurdish languages are the dominant members. The Eastern Iranian languages subdivided into: Southeastern, of which Pashto is the dominant member; Northeastern, by far the smallest branch, of which Ossetian is the dominant member. Proto-Iranian[edit] Historical distribution in 100 BC: shown are Sarmatia, Scythia, Bactria (Eastern Iranian, in orange); and the Parthian Empire (Western Iranian, in red) The Iranian languages all descend from a common ancestor: Proto-Iranian which itself evolved from Proto-Indo-Iranian. This ancestor language is speculated to have origins in Central Asia, and the Andronovo Culture is suggested as a candidate for the common Indo-Iranian culture around 2000 BC.[citation needed] It was situated precisely in the western part of Central Asia that borders present-day Russia (and present-day Kazakhstan). It was in relative proximity to the other satem ethno-linguistic groups of the Indo-European family, like Thracian, Balto-Slavic and others, and to common Indo-European's original homeland (more precisely, the Eurasian Steppe to the north of the Caucasus), according to the reconstructed linguistic relationships of common Indo-European. Proto-Iranian thus dates to some time after Proto-Indo-Iranian break-up, or the early second millennium BCE, as the Old Iranian languages began to break off and evolve separately as the various Iranian tribes migrated and settled in vast areas of southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia. Proto-Iranian innovations compared to Proto-Indo-Iranian include:[15] the turning of sibilant fricative *s into non-sibilant fricative glottal *h; the voiced aspirated plosives *bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ yielding to the voiced unaspirated plosives *b, *d, *g resp.; the voiceless unaspirated stops *p, *t, *k before another consonant changing into fricatives *f, *θ, *x resp.; voiceless aspirated stops *pʰ, *tʰ, *kʰ turning into fricatives *f, *θ, *x, resp. Old Iranian[edit] The multitude of Middle Iranian languages and peoples indicate that great linguistic diversity must have existed among the ancient speakers of Iranian languages. Of that variety of languages/dialects, direct evidence of only two have survived. These are: Avestan, the two languages/dialects of the Avesta, i.e. the liturgical texts of Zoroastrianism. Old Persian, the native language of a south-western Iranian people known as Persians.[16] Indirectly attested Old Iranian languages are discussed below. Old Persian was an Old Iranian dialect as it was spoken in southwestern Iran (the modern-day province of Fars) by the inhabitants of Parsa, Persia or Persis who also gave their name to their region and language. Genuine Old Persian is best attested in one of the three languages of the Behistun inscription, composed circa 520 BC, and which is the last inscription (and only inscription of significant length) in which Old Persian is still grammatically correct. Later inscriptions are comparatively brief, and typically simply copies of words and phrases from earlier ones, often with grammatical errors, which suggests that by the 4th century BC the transition from Old Persian to Middle Persian was already far advanced, but efforts were still being made to retain an "old" quality for official proclamations. The other directly attested Old Iranian dialects are the two forms of Avestan, which take their name from their use in the Avesta, the liturgical texts of indigenous Iranian religion that now goes by the name of Zoroastrianism but in the Avesta itself is simply known as vohu daena (later: behdin). The language of the Avesta is subdivided into two dialects, conventionally known as "Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan", and "Younger Avestan". These terms, which date to the 19th century, are