List of kings of Babylon - Wikipedia List of kings of Babylon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from King of Babylon) Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikipedia list article King of Babylon šar Bābili Reconstruction of a typical c. 16th/15th–10th century BC Babylonian king Details First monarch Sumu-abum Last monarch Nabonidus (last native king) Shamash-eriba or Nidin-Bel (last native rebel) Phraates IV (last accorded title) Formation c. 1894 BC Abolition 539 BC (last native king) 484 BC or 336/335 BC (last native rebel) c. 2 BC (last accorded title) Appointer Divine right and the Babylonian priesthood The king of Babylon (Akkadian: šar Bābili) was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon and its kingdom, Babylonia, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC. For the majority of its existence as an independent kingdom, Babylon ruled most of southern Mesopotamia, composed of the ancient regions of Sumer and Akkad. The city experienced two major periods of ascendancy, when Babylonian kings rose to dominate large parts of the Ancient Near East; the First Babylonian Empire (or Old Babylonian Empire; 1894–1595 BC according to the middle chronology) and the Second Babylonian Empire (or Neo-Babylonian Empire; 626–539 BC). The title šar Bābili was applied to Babylonian rulers relatively late, from the 8th century BC and onwards. Preceding Babylonian kings had typically used the title viceroy of Babylon (Akkadian: šakkanakki Bābili) out of reverence for Babylon's patron deity Marduk, considered the city's formal "king". Other titles frequently used by the Babylonian monarchs included the geographical titles king of Sumer and Akkad (Akkadian: šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi) and king of Karduniash (Akkadian: šar Karduniaš), "Karduniash" being the name applied to Babylon's kingdom by the city's third dynasty (the Kassites). Many of Babylon's kings were of foreign origin. Throughout the city's nearly two-thousand year history, it was ruled by kings of native Babylonian, Amorite, Kassite, Assyrian, Elamite, Chaldean, Persian, Hellenic and Parthian origin. A king's cultural and ethnic background does not appear to have been important for the Babylonian perception of kingship, the important matter instead being whether the king was capable of executing the duties traditionally ascribed to the Babylonian king; establishing peace and security, upholding justice, honoring civil rights, refraining from unlawful taxation, respecting religious traditions, constructing temples and providing gifts to the gods in them as well as maintaining cultic order. Babylonian revolts of independence directed against Assyrian and Persian rulers probably had little to do with said rulers not being Babylonians and more to do with the rulers rarely visiting Babylon and failing to partake in the city's rituals and traditions. Babylon's last native king was Nabonidus, who reigned from 556 to 539 BC. Nabonidus's rule was ended through Babylon being conquered by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. Though early Achaemenid kings continued to place importance on Babylon and continued using the title "king of Babylon", later Achaemenid rulers being ascribed the title is probably only something done by the Babylonians themselves, with the kings having abandoned it. Though it is doubtful if any later monarchs claimed the title, Babylonian scribes continued to accord it to the rulers of the empires that controlled Babylonia until the time of the Parthian Empire, when Babylon was gradually abandoned. Though Babylonia never regained independence after the Achaemenid conquest, there were several attempts by Babylonians to drive out their foreign rulers and re-establish their kingdom, possibly as late as 336 BC under the rebel Nidin-Bel. Contents 1 Titles 2 Role and legitimacy 3 Amorite dynasty (c. 1894–1595 BC) 4 Interim kings 4.1 First Sealand dynasty 4.2 Early Kassite rulers 5 Kassite dynasty (c. 16th century BC – 1155 BC) 6 Second dynasty of Isin (c. 1157–1026 BC) 7 Second Sealand dynasty (c. 1025–1005 BC) 8 Bazi dynasty (c. 1004–985 BC) 9 Elamite dynasty (c. 984–979 BC) 10 Uncertain/mixed dynasties (c. 978 – 770 BC) 11 Dynasty of E (c. 770–732 BC) 12 Shapi dynasty (732–729 BC) 13 Assyrian dynasty (729–626 BC) 14 Chaldean dynasty (626–539 BC) 15 Post-Neo-Babylonian kings 15.1 Achaemenid dynasty (539–331 BC) 15.2 Argead dynasty (331–309 BC) 15.3 Seleucid dynasty (311–141 BC) 15.4 Arsacid dynasty (141 – c. 2 BC) 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 18.1 Citations 18.2 Bibliography 18.3 Web sources Titles[edit] See also: Akkadian royal titulary Kings Marduk-nadin-ahhe (r. c. 1099–1082 BC, left) and Marduk-zakir-shumi I (r. c. 855–819 BC, right), showing how Babylonian royal attire changed over time Throughout the city's long history, various titles were used to designate the ruler of Babylon and its kingdom, the most common[1] of which were "viceroy/governor of Babylon" (šakkanakki Bābili),[2] "king of Karduniash" (šar Karduniaš)[3] and "king of Sumer and Akkad" (šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi).[4] "viceroy/governor of Babylon" emphasizes the political dominion of the city, whereas the other two refer to southern Mesopotamia as a whole.[1] Use of one of the titles did not mean that the others could not be used simultaneously. For instance, the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III, who conquered Babylon in 729 BC, used all three.