Sardis - Wikipedia Sardis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Ancient city at the location of modern Sart, Turkey This article is about the ancient Lydian city. For the New York City restaurant, see Sardi's. For others, see Sardis (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Sardis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sardis Σάρδεις (in Greek) The Greek gymnasium of Sardis Shown within Turkey Alternative name Sardes Location Sart, Manisa Province, Turkey Region Lydia Coordinates 38°29′18″N 28°02′25″E / 38.48833°N 28.04028°E / 38.48833; 28.04028Coordinates: 38°29′18″N 28°02′25″E / 38.48833°N 28.04028°E / 38.48833; 28.04028 Type Settlement History Abandoned Around 1402 AD Cultures Greek, Lydian, Persian, Roman Site notes Excavation dates 1910–1914, 1922, 1958–present Archaeologists Howard Crosby Butler, G.M.A. Hanfmann, Crawford H. Greenewalt, jr., Nicholas Cahill Condition Ruined Ownership Public Public access Yes Website Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Sardis (/ˈsɑːrdɪs/) or Sardes (/ˈsɑːrdiːz/; Lydian: 𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣 Sfard; Ancient Greek: Σάρδεις Sardeis; Old Persian: Sparda; Biblical Hebrew: ספרד‎ Sfarad) was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart (Sartmahmut before 19 October 2005), near Salihli, in Turkey's Manisa Province. Sardis was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia,[1] one of the important cities of the Persian Empire, the seat of a Seleucid Satrap, the seat of a proconsul under the Roman Empire, and the metropolis of the province Lydia in later Roman and Byzantine times. As one of the seven churches of Asia, it was addressed by John, the author of the Book of Revelation in the New Testament,[2] in terms which seem to imply that its church members did not finish what they started, that they were about image and not substance.[3] Its importance was due first to its military strength, secondly to its situation on an important highway leading from the interior to the Aegean coast, and thirdly to its commanding the wide and fertile plain of the Hermus. Contents 1 Geography 2 History 2.1 Foundation stories 2.2 Target of conquest 2.3 Reliable gold coins 2.4 Desolation in 17 AD earthquake 2.5 Decline and fall in the second millennium, AD 3 Archaeological expeditions 3.1 Roman antiquities 3.2 Sardis synagogue 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Geography[edit] Sardis was situated in the middle of Hermus valley, at the foot of Mount Tmolus, a steep and lofty spur which formed the citadel. It was about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the Hermus. Today, the site is located by the present day village of Sart, near Salihli in the Manisa province of Turkey, close to the Ankara - İzmir highway (approximately 72 kilometres (45 mi) from İzmir). The part of remains including the bath-gymnasium complex, synagogue and Byzantine shops is open to visitors year-round. History[edit] See also: Lydia (satrapy) The gymnasium complex of Sardis Inside the gymnasium of Sardis. Map of Sardis and other cities within the Lydian Empire Sardis in the middle of Lydia, c. 50 AD Temple of Artemis at Sardis Foundation stories[edit] The Greek historian and father of history, Herodotus, notes that the city was founded by the sons of Hercules, the Heraclides. According to Herodotus, the Heraclides ruled for five hundred and five years beginning with Agron, 1220 BC, and ending with Candaules, 716 BC. They were followed by the Mermnades, which began with Gyges, 716 BC, and ended with Croesus, 546 BC.