slightly misleading since 'Younger Avestan' is not only much younger than 'Old Avestan', but also from a different geographic region. The Old Avestan dialect is very archaic, and at roughly the same stage of development as Rigvedic Sanskrit. On the other hand, Younger Avestan is at about the same linguistic stage as Old Persian, but by virtue of its use as a sacred language retained its "old" characteristics long after the Old Iranian languages had yielded to their Middle Iranian stage. Unlike Old Persian, which has Middle Persian as its known successor, Avestan has no clearly identifiable Middle Iranian stage (the effect of Middle Iranian is indistinguishable from effects due to other causes). In addition to Old Persian and Avestan, which are the only directly attested Old Iranian languages, all Middle Iranian languages must have had a predecessor "Old Iranian" form of that language, and thus can all be said to have had an (at least hypothetical) "Old" form. Such hypothetical Old Iranian languages include Carduchian (the hypothetical predecessor to Kurdish) and Old Parthian. Additionally, the existence of unattested languages can sometimes be inferred from the impact they had on neighbouring languages. Such transfer is known to have occurred for Old Persian, which has (what is called) a "Median" substrate in some of its vocabulary.[17] Also, foreign references to languages can also provide a hint to the existence of otherwise unattested languages, for example through toponyms/ethnonyms or in the recording of vocabulary, as Herodotus did for what he called "Scythian". Isoglosses[edit] Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches.[18] These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media). Two of the earliest dialectal divisions among Iranian indeed happen to not follow the later division into Western and Eastern blocks. These concern the fate of the Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants, *ć and *dź:[19] Avestan and most other Iranian languages have deaffricated and depalatalized these consonants, and have *ć > s, *dź > z. Old Persian, however, has fronted these consonants further: *ć > θ, *dź > *ð > d. As a common intermediate stage, it is possible to reconstruct depalatalized affricates: *c, *dz. (This coincides with the state of affairs in the neighboring Nuristani languages.) A further complication however concerns the consonant clusters *ćw and *dźw: Avestan and most other Iranian languages have shifted these clusters to sp, zb. In Old Persian, these clusters yield s, z, with loss of the glide *w, but without further fronting. The Saka language, attested in the Middle Iranian period, and its modern relative Wakhi fail to fit into either group: in these, palatalization remains, and similar glide loss as in Old Persian occurs: *ćw > š, *dźw > ž. A division of Iranian languages in at least three groups during the Old Iranian period is thus implied: Persid (Old Persian and its descendants) Sakan (Saka, Wakhi, and their Old Iranian ancestor) Central Iranian (all other Iranian languages) It is possible that other distinct dialect groups were already in existence during this period. Good candidates are the hypothetical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian in the far northwest; and the hypothetical "Old Parthian" (the Old Iranian ancestor of Parthian) in the near northwest, where original *dw > *b (paralleling the development of *ćw). Middle Iranian languages[edit] What is known in Iranian linguistic history as the "Middle Iranian" era is thought to begin around the 4th century BCE lasting through the 9th century. Linguistically the Middle Iranian languages are conventionally classified into two main groups, Western and Eastern. The Western family includes Parthian (Arsacid Pahlavi) and Middle