Tutankhamun - Wikipedia Tutankhamun From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search "King Tut" redirects here. For other uses, see King Tut (disambiguation). 14th century BCE (18th dynasty) Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun Tutankhaten, Tutankhamen[1] Tutankhamun's golden mask Pharaoh Reign c. 1334 – 1325 BC, New Kingdom (18th Dynasty) Predecessor Neferneferuaten Successor Ay (granduncle/grandfather-in-law) Royal titulary Prenomen  (Praenomen) Neb-kheperu-re[2][3] The possessor of the manifestation of Re.[4] Nomen Tut-ankh-imen, heqa iunu shemau[2][4] The living image of Amun, Ruler of Southern Heliopolis.[4] Horus name Ka nakht tut mesut[2][3] Victorious bull, the (very) image of (re)birth.[4] Nebty name Nefer hepu, segereh tawy[5][3] Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands.[4] Golden Horus Wetjes khau, sehetep netjeru[2][3] Elevated of appearances, who has satisfied the gods.[4] Consort Ankhesenamun (half-sister) Children Two stillborn daughters, 317a and 317b Father KV55 mummy,[6] identified as most likely Akhenaten Mother The Younger Lady Born c. 1342 BC Died c. 1325 BC (aged 18–19) Burial KV62 Tutankhamun (/ˌtuːtənkɑːˈmuːn/, Ancient Egyptian: twt-ꜥnḫ-jmn), Egyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen (/ˌtuːtənˈkɑːmɛn/)[7] (c. 1342 – c. 1325 BC), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th Dynasty (ruled c. 1334 – 1325 BC in the conventional chronology) during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history. His father was the pharaoh Akhenaten, believed to be the mummy found in the tomb KV55. His mother is his father's sister, identified through DNA testing as an unknown mummy referred to as "The Younger Lady" who was found in KV35.[8] Tutankhamun took the throne at eight or nine years of age under the unprecedented viziership of his eventual successor, Ay, to whom he may have been related. He married his half sister Ankhesenamun. During their marriage they lost two daughters, one at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other shortly after birth at full-term.[9] His names—Tutankhaten and Tutankhamun—are thought to mean "Living image of Aten" and "Living image of Amun", with Aten replaced by Amun after Akhenaten's death. A small number of Egyptologists, including Battiscombe Gunn, believe the translation may be incorrect and closer to "The-life-of-Aten-is-pleasing" or, as Professor Gerhard Fecht believes, reads as "One-perfect-of-life-is-Aten". Tutankhamun restored the Ancient Egyptian religion after its dissolution by his father, enriched and endowed the priestly orders of two important cults and began restoring old monuments damaged during the previous Amarna period. He moved his father's remains to the Valley of the Kings as well as moving the capital from Akhetaten to Thebes. Tutankhamun was physically disabled with a deformity of his left foot along with bone necrosis that required the use of a cane, several of which were found in his tomb. He had other health issues including scoliosis and had contracted several strains of malaria. The 1922 discovery by Howard Carter of Tutankhamun's nearly intact tomb, in excavations funded by Lord Carnarvon,[10] received worldwide press coverage. With over 5,000 artifacts, it sparked a renewed public interest in ancient Egypt, for which Tutankhamun's mask, now in the Egyptian Museum, remains a popular symbol. The deaths of a few involved in the discovery of Tutankhamun's mummy have been popularly attributed to the curse of the pharaohs. He has, since the discovery of his intact tomb, been referred to colloquially as "King Tut". Some of his treasure has traveled worldwide with unprecedented response. The Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities allowed tours beginning in 1962 with the exhibit at the Louvre in Paris, followed by the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art in Tokyo, Japan. The exhibits drew in millions of visitors. The 1972–1979 exhibit was shown in United States, Soviet Union, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. There were no international exhibitions again until 2005–2011. This exhibit featured Tutankhamun's predecessors from the 18th Dynasty, including Hatshepsut and Akhenaten, but did not include the golden death mask. The treasures 2019–2022 tour began in Los Angeles and will end in 2022 at the new Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo, which, for the first time, will be displaying the full Tutankhamun collection, gathered from all of Egypt's museums and storerooms. Contents 1 Family 2 Reign 2.1 End of Armarna period 3 Campaigns, monuments, and construction 4 Health and death 5 Tomb 5.1 Rediscovery 5.2 Contents 5.3 Rumored curse 6 Legacy 6.1 International exhibitions 7 Ancestry 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Family See also: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree Tutankhamun and his queen, Ankhesenamun Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten (originally named Amenhotep IV,[11]) who is believed to be the mummy found in tomb KV55.[12] His mother is one of Akhenaten's sisters.[6] At birth he was named Tutankhaten, a name reflecting the Atenist beliefs of his father. His wet nurse was a woman called Maia, known from her tomb at Saqqara.[13][14][15] While some suggestions have been made that Tutankhamun's mother was Meketaten, (the second daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti) based on a relief from the Royal Tomb at Amarna,[a] given that she was about 10 years old at the time of her death, this has been deemed unlikely.[17] Another interpretation of the relief names Nefertiti as his mother.[b][19] In 2008, genetic analysis was carried out on the mummified remains of Tutankhamun and others thought or known to be New Kingdom royalty by a team from University of Cairo. The results indicated that his father was the KV55 mummy, identified as Akhenaten, and that his mother was the KV35 Younger Lady, who was found to be a full sister of her husband.[20] This means that the KV35 Younger Lady cannot be identified as Nefertiti as she was not known to be a sister of Akhenaten.[21] The team reported it was over 99.99 percent certain that Amenhotep III was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun.[22] The validity and reliability of the genetic data from mummified remains has been questioned due to possible degradation due to decay.