[4] The earliest reference to Sardis is in The Persians of Aeschylus (472 BC); in the Iliad, the name “Hyde” seems to be given to the city of the Maeonian (i.e. Lydian) chiefs and in later times Hyde was said to be the older name of Sardis, or the name of its citadel. It is, however, more probable that Sardis was not the original capital of the Maeonians, but that it became so amid the changes which produced the powerful Lydian empire of the 8th century BC. Target of conquest[edit] The city was captured by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC, by the Persians in the 6th, by the Athenians in the 5th, and by Antiochus III the Great at the end of the 3rd century BC. In the Persian era, Sardis was conquered by Cyrus the Great and formed the end station for the Persian Royal Road which began in Persepolis, capital of Persia. Sardis was the site of the most important Persian satrapy.[5] During the Ionian Revolt, the Athenians burnt down the city. Sardis remained under Persian domination until it surrendered to Alexander the Great in 334 BC. Reliable gold coins[edit] The early Lydian kingdom was very advanced in the industrial arts and Sardis was the chief seat of its manufactures. The most important of these trades was the manufacture and dyeing of delicate woolen stuffs and carpets. The stream Pactolus which flowed through the market-place "carried golden sands" in early antiquity, which was in reality gold dust out of Mount Tmolus. It was during the reign of King Croesus that the metallurgists of Sardis discovered the secret of separating gold from silver, thereby producing both metals of a purity never known before.[6] This was an economic revolution, for while gold nuggets panned or mined were used as currency, their purity was always suspect and a hindrance to trade. Such nuggets or coinage were naturally occurring alloys of gold and silver known as electrum and one could never know how much of it was gold and how much was silver. Sardis now could mint nearly pure silver and gold coins, the value of which could be – and was – trusted throughout the known world. This revolution made Sardis rich and Croesus' name synonymous with wealth itself. For this reason, Sardis is famed in history as the place where modern currency was invented. Desolation in 17 AD earthquake[edit] Remains of the Greek Byzantine shops and the Bath-Gymnasium Complex in Sardis The gymnasium complex of Sardis Remains of the Byzantine churches at Sardis Disaster came to the great city under the reign of the emperor Tiberius, when in 17 AD, Sardis was destroyed by an earthquake, but it was rebuilt with the help of ten million sesterces from the Emperor and exempted from paying taxes for five years.[7] It was one of the great cities of western Asia Minor until the later Byzantine period. Later, trade and the organization of commerce continued to be sources of great wealth. After Constantinople became the capital of the East, a new road system grew up connecting the provinces with the capital. Sardis then lay rather apart from the great lines of communication and lost some of its importance. It still, however, retained its titular supremacy and continued to be the seat of the metropolitan bishop of the province of Lydia, formed in 295 AD. It was enumerated as third, after Ephesus and Smyrna, in the list of cities of the Thracesion thema given by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the 10th century. However, over the next four centuries it was in the shadow of the provinces of Magnesia-upon-Sipylum and Philadelphia, which retained their importance in the region. Decline and fall in the second millennium, AD[edit] After 1071, the Hermus valley began to suffer from the inroads of the Seljuk Turks but the Byzantine general John Doukas reconquered the city in 1097. The successes of the general Philokales in 1118 relieved the district from later Turkish pressure and the ability of the Comneni dynasty together with the gradual decay of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum meant that it remained under Byzantine dominion. When Constantinople was taken by the Venetians and Franks in 1204 Sardis came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire of Nicea. However once the Byzantines retook Constantinople in 1261, Sardis with the entire Asia Minor was