Persian, while Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic (Scytho-Sarmatian) fall under the Eastern category. The two languages of the Western group were linguistically very close to each other, but quite distinct from their eastern counterparts. On the other hand, the Eastern group was an areal entity whose languages retained some similarity to Avestan. They were inscribed in various Aramaic-derived alphabets which had ultimately evolved from the Achaemenid Imperial Aramaic script, though Bactrian was written using an adapted Greek script. Middle Persian (Pahlavi) was the official language under the Sasanian dynasty in Iran. It was in use from the 3rd century CE until the beginning of the 10th century. The script used for Middle Persian in this era underwent significant maturity. Middle Persian, Parthian and Sogdian were also used as literary languages by the Manichaeans, whose texts also survive in various non-Iranian languages, from Latin to Chinese. Manichaean texts were written in a script closely akin to the Syriac script.[20] New Iranian languages[edit] See also: Persian literature, Pashto literature, Ossetian literature, Kurdish literature, and Tajik literature Dark green: countries where Iranian languages are official. Teal: countries where Iranian languages are official in a subdivision Following the Islamic Conquest of Persia, there were important changes in the role of the different dialects within the Persian Empire. The old prestige form of Middle Iranian, also known as Pahlavi, was replaced by a new standard dialect called Dari as the official language of the court. The name Dari comes from the word darbâr (دربار), which refers to the royal court, where many of the poets, protagonists, and patrons of the literature flourished. The Saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 CE. Dari may have been heavily influenced by regional dialects of eastern Iran, whereas the earlier Pahlavi standard was based more on western dialects. This new prestige dialect became the basis of Standard New Persian. Medieval Iranian scholars such as Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa (8th century) and Ibn al-Nadim (10th century) associated the term "Dari" with the eastern province of Khorasan, while they used the term "Pahlavi" to describe the dialects of the northwestern areas between Isfahan and Azerbaijan, and "Pârsi" ("Persian" proper) to describe the Dialects of Fars. They also noted that the unofficial language of the royalty itself was yet another dialect, "Khuzi", associated with the western province of Khuzestan. Geographic distribution of modern Iranian languages The Islamic conquest also brought with it the adoption of Arabic script for writing Persian and much later, Kurdish, Pashto and Balochi. All three were adapted to the writing by the addition of a few letters. This development probably occurred some time during the second half of the 8th century, when the old middle Persian script began dwindling in usage. The Arabic script remains in use in contemporary modern Persian. Tajik script, used to write the Tajik language, was first Latinised in the 1920s under the then Soviet nationality policy. The script was however subsequently Cyrillicized in the 1930s by the Soviet government. The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD.[21][22][23][24] This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamir Mountains survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian. Comparison table[edit] This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) English Zaza Sorani Kurmanji Pashto Tati Talyshi Balochi Mazanderani Tat Persian Middle Persian Parthian Old Persian Avestan Ossetian beautiful rınd, xasek nayab, cuwan rind, delal, bedew, xweşik x̌kūlay, x̌āista xojir ghašang dorr, soherâ, mah rang, sharr, juwān xoşgel, xojir güzəl, ziba, qəşəng zibā/xuš-čehr(e)/xoşgel(ak)/ghashanq/najib hučihr, hužihr hužihr naiba vahu-, srîra ræsughd blood goni xwên xwîn, xûn wīna xevn xun hon xun xun xūn xōn gōxan vohuni- tug bread nan, non nan nan ḍoḍəi, məṛəi nun nun nān, nagan nun nun nān nān nān dzul bring ardene /anîn, hawerdin anîn (rā)wṛəl vârden, biyordon varde âurten, yārag, ārag biyârden avardən āwurdan, biyār ("(you) bring!") āwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar- āwāy-, āwar-, bar- bara- bara, bar- xæssyn brother bıra brader, bira bira wror bərâr bira, boli brāt, brās birâr birar barādar brād, brâdar brād, brādar brātar brātar- æfsymær come ameyene hatin, were hatin, were, rā tləl biyâmiyan ome āhag, āyag, hatin biyamona, enen, biyâmuen amarən āmadan āmadan, awar awar, čām āy-, āgam āgam- cæwyn cry bermayene girîn, giryan girîn žəṛəl bərma berame, bame greewag, grehten birme girəstən gerīstan/gerīye griy-, bram- barmâdan kæwyn dark tari tarî/tarîk tarî skəṇ, skaṇ, tyara ul, gur, târica, târek toki tār tariki tārīk, tār tārīg/k tārīg, tārēn tārīk sâmahe, sâma tar daughter kêna/keyna, çêna/çêneke[25] kîj, kiç, kenişk, düet (pehlewanî) dot, keç lūr titiye, dətar kinə, kila dohtir, duttag kîjâ(girl), deter (daughter) duxtər doxtar duxtar duxt, duxtar duxδar čyzg (Iron), kizgæ (Digor) day roce, roje, roze řoj roj wrəd͡z (rwəd͡z) revj, ruz ruj roç ruz, ruj ruz rūz rōz raucah- raocah- bon do kerdene kirdin kirin kawəl kardan, kordan karde kanag, kurtin hâkerden saxtən kardan kardan kartan kạrta- kәrәta- kænyn door ber, keyber, çêber derge/derke, derga derî wər darvâca bə dar, gelo, darwāzag dar, loş dər dar dar dar, bar duvara- dvara- dwar die merdene merden mirin mrəl bamarden marde mireg, murten bamerden mürdən mordan murdan mạriya- mar- mælyn donkey her ker ker xər astar, xar hə, hər har, her, kar xar xər xar xar xæræg eat werdene xwardin xwarin xwāṛə, xurāk / xwaṛəl harden harde warag, warâk, wārten xerâk / baxârden xardən xordan / xurāk parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg parwarz / xwâr hareθra / ad-, at- xærinag egg hak, akk hêk/hêlke, tum hêk hagəi merqâna, karxâ morqana, uyə heyg, heyk, ā morg merqâne, tîm, balî xaykərg toxm, xāya ("testicle") toxmag, xâyag taoxmag, xâyag taoxma- ajk earth erd zemîn, zawî, ʿerz, erd erd, zevî d͡zməka (md͡zəka) zemin zamin zemin, degār zamîn, bene xari zamīn zamīg zamīg zam- zãm, zam, zem zæxx evening şan, êre êware êvar māx̌ām (māš̥ām) nomâzyar, nomâšon shav begáh nemâşun şangum begáh ēvārag êbêrag izær eye çım çaw/çaş çav stərga coš čaş,gelgan cham, chem çəş, bəj çüm čashm čašm čašm čaša- čašman- cæst father pi, pêr bawk, bab,baba bav, bab plār piyar, piya, dada piya, lala, po pet, pes pîyer, per piyər pedar, bābā pidar pid pitar pitar fyd fear ters tirs tirs wēra (yara), bēra târs tars turs, terseg taşe-vaşe, tars tərsi tars, harās tars tars tạrsa- tares- tas fiancé waşti dasgîran,xwşavest dergîstî, xwestî čənghol [masculine], čənghəla [feminine] numzâ nomja nāmzād numze nükürdə nāmzād - - usag fine weş, hewl xwş xweş x̌a (š̥a), səm xojir, xar xoş wash, hosh xâr, xeş, xojir xuş, xas, xub xoš, xūb, beh dārmag srîra xorz, dzæbæx finger engışte/gışte, bêçıke engust, pence,angus tilî, pêçî gwəta anquš anqiştə changol, mordâneg, lenkutk angus əngüşt angošt angust dišti- ængwyldz fire adır ager/awir, ahir,ayer agir wōr (ōr) taš otaş âch, atesh, âs taş ataş ātaš, āzar âdur, âtaxsh ādur âç- âtre-/aêsma- art fish mase masî masî kəb mâyi moy māhi, māhig mâhî mahi māhi māhig māsyāg masya kæsag go şiayene çûn, řoştin, řoyiştin çûn tləl šiyen, bišiyan şe shoten şunen / burden raftən ro/şo şow/row ay- ai- ay-, fra-vaz cæwyn God Homa/Huma/Oma, Heq Yezdan, Xwedê, Xuda, Xodê, Xwa(y) Xwedê, Xweda, Xwadê, Xudê Xwədāi Xədâ Xıdo Xoda, Hwdâ Xedâ Xuda Xodā, Izad, Yazdān, Baq Xudā/Yazdān