[23] Researchers such as Marc Gabolde and Aidan Dodson claim that Nefertiti was indeed Tutankhamun's mother. In this interpretation of the DNA results the genetic closeness is not due to a brother-sister pairing but the result of three generations of first cousin marriage, making Nefertiti a first cousin of Akhenaten.[24] When Tutankhamun became king, he married his half-sister, Ankhesenpaaten, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun.[25] They had two daughters, neither of whom survived infancy.[20] While only an incomplete genetic profile was obtained from the two mummified foetuses, it was enough to confirm that Tutankhamun was their father.[20] Likewise, only partial data for the two female mummies from KV21 has been obtained so far. KV21A has been suggested as the mother of the foetuses but the data is not statistically significant enough to allow her to be securely identified as Ankhesenamun.[20] Computed tomography studies published in 2011 revealed that one daughter was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9 months.[26] Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal line of the 18th Dynasty.[27] Reign Cartouche left: Nomen "Tutankhamun, ruler of Upper Heliopolis".[28] [29] Right: Prenomen "Nebkheperura".[29] Tutankhamun was between eight and nine years of age when he ascended the throne and became Pharaoh,[30] taking the throne name Nebkheperure.[31] He reigned for about nine years.[32] During Tutankhamun's reign the position of Vizier had been split between Upper and Lower Egypt. The principal vizier for Upper Egypt was Usermontu. Another figure named Pentju was also vizier but it is unclear of which lands. It is not entirely known if Ay, Tutankhamun's successor, actually held this position. A gold foil fragment from KV58 seems to indicate, but not certainly, that Ay was referred to as a Priest of Maat along with an epithet of "vizier, doer of maat." The epithet does not fit the usual description used by the regular vizier but might indicate an informal title. It might be that Ay used the title of vizier in an unprecedented manner.[33] An Egyptian priest named Manetho wrote a comprehensive history of ancient Egypt where he refers to a king named Orus, who ruled for 36 years and had a daughter named Acencheres who reigned twelve years and her brother Rathotis who ruled for only nine years.[34][35] The Armana rulers are central in the list but which name corresponds with which historic figure is not agreed upon by researchers. Orus and Acencheres have been identified with Horemheb and Akhenaten and Rathotis with Tutankhamun. The names are also associated with Smenkhkare, Amenhotep III, Ay and the others in differing order.[36] Kings were venerated after their deaths through mortuary cults and associated temples. Tutankhamun was one of the few kings worshiped in this manner during his lifetime.[37] A stela discovered at Karnak and dedicated to Amun-Ra and Tutankhamun indicates that the king could be appealed to in his deified state for forgiveness and to free the petitioner from an ailment caused by sin. Temples of his cult were built as far away as in Kawa and Faras in Nubia. The title of the sister of the Viceroy of Kush included a reference to the deified king, indicative of the universality of his cult.[38] In order for the pharaoh, who held divine office, to be linked to the people and the gods, special epithets were created for them at their accession to the throne. The ancient Egyptian titulary also served to demonstrate one's qualities and link them to the terrestrial realm. The five names were developed over the centuries beginning with the Horus Name.[c][39][40] Tutankhamun's[d] original nomen was Tutankhaten,[41] which did not have a Nebty name[e] or a Gold Falcon name[f] associated with it[43] as nothing has been found with the full five name protocol.[g] Tutankhaten was believed to mean "Living-image-of-Aten" as far back as 1877; however, not all Egyptologists agree with this interpretation. English Egyptologist Battiscombe Gunn believed that the older interpretation did not fit with Akhenaten's theology. Gunn believed that such an name would have been blasphemous. He saw tut as a verb and not a noun and gave his translation in 1926 as The-life-of-Aten-is-pleasing. Professor Gerhard Fecht also believed the word tut was a verb. He noted that Akhenaten used tit as a word for 'image', not tut. Fecht translated the verb tut as "To be perfect/complete". Using Aten as the subject, Fecht's full translation was "One-perfect-of-life-is-Aten". The Hermopolis Block (two carved block fragments discovered in Ashmunein) has a unique spelling of the first nomen written as Tutankhuaten; it uses ankh as a verb, which does support the older translation of Living-image-of-Aten.[43] End of Armarna period Egyptian art of the Armarna period Once crowned and after "Taking council" with the god Amun, Tutankhamun made several endowments that enriched and added to the priestly numbers of the cults of Amun and Ptah. He commissioned new statues of the deities from the best metals and stone and had new processional barques made of the finest cedar from Lebanon and had them embellished with gold and silver. The priests and all of the attending dancers, singers and attendants had their positions restored and a decree of royal protection granted to insure their future stability.[44] Tutankhamun's second year as pharaoh began the return to the old Egyptian order. Both he and his queen removed 'Aten' from their names, replacing it with Amun and moved the capital from Akhetaten to Thebes. He renounced the god Aten, relegating it to obscurity and returned Egyptian religion to its polytheistic form. His first act as a pharaoh was to remove his father's mummy from his tomb at Akhetaten and rebury it in the Valley of the Kings. This helped strengthen his reign. Tutankhamun rebuilt the stelae, shrines and buildings at Karnak. He added works to Luxor as well as beginning the restoration of other temples throughout Egypt that were pillaged by Akhenaten.[45] Campaigns, monuments, and construction The country was economically weak and in turmoil following the reign of Akhenaten. Diplomatic relations with other kingdoms had been neglected, and Tutankhamun sought to restore them, in particular with the Mitanni. Evidence of his success is suggested by the gifts from various countries found in his tomb. Despite his efforts for improved relations, battles with Nubians and Asiatics were recorded in his mortuary temple at Thebes. His tomb contained body armor, folding stools appropriate for military campaigns, and bows, and he was trained in archery.