neglected and the region eventually fell under the control of Ghazi (Ghazw) emirs. The Cayster valleys and a fort on the citadel of Sardis was handed over to them by treaty in 1306. The city continued its decline until its capture (and probable destruction) by the Turco-Mongol warlord Timur in 1402. Archaeological expeditions[edit] Details of the columns. Details of the Gymnasium complex. The Sardis Synagogue Synagogue of Sardis. Sardes wall tile with three dimensional effect. Further information: Byzantine churches at Sardis Current laws governing archaeological expeditions in Turkey ensure that all artifacts remain in Turkey. Some of the important finds from the site of Sardis are housed in the Archaeological Museum of Manisa, including Late Roman mosaics and sculpture, a helmet from the mid-6th century BCE, and pottery from various periods. Roman antiquities[edit] By the 19th century, Sardis was in ruins, showing construction chiefly of the Roman period. Early excavators included the British explorer George Dennis, who uncovered an enormous marble head of Faustina the Elder, wife of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. Found in the precinct of the Temple of Artemis, it probably formed part of a pair of colossal statues devoted to the Imperial couple. The 1.76 metre high head is now kept at the British Museum.[8] The first large-scale archaeological expedition in Sardis was directed by a Princeton University team led by Howard Crosby Butler between years 1910–1914, unearthing a temple to Artemis, and more than a thousand Lydian tombs. The excavation campaign was halted by World War I, followed by the Turkish War of Independence, though it briefly resumed in 1922. Some surviving artifacts from the Butler excavation were added to the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Sardis synagogue[edit] Main article: Sardis Synagogue The Hebrew place-name Sepharad may have meant Sardis. A new expedition known as the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis was founded in 1958 by G.M.A. Hanfmann, professor in the Department of Fine Arts at Harvard University, and by Henry Detweiler, dean of the Architecture School at Cornell University. Hanfmann excavated widely in the city and the region, excavating and restoring the major Roman bath-gymnasium complex, the synagogue, late Roman houses and shops, a Lydian industrial area for processing electrum into pure gold and silver, Lydian occupation areas, and tumulus tombs at Bin Tepe.[9] From 1976 until 2007, the excavation was directed by Crawford H. Greenewalt, Jr., professor in the Department of Classics at the University of California, Berkeley.[10] Since 2008, the excavation has been under the directorship of Nicholas Cahill, professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[11] Since 1958, both Harvard and Cornell Universities have sponsored annual archeological expeditions to Sardis. These excavations unearthed perhaps the most impressive synagogue in the western diaspora yet discovered from antiquity, yielding over eighty Greek and seven Hebrew inscriptions as well as numerous mosaic floors. (For evidence in the east, see Dura Europos in Syria.) The discovery of the Sardis synagogue has reversed previous assumptions about Judaism in the later Roman empire. Along with the discovery of the godfearers / theosebeis inscription from Aphrodisias, it provides indisputable evidence for the continued presence of Jewish communities in Asia Minor and their integration into general Roman life at a time when many scholars previously assumed that Christianity had eclipsed Judaism.[citation needed] The synagogue was a section of a large bath-gymnasium complex, that was in use for about 450–500 years. In the late 4th or 5th century, part of the bath-gymnasium complex was changed into a synagogue. See also[edit] Cities of the ancient Near East List of synagogues in Turkey References[edit] ^ Rhodes, P.J. A History of the Classical Greek World 478-323 BC. 2nd edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, p. 6. ^ Revelation 3:1–6 ^ revelation 3:2 ^ Cockayne, O. (1844). "On the Lydian Dynasty which preceded the Mermnadæ". Proceedings of the Philological Society. 