baga- baya- xwycaw good hewl, rınd, weş baş, çak,xas baş, rind x̌ə (š̥ə) xâr, xojir çok zabr, sharr, jowain xâr, xeş, xojir xub, xas xub, nīkū, beh xūb, nêkog, beh vahu- vohu, vaŋhu- xorz grass vaş giya/gya gîya, çêre wāx̌ə (wāš̥ə) vâš alaf rem, sabzag vâş güyo sabzeh, giyāh giyâ giya viş urvarâ kærdæg great gırd/gırs, pil gewre,mazen mezin, gir lōy, stər pilla yol, yal, vaz, dıjd mastar, mazan,tuh gat, pilla kələ bozorg wuzurg, pīl, yal vazraka- uta-, avañt styr hand dest dast, das dest lās bâl dast dast das, bāl dəs dast dast dast dasta- zasta- k'ux / arm head ser ser ser sər kalla sə, sər sar, sarag, saghar kalle, sar sər sar sar kalli sairi sær heart zerri/zerre dil/dił/dir(Erbil)/zil dil zṛə dəl dıl dil, hatyr del, zel, zil dül del dil dil aηhuš zærdæ horse estor/ostor/astor asp/hesp/esp, hês(t)ir hesp ās [male], aspa [female] asb, astar asp asp asp, as əs asb asp, stōr asp, stōr aspa aspa- bæx house keye/çeye,[26][27] ban mał, xanu, xang, ghat xanî kor kiya ka ges, dawâr, log sere, xene xunə xāne xânag demâna-, nmâna- xædzar hungry vêşan/veyşan bersî birçî, birsî (behdînî) lwəga vašnâ, vešir, gesnâ vahşian shudig, shud veşnâ gisnə gorosne, goşne gursag, shuy veşnâg language (also tongue) zıwan, zon, zuan, zuon, juan, jüan zeman, zuwan ziman žəba zobun, zəvân zivon zewān, zobān zivun, zebun zuhun zabān zuwān izβān hazâna- hizvā- ævzag laugh huyayene kenîn/pêkenîn, kenîn,xanda,xana kenîn xandəl/xənda xurəsen, xandastan sıre hendag, xandag rîk, baxendesten xəndə xande xande, xand karta Syaoθnâvareza- xudyn life cuye, weşiye jiyan,gyian jiyan žwəndūn, žwənd zindәgi jimon zendegih, zind zindegî, jan həyat zendegi, jan zīndagīh, zīwišnīh žīwahr, žīw- gaêm, gaya- card man mêrdek, camêrd/cüamêrd merd, pîyaw, mêr, camêr səṛay, mēṛə mardak, miarda merd merd mard(î) mərd mard mard mard martiya- mašîm, mašya adæjmag moon aşme, menge (for month) mang meh, heyv spūgməi (spōẓ̌məi) mâng mang, owşum máh ma, munek ma mâh, mâng, mânk māh māh mâh- måŋha- mæj mother may, mar, dayîke, dadî [28] dayek dayik, dê mōr mâr, mâya, nana moa, ma, ina mât, mâs mâr may mâdar mâdar dayek mâtar mâtar- mad mouth fek dam,kat,sardam,sat dev xūla (xʷəla) duxun, dâ:ân gəv dap dâhun, lâmîze duhun dahân dahân, rumb åŋhânô, âh, åñh dzyx name name naw, nêw nav nūm num nom nâm num num nâm nâm nâman nãman nom night şew şaw şev špa šö, šav şav šap, shaw şow şöü shab shab xšap- xšap- æxsæv open (v) akerdene kirdinewe vekirin prānistəl vâz-kardan okarde pāch, pabozag vâ-hekârden vakardən bâz-kardan, va-kardan abâz-kardan, višādag būxtaka- būxta- gom kænyn peace haşti/aşti aştî, aramî aştî, aramî rōɣa, t͡sōkāləi dinj aşiş ârâm âştî salaməti, dinci âshti, ârâmeš, ârâmî, sâzish âštih, râmīšn râm, râmīšn šiyâti- râma- fidyddzinad pig xoz/xonz, xınzır beraz,goraz beraz soḍər, xənd͡zir (Arabic), xug xu, xuyi, xug xug khug, huk xî xug xūk xūk hū xwy place ca je(jega), ga cih, geh d͡zāi yâga vira ja, jaygah, hend jâ cigə, cə jâh/gâh gâh gâh gâθu- gâtu-, gâtav- ran read wendene xwendin/xwêndin xwendin lwastəl, kōtəl baxânden hande, xwande wánag, wānten baxinden, baxundesten xundən xândan xwândan kæsyn say vatene gutin, witin gotin wayəl vâten, baguten vote gushag, guashten baowten guftirən, gaf saxtən goftan, gap(-zadan) guftan, gōw-, wâxtan gōw- gaub- mrû- dzuryn sister waye xweh, xweşk, xoşk, xuşk, xoyşk xwîşk xōr (xʷōr) xâke, xâv, xâxor, xuâr hova gwhâr xâxer xuvar xâhar/xwâhar xwahar x ̌aŋhar- "sister" xo small qıc/qıyt, werdi giçke, qicik, hûr biçûk, hûr kūčnay, waṛ(ū)kay qijel, ruk hırd gwand, hurd peçik, biçuk, xurd küçük, küşkin, kişgələ, kəm kuchak, kam, xurd, rîz kam, rangas kam kamna- kamna- chysyl son lac, laj law/kuř kur, law d͡zoy (zoy) pur, zâ zoə, zurə possag, baç piser/rîkâ kuk pesar, pur pur, pusar puhr puça pūθra- fyrt soul roh, gan jan, giyan, rewan, revan reh, can sā rəvân con rawân ro, jân can ravân, jân rūwân, jyân rūwân, jyân urvan- ud spring wesar/usar bahar, wehar bihar, behar spərlay vâ:âr əvəsor, bahar bārgāh vehâr vasal bahâr wahâr vâhara- θūravâhara- tall berz bilind/berz bilind/berz lwəṛ, ǰəg pilla barz, bılınd borz, bwrz bilen(d) bülünd boland / bârz buland, borz bârež barez- bærzond ten des deh/de deh ləs da da dah da də dah dah datha dasa dæs three hirê/hiri sê sê drē so, se se, he sey se sə se sê hrē çi- θri- ærtæ village dewe gund, dêhat, dê gund kəlay döh, da di dehāt, helk, kallag, dê dih, male, kola di deh, wis wiž dahyu- vîs-, dahyu- vîs qæw want waştene xwastin, wîstin xwestin ɣ(ʷ)ux̌təl begovastan, jovastan piye loath, loteten bexâsten xastən, vayistən xâstan xwâstan fændyn water awe/awk, owe, ou aw av obə/ūbə âv, ö ov, wat(orandian dialect) âp ow ou âb âb/aw aw âpi avô- don when key key kengê, kîngê kəla key keyna kadi, ked ke key, çüvəxti key kay ka čim- kæd wind va ba, wa (pehlewanî) ba siləi vâ vo gwáth vâ var bâd wâd wa vâta- dymgæ / wad wolf verg gurg, gur lewə, šarmux̌ (šarmuš̥) varg varg gurk verg gürg gorg gurg varka- vehrka birægh woman cıni/ceni jin,zindage,gyian jin x̌əd͡za (š̥əd͡za) zeyniye, zenak jen, jiyan jan, jinik zan zən zan zan žan gǝnā, γnā, ǰaini-, sylgojmag / us year serre sal/sał sal kāl sâl sor, sal sâl sâl sal sâl sâl θard ýâre, sarәd az yes / no ya, heya, ê / nê, ney, ni bełê, a / na, ne erê, belê, a / na Hao, ao, wō / na, ya ahan / na ha / ne, na ere, hān / na are / nâ həri, hə / nə baleh, ârē, hā / na, née ōhāy / ne hâ / ney yâ / nay, mâ yâ / noit, mâ o / næ yesterday vizêr dwênê, duêka duho parūn azira, zira, diru zir, zinə zí dîruz deydi diruz dêrûž diya(ka) zyō znon English Zaza Sorani Kurmanji Pashto Tati Talyshi Balochi Mazandarani Tat Persian Middle Persian Parthian\ Old Persian Avestan Ossetian References[edit] ^ Johannes Bechert; Giuliano Bernini; Claude Buridant (1990). Toward a Typology of European Languages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-012108-7. ^ Gernot Windfuhr (1979). Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-7774-8. ^ Windfuhr, Gernot. The Iranian languages. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. ^ "Ethnologue report for Iranian". Ethnologue.com. ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005). "Report for Iranian languages". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas: SIL International.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) ^ Cardona, George. "Indo-Iranian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ (Skjærvø 2006) ^ John R. Perry Iranian Studies Vol. 31, No. 3/4, A Review of the "Encyclopaedia Iranica" (Summer - Autumn, 1998), pp. 517-525 ^ Lassen, Christian. 1936. Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis. Entzifferung des Alphabets und Erklärung des Inhalts. Bonn: Weber. S. 182. This was followed by Wilhelm Geiger in his Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie (1895). Friedrich von Spiegel (1859), Avesta, Engelmann (p. vii) used the spelling Eranian. ^ Cust, Robert Needham. 1878. A sketch of the modern languages of the East Indies. London: Trübner. ^ Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1989. History of northern areas of Pakistan. Historical studies (Pakistan) series. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research. "We distinguish between the Aryan languages of Iran, or Irano-Aryan, and the Aryan languages of India, or Indo-Aryan. For the sake of brevity, Iranian is commonly used instead of Irano-Aryan". ^ Lazard, Gilbert. 1977. Preface in: Oranskij, Iosif M. Les langues iraniennes. Traduit par Joyce Blau. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger. 1994. Sprachzeugnisse alt- und mitteliranischer Sprachen in Afghanistan in: Indogermanica et Caucasica. Festschrift für Karl Horst Schmidt zum 65. Geburtstag. Bielmeier, Robert und Reinhard Stempel (Hrg.). De Gruyter. S. 168–196. ^ Lazard, Gilbert. 