[5] The reason why "governor/viceroy of Babylon" was used rather than "king of Babylon" (šar Bābili)[6] for much of the city's history was that the true king of Babylon was formally considered to be its national deity, Marduk. By being titled as šakkanakki rather than šar, the Babylonian king thus showed reverence to the city's god. This practice was ended by the Neo-Assyrian king Sennacherib, who in 705 BC took the title šar Bābili rather than šakkanakki Bābili, something which alongside various other perceived offences contributed to widespread negative reception of the king in Babylonia.[7] Sennacherib's immediate successors, including his son Esarhaddon (r. 681–669 BC) typically used šakkanakki Bābili,[8] though there are examples of Esarhaddon and Esarhaddon's successor Shamash-shum-ukin (r. 668–648 BC) using šar Bābili as well.[9] "King of Babylon", rather than "governor/viceroy", was then used for all following kings. It was used by the Neo-Babylonian kings,[10] and by the early Achaemenid Persian rulers.[6] The Achaemenids used the title king of Babylon and king of the Lands until it was gradually abandoned by Xerxes I in 481 BC after he had to deal with numerous Babylonian revolts.[11] The last Achaemenid king whose inscriptions use this title was Artaxerxes I, the successor of Xerxes I.[12] Later monarchs likely rarely (if at all) used the title, but the rulers of Mesopotamia continued to be accorded it for centuries by the Babylonians themselves, as late as the Parthian period. The Parthian kings were styled in inscriptions as LUGAL (the inscription of šar).[13] The standard Parthian formula, applied for the last few kings mentioned in Akkadian-language sources, was "ar-šá-kam lugal.lugal.meš" (Aršákam šar šarrāni; "Arsaces, king of kings").[14] The final Babylonian documents that mention and name a king are the astronomical diaries LBAT 1184 and LBAT 1193,[14] written during the reign of the Parthian king Phraates IV (r. 37–2 BC), dated to 11 BC and 5 BC, respectively.[15] The title "king of Sumer and Akkad" was introduced during the Third Dynasty of Ur, centuries before Babylon was founded, and allowed rulers to connect themselves to the culture and legacy of the Sumerian and Akkadian civilizations,[16] as well as lay claim on the political hegemony achieved during the ancient Akkadian Empire. Furthermore, the title was a geographical one in that southern Mesopotamia was typically divided into regions called Sumer (the southern regions) and Akkad (the north), meaning that "king of Sumer and Akkad" referred to rule over the entire country.[17] Alongside "king of Babylon", "king of Sumer and Akkad" was used by Babylonian monarchs until the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 539 BC.[4] The title was also used by Cyrus the Great, who conquered Babylon in 539 BC.[18][19][20] "King of Karduniash" was introduced during Babylon's third dynasty, when the city and southern Mesopotamia as a whole was ruled by the Kassites. Karduniaš was the Kassite name for the kingdom centered on Babylon and its territory.[17] The title continued being used long after the Kassites had lost control of Babylon, used for instance as late as by the native Babylonian king Nabu-shuma-ukin I (r. c. 900–888 BC)[21] and by Esarhaddon.[8] Role and legitimacy[edit] The Statue of Marduk as depicted on a 9th century BC cylinder seal The Babylonian kings derived their right to rule from divine appointment by Babylon's patron deity Marduk and through consecration by the city's priests.[22] Marduk's main cult image (often conflated with the god himself), the Statue of Marduk, was prominently used in the coronation rituals for the kings, who received their crowns "out of the hands" of Marduk during the New Year's festival, symbolizing them being bestowed with kingship by the deity.[11] The king's rule and his role as Marduk's vassal on Earth were reaffirmed annually at this time of year, when the king entered the Esagila alone on the fifth day of the New Year's Festival each year and met with the chief priest. The chief priest removed the regalia from the king, slapped him across the face and made him kneel before Marduk's statue. The king would then tell the statue that he had not oppressed his people and that he had maintained order throughout the year, whereafter the chief priest would reply (on behalf of Marduk) that the king could continue to enjoy divine support for his rule, returning the royal regalia.[23] Through being a patron of Babylon's temples, the king extended his generosity towards the Mesopotamian gods, who in turn empowered his rule and lent him their authority.[22] Babylonian kings were expected to establish peace and security, uphold justice, honor civil rights, refrain from unlawful taxation, respect religious traditions and maintain cultic order. None of the king's responsibilities and duties required him to be ethnically or even culturally Babylonian; any foreigner sufficiently familiar with the royal customs of Babylonia could adopt the title,[22] though they might then require the assistance of the native priesthood and the native scribes. Ethnicity and culture does not appear to have been important in the Babylonian perception of kingship; many foreign kings enjoyed support from the Babylonians and several native kings were despised.[24] That the rule of some foreign kings was not supported by the Babylonians probably has little to do with their ethnic or cultural background.[25] What was always more important was whether the ruler was capable of executing the duties of the Babylonian king properly, in line with established Babylonian tradition.