1 (24): 274. ^ Raditsa 1983, p. 105. ^ Ramage, A.; Craddock, P. (2001). "King Croesus' Gold: Excavations at Sardis and the history of gold refining". Archaeological Exploration of Sardis.[full citation needed] ^ Tacitus, The Annals 2.47 ^ "Research collection online". British Museum. ^ Hanfmann, George M.A., Et al. 1983. Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 1958–1975, Harvard University Press. ^ Cahill, Nicholas D., ed. 2008. "Love for Lydia. A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, jr.", Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. ^ "Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, Harvard Art Museums". Retrieved January 9, 2013. Sources[edit] Raditsa, Leo (1983). "Iranians in Asia Minor". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139054942. Further reading[edit] Elderkin, G. W. "The Name of Sardis." Classical Philology 35, no. 1 (1940): 54-56. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/264594. Hanfmann, George M. A. "EXCAVATIONS AT SARDIS." Scientific American 204, no. 6 (1961): 124-38. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/24937494. HANFMANN, GEORGE M. A., and A. H. DETWEILER. "Sardis Through the Ages." Archaeology 19, no. 2 (1966): 90-97. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/41670460. George M. A. Hanfmann. "Archeological Explorations of Sardis." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 27, no. 2 (1973): 13-26. Accessed July 11, 2020. doi:10.2307/3823622. Hanfmann, George M.A., Et al. 1983. Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times: Results of the Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 1958–1975, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-78925-3 HANFMANN, G. M. A. "The Sacrilege Inscription: The Ethnic, Linguistic, Social and Religious Situation at Sardis at the End of the Persian Era." Bulletin of the Asia Institute, New Series, 1 (1987): 1-8. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/24048256. Greenewalt, Crawford H., Marcus L. Rautman, and Nicholas D. Cahill. "The Sardis Campaign of 1985." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies, no. 25 (1988): 55-92. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/20066668. Ramage, Andrew. "EARLY IRON AGE SARDIS AND ITS NEIGHBOURS." In Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van, 6-12 August 1990, edited by Çilingiroğlu A. and French D.H., 163-72. London: British Institute at Ankara, 1994. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/10.18866/j.ctt1pc5gxc.26. Ramage, Nancy H. "PACTOLUS CLIFF: AN IRON AGE SITE AT SARDIS AND ITS POTTERY." In Anatolian Iron Ages 3: The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Van, 6-12 August 1990, edited by Çilingiroğlu A. and French D.H., 173-84. London: British Institute at Ankara, 1994. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/10.18866/j.ctt1pc5gxc.27. Greenwalt, Crawford H. "Sardis in the Age of Xenophon". In: Pallas, 43/1995. Dans les pas des dix-mille, sous la direction de Pierre Briant. pp. 125-145. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/palla.1995.1367]; www.persee.fr/doc/palla_0031-0387_1995_num_43_1_1367 Gadbery, Laura M. "Archaeological Exploration of Sardis." Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin 4, no. 3 (1996): 49-53. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/4301536. Mitten, David Gordon. "Lydian Sardis and the Region of Colchis: Three Aspects". In: Sur les traces des Argonautes. Actes du 6e symposium de Vani (Colchide), 22-29 septembre 1990. Besançon : Université de Franche-Comté, 1996. pp. 129-140. (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 613) [www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_1996_act_613_1_1486] Cahill, Nicholas D., ed. 2008. "Love for Lydia. A Sardis Anniversary Volume Presented to Crawford H. Greenewalt, jr.", Archaeological Exploration of Sardis. ISBN 9780674031951. Payne, Annick, and Jorit Wintjes. "Sardis and the Archaeology of Lydia." In Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians, 47-62. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2016. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc5pfx2.7. Berlin, Andrea M., and Paul J. Kosmin, eds. Spear-Won Land: Sardis from the King's Peace to the Peace of Apamea. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2019. Accessed July 11, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvj7wnr9. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sardis. The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis, of the Harvard University Art Museums The Search for Sardis, history of the archaeological excavations in Sardis, in the Harvard Magazine Sardis, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Sardis Turkey, a comprehensive photographic tour of the site The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites - Sardis Livius.org: Sardes - pictures v t e Seven churches of Asia Ephesus Smyrna Pergamon Thyatira Sardis Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir) Laodicea v t e Ancient settlements in Turkey Aegean Achaion Limen Acharaca Acmonia Adramyttium Agatheira Aegae Airai Aizanoi Alabanda Alinda Allianoi Almura Amnista Amorium Amos Amynanda Amyzon Anaua Anineta Annaea Antandrus Antioch on the Maeander Apamea in Phrygia Aphrodisias Apollonia in Mysia Apollonia Salbaces Apollonis Apollonos Hieron Appia Appolena Aragokome Araukome Arilla Aroma Aspaneus Astragon Astyra near Adramyttium Astyra near Pergamon Astyria Atarneus Atarneus sub Pitanem Attea Attuda Aulae Aurelia Neapolis Aureliopolis in Lydia Aurokra Bageis Bargasa Bargasa in northern Caria Bargylia Beudos Beycesultan Birgena Blaundus Bonitai Boukolion Boutheia Briula Bruzus Bybassus Cadi Callipolis Caloe Canae Carene Carmylessus Carura Caryanda Castabus Casystes Cedreae Celaenae Ceramus Chalcetor Choria Chrysaoris Chytrium Cidramus Cindye Cisthene Clannuda Claros Colophon Colossae Conium Coryphas Cybeleia Cyllandus Cyme Daldis Dareioukome Dideiphyta Didyma Digda Dioclea Dionysiopolis Dios Hieron in Ionia Dios Hieron in Lydia Dioskome Docimium Doroukome Eibos Eiokome Elaea Embatum Emoddi Ephesus Erines Erythrae Erythras Etsyena Eukarpia Euhippe Eumeneia Euromus Euthenae Euxine Gambrium Gerga Gergitha Gerriadai Glauke Gryneium Halicarnassus Halisarna Harpasa Helos Heraclea at Latmus Heraclea in Aeolis Heraclea in Lydia Heraclea Salbace Hermocapelia Hierapolis Hierapolis of the Phyrgian Pentapolis Hierocaesarea Homadena Hydai Hydas Hydissus Hygassos Hyllarima Hypaepa Hypokremnos Hyrcanis Iasos Iaza Idyma Ioniapolis Ioudda Ipsus Isinda in Ionia Iskome Kadyie Kaira Kalabantia Kasara Kasossos Kaualena Kaunos Kilaraza Kildara Klazomenai Kleimaka Kleros Politike Knidos Koddinou Petra Koraia Korakoe Koresa Kouara Kyllene Kymnissa Kys Labraunda Lagina Lalandos Lamyana Lankena Laodicea on the Lycus Larisa in Caria Larisa in Ionia Larisa in Lydia Larissa Phrikonis Larymna Lasnedda Latmus Lebedus Leimon Leucae Leucophrys Limantepe Lobolda Lunda Lydae Lyrna Lysimachia Madnasa Maeandropolis Magnesia ad Sipylum Magnesia on the Maeander Maiboza Maionia in Lydia Malene Marathesium Mastaura Meiros Meiros Megale Melampagos Meloukome Metropolis in Lydia Metropolis in southern Phrygia Miletus Mylasa Mobolla Mokolda Mossyna Mostene Motella Myloukome Myndus Myrina Myus Nais Nasos Naulochon Naulochus Naxia Neapolis Neonteichos Nisyra Notion Nymphaeum Nysa on the Maeander Odon Oenoanda Olaeis Olymos Oroanna Orthoisa Ortygia Otrus Palaemyndus Panasion Panormus near Miletus Panormus near Halicarnassus Parsada Parthenium Passala Passanda Pedasa Pepuza Pergamon Perperene Philadelphia in Lydia Phocaea Phoenix in Caria Physcus