1998. Actancy. Empirical approaches to language typology. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015670-9, ISBN 978-3-11-015670-6 ^ Michael Witzel (2001): Autochthonous Aryans? The evidence from Old Indian and Iranian texts. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies 7(3): 1–115. ^ Roland G. Kent: "Old Persion: Grammar Texts Lexicon". Part I, Chapter I: The Linguistic Setting of Old Persian. American Oriental Society, 1953. ^ (Skjaervo 2006) harv error: no target: CITEREFSkjaervo2006 (help) vi(2). Documentation. ^ Nicholas Sims-Williams, Iranica, under entry: Eastern Iranian languages ^ Windfuhr, Gernot (2009). "Dialectology and Topics". The Iranian Languages. Routledge. pp. 18–21. ^ Mary Boyce. 1975. A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian and Parthian, p. 14. ^ Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450. Osprey Publishing. p. 39. (..) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. (..) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations. ^ Atkinson, Dorothy; et al. (1977). Women in Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780804709101. (..) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians. ^ Slovene Studies. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. (..) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others), and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs. ^ http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=k%C4%B1z&z= ^ http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=keye ^ http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/peyv.php?peyv_id=ceye ^ http://turkcekurtcesozluk.com/legerin.php?legerin=anne&z= Bibliography[edit] Bailey, H. W. (1979). Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge University Press. 1979. 1st Paperback edition 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-14250-2. Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.) (1989). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum (in German). Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 978-3-88226-413-5.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1996). "Iranian languages". Encyclopedia Iranica. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 238–245. Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.) (1996). "Iran". Encyclopedia Iranica. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Frye, Richard N. (1996). "Peoples of Iran". Encyclopedia Iranica. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1995). "Cases in Iranian languages and dialects". Encyclopedia Iranica. 5. Costa Mesa: Mazda. pp. 25–37. Lazard, Gilbert (1996). "Dari". Encyclopedia Iranica. 7. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Henning, Walter B. (1954). "The Ancient language of Azarbaijan". Transactions of the Philological Society. 53 (1): 157–177. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1954.tb00282.x. Rezakhani, Khodadad (2001). "The Iranian Language Family". Archived from the original on 2004-10-09. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts". Encyclopædia Iranica. 13. Delshad, Farshid (2010). Georgica et Irano-Semitica (PDF). Ars Poetica. Deutscher Wissenschaftsverlag DWV. ISBN 978-3-86888-004-5. Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2. Toroghdar, Zia (2018). "From Astara to Fuman: Comparison words from dialects of different languages Talysh and Tatic". Farhang-e Ilia. pp. 38–172. Further reading[edit] Sokolova, V. S. "New information on the phonetics of Iranic languages." Trudy Instituta jazykoznanija NN SSR (Moskva) 1 (1952): 178-192. External links[edit] "Areal developments in the history of Iranic: West vs. East" (PDF). Martin Joachim Kümmel, department of Indo-European linguistics, University of Jena. Society for Iranian Linguistics Kurdish and other Iranic Languages Iranian EFL Journal Iranian language tree in Russian, identical with above classification. Old Iranian Online by Scott L. Harvey and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the Linguistics Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin v t e Indo-European languages Albanian Albanian Armenian Armenian Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Celtic Insular Celtic Continental Celtic Germanic North Germanic West Germanic East Germanic Hellenic Greek Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Nuristani Italic Latino-Faliscan Osco-Umbrian Tocharian Tocharian Anatolian Anatolian Proto-languages Proto-Indo-European Proto-Albanian Proto-Armenian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Slavic Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-Norse Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Italic Proto-Romance Proto-Tocharian Proto-Anatolian Italics indicate extinct languages v t e Iranian languages Old Eastern Avestan Old Scythian Western Median Old Persian Middle Eastern Bactrian Khwarezmian Ossetic Jassic Saka Scythian Sogdian Western Middle Persian Parthian Modern Eastern Pamir Bartangi Ishkashimi Khufi Munji Roshani Sanglechi Sarikoli Shughni Vanji Wakhi Yazghulami Yidgha Others Ossetian Digor Iron Pashto Central Northern Southern Wanetsi Ormuri Parachi Yaghnobi Western North Balochi Daylami Fars Gilaki Gorani Kurdish Kurmanji Laki Sorani Xwarin Mazandarani Old Azari Semnani Lasgerdi, Sangsari, Sorkhei Taleshi Tati Zaza Zoroastrian Dari South Achomi Bashkardi Kumzari Luri Bakhtiari Persian Caucasian Tat Dari Hazaragi Tajik Italics indicate extinct languages. v t e Iranian peoples Ethnic groups Achomis Balochs Farsiwan Gilaks Kurds Kurdish tribes Laks Lurs Bakhtiaris Mazanderanis Ossetians Digors Irons Jaszs Kudars Pamiris Tajiks of Xinjiang Wakhis Pashtuns Pashtun tribes Persians Tajiks Talyshs Tats of the Caucasus Tats of Iran Yaghnobis Yazidis Zazas Related ethnic groups Aimaqs Hazaras Ancient peoples Ancient Iranian peoples Origin Indo-Iranians Proto-Indo-Europeans Languages Iranian languages Iranian religions Ancient Iranian religion Assianism Bábism Baháʼí Faith Khurramites Manichaeism Mazdakism Mazdaznan Scythian Yarsanism Yazidism Zoroastrianism v t e Persian language History Proto-Indo-European (c. 3000 BCE) Proto-Indo-Iranian (c. 2000 BCE) Proto-Iranian (c. 1500 BCE) Old Persian (c. 525 – 300 BCE) Middle Persian (c. 300 BCE – 800 CE) Modern Persian (from 800) Language families Indo-Iranian languages Iranian languages Western Iranian languages Dialects and varieties Western (Iranian) Dari (Afghanistan) Tajik Hazaragi Aimaq Kuwaiti Persian Tat Judeo-Persian Judeo-Tat (Juhuri) Bukhori Sistani Dehwari Standard Persian Language features Vocabulary Nouns Verbs Phonology Grammar Persian grammar Ezāfe Tajik grammar Writing system Old Persian cuneiform Pahlavi scripts Persian alphabet Persian calligraphy Tajik alphabet Romanized Persian alphabet Persian Braille Literature Persian literature Middle Persian literature Tajik literature Other topics List of English words of Persian origin List of French loanwords in Persian List of territorial entities where Persian is an official language Persian language in South Asia Authority control GND: 4034859-3 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_languages&oldid=995105626#Old_Iranian" Categories: Indo-European languages Iranian languages Iranian peoples Hidden categories: CS1 maint: extra text: authors list Harv and Sfn no-target errors Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references CS1 German-language sources (de) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools 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