[46] However, given his youth and physical disabilities, which seemed to require the use of a cane in order to walk, most historians speculate that he did not personally take part in these battles.[8][47] Given his age, the king probably had advisers which presumably included Ay (who succeeded Tutankhamun) and General Horemheb, Ay's possible son in law and successor. Horemheb records that the king appointed him "lord of the land" as hereditary prince to maintain law. He also noted his ability to calm the young king when his temper flared.[47] In his third regnal year Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign. He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy. The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood. The capital was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten was abandoned.[48] As part of his restoration, the king initiated building projects, in particular at Karnak in Thebes, where he laid out the sphinx avenue leading to the temple of Mut. The sphinxes were originally made for Akhenaten and Nefertiti; they were given new ram heads and small statues of the king.[49] At Luxor temple he completed the decoration of the entrance colonnade of Amenhotep III.[50] Monuments defaced under Akhenaten were restored, and new cult images of the god Amun were created. The traditional festivals were now celebrated again, including those related to the Apis Bull, Horemakhet, and Opet. His Restoration Stela erected in front of Karnak temple says: The temples of the gods and goddesses ... were in ruins. Their shrines were deserted and overgrown. Their sanctuaries were as non-existent and their courts were used as roads ... the gods turned their backs upon this land ... If anyone made a prayer to a god for advice he would never respond.[51] A building called the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-Beloved-of-Amun-Who-Puts-Thebes-in-Order, which may be identical to a building called Temple-of-Nebkheperre-in-Thebes, a possible mortuary temple, used recycled talatat from Akhenaten's east Karnak Aten temples indicating that the dismantling of these temples was already underway.[52] Many of Tutankhamun's construction projects were uncompleted at the time of his death and were completed by or usurped by his successors, especially Horemheb. The sphinx avenue was completed by his successor Ay and the whole was usurped by Horemheb. The Restoration Stele was usurped by Horemheb; pieces of the Temple-of-Nebkheperure-in-Thebes were recycled into Horemheb's own building projects.[53] Health and death Main article: Tutankhamun's mummy Close-up of Tutankhamun's head Tutankhamun was slight of build, and roughly 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) tall.[54][55] He had large front incisors and an overbite characteristic of the Thutmosid royal line to which he belonged.[56] Analysis of the clothing found in his tomb, particularly the dimensions of his loincloths and belts indicates that he had a narrow waist and rounded hips.[57] In attempts to explain both his unusual depiction in art and his early death it has been theorised that Tutankhamun suffered from gynecomastia,[58] Marfan syndrome, Wilson–Turner X-linked intellectual disability syndrome, Fröhlich syndrome (adiposogenital dystrophy), Klinefelter syndrome, androgen insensitivity syndrome, aromatase excess syndrome in conjunction with sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, Antley–Bixler syndrome or one of its variants.[59] It has also been suggested that he suffered from inherited temporal lobe epilepsy in a bid to explain the religiosity of his great-grandfather Thutmose IV and father Akhenaten and their early deaths.[60] However, caution has been urged in this diagnosis.[61] In January 2005 Tutankhamun's mummy was CT scanned. The results showed that Tutankhamun had a partially cleft hard palate and possibly a mild case of scoliosis.[62][63] The scan also showed his right foot was flat with hypophalangism, while his left foot was clubbed and suffered bone necrosis of the second and third metatarsals (Freiberg disease or Köhler disease II).[64] The affliction may have forced Tutankhamun to walk with the use of a cane, many of which were found in his tomb.[20] Genetic testing through STR analysis rejected the hypothesis of gynecomastia and craniosynostoses (e.g., Antley–Bixler syndrome) or Marfan syndrome.[8] Genetic testing for STEVOR, AMA1, or MSP1 genes specific for Plasmodium falciparum revealed indications of malaria tropica in 4 mummies, including Tutankhamun's.[8] This is currently the oldest known genetic proof of the ailment.[65] The team discovered DNA from several strains of the parasite, indicating that he was repeatedly infected with the most severe strain of malaria. His malaria infections may have caused a fatal immune response in the body or triggered circulatory shock.[66] The CT scan also showed that he had suffered a compound left leg fracture. This injury being the result of modern damage was ruled out based on the ragged edges of the fracture; modern damage features sharp edges. Embalming substances were present within the fracture indicating that it was associated with an open wound; no signs of healing were present.[67] There are no surviving records of the circumstances of Tutankhamun's death; it has been the subject of considerable debate and major studies.[68] Ultimately it has been determined that his death was likely the result of the combination of his multiple weakening disorders, a leg fracture, perhaps as the result of a fall, and a severe malarial infection.[69] The placement of the mummy's embalming incision is unique.[70] This, combined with the two levels of resin inside his skull, have led to suggestions that an initial mummification was carried out by an inexperienced embalmer.[71] Murder by a blow to the head was theorised as a result of the 1968 x-ray which showed two bone fragments inside the skull.[72] This theory was disproved by further analysis of the x-rays and the CT scan. The inter-cranial bone fragments were determined to be the result of the modern unwrapping of the mummy as they are loose and not adherent to the embalming resin.[73] No evidence of bone thinning or calcified membranes, which could be indicative of a fatal blow to the head, were found.[74] It has also been suggested that the young king was killed in a chariot accident due to a pattern of crushing injuries, including the fact that the front part of his chest wall and ribs are missing.