[26] The frequent Babylonian revolts against foreign rulers, such as the Assyrians and the Persians, can most likely be attributed to the Assyrian and Persian kings being perceived as failing in their duties as Babylonian monarchs. Since their capitals were elsewhere, they did not regularly partake in the city's rituals (meaning that they could not be celebrated in the same way that they traditionally were) and they rarely performed their traditional duties to the Babylonian cults through constructing temples and presenting cultic gifts to the city's gods. This failure might have been interpreted as the kings thus not having the necessary divine endorsement to be considered true kings of Babylon.[27] Amorite dynasty (c. 1894–1595 BC)[edit] Main article: First Babylonian dynasty The Old Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi (r. c. 1792–1750 BC) The regnal dates below (and for the rest of the list, where applicable) follow Chen (2020),[28] which in turn follows the middle chronology of Mesopotamian history, the chronology most commonly encountered in literature, including most current textbooks on the archaeology and history of the Ancient Near East.[29][30][31] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Sumu-abum Šumu-abum c. 1894 – 1881 BC Babylon's first king; liberated the city from the control of the city-state Kazallu [28] — Sumu-la-El Šumu-la-El c. 1880 – 1845 BC Unclear succession [28] — Sabium Sabūm c. 1844 – 1831 BC Son of Sumu-la-El [28] — Apil-Sin Apil-Sîn c. 1830 – 1813 BC Son of Sabium [28] — Sin-Muballit Sîn-Muballit c. 1812 – 1793 BC Son of Apil-Sin [28] Hammurabi Ḫammu-rāpi c. 1792 – 1750 BC Son of Sin-Muballit [28] — Samsu-iluna Šamšu-iluna c. 1749 – 1712 BC Son of Hammurabi [28] — Abishi Abiši c. 1711 – 1684 BC Son of Samsu-iluna [28] — Ammi-Ditana Ammi-ditāna c. 1683 – 1647 BC Son of Abishi [28] — Ammi-Saduqa Ammi-Saduqa c. 1646 – 1626 BC Son of Ammi-Ditana [28] — Samsu-Ditana Šamšu-ditāna c. 1625 – 1595 BC Son of Ammi-Saduqa [28] Interim kings[edit] Conquest of the Sea-Land by the Kassites. 20th century reconstruction. Samsu-Ditana's reign ended (according to the middle chronology) in 1595 BC with the sack and destruction of Babylon by the Hittites. Babylon and its kingdom would not be firmly re-established until the reign of the Kassite king Agum II.[32] Babylonian king lists consider the kings listed in this section as kings of Babylon between the Amorite dynasty and the Kassite dynasty, though most of them are unlikely to have ruled Babylon itself and the three dynasties likely overlapped significantly.[33] Precise dates for the reigns of these kings are not known.[28] First Sealand dynasty[edit] Main article: Sealand Dynasty The First Sealand dynasty might only have ruled Babylonia itself for the briefest of periods, being based in formerly Sumerian regions south of it. Nevertheless, it is often traditionally numbered the Second Dynasty of Babylon. Little is known of these rulers. They were counted as kings of Babylon in later king lists, succeeding the Amorite dynasty despite overlapping reigns.[33] Ilum-ma-ili (Ilum-ma-ilī), 60 years.[28] Itti-ili-nibi (Itti-ili-nībī), 56(?) years.[28] Damqi-ilishu (Damqi-ilišu), 26(?) years.[28] Ishkibal (Iškibal), 15 years.[28] Shushushi (Šušši), 24 years.[28] Gulkishar (Gulkišar), 55 years.[28] mDIŠ+U-EN (mDIŠ-U-EN; reading unknown), 12 years.[28] Peshgaldaramesh (Pešgaldarameš), son of Gulkishar, 50 years.[28] Ayadaragalama (Ayadaragalama), son of Peshgaldaramesh, 28 years.[28] Akurduana (Akurduana), 26 years.[28] Melamkurkurra (Melamkurkurra), 7 years.[28] Ea-gamil (Ea-gamil), 9 years.[28] Early Kassite rulers[edit] Main article: Early Kassite rulers These kings also did not actually rule Babylon, but succeeding Kassite kings did. Little is known of these rulers. They were counted as kings of Babylon in later king lists, succeeding the Sealand dynasty despite overlapping reigns.[33] Gandash (Gandaš), 26 years.[28] Agum I Mahru (Agum Maḫrû), son of Gandash, 22 years.[28] Kashtiliash I (Kaštiliašu), son of Agum I, 22 years.[28] Abi-Rattash (Abi-Rattaš or Uššiašu), son of Kashtiliash I, 8(?) years.[28] Kashtiliash II (Kaštiliašu).[28] Urzigurumash (Ur-zigurumaš or Tazzigurumaš).[28] Hurbazum (Ḫurbazum or Ḫarba-Šipak).[28] Shipta'ulzi (Šipta’ulzi or Tiptakzi).[28] Kassite dynasty (c. 16th century BC – 1155 BC)[edit] Main article: Kassites Map of Kassite Babylonia in the 13th century BC Map of the Ancient Near East c. 1400 BC Map of the Ancient Near East c. 1300 BC Map of the Ancient Near East c. 1200 BC Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Agum II Kakrime Agum-Kakrime Uncertain Re-established Babylon; son of Urzigurumash [28] — Burnaburiash I Burna-Buriaš Uncertain Son of Agum II [28] — Kashtiliash III Kaštiliašu Uncertain Son of Burnaburiash I [28] — Ulamburiash Ulam-Buriaš Uncertain Son of Burnaburiash I [28] — Agum III Agum Uncertain Son of Kashtiliash III [28] — Karaindash Karaindaš Uncertain Unclear succession [28] — Kadashman-harbe I Kadašman-Ḫarbe Uncertain Unclear succession [28] — Kurigalzu I Kuri-Galzu Uncertain Son of Kadashman-harbe I [28] Kadashman-Enlil I Kadašman-Enlil c. 1374 – 1360 BC Son of Kurigalzu I [28] — Burnaburiash II Burna-Buriaš c. 1359 – 1333 BC Son of Kadashman-Enlil I (?) [28] — Karahardash Kara-ḫardaš c. 1333 BC Son of Burnaburiash II [28] — Nazibugash Nazi-Bugaš or Šuzigaš c. 1333 BC Unrelated to other kings; usurped the throne from Karahardash [28] Kurigalzu II Kuri-Galzu c. 1332 – 1308 BC Son of Burnaburiash II; appointed by the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I [28] — Nazimaruttash Nazi-Maruttaš c. 1307 – 1282 BC Son of Kurigalzu II [28] — Kadashman-Turgu Kadašman-Turgu c. 1281 – 1264 BC Son of Nazi-Maruttash [28] — Kadashman-Enlil II Kadašman-Enlil c. 1263 – 1255 BC Son of Kadashman-Turgu [28] — Kudur-Enlil Kudur-Enlil c. 1254 – 1246 BC Son of Kadashman-Enlil II [28] — Shagarakti-Shuriash Šagarakti-Šuriaš c. 1245 – 1233 BC Son of Kudur-Enlil [28] — Kashtiliash IV Kaštiliašu c. 1232 – 1225 BC Son of Shagarakti-Shuriash [28] — Enlil-nadin-shumi Enlil-nādin-šumi c. 1224 BC Unclear succession [28] — Kadashman-harbe II Kadašman-Ḫarbe c. 1223 BC Unclear succession [28] — Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-šuma-iddina c. 1222 – 1217 BC Unclear succession [28] — Adad-shuma-usur Adad-šuma-uṣur c. 1216 – 1187 BC Descendant (son?) of Kashtiliash IV [28] Meli-Shipak Meli-Šipak or Melišiḫu c. 1186 – 1172 BC Son of Adad-shuma-usur [28] Marduk-apla-iddina I Marduk-apla-iddina c. 1171 – 1159 BC Son of Meli-Shipak [28] Zababa-shuma-iddin Zababa-šuma-iddina c. 1158 BC Unclear succession [28] — Enlil-nadin-ahi Enlil-nādin-aḫe or Enlil-šuma-uṣur c. 1157 – 1155 BC Unclear succession [28] Second dynasty of Isin (c. 1157–1026 BC)[edit] Map of the Ancient Near East c. 1100 BC Named in reference to the ancient Sumerian (First) Dynasty of Isin. Contemporary Babylonian documents refer to this dynasty as BALA PA.ŠE, a paronomasia (play on words) on the term išinnu ("stalk", written as PA.ŠE), interpreted by some as an apparent reference to the city Isin.[34] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu c. 1157 – 1140 BC Unclear succession; early reign overlaps with Enlil-nadin-ahi's reign [28] — Itti-Marduk-balatu Itti-Marduk-balāṭu c. 1139 – 1132 BC Son of Marduk-kabit-ahheshu [28] — Ninurta-nadin-shumi Ninurta-nādin-šumi c. 1131 – 1126 BC Unclear succession [28] Nebuchadnezzar I Nabû-kudurri-uṣur c. 1125 – 1104 BC Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi [28] — Enlil-nadin-apli Enlil-nādin-apli c. 1103 – 1100 BC Son of Nebuchadnezzar I [28] Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē c. 1099 – 1082 BC Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi; usurped the throne from Enlil-nadin-apli [28] — Marduk-shapik-zeri Marduk-šāpik-zēri c. 1081 – 1069 BC Possibly son of either Marduk-nadin-ahhe or Ninurta-nadin-shumi [28] — Adad-apla-iddina Adad-apla-iddina c. 1068 – 1047 BC Appointed by the Assyrian king Ashur-bel-kala [28] — Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-aḫḫē-erība c. 1046 BC Unclear succession [28] — Marduk-zer-X Marduk-zer-X c. 1045 – 1034 BC Unclear succession [28] — Nabu-shum-libur Nabû-šumu-libūr c. 1033 – 1026 BC Unclear succession [28] Second Sealand dynasty (c. 1025–1005 BC)[edit] Evidence that these kings were Kassites, a common assertion, is somewhat lacking.[35] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Simbar-shipak Simbar-Šipak c. 1025 – 1008 BC Usurped the throne from Nabu-shum-libur [28] — Ea-mukin-zeri Ea-mukin-zēri c. 1008 BC Usurped the throne from Simpar-shipak [28] — Kashshu-nadin-ahi Kaššu-nādin-aḫi c. 1007 – 1005 BC Usurped the throne from Ea-mukin-zeri [28] Bazi dynasty (c. 1004–985 BC)[edit] Map of the Ancient Near East c. 1000 BC The Bazi (or Bīt-Bazi) dynasty was a minor Kassite clan. They ruled Babylonia from the city Kar-Marduk, an otherwise unknown location which might have been better protected against raids from nomadic groups than Babylon itself.[36] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Eulmash-shakin-shumi Eulmaš-šākin-šumi c. 1004 – 988 BC Unclear succession [28] — Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur c. 987 – 985 BC Unclear succession [28] — Shirikti-shuqamuna Širikti-šuqamuna c. 985 BC Brother of Ninurta-kudurri-usur I [28] Elamite dynasty (c. 984–979 BC)[edit] The Elamite dynasty only contains a single king, Mar-biti-apla-usur.[28] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Mar-biti-apla-usur Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur c. 984 – 979 BC Described as having Elamite ancestry; unclear succession [28] Uncertain/mixed dynasties (c. 978 – 770 BC)[edit] Map of the Ancient Near East c. 900 BC Sometimes considered part of the subsequent Dynasty of E.[37] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Nabu-mukin-apli Nabû-mukin-apli c. 978 – 943 BC Unclear succession [28] — Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur c. 943 BC Son of Nabu-mukin-apli [28] — Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Mār-bῑti-aḫḫē-idinna Uncertain Son of Nabu-mukin-apli [28] — Shamash-mudammiq Šamaš-mudammiq Uncertain Unclear succession [28] — Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabû-šuma-ukin Uncertain Unclear succession [28] Nabu-apla-iddina Nabû-apla-iddina Uncertain, 33 years? Son of Nabu-shuma-ukin I [28] Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-zâkir-šumi Uncertain, 27 years? Son of Nabu-apla-iddina [28] — Marduk-balassu-iqbi Marduk-balāssu-iqbi Uncertain Son of Marduk-zakir-shumi I [28] — Baba-aha-iddina Bāba-aḫa-iddina Uncertain Unclear succession [28] Interregnum: Babylon experiences a brief interregnum following the end of Baba-aha-iddina's reign. Five consecutive kings, whose names are not recorded, rule briefly during this time.[28] — Ninurta-apla-X Ninurta-apla-X Uncertain Unclear succession [28] — Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-bēl-zēri Uncertain Unclear succession [28] — Marduk-apla-usur Marduk-apla-uṣur Uncertain Unclear succession [28] Dynasty of E (c. 770–732 BC)[edit] The Dynasty of E contains five kings, most of them seemingly unrelated, from Eriba-Marduk to Nabu-shuma-ukin II.[28] Some reconstructions of the line of Babylonian kings consider the entire period from 979 to 732 BC to be the Dynasty of E, including the kings of uncertain/mixed dynasties above.[37] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Eriba-Marduk Erība-Marduk c. 770 – 760 BC A Chaldean chief; unclear succession [28][38] — Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabû-šuma-iškun c. 760 – 748 BC A Chaldean chief; unclear succession [28] — Nabonassar Nabû-nāṣir 748 – 734 BC A Native Babylonian; usurped the throne from Nabu-shuma-ishkun [28] — Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabû-nādin-zēri 734 – 732 BC Son of Nabonassar [28] — Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabû-šuma-ukin 732 BC A Chaldean chief; usurped the throne from Nabu-nadin-zeri [28] Shapi dynasty (732–729 BC)[edit] The brief Shapi dynasty contains only a single king, immediately preceding the Assyrian conquest of Babylon.[28] The sole king of the dynasty, Nabu-mukin-zeri, is sometimes considered part of the subsequent Assyrian dynasty instead (then numbered as Babylon's ninth or tenth dynasty).[37] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Nabu-mukin-zeri Nabû-mukin-zēri 732 – 729 BC A Chaldean chief; usurped the throne from Nabu-shuma-ukin II [28] Assyrian dynasty (729–626 BC)[edit] Main articles: Neo-Assyrian Empire and Sargonid dynasty The Neo-Assyrian Empire in the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III The Neo-Assyrian Empire at the apex of its power in 671 BC, in the reign of Esarhaddon The Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III conquered Babylonia in 729 BC.[39] From his rule and onwards, most of the Assyrian kings were also titled as Kings of Babylon, ruling both Assyria and Babylonia in something akin to a personal union.[40] Vassal kings, sometimes appointed instead of the Assyrian king ruling Babylonia directly, are indicated with darker grey background color. Native Babylonians who rebelled against the ruling dynasty of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and attempted to restore Babylonia's independence are indicated with beige background color. Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Tiglath-Pileser (Tiglath-Pileser III) Tukultī-apil-Ešarra 729 – 727 BC King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire; conquered Babylon [28] Shalmaneser (Shalmaneser V) Šulmanu-ašaridu 727 – 722 BC Son of Tiglath-Pileser III [28] Marduk-apla-iddina II Marduk-apla-iddina (first reign) 722 – 710 BC Native Babylonian rebel; seized power in Babylonia after Shalmaneser V's death, also known as Merodach-Baladan [28] Sargon (Sargon II) Šarru-kīn 710 – 705 BC Claimed to be the son of Tiglath-Pileser III; usurped the throne from Shalmaneser V, conquered Babylon in 710 BC [28] Sennacherib Sîn-ahhe-erība 705 – 703 BC Son of Sargon II [28] — Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-zâkir-šumi 703 BC Native Babylonian rebel [28] Marduk-apla-iddina II Marduk-apla-iddina (second reign) 703 BC Native Babylonian rebel, previously king 722–710 BC; usurped the throne from Marduk-zakir-shumi II [28] — Bel-ibni Bel-ibni 703 – 700 BC Vassal king appointed by Sennacherib [28] — Ashur-nadin-shumi Aššur-nādin-šumi 700 – 694 BC Vassal king appointed by Sennacherib; son of Sennacherib [28] — Nergal-ushezib Nergal-ušezib 694 – 693 BC Native Babylonian rebel [28] — Mushezib-Marduk Mušezib-Marduk 693 – 689 BC Native Babylonian rebel [28] Interregnum 689 – 680 BC: Sennacherib destroyed Babylon in 689 BC, hoping to destroy Babylonia as a political entity after its many rebellions against his rule.[41] The city's reconstruction was announced by his son and successor Esarhaddon in 680 BC.[42] Sennacherib is sometimes listed as Babylon's king during this period.[28] Esarhaddon Aššur-aḫa-iddina 680 – 669 BC Son and successor of Sennacherib in Assyria; rebuilt Babylon [28] Shamash-shum-ukin Šamaš-šuma-ukin 668 – 648 BC Vassal king under Esarhaddon's successor Ashurbanipal; brother of Ashurbanipal and son of Esarhaddon [28] — Kandalanu Kandalānu 648 – 627 BC Vassal king appointed by Ashurbanipal [28] Interregnum 627 – 626 BC: Rule in Assyria was contested between Sinsharishkun and the usurper Sin-shumu-lishir and though both briefly controlled Babylon, neither used the title "king of Babylon", instead using only "king of Assyria".[43] Sinsharishkun and Sin-shumu-lishir are sometimes considered to be the Kings of Babylon 627–626 BC in modern scholarship.[28] Chaldean dynasty (626–539 BC)[edit] Main articles: Neo-Babylonian Empire and Chaldean dynasty Map of the Neo-Babylonian Empire at its height during the reign of its final king, Nabonidus (r. 556–539 BC) The rebel Nabopolassar, proclaimed as Babylon's king in 626 BC, successfully drove out the Assyrians from southern Mesopotamia and had united and consolidated all of Babylonia under his rule by 620 BC, founding the Neo-Babylonian Empire.[44] The Neo-Babylonian (or Chaldean)[28] dynasty was Babylonia's last dynasty of native Mesopotamian monarchs and the fall of their empire in 539 BC marked the end of Babylonia as an independent kingdom.[45] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref — Nabopolassar Nabû-apla-uṣur 626 – 605 BC Native Babylonian rebel; successfully drove out the Assyrians and re-established Babylonia as an independent kingdom [28] Nebuchadnezzar II Nabû-kudurri-uṣur 605 – 562 BC Son of Nabopolassar [28] — Amel-Marduk Amēl-Marduk 562 – 560 BC Son of Nebuchadnezzar II [28] — Neriglissar Nergal-šar-uṣur 560 – 556 BC Son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II; usurped the throne [28][46] — Labashi-Marduk Labaši-Marduk 556 BC Son of Neriglissar [28] Nabonidus Nabû-naʾid 556 – 539 BC Possibly son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar II (or unrelated); usurped the throne from Labashi-Marduk [28][46] Post-Neo-Babylonian kings[edit] Achaemenid dynasty (539–331 BC)[edit] Main article: Achaemenid Empire Borders of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great Map of the Ancient Near East c. 500 BC Map of the Achaemenid Empire and its satrapies c. 480 BC In 539, Cyrus the Great of the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon, which would never again successfully regain independence. The Babylonians had resented their last native king, Nabonidus, over his religious practices and some of his political choices and Cyrus could thus claim to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of Baylon's national deity, Marduk.[47] The early Achaemenid rulers had great respect for Babylonia, regarding the region as a separate entity or kingdom united with their own kingdom in something akin to a personal union.[11] Despite this, the native Babylonians grew to resent their foreign rulers, as they had with the Assyrians earlier, and rebelled several times. The Achaemenid kings continued to use the title "king of Babylon" alongside their other royal titles until the reign of Xerxes I, who dropped the title in 481 BC, divided the previously large Babylonian satrapy and desecrated Babylon after having had to put down a Babylonian revolt.[11] In the king lists of the Babylonians, the Achaemenid kings continued to be recognized as Kings of Babylon until the end of the Achaemenid Empire. The Akkadian (Babylonian) names of the monarchs listed here follow the renderings of the names of these monarchs in the Uruk King List (also known as "King List 5") and the Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period (also known as BKLHP or “King List 6”), as well as how their names are rendered in contract tablets.[48][49] These lists records rulers, identifying them as "kings of Babylon".[50] Native Babylonians who rebelled against the Achaemenids and attempted to restore Babylonia's independence are indicated with beige background color. Vassal kings are indicated with darker grey background color. Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) Kuraš 539 – 530 BC King of the Achaemenid Empire; conquered Babylon [48] Cambyses (Cambyses II) Kambuzīa 538 BC, 530 – 522 BC Son of Cyrus; briefly vassal king under (or co-ruler with) his father in 538 BC as King of Babylon before being dismissed; king again upon Cyrus's death in 530 BC [48][51][52] Bardiya Barzia 522 BC Son of Cyrus or possibly an impostor [49] Nebuchadnezzar III Nabû-kudurri-uṣur 522 BC Native Babylonian rebel; claimed to be a son of Nabonidus, his revolt against Persian rule lasted from October to December 522 BC [53] Darius I the Great Dariamuš 522 – 486 BC Son of Hystaspes, a third cousin of Cyrus; usurped the throne from Bardiya [48] Nebuchadnezzar IV Nabû-kudurri-uṣur 521 BC Babylonian rebel of Armenian descent; claimed to be a son of Nabonidus, his revolt lasted from 25 August to 27 November 521 BC [53] Xerxes I the Great Aḥšiaršu 486 – 465 BC Son of Darius I [11] — Bel-shimanni Bêl-šimânni 484 BC Native Babylonian rebel; rebelled in the summer of 484 BC, ally or rival of Shamash-eriba [54] — Shamash-eriba Šamaš-eriba 484 BC Native Babylonian rebel; rebelled in the summer of 484 BC, ally or rival of Bel-shimanni [54] Artaxerxes I Artakšatsu 465 – 424 BC Son of Xerxes I; the last Achaemenid king documented to have incorporated "king of Babylon" into his own titulary [11][12][49] Xerxes II Aḥšiaršu 424 BC Son of Artaxerxes I [49] — Sogdianus Sogdianu 424 – 423 BC Son of Artaxerxes I; usurped the throne from Xerxes II [49] Darius II Dariamuš 423 – 404 BC Son of Artaxerxes I; usurped the throne from Sogdianus [49] Artaxerxes II Artakšatsu 404 – 358 BC Son of Darius II [49] Artaxerxes III Artakšatsu 358 – 338 BC Son of Artaxerxes II [49] Artaxerxes IV Artakšatsu 338 – 336 BC Son of Artaxerxes III [49] — Nidin-Bel Nidin-Bêl 336 BC or 336 – 335 BC Only mentioned in the Uruk King List; either a scribal error or a native Babylonian rebel who led a brief revolt [48] Darius III Dariamuš 336/335 – 331 BC Great-grandson of Darius II; usurped the throne from Artaxerxes IV [48] Argead dynasty (331–309 BC)[edit] Main article: Macedonian Empire Map of Alexander the Great's empire and the route of his campaigns Map of Alexander the Great's empire and its satrapies c. 323 BC Though they probably did not use the title themselves, Babylonian king lists continue to consider the monarchs of the Hellenistic Argead dynasty, which conquered Babylonia and the rest of the Persian Empire under Alexander the Great in 331 BC, as kings of Babylon. The Akkadian (Babylonian) names of the monarchs listed here follow how their names are rendered in these lists.[48][49][50] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Alexander I the Great (Alexander III) Aliksāndar 331 – 323 BC King of Macedon; conquered the Achaemenid Empire [48] Philip Arrhidaeus (Philip III) Pīlipsu 323 – 317 BC Brother of Alexander the Great [48] Alexander II (Alexander IV) Aliksāndarusu 323 – 309 BC Son of Alexander the Great [50] Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Antigonus Monophthalmus (Antigonus I) Antigūnusu 317 – 311 BC Mentioned in some king lists; Babylonian sources suggest that the Babylonians considered Antigonus's rule illegal and that he should have accepted the sovereignty of Alexander the Great's son [48][50] Seleucid dynasty (311–141 BC)[edit] Main article: Seleucid Empire Map of the Seleucid Empire and the other Diadochi c. 300 BC Babylonian king lists continue to consider the monarchs of the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty, which succeeded the Argeads in Mesopotamia and Persia, as Kings of Babylon. The Akkadian (Babylonian) names of the monarchs listed here follow how their names are rendered in these lists, as well as how their names are rendered in contract tablets.[48][50] The Antiochus Cylinder of Antiochus I (r. 271–261 BC) is the last known example of an ancient Akkadian royal titulary and it accords him several traditional Mesopotamian titles, such as king of Babylon and king of the Universe.[55] Rebel leaders (though none were native Babylonians) and local rulers/usurpers who seized the city and were recognized as kings of Babylon by the Babylonians are marked with light blue color. Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Seleucus I Nicator Siluku 311 – 281 BC General (Diadochus) of Alexander the Great; seized Babylonia and much of Alexander's former eastern lands after Alexander's death, Seleucus did not proclaim himself king until 305 BC but Babylonian sources consider him as such from 311 BC onwards [48] Antiochus I Soter Anti'ukusu 281 – 261 BC Son of Seleucus I [48] Antiochus II Theos Anti'ukusu 261 – 246 BC Son of Antiochus I [48] Seleucus II Callinicus Siluku 246 – 225 BC Son of Antiochus II [48] Seleucus III Ceraunus Siluku 225 – 223 BC Son of Seleucus II [50] Antiochus III the Great Anti'ukusu 222 – 187 BC Son of Seleucus II [50] Seleucus IV Philopator Siluku 187 – 175 BC Son of Antiochus III [50] Antiochus IV Epiphanes Anti'ukusu 175 – 164 BC Son of Antiochus III [50] Antiochus V Eupator Anti'ukusu 164 – 161 BC Son of Antiochus IV [56] Demetrius I Soter Demeṭri 161 – 150 BC Son of Seleucus IV [50] Timarchus Timarkusu 161 – 160 BC Satrap of Media; rebelled against Demetrius I, seized Babylon and was briefly recognized there as king [57] Alexander III Balas (Alexander I) Aliksāndar 150 – 145 BC Claimed to be the son of Antiochus IV; usurped the throne from Demetrius I [58] Demetrius II Nicator Demeṭri 145 – 141 BC Son of Demetrius I; usurped the throne from Alexander Balas [50] Arsacid dynasty (141 – c. 2 BC)[edit] Main article: Parthian Empire Map of the Ancient Near East c. 100 BC, showing the Parthian Empire in the east Borders of the Parthian Empire in the late 1st century BC Babylon and the rest of Mesopotamia was lost by the Seleucids to the Parthian Empire in 141 BC. There are no Babylonian king lists which record any ruler after the Seleucids as a King of Babylon.[50] King List 6 ends, after Demetrius II, with a passage referencing "Arsaces the king", indicating that the list was created in the early years of Parthian rule in Mesopotamia (Arsaces being the regnal name used by all Parthian kings). Because the list is so fragmentary, it is unclear if this Arsaces was formally considered a King of Babylon (as the Persian and Hellenic rulers had been) by the list's author.[59] Under the Parthians, Babylon was gradually abandoned as a major urban center and the old Akkadian culture diminished.[60] Critically, the nearby and newer cities of Seleucia and later Ctesiphon overshadowed Babylon and became the imperial capitals of the region.[61] In the first century or so of Parthian rule, Babylon continued to be somewhat important[60] and documents from this time suggest a continued recognition of at least the early Parthian kings as Babylonian monarchs.[62] The few Babylonian documents that survive from the Parthian era suggest a growing sense of alarm and alienation among the last few Babylonians as the Parthian kings were mostly absent from the city and the Babylonian culture slowly slipped away.[63] When exactly Babylon was abandoned is unclear. Roman author Pliny the Elder wrote in 50 AD that proximity to Seleucia had turned Babylon into a "barren waste" and during their campaigns in the east, Roman emperors Trajan (in 115 AD) and Septimius Severus (in 199 AD) supposedly found the city destroyed and deserted. Archaeological evidence and the writings of Abba Arikha (c. 219 AD) indicate that at least the temples of Babylon were still active in the early 3rd century.[61] Religious reforms in the early Sasanian Empire c. 230 AD would have decisively wiped out the last remnants of the old Babylonian culture, if it still existed at that point.[64] Rebel leaders (though none were native Babylonians) and local rulers/usurpers who seized the city and were recognized as kings of Babylon by the Babylonians are marked with light blue color. Seleucid rulers (who briefly regained Babylon) are indicated with pink color. Image Name Reign Succession & notes Ref Mithridates I the Great Aršákā 141 – 132 BC King of the Parthian Empire; conquered Babylon and the rest of Mesopotamia [65] Phraates I (Phraates II) Aršákā 132 – 130 BC Son of Mithridates I [66][67] Antiochus VI Sidetes (Antiochus VII) Anti'ukusu 130 – 129 BC Seleucid king; restored Seleucid control of Babylonia in 130 BC [68] Artabanus (Artabanus I) Aršákā and Ártabana 129 – 124 BC Brother of Mithridates I; Babylonian documents suggest that the Parthians were recognized as kings again in 129 BC [68][69][70] Hyspaosines Aspāsinē 127 BC Originally a seleucid satrap and then King of Characene; briefly captured Babylon in 127 BC and was recognized by the Babylonians as their king for a few months [69] Mithridates II the Great Aršákā 124 – 91 BC Son of Artabanus [71] Gotarzes (Gotarzes I) Aršákā and Gutárzā 91 – 80 BC[n 1] Son of Mithridates II [73][74] Orodes I Aršákā and Úrudā 80 – 75 BC Son of Gotarzes [75] — Arsaces (Arsaces XVI) Aršákā 75 – 67 BC Obscure Parthian king attested by some sources; Orodes I's more known successor, Sinatruces, is not mentioned in any Babylonian sources, suggesting he never ruled the city [76] Phraates II (Phraates III) Aršákám 67 – 57 BC Son of Sinatruces; captured Babylon [77] Mithridates III (Mithridates IV) Aršákám 57 BC, 55–54 BC Son of Phraates III; lost the throne to Orodes II shortly after gaining it, retook Babylon and the rest of Mesopotamia briefly 55–54 BC [78] Orodes II Aršákám 57–55 BC, 54–37 BC Son of Phraates III; contended with his brother Mithridates in the early years of his reign [78] Phraates III (Phraates IV) Aršákám 37 – 2 BC Son of Orodes II; final ruler attested as king in Babylonian sources (in an astronomical diary from 5 BC)[n 2] [14][15] See also[edit] List of Assyrian kings List of Mesopotamian dynasties Sumerian King List Notes[edit] ^ Some historians place an additional Parthian king, Mithridates III of Parthia, between Gotarzes I and Orodes I, reigning c. 87–80 BC. Babylonian documents only corroborate the rule of Gotarzes I and Orodes I.[72] ^ There are a handful of later cuneiform tablets, but none explicitly name a king. The latest datable tablet is W22340a, dated to 79/80 AD (from the reign of Parthian king Artabanus III). W22340a preserves the word LUGAL (king) but it is too fragmentary to firmly indicate that the intended king is Artabanus III.[79] Furthermore, the tablet was recovered at Uruk,[80] not Babylon (which might have been abandoned at this point).[61] References[edit] Citations[edit] ^ a b Soares 2017, p. 23. ^ Karlsson 2017, p. 2. ^ Goetze 1964, p. 98. ^ a b Da Riva 2013, p. 72. ^ Soares 2017, p. 24. ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 260. ^ Luckenbill 1924, p. 9. ^ a b Soares 2017, p. 28. ^ Karlsson 2017, pp. 6, 11. ^ Stevens 2014, p. 68. ^ a b c d e f Dandamaev 1989, pp. 185–186. ^ a b Waerzeggers 2018, p. 3. ^ Assar 2006, p. 65. ^ a b c Boiy 2004, p. 187. ^ a b Steele 1998, p. 193. ^ Soares 2017, p. 21. ^ a b Soares 2017, p. 22. ^ New Cyrus Cylinder Translation. ^ Cyrus Cylinder Translation. ^ Peat 1989, p. 199. ^ Van Der Meer 1955, p. 42. ^ a b c Zaia 2019, p. 3. ^ Laing & Frost 2017. ^ Zaia 2019, p. 4. ^ Zaia 2019, p. 6. ^ Zaia 2019, p. 7. ^ Zaia 2019, pp. 6–7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds Chen 2020, pp. 202–206. ^ Kuhrt 1997, p. 12. ^ Mieroop 2015, p. 4. ^ Sagona & Zimansky 2009, p. 251. ^ Brinkman 1976, pp. 97–98. ^ a b c Synchronic King List. ^ Brinkman 1999, pp. 183–184. ^ Meissner 1999, p. 8. ^ Brinkman 1982, pp. 296–297. ^ a b c Beaulieu 2018, p. 12. ^ Brinkman & Kennedy 1983, p. 63. ^ Brinkman 1973, p. 90. ^ Van Der Spek 1977, p. 57. ^ Frahm 2014, p. 210. ^ Porter 1993, p. 67. ^ Beaulieu 1997, p. 386. ^ Lipschits 2005, p. 16. ^ Hanish 2008, p. 32. ^ a b Wiseman 1983, p. 12. ^ Nijssen 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lendering 2005. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bertin 1891, p. 51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Van Der Spek 2004. ^ Dandamaev 1990, pp. 726–729. ^ Briant 2002, p. 519. ^ a b Lendering 1998. ^ a b Waerzeggers 2018, p. 12. ^ Stevens 2014, p. 72. ^ Lendering 2006a. ^ Houghton 1979, p. 215. ^ Lendering 2006b. ^ Sachs & Wiseman 1954, p. 209. ^ a b Van Der Spek 2001, p. 449. ^ a b c Brown 2008, p. 77. ^ Van Der Spek 2001, p. 451. ^ Haubold 2019, p. 276. ^ George 2007, p. 64. ^ Van Der Spek 2001, p. 450. ^ Shayegan 2011, pp. 128-129. ^ Assar 2006, p. 58. ^ a b Boiy 2004, p. 172. ^ a b Shayegan 2011, p. 111. ^ Schippmann 1986, pp. 647–650. ^ Van Der Spek 2001, p. 454. ^ Sellwood 1962, p. 73. ^ Van Der Spek 2001, p. 455. ^ Assar 2006, p. 62. ^ Sellwood 1962, pp. 73, 75. ^ Assar 2006, pp. 56, 85. ^ Assar 2006, pp. 87–88. ^ a b Bivar 1983, p. 49. ^ Hunger & de Jong 2014, p. 185. ^ Hunger & de Jong 2014, p. 182. 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"Cyrus "King of Lands," Cambyses "King of Babylon": The Disputed Co-Regency". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. 41 (2): 199–216. doi:10.2307/1359915. JSTOR 1359915. S2CID 163504463. Porter, Barbara N. (1993). Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 9780871692085. Sachs, A. J.; Wiseman, D. J. (1954). "A Babylonian King List of the Hellenistic Period". Iraq. 16 (2): 202–212. doi:10.2307/4199591. JSTOR 4199591. Sagona, A.; Zimansky, P. (2009). Ancient Turkey. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28916-0. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen (2002). "The Personality of Xerxes, King of Kings". Brill's Companion to Herodotus. BRILL. pp. 579–590. doi:10.1163/9789004217584_026. ISBN 9789004217584. Schippmann, K. (1986). "Artabanus (Arsacid kings)". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 6. pp. 647–650. Sellwood, D. G. (1962). "The Parthian Coins of Gotarzes I, Orodes I and Sinatruces". 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ISBN 978-90-429-3670-6. v t e Ancient Mesopotamia Geography Modern Euphrates Upper Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Marshes Persian Gulf Syrian Desert Taurus Mountains Tigris Zagros Mountains Ancient Akkad Assyria Babylonia Chaldea Elam Hittites Media Mitanni Sumer Urartu Cities History Pre- / Protohistory Acheulean Mousterian Trialetian Zarzian Natufian Nemrikian Khiamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) Hassuna/Samarra Halaf Ubaid Uruk Jemdet Nasr Kish civilization History Early Dynastic Akkadian Gutians Simurrum Ur III Isin-Larsa Old Babylonian Kassite Middle Babylