Artemisia II of Caria - Wikipedia Artemisia II of Caria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search 4th-century BC female ruler of Caria For the female ruler of Halicarnassus who fought at the Battle of Salamis, see Artemisia I of Caria. Satrap of Caria Artemisia II Original and reconstitution of the statue traditionally identified as Artemisia, from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, now in the British Museum. Satrap of Caria Reign 353–351 BCE Predecessor Mausolus Successor Idrieus Consort Mausolus House Hecatomnids Father Hecatomnus Hecatomnid dynasty (Dynasts of Caria) c. 395–377 BCE Hecatomnus c. 377–353 BCE Mausolus c. 353–351 BCE Artemisia II c. 351–344 BCE Idrieus c. 344–340 BCE Ada c. 340–335 BCE Pixodarus c. 334–326 BCE Ada v t e Artemisia II of Caria (Greek: Ἀρτεμισία; died 350 BC) was a naval strategist, commander and the sister (and later spouse) and the successor of Mausolus, ruler of Caria. Mausolus was a satrap of the Achaemenid Empire, yet enjoyed the status of king or dynast of the Hecatomnid dynasty. After the death of her brother/husband, Artemisia reigned for two years, from 353 to 351 BCE. Her ascension to the throne prompted a revolt in some of the island and coastal cities under her command due to their objection to a female ruler.[1]:27 Her administration was conducted on the same principles as that of her husband; in particular, she supported the oligarchical party on the island of Rhodes.[2] Because of Artemisia's grief for her brother-husband, and the extravagant and bizarre forms it took, she became to later ages "a lasting example of chaste widowhood and of the purest and rarest kind of love", in the words of Giovanni Boccaccio.[3] In art, she was usually shown in the process of consuming his ashes, mixed in a drink. Another Artemisia of Caria is also a well-known military strategist, Artemisia I of Caria, satrap of Caria and ally of Xerxes I about 150 years earlier in the early 5th century BCE. Contents 1 Life 2 Other monuments 3 In later art 4 Other cultural references 4.1 Plant genus 5 Representations of Artemisia in art 6 Citations 7 References 8 External links Life[edit] Colossal statues of a man and a woman from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, traditionally identified as Artemisia II and Mausolos, around 350 BCE, British Museum. Artemisia is renowned in history for her extraordinary grief at the death of her husband (and brother) Mausolus. She is said to have mixed his ashes in her daily drink, and to have gradually pined away during the two years that she survived him. She induced the most eminent Greek rhetoricians to proclaim his praise in their oratory; and to perpetuate his memory she built at Halicarnassus the celebrated Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and whose name subsequently became the generic term for any splendid sepulchral monument.[4] Artemisia is known for commanding a fleet and played a role in the military-political affairs of the Aegean after the decline in the Athenian naval superiority.[1]:27 The island republic of Rhodes objected to the fact that a woman was ruling Caria. Rhodes sent a fleet against Artemisia without knowing that her deceased husband had built a secret harbour. Artemisia hid ships rowers, and marines and allowed the Rhodians to enter the main harbour. Artemisia and her citizens met the Rhodians at the city walls and invited them into the city. When the Rhodians began exiting their ships, Artemisia sailed her fleet through an outlet in the sea and into the main harbour. She captured empty Rhodian ships, and the Rhodian men who disembarked were killed in the marketplace. Artemisia then put her men on the Rhodian ships and had them sail back to Rhodes. The men were welcomed in the Rhodian harbour and they took over Rhodes.[1]:28 Polyaenus, in the eighth book of his work Stratagems, mentions that when Artemisia (he may have been referring to Artemisia I, but more probably Artemisia II) wanted to conquer Latmus, she placed soldiers in ambush near the city and she, with women, eunuchs and musicians, celebrated a sacrifice at the grove of the Mother of the Gods, which was about seven stades distant from the city. When the inhabitants of Latmus came out to see the magnificent procession, the soldiers entered the city and took possession of it.