[75][76] However, the missing ribs are unlikely to be a result of an injury suffered at the time of death; photographs taken at the conclusion of Carter's excavation in 1926 show that the chest wall of the king was intact, still wearing a beaded collar with falcon-headed terminals. The absence of both the collar and chest wall was noted in the 1968 x-ray[77] and further confirmed by the CT scan.[63] It is likely that the front part of his chest was removed by robbers during the theft of the beaded collar; the intricate beaded skullcap the king was pictured wearing in 1926 was also missing by 1968.[78] A facial reconstruction of Tutankhamun was carried out in 2005 by the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities and National Geographic. Three separate teams—Egyptian, French, and American—worked separately to approximate the face of the boy king. While the Egyptian and French teams knew their subject was Tutankhamun, the American team worked blind. All teams produced very similar results, but it was that of the French team that was ultimately cast in silicone.[79] Tomb Main article: KV62 Tutankhamun was buried in a tomb that was unusually small considering his status. His death may have occurred unexpectedly, before the completion of a grander royal tomb, causing his mummy to be buried in a tomb intended for someone else. This would preserve the observance of the customary 70 days between death and burial.[80] His tomb was robbed at least twice in antiquity, but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb after the intrusions, these robberies likely took place within several months at most of the initial burial. The location of the tomb was lost because it had come to be buried by debris from subsequent tombs, and workers' houses were built over the tomb entrance.[81] Rediscovery George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon The concession rights for excavating the Valley of the Kings was held by Theodore Davis from 1905 until 1914. In that time he had unearthed ten tombs including the nearly intact but non-royal tomb of Queen Tiye's parents, Yuya and Tjuyu. As he continued working there in the later years, he uncovered nothing of major significance.[82] Davis did find several objects in KV58 referring to Tutankhamun, which included knobs and handles bearing his name most significantly the embalming cache of the king (KV54). He believed this to be the pharaoh's lost tomb and published his findings as such with the line; "I fear the Valley of the Tombs is exhausted".[83][84] In 1907, Howard Carter was invited by William Garstin and Gaston Maspero to excavate for George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon in the Valley. The Earl of Carnarvon and Carter had hoped this would lead to their gaining the concession when Davis gave it up but had to be satisfied with excavations in different parts of the Theban Necropolis for seven more years.[85] After a systematic search, beginning in 1915, Carter discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62) in November 1922.[86] By February 1923 the antechamber had been cleared of everything but two sentinel statues. A day and time were selected to unseal the tomb with about twenty appointed witnesses that included Lord Carnarvon, several Egyptian officials, museum representatives and the staff of the Government Press Bureau. On 17 February 1923 at just after two o'clock, the seal was broken.[87] Contents Diagram of Tutankhamun's tomb There were 5,398 items found in the tomb, including a solid gold coffin, face mask, thrones, archery bows, trumpets, a lotus chalice, two Imiut fetishes, gold toe stalls, furniture, food, wine, sandals, and fresh linen underwear. Howard Carter took 10 years to catalog the items.[88] Recent analysis suggests a dagger recovered from the tomb had an iron blade made from a meteorite; study of artifacts of the time including other artifacts from Tutankhamun's tomb could provide valuable insights into metalworking technologies around the Mediterranean at the time.[89][90] Almost 80% of Tutankhamun's burial equipment originated from the female pharaoh Neferneferuaten's funerary goods, including the Mask of Tutankhamun.[91][92] In 2015, English Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves published evidence showing that an earlier cartouche on Tutankhamun's famous gold mask read "Ankhkheperure mery-Neferkheperure" (Ankhkheperure beloved of Akhenaten); therefore, the mask was originally made for Nefertiti, Akhenaten's chief queen, who used the royal name Ankhkheperure when she most likely assumed the throne after her husband's death.[93][34][94] Neferneferuaten may have been deposed in a struggle for power and possibly deprived of a royal burial, or she was buried with a different set of Akhenaten's funerary equipment by Tutankhamun's officials, since Tutankhamun succeeded her as king.[95] Neferneferuaten was likely succeeded by Tutankhamun based on the presence of her funerary goods in his tomb.[93][96] On 4 November 2007, 85 years to the day after Carter's discovery, Tutankhamun's mummy was placed on display in his underground tomb at Luxor, when the linen-wrapped mummy was removed from its golden sarcophagus to a climate-controlled glass box. The case was designed to prevent the heightened rate of decomposition caused by the humidity and warmth from tourists visiting the tomb.[97] In 2009, the tomb was closed for restoration by the Ministry of antiquities and the Getty Conservation Institute. While the closure was originally planned for five years to restore the walls affected by humidity, the Egyptian revolution of 2011 set the project back. The tomb re-opened in February 2019.[98] Rumored curse Howard Carter examining the innermost coffin of Tutankhamun For many years, rumors of a "curse of the pharaohs" (probably fueled by newspapers seeking sales at the time of the discovery)[99] persisted, emphasizing the early death of some of those who had entered the tomb. The most prominent was George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, who died on 5 April 1923, five months after the discovery of the first step leading down to the tomb on 4 November 1922.[100] The cause of Carnarvon's death was pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue).[101] The Earl had been in an automobile accident in 1901 making him very unhealthy and frail. His doctor recommended a warmer climate so in 1903 the Carnarvons traveled to Egypt where the Earl became interested in Egyptology.