Phyteia Pidasa Pinara Pisilis Pisye Pitane Pladasa Plarasa Polichna in Ionia Polichne in Ionia Polybotus Pordoselene Priene Prymnessus Pteleum Pydnae Pygela Pyrnus Pyrrha Saouenda Sardis Satala in Lydia Sebaste in Phrygia Sebastopolis in Caria Setae Side in Caria Sidussa Silandus Sillyos Skolopoeis Smyrna Soa Spore Stadia Stectorium Stratonicea in Lydia Stratonicea in Caria Strobilos Syangela Symbra Synaus Syneta Synnada Syrna Tabae Tabala Tateikome Taza Teichiussa Telandrus Temenothyra Temnos Tempsis Tendeba Teos Termera Teuthrania Thasthara Theangela Thebe Hypoplakia Thebes Thera Thyaira Thyatira Thymbrara Thyssanus Tisna Tlos in Caria Tomara Traianopolis Trapezopolis Trarium Triopium Tripolis on the Meander Troketta Tyanollos Tymion Tymnos Ula Uranium Zemmeana Zingotos Kome Black Sea Abonoteichos Aegialus 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Koila Kolonai Kosilaos Koubaita Kyparodes Kypra Lamponeia Lampsacus Larisa in Troad Lasthenes Leptoia Liada Libum Libyssa Limnae in Bithynia Limnae in Thrace Linus Lupadium Lygos Lysimachia Madytus Mantineion Marpessos Miletopolis Mocasura Mochadion Modra Morzapena Mossynea Moukaporis Myrileion Narco Nassete Nausikleia Nausimachion Neandreia Neapolis on the Bosphorus Neapolis on the Thracian Chersonese Neonteichos Nerola Nicomedia Oka Ontoraita Ophryneion Orestias Orni Ostreodes Pactya Paeon Paesus Palodes Panion Pantichium Parabolos Parium Paulines Pegae in Mysia Pegae in Thrace Pege Pentephyle Percote Pericharaxis Perinthus Petrozetoi Pharmakia Phidalia Petra Phiela Philia Phosphorus Pionia Pitheci Portus Placia Ploketta Poemanenum Poleatikon Polymedium Potamoi Potamonion Praenetus Pratomysia Prepa Priapus Prindea Proconnesus Proochthoi Prusa Psarela Psyllium Pyrrhias Cyon Pytheion Rhebas Rhegion Rhesion Rhoiteion Rouphinianai Salmydessus Sangarus Scamandria Scamandrus Scepsis 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Myriandus Nagidos Nauloi Neapolis in Pisidia Nephelis Nisa Octapolis Olba Olbasa Olbia Olympus Öküzlü Onobara Orokenda Otanada Ouerbe Padyandus Panemotichus Panhormus Pargais Parlais Patara Pednelissus Perga Perminounda Phaselis Phellus Philadelphia in Cilicia Philaea Phoenicus Phoenix in Lycia Pisarissos Pisurgia Placoma Platanus Podalia Pogla Prostanna Pseudokorasion Ptolemais Rhodiapolis Rhoscopus Rhosus Rygmanoi Sabandus Sagalassos Sandalium Saraganda Sebeda Seleucia in Pamphylia Seleucia Pieria Seleucia Sidera Selge Selinus Seroiata Serraepolis Sia Sibidounda Sibyla Side Siderus Sidyma Sillyon Simena Sinda Siricae Soli Solyma Sozopolis Sura Syca Syedra Takina Tapureli Tardequeia Tarsus Teimiussa Tell Tayinat Telmessos Telmessos (Caria) Tenedos Termessos Tetrapyrgia in Cappadocia Tetrapyrgia in Pamphylia Titiopolis Tityassus Tlos Toriaeum Tragalassus Trebendae Trebenna Trysa Tyberissus Tyinda Tymandus Tynada Typallia Xanthos Yanıkhan Yumuktepe Zephyrium on the Calycadnus Southeastern Anatolia Amida Antioch in the Taurus Antioch in Mesopotamia (Constantia) Apamea on the Euphrates Carcathiocerta Carchemish Çayönü Dabanas Dara Doliche Edessa Göbekli Tepe Hallan Çemi Tepesi Harran Khashshum Kussara Nevalı Çori Nicopolis in Cilicia Nisibis Sakçagözü Sam'al Samosata Sareisa Seleucia at the Zeugma Sitai Sultantepe Tille Tushhan Urima Urshu Zeugma v t e UNESCO Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey Aegean Region Aizanoi Antique City The Ancient City of Sardis and the Lydian Tumuli of Bin Tepe Ancient City of Stratonikeia Archaeological Site of Assos Archaeological site of Laodikeia Archaeological Site of Priene Ayvalık Industrial Landscape The Bodrum Castle Historic Town of Birgi The Historical Port City of Izmir Mausoleum and Sacred area of Hecatomnus Medieval City of Beçin Black Sea Region Early Period of Anatolian Turkish Heritage: Niksar, The Capital of Danishmend Dynasty Historic Guild Town of Mudurnu Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary Mahmut Bey Mosque Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings Nature Park of Ballıca Cave Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary) Central Anatolia Region Archaeological Site of Kültepe-Kanesh Basilica Therma (Sarıkaya Roma Hamamı) Gordion Haci Bayram Mosque and its Surrounding Area (the Haci Bayram District) Haci Bektas Veli Complex Historic Town of Beypazarı Historical Monuments of Niğde Ivriz Cultural Landscape Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization Koramaz Valley Lake Tuz Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA) Odunpazari Historical Urban Site Sivrihisar Grand Mosque Tomb of Ahi Evran Eastern Anatolia Region Akdamar Church Archaeological Site of Arslantepe Eshab-ı Kehf Kulliye (Islamic-Ottoman Social Complex) Historic City of Harput Ishak Pasha Palace The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman citadel Tushpa/Van Fortress, the Mound and the Old City of Van Marmara Region The Bridge of Justinian The Bridge of Uzunköprü Çanakkale (Dardanelles) and Gelibolu (Gallipoli) Battles Zones in the First World War İznik Nuruosmaniye Complex Sultan Bayezid II Complex: A Center of Medical Treatment Yıldız Palace Complex Mediterranean Region Alahan Monastery Alanya Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization Ancient City of Anazarbos Ancient City of Kaunos Ancient city of Kibyra Ancient City of Korykos Archaeological Site of Perge Archaeological Site of Sagalassos Eflatun Pinar: The Hittite Spring Sanctuary Eşrefoğlu Mosque Güllük Dagi National Park and Termessos Hatay, St. Pierre Church Karain Cave Karatepe-Aslantaş Archaeological Site Kekova Mamure Castle St. Nicholas Church St.Paul Church, St.Paul's Well and surrounding historic quarters The Theatre and Aqueducts of the Ancient City of Aspendos Vespasianus Titus Tunnel Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop Yivli Minaret Mosque Southeastern Anatolia Region Archeological Site of Zeugma Harran and Şanlıurfa Ismail Fakirullah Tomb and its Light Refraction Mechanism The Malabadi Bridge Mardin Cultural Landscape The Underground Water Structures in Gaziantep; Livas' and Kastels Zerzevan Castle and Mithraeum Zeynel Abidin Mosque Complex and Mor Yakup (Saint Jacob) Church Country-wide Anatolian Seljuks Madrasahs Buruciye Medrese Cacabey Medrese Çifte Medrese Çifte Minareli Medrese (Erzurum) Çifte Minareli Medrese (Sivas) Gök Medrese Ince Minaret Medrese Karatay Medrese Sahabiye Medrese Yakutiye Medrese Mountainous Phrygia Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Dogubeyazit Trading Posts and Fortifications on Genoese Trade Routes from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea Akçakoca Castle Amasra Castle Çandarlı Castle Çeşme Castle Foça Castle Galata Tower Güvercinada Castle Sinop Fortress Yoros Castle Wooden Roofed and Wooden Columned Mosques in Anatolia Afyon Ulu Mosque Aslanhane Mosque Eşrefoğlu Mosque Mahmut Bey Mosque Sivrihisar Grand Mosque  Turkey portal Category Authority control VIAF: 241443567 WorldCat Identities: viaf-241443567 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sardis&oldid=1001538784" Categories: Achaemenid cities Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey Ancient synagogues Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region Buildings and structures in Manisa Province Capitals of former nations Former populated places in Turkey Hellenistic colonies Historic Jewish communities History of Manisa Province New Testament cities Populated places in ancient Lydia Roman towns and cities in Turkey Tourist attractions in Manisa Province World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey Salihli Hidden categories: All articles with incomplete citations Articles with incomplete citations from September 2018 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with Greek-language sources (el) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text Articles containing Old 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