[5] Scale model of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Miniatürk, Istanbul Other monuments[edit] Another celebrated monument was erected by Artemisia in Rhodes to commemorate her conquest of the island. The Rhodians, after regaining their liberty, made it inaccessible, whence it was called in later times the Abaton (άβατον).[6] In later art[edit] Artemisia drinking her husband's ashes was a subject in painting from the Renaissance onwards, especially enjoying a vogue in Dutch Golden Age painting around the middle of the 17th century, being painted by Rembrandt (Prado) among others. This was probably stimulated by the publication in 1614 of a Dutch translation of the collection of anecdotes of Valerius Maximus, who was active in the reign of Tiberius. Rembrandt for one can be shown to have read and used this book.[7] Artemisia is always shown with a cup or urn, either alone or with a group of attendants offering or helping to mix the drink. The subject is therefore very similar to Sophonisba taking poison, and the Rembrandt, and a Donato Creti in the National Gallery, are examples of works where the intended subject remains uncertain between the two.[8] Other cultural references[edit] Artemisia annua Artemisia received a full and friendly biography in the De mulieribus claris ("On Famous Women"), a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, written by 1374. Boccaccio completely omits reference to her husband being her brother ("... knowledge of her parents or native country has not reached us ..."), and praised her: "to posterity she is a lasting example of chaste widowhood and of the purest and rarest kind of love".[3] Plant genus[edit] According to Pliny, the plant genus Artemisia was named after Queen Artemisia II of Caria, who was also a botanist and medical researcher.[9][10][11] The anti-malarial drug Artemisinin, extracted from the plant variety Artemisia annua, is also derived from the name of Queen Artemisia II of Caria.[11]:1217 Mulieres quoque hanc gloriam adfectavere, in quibus Artemisia uxor Mausoli adoptata herba, quae antea parthenis vocabatur. [Women too have been ambitious to gain this distinction, among them Artemisia, the wife of Mausolus, who gave her name to a plant which before was called parthenis.] — Pliny the Elder, Natural History XXV.xxxvi.73[12][13] Representations of Artemisia in art[edit] Artemisia Prepares to Drink the Ashes of her Husband, Mausolus (c.1630) by Francesco Furini Master Of The Story Of Griselda, Siena, 15th century, one of a series of heroes and heroines who behaved well to the opposite sex Rembrandt, about 1634 CE Gerrit van Honthorst, about 1635 CE, Princeton University Art Museum Erasmus Quellinus II, 1652 CE Domenico Fetti Arnold Houbraken, before 1719 CE Johann Heinrich Tischbein, 1775 CE, Portrait of Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf, Queen Victoria's grandmother, as Artemesia Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, 1773–1780 CE Statue of Artemisia II in Versailles Citations[edit] ^ a b c Pennington, Reina (2003). Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A biographical dictionary of military women. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0313327076. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca, xvi. 36, 45; Demosthenes, Speeches, "On the liberty of the Rhodians", 11, 27 ^ a b Boccaccio, Giovanni (2003). "Chapter 57". De mulieribus claris [On Famous Women]. Translated by Brown, Virginia. Harvard University Press. pp. 115–118. ISBN 0-674-01130-9. ISBN 9780674011304 ^ Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes, iii. 31; Strabo, Geography, xiv. 2; Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, x. 18; Pliny, Natural History, xxv. 36, xxxvi. 4; Valerius Maximus, Facta et dicta memorabilia, iv. 6; Suda, s.v. "Artemisia", "Mausolos" ^ Polyaenus. Stratagems. book 8, 53.4. Artemisia planted soldiers in ambush near Latmus; and herself, with a numerous train of women, eunuchs and musicians, celebrated a sacrifice at the grove of the Mother of the Gods, which was about seven stades distant from the city. When the inhabitants of Latmus came out to see the magnificent procession, the soldiers entered the city and took possession of it. Thus did Artemisia, by flutes and cymbals, possess herself of what she had in vain endeavoured to obtain by force of arms. ^ Vitruvius, De architectura, ii. 8 ^ Golahny, Amy (2003). Rembrandt's Reading: The artist's bookshelf of ancient poetry and history. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 129-133. ISBN 9789053566091. ISBN 9053566090 ^ Finaldi, Gabriele; Kitson, Michael (1997). Discovering the Italian Baroque: the Denis Mahon collection. London, UK; New Haven, CT: National Gallery Publications; Yale U. Press. p. 56. ISBN 1857091779. ^ "Artemisia II". Etymology. Encyclopedia Britannica. article 9009683. Retrieved 7 June 2012. ^ Comstock, John Lee (1833). An Introduction to the Study of Botany. D.F. Robinson & Company. p. 175. In which the science is illustrated by examples of native and exotic plants: Designed for the use of schools and private students. ^ a b "Artemisinin". Etymologia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Centers for Disease Control. 20 (7): 1217. July 2014. doi:10.3201/eid2007.ET2007. PMC 4073852. Retrieved 4 July 2014. ^ Pliny the Elder. Natural History. Translated by Henderson, Jeffrey. Loeb Classics. ^ Lacus Curtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History. University of Chicago. book 25, pages XXV.xxxvi.73. References[edit] Smith, William, ed. (1867). "Artemisia (2)". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Boston, MA. Archived from the original on 2006-05-11. Boccaccio, Giovanni (2001). De mulieribus claris [Famous Women]. Translated by Brown, Virginia. Harvard University Press. pp. 115–118. ISBN 0-674-01130-9. ISBN 9780674011304  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:  Smith, William, ed. (1870). "Artemisia II". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Artemisia II. Artemisia by Jona Lendering Authority control SUDOC: 140712097 VcBA: 495/281276 VIAF: 207276853 WorldCat Identities: viaf-207276853 v t e Rulers in the Achaemenid Empire Family tree - Achaemenid Kingdom Kings of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire Achaemenes Ariaramnes Arsames Teispes Cyrus I Cambyses I Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) Cambyses II Smerdis Gaumata Darius the Great (Darius I) Xerxes the Great (Xerxes I) Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Mnemon Artaxerxes III Ochus Artaxerxes IV Arses Darius III Codomannus Artaxerxes V Bessus Satraps of Lydia Tabalus Mazares Harpagus Oroetus Bagaeus Otanes Artaphernes I Artaphernes II Pissuthnes Tissaphernes Cyrus the Younger Tissaphernes Tithraustes Tiribazus Struthas Autophradates Spithridates Satraps of Hellespontine Phrygia Mitrobates Megabazus Megabates Oebares II Artabazus I Pharnabazus I Pharnaces II Pharnabazus II Ariobarzanes Artabazus II Pharnabazus III Arsites Satraps of Cappadocia Datames Ariamnes I Mithrobuzanes Ariarathes I Greek Governors of Asia Minor cities Miltiades Demaratus Gongylos Eurysthenes Prokles Histiaeus Aristagoras Themistocles Archeptolis Aridolis Amyntas II Philiscus Dynasts of Lycia Kheziga Kybernis Kuprilli Harpagus Teththiweibi Kheriga Kherei Arbinas Artembares Artumpara Mithrapata Perikle Dynasts of Caria Lygdamis I Artemisia Pisindelis Lygdamis II Adusius (satrap) Hecatomnus Mausolus Artemisia II Idrieus Ada Pixodarus Orontobates Ada Kings of Macedonia Amyntas I of Macedon Alexander I of Macedon Kings of Tyre Mattan IV Boulomenus Abdemon Evagoras Eugoras Azemilcus Kings of Sidon Eshmunazar I Tabnit Queen Amoashtart Eshmunazar II Bodashtart Yatonmilk Anysos Tetramnestos Baalshillem I Baana Baalshillem II Abdashtart I Tennes Evagoras II Abdashtart II Abdashtart III Satraps of Armenia Artasyrus Orontes I Darius III Orontes II Satraps of Egypt Aryandes Pherendates Achaemenes Arsames Pherendates II Sabaces Mazaces Satraps of Bactria Hystaspes Dadarsi Masistes Bessus Satraps of Media Hydarnes Hydarnes II Atropates Satraps of Cilicia Syennesis Camisares Mazaeus Arsames Other known satraps Megabyzus, Abrocomas, Belesys (Syria) Ochus (Hyrcania) Satibarzanes (Aria) Atizyes (Greater Phrygia) Phrataphernes (Parthia) Ariobarzanes (Persis) Abulites (Susiana) Mazaeus (Babylon) In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by Hellenistic satraps and Hellenistic rulers from around 330 BC Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artemisia_II_of_Caria&oldid=982624138" Categories: Ancient queens regnant 350 BC deaths Carian people 4th-century BC women rulers Achaemenid satraps of Caria Women in ancient Greek warfare Hecatomnid dynasty Women of the Achaemenid Empire Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the DGRBM without a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the DGRBM Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Year of birth unknown Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2020, at 09:08 (UTC). 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