[100] Along with the stresses of the excavation, Carnarvon was already in a weakened state when an infection led to pneumonia.[102] A study showed that of the 58 people who were present when the tomb and sarcophagus were opened, only eight died within a dozen years;[103] Howard Carter died of lymphoma in 1939 at the age of 64.[104] The last survivors included Lady Evelyn Herbert, Lord Carnarvon's daughter who was among the first people to enter the tomb after its discovery in November 1922, who lived for a further 57 years and died in 1980,[105] and American archaeologist J.O. Kinnaman who died in 1961, 39 years after the event.[106] Legacy The "Egyptian Number" of Life, 19 Apr 1923 Tutankhamun's fame is primarily the result of his well-preserved tomb and the global exhibitions of his associated artifacts. As Jon Manchip White writes, in his foreword to the 1977 edition of Carter's The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, "The pharaoh who in life was one of the least esteemed of Egypt's Pharaohs has become in death the most renowned".[107] The discoveries in the tomb were prominent news in the 1920s. Tutankhamen came to be called by a modern neologism, "King Tut". Ancient Egyptian references became common in popular culture, including Tin Pan Alley songs; the most popular of the latter was "Old King Tut" by Harry Von Tilzer from 1923, which was recorded by such prominent artists of the time as Jones & Hare and Sophie Tucker. "King Tut" became the name of products, businesses, and the pet dog of U.S. President Herbert Hoover.[108] International exhibitions Further information: Exhibitions of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun San Francisco's M. H. de Young Memorial Museum hosted an exhibition of Tutankhamun artifacts in 2009[109] Tutankhamun's artifacts have traveled the world with unprecedented visitorship.[110] The exhibitions began in 1962 when Algeria won its independence from France. With the ending of that conflict, the Louvre Museum in Paris was quickly able to arrange an exhibition of Tutankhamun's treasures through Christiane Desroches Noblecourt. The French Egyptologist was already in Egypt as part of a UNESCO appointment. The French exhibit drew 1.2 million visitors. Noblecourt had also convinced the Egyptian Minister of Culture to allow British photographer George Rainbird to re-photograph the collection in color. The new color photos as well as the Louvre exhibition began a Tutankhamun revival.[111] In 1965, the Tutankhamun exhibit traveled to Tokyo, Japan where it garnered more visitors than the future New York exhibit in 1979. The exhibit was held at the Kyoto Municipal Museum of Art with almost 1.75 million visitors. The blockbuster attraction exceeded all other exhibitions of Tutankhamun's treasures for the next 60 years.[110][112] The Treasures of Tutankhamun tour ran from 1972 to 1979. This exhibition was first shown in London at the British Museum from 30 March until 30 September 1972. More than 1.6 million visitors saw the exhibition.[110][113] The exhibition moved on to many other countries, including the United States, Soviet Union, Japan, France, Canada, and West Germany. The Metropolitan Museum of Art organized the U.S. exhibition, which ran from 17 November 1976 through 15 April 1979. More than eight million attended.[114][115] In 2005, Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, in partnership with Arts and Exhibitions International and the National Geographic Society, launched a tour of Tutankhamun treasures and other 18th Dynasty funerary objects, this time called Tutankhamun and the Golden Age of the Pharaohs. It featured the same exhibits as Tutankhamen: The Golden Hereafter in a slightly different format. It was expected to draw more than three million people but exceeded that with almost four million people attending just the first four tour stops.[116] The exhibition started in Los Angeles, then moved to Fort Lauderdale, Chicago, Philadelphia and London before finally returning to Egypt in August 2008. An encore of the exhibition in the United States ran at the Dallas Museum of Art.[117] After Dallas the exhibition moved to the de Young Museum in San Francisco, followed by the Discovery Times Square Exposition in New York City.[118] Tutankhamun exhibition in 2018 The exhibition visited Australia for the first time, opening at the Melbourne Museum for its only Australian stop before Egypt's treasures returned to Cairo in December 2011.[119] The exhibition included 80 exhibits from the reigns of Tutankhamun's immediate predecessors in the 18th Dynasty, such as Hatshepsut, whose trade policies greatly increased the wealth of that dynasty and enabled the lavish wealth of Tutankhamun's burial artifacts, as well as 50 from Tutankhamun's tomb. The exhibition did not include the gold mask that was a feature of the 1972–1979 tour, as the Egyptian government has decided that damage which occurred to previous artifacts on tours precludes this one from joining them.[120] In 2018, it was announced that the largest collection of Tutankhamun artifacts, amounting to forty percent of the entire collection, would be leaving Egypt again in 2019 for an international tour entitled; "King Tut: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh".[121] The 2019-2022 tour began with an exhibit called; "Tutankhamun, Pharaoh’s Treasures," which launched in Los Angeles and then traveled to Paris. The exhibit featured at the Grande Halle de la Villette in Paris ran from March to September 2019. The exhibit featured one hundred and fifty gold coins, along with various pieces of jewelry, sculpture and carvings, as well as the renowned gold mask of Tutankhamun. Promotion of the exhibit filled the streets of Paris with posters of the event. The full international tour ends with the opening of the new Grand Egyptian Museum in Cairo where the treasures will be permanently housed.[122] Ancestry v t e Tutankhamun ascending family history Based on genetic testing and archeological evidence Thutmose IV (m) Mutemwiya (f) Tjuyu (f)[i] Yuya (m)[i] Amenhotep III (m)[i] Tiye (f)[i] Body identified as KV55EL Nefertiti (f) Akhenaten (m)[i] Body identified in KV55 The Younger Lady (f)[i] Body identified as KV35YL Possibly Nebetah or Beketaten Ankhesenamun (f) Body believed to be KV21A Tutankhamun (m)[i] Child 1 (f) Child 2 (f) Explanatory notes and reference sources Notes: ^ a b c d e f g Cooney - Jasno - pp. 219 - 220 "DNA indicated a probability in excess of 99.99%" that Amenhotep III was the father of the man interred in KV55. The probability that the man interred in KV55 is the father of Tutankhamun was equally as great." "[T]he lock of hair found in Tutankhamun's tomb seemed to link him in some intimate way to KV35EL". "Tiye's parents, Yuya and Thuya, had been found.." "..genetic analysis confirmed KV35EL as their daughter." "Furthermore, and as anticipated, the KV55 mummy genetically matched as the offspring of KV35EL." "Perhaps the most curious results of the genetic fingerprinting came from KV35YL. She proved to be not only a daughter of Amenhotep III and Tiye but also the mother of Tutankhamun."[α] ^ Cooney, Kathlyn M.; Jasnow, Richard (25 August 2015). Joyful in Thebes: Egyptological Studies in Honor of Betsy M. Bryan. Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-41-3. See also Anubis Shrine Head of Nefertem Tutankhamun's mummy Tutankhamun's meteoric iron dagger Tutankhamun's trumpets Notes ^ The relief depicts a child in the arms of a nurse outside a chamber in which Meketaten is being mourned by her parents and siblings, which has been interpreted to indicate she died in childbirth.[16] ^ Part of this interpretation is based on a block from Hermopolis that names a 'King's Son' in conjunction with a 'King's Daughter'.[18] ^ Tutankhamun's Horus Name was Ka nakht tut mesut,[3] translated as; Victorious bull, the (very) image of (re)birth.[4] ^ His second full nomen (also called the Son of Re Name) was; Tut ankh imen, heqa iunu shemau, translated as; The living image of Amun, Ruler of Southern Heliopolis.[4] ^ Tutankahmun's Nebty or Two Ladies Name was; (1): Nefer hepu, segereh tawy,[3] translated as; Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands.[4] (2): Nefer hepu, segereh tawy sehetep netjeru nebu, translated as; Perfect of laws, who has quieted down the Two Lands and pacified all the gods.[4] (3): Wer ah imen, translated as; The great one of the palace of Amun.[42] ^ Tutankhamun's Gold Falcon Name was: (1): Wetjes khau, sehetep netjeru[3] translated as; Elevated of appearances, who has satisfied the gods.[4] *Gold Falcon name (2): Wetjes khau it ef ra, translates as; Who has elevated the appearances of his father Re.[42] ^ Tutankhamun's Prenomen (Throne Name) was: Neb kheperu re,[3][42] translated as: The possessor of the manifestation of Re.[4] which had an epithet added: Heqa maat, translated as; Ruler of Maat.[42] Citations ^ Clayton 2006, p. 128. ^ a b c d Osing & Dreyer 1987, pp. 110–123. ^ a b c d e f g h "Digital Egypt for Universities: Tutankhamun". University College London. 22 June 2003. Retrieved 5 August 2006. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Leprohon 2013, p. 206. ^ Osing & Dreyer 1987, pp. 110-123. ^ a b Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 640–641. ^ "Tutankhamun or Tutankhamen". Collins English Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 24 September 2014. ^ a b c d Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 638–647. ^ Hawass & Saleem 2011, pp. W829-W831. ^ Hawass 2004, p. 73. ^ Roberts 2006, p. 187. ^ Cooney & Jasnow 2015, p. 219. ^ Zivie 1998, pp. 33–54. ^ Chyla, Rosińska-Balik & Debowska-Ludwin 2017, p. 113. ^ Gundlach & Taylor 2009, p. 160. ^ Arnold et al. 1996, p. 115. ^ Brand & Cooper 2009, p. 88. ^ Dodson 2009, p. 13. ^ Gabolde 2000, pp. 107–110. ^ a b c d e Hawass et al. 2010, pp. 642–645. ^ Dodson & Hilton 2010, p. 146. ^ Hawass & Saleem 2016, p. 123. ^ Eaton-Krauss 2015, pp. 6–10. ^ Dodson 2009, pp. 16–17. ^ Hawass & Saleem 2016, p. 89. ^ Hawass & Saleem 2011, pp. W829–W831. ^ Morkot 2004, p. 161. ^ Robinson 2009, pp. 90–91. ^ a b Collier & Manley 2003, p. 28. ^ Hawass 2004, p. 56. ^ "Classroom TUTorials: The Many Names of King Tutankhamun" (PDF). Michael C. Carlos Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. 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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. John Wiley & Sons. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-470-67336-2. ^ Carl Nicholas Reeves (1993). Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun. H.N. Abrams. pp. 62–156. ISBN 978-0-8109-3186-2. ^ Lorna Oakes; Lucia Gahlin (2005). Ancient Egypt: an illustrated reference to the myths, religions, pyramids and temples of the land of the pharaohs. Hermes House. p. 495. ISBN 978-1-84477-451-7. ^ Gordon, Stuart (1995). The Book of Spells, Hexes, and Curses. New York: Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 978-08065-1675-2. ^ David Vernon in Skeptical – a Handbook of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, ed. Donald Laycock, David Vernon, Colin Groves, Simon Brown, Imagecraft, Canberra, 1989, ISBN 0-7316-5794-2, p. 25. ^ Bill Price (21 January 2009). Tutankhamun, Egypt's Most Famous Pharaoh. Harpenden : Pocket Essentials. p. 138. ISBN 9781842432402. ^ "Death Claims Noted Biblical Archaeologist". Lodi News-Sentinel. 8 September 1961. Retrieved 9 May 2014. ^ Carter, Howard; Mace, A.C. (1977). The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen. Dover Publications. ISBN 0486235009. ^ "The First Family's Pets". hoover.archives.gov. The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2019. ^ Travel and Tourism Market Research Yearbook. Richard K. Miller Associates. 2008. p. 200. ^ a b c Sarah Anne Hughes (20 June 2019). Museum and Gallery Publishing: From Theory to Case Study. Taylor & Francis. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-317-09309-1. ^ William Carruthers (11 July 2014). Histories of Egyptology: Interdisciplinary Measures. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-135-01457-5. ^ Thomas R.H. Havens (14 July 2014). Artist and Patron in Postwar Japan: Dance, Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts, 1955-1980. Princeton University Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-4008-5539-1. ^ "Record visitor figures". British Museum. Retrieved 9 December 2018. ^ Mona L. Russell (2013). Egypt. ABC-CLIO. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-59884-233-3. ^ Riggs 2018, p. 216. ^ Paul Cartledge; Fiona Rose Greenland (20 January 2010). Responses to Oliver Stone's Alexander: Film, History, and Cultural Studies. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-299-23283-2. ^ Fritze 2016, p. 242. ^ Nici 2015, p. 31. ^ Proceedings of the 1st International Conference in Safety and Crisis Management in the Construction, Tourism and SME Sectors. Universal-Publishers. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61233-557-5. ^ Jenny Booth (6 January 2005). "CT scan may solve Tutankhamun death riddle". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Limited. ^ Staff writer (16 June 2018). "Tutankhamun exhibition to be hosted in Sydney in 2021 - Egypt Today". Egypt Today. Egypt Today. Retrieved 30 August 2019. ^ Mira Maged (20 March 2019). "King Tutankhamun exhibition in Paris sells 130,000 tickets - Egypt Independent". Al-Masry Al-Youm. Retrieved 30 August 2019. References Arnold, Dorothea; Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff; Green, L.; Allen, James P. (1996). The Royal Women of Amarna: Images of Beauty from Ancient Egypt. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-816-4. OCLC 35292712. Baker, Rosalie F.; Baker, Charles F. (2001). Ancient Egyptians: People of the Pyramids. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-512221-3. Barclay, John M.G. (2006). Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary, Volume 10: Against Apion. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-0405-7. Booysen, Riaan (2013). Thera and the Exodus: The Exodus Explained in Terms of Natural Phenomena and the Human Response to It. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78099-450-5. Brand, Peter Peter James; Cooper, Louise (2009). Causing His Name to Live: Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-17644-7. OCLC 318869912. Braun, David (2012). National Geographic Tales of the Weird: Unbelievable True Stories. National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-1-4262-0965-9. Booth, Charlotte (2007). The Boy Behind the Mask: Meeting the Real Tutankhamun. Oneworld. ISBN 978-1-85168-544-8. OCLC 191804020. Chyla, Julia; Rosińska-Balik, Karolina; Debowska-Ludwin, Joanna (2017). Current Research in Egyptology 17. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-78570-603-5. OCLC 1029884966. Clayton, Peter A. (2006). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28628-9. OCLC 869729880. Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (2003). How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Teach Yourself. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23949-4. OCLC 705578614. Cooney, Kathlyn M.; Jasnow, Richard (2015). Joyful in Thebes: Egyptological Studies in Honor of Betsy M. Bryan. Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1-937040-41-3. OCLC 960643348. Cooney, Kara (30 October 2018). When Women Ruled the World: Six Queens of Egypt. National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-1-4262-1978-8. OCLC 1100619021. Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation. American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-050-4. OCLC 1055144573. Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2010). The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28857-3. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne (2015). The Unknown Tutankhamun. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4725-7563-0. OCLC 1049775714. Gabolde, Marc (2000). D'Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon. Université Lumière-Lyon 2, Institut d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'antiquité. ISBN 9782911971020. OCLC 607262790. Gilbert, Katherine Stoddert; Holt, Joan K.; Hudson, Sara, eds. (1976). Treasures of Tutankhamun. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-87099-156-1. OCLC 865140073. Gundlach, Rolf; Taylor, John H. (2009). 4. Symposium Zur Ägyptischen Königsideologie. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05888-9. OCLC 500749022. Fritze, Ronald H. (2016). Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-685-8. OCLC 1010951566. Hawass, Zahi; et al. (17 February 2010). "Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun's Family" (PDF). The Journal of the American Medical Association. 303 (7): 638–647. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.121. PMID 20159872. Retrieved 27 August 2019. Hawass, Zahi (2004). The Golden Age of Tutankhamun. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-977-424-836-8. OCLC 56358390. Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar (2016). Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-977-416-673-0. OCLC 1078493215. Hawass, Zahi; Saleem, Sahar (2011). "Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeologic and CT Studies". American Journal of Roentgenology. 197 (5): W829–W836. doi:10.2214/AJR.11.6837. ISSN 0361-803X. PMID 22021529. Hoving, Thomas (2002). Tutankhamun: The Untold Story. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-1-4617-3214-3. OCLC 3965932. Kozma, Chahira (2008). "Skeletal dysplasia in ancient Egypt". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A. 146A (23): 3104–3112. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.32501. ISSN 1552-4825. PMID 19006207. S2CID 20360474. Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. SBL Press. ISBN 978-1-58983-736-2. Mackowiak, Philip A. (2013). Diagnosing Giants: Solving the Medical Mysteries of Thirteen Patients Who Changed the World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-936114-4. Morkot, Robert (10 November 2004). The Egyptians: An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-48857-5. OCLC 60448544. Nici, John (2015). Famous Works of Art—And How They Got That Way. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4422-4955-4. OCLC 1035635529. Osing, Jürgen; Dreyer, Günter (1987). Form und Mass: Beiträge zur Literatur, Sprache und Kunst des alten Ägypten : Festschrift für Gerhard Fecht zum 65. Geburtstag am 6. Februar 1987. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-02704-5. Redford, Donald B. (2003). The Oxford Essential Guide to Egyptian Mythology. Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-425-19096-8. Reeves, Carl Nicholas (1990). The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27810-9. OCLC 1104938097. Reeves, Nicholas (2015). "Tutankhamun's Mask Reconsidered (2015)". Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar. 19: 511–526. Retrieved 7 September 2019 – via Academia.edu. Reeves, Nicholas; Wilkinson, Richard H. (1996). The Complete Valley of the Kings. London: Thames and Hudson. OCLC 809290016. Riggs, Christina (2018). Photographing Tutankhamun: Archaeology, Ancient Egypt, and the Archive. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-03853-0. OCLC 1114957945. Roberts, Peter (2006). HSC Ancient History. Pascal Press. ISBN 978-1-74125-179-1. OCLC 225398561. Robinson, Andrew (27 August 2009). Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-0-19-956778-2. OCLC 654777745. Zivie, A. (1998). "La nourrice royale Maïa et ses voisins: cinq tombeaux du Nouvel Empire récemment découverts à Saqqara". Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (in French). 142 (1). Further reading Andritsos, John. Social Studies of Ancient Egypt: Tutankhamun. Australia 2006. Brier, Bob. The Murder of Tutankhamun: A True Story. Putnam Adult, 13 April 1998, ISBN 0-425-16689-9 (paperback), ISBN 0-399-14383-1 (hardcover), ISBN 0-613-28967-6 (School & Library Binding). Carter, Howard and Arthur C. Mace, The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun. Courier Dover Publications, 1 June 1977, ISBN 0-486-23500-9 The semi-popular account of the discovery and opening of the tomb written by the archaeologist responsible. Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane. Sarwat Okasha (Preface), Tutankhamun: Life and Death of a Pharaoh. New York: New York Graphic Society, 1963, ISBN 0-8212-0151-4 (1976 reprint, hardcover), ISBN 0-14-011665-6 (1990 reprint, paperback). Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, The Mummy of Tutankhamun: The CT Scan Report, as printed in Ancient Egypt, June/July 2005. Haag, Michael. The Rough Guide to Tutankhamun: The King: The Treasure: The Dynasty. London 2005. ISBN 1-84353-554-8. Hoving, Thomas. The Search for Tutankhamun: The Untold Story of Adventure and Intrigue Surrounding the Greatest Modern archeological find. New York: Simon & Schuster, 15 October 1978, ISBN 0-671-24305-5 (hardcover), ISBN 0-8154-1186-3 (paperback) This book details a number of anecdotes about the discovery and excavation of the tomb. James, T. G. H. Tutankhamun. New York: Friedman/Fairfax, 1 September 2000, ISBN 1-58663-032-6 (hardcover) A large-format volume by the former Keeper of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, filled with colour illustrations of the funerary furnishings of Tutankhamun, and related objects. Neubert, Otto. Tutankhamun and the Valley of the Kings. London: Granada Publishing Limited, 1972, ISBN 0-583-12141-1 (paperback) First hand account of the discovery of the Tomb. Rossi, Renzo. Tutankhamun. Cincinnati (Ohio) 2007 ISBN 978-0-7153-2763-0, a work all illustrated and coloured. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tutankhamun. Library resources about Tutankhamun Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Grim secrets of Pharaoh's city—BBC News Tutankhamun and the Age of the Golden Pharaohs website British Museum Tutankhamun highlight "Swiss geneticists examine Tutankhamun's genetic profile" by Reuters Ultimate Tut Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead v t e Tutankhamun Family Akhenaten (father) "The Younger Lady" (mother) Ankhesenamun (wife) 317a and 317b mummies (daughters) Amenhotep III (grandfather) Tiye (grandmother) Discovery Howard Carter George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon KV62 (Tutankhamun's tomb) Mask Mummy Anubis Shrine Head of Nefertem Lotus chalice Trumpets Meteoric iron dagger Other Curse of the pharaohs Exhibitions Popular culture Steve Martin song Of Time, Tombs and Treasures (1977 documentary) The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980 film) Mysteries of Egypt (1998 film) Tutenstein (2003 series) The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (2006 film) Tut (2015 miniseries) Tutankhamun (2016 miniseries) v t e Amarna Period Pharaohs Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten Tutankhamun Ay Royal family Tiye Nefertiti Kiya "The Younger Lady" Tey Children Meritaten Meketaten Ankhesenamun Neferneferuaten Tasherit Neferneferure Setepenre Meritaten Tasherit Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit Nobles Officials Mutbenret Aperel Bek Huya Meryre II Nakhtpaaten Panehesy Parennefer Penthu Thutmose Locations Akhetaten Karnak KV55 KV62 Amarna Tombs Other Amarna letters Amarna succession Aten Atenism Dakhamunzu Amarna Art Style v t e Pharaohs Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period  (<3150–2040 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Lower Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Hat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash Upper Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic (3150–2686 BC) I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni IV Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah 1st Intermediate (2181–2040 BC) VII/VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period  (2040–1550 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain Middle Kingdom (2040–1802 BC) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 2nd Intermediate (1802–1550 BC) XIII Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Webenre Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period  (1550–664 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Late Period and Hellenistic Period  (664–30 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain Late (664–332 BC) XXVI Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II XXX Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III Hellenistic (332–30 BC) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetes♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Cleopatra V♀ Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV♀ Ptolemy XIV Ptolemy XV Caesarion Dynastic genealogies 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 11th 12th 18th 19th 20th 21st to 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 30th 31st Ptolemaic List of pharaohs Authority control BNF: cb12008509v (data) GND: 118624792 ISNI: 0000 0000 9993 1817 LCCN: n79066005 NKC: jn20030210005 NLI: 000133311 SUDOC: 028202171 VIAF: 148503630 WorldCat Identities: viaf-148503630 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tutankhamun&oldid=1001822398" Categories: Tutankhamun 1340s BC births 1320s BC deaths 1922 archaeological discoveries 14th-century BC Pharaohs Amarna Period Ancient child rulers Ancient Egyptian mummies Atenism Curses Historical negationism in ancient Egypt Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Royalty and nobility with disabilities Deaths from malaria Deaths from musculoskeletal disorders Disease-related deaths in Egypt People with endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases People with epilepsy Children of Akhenaten Hidden categories: CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text Pages using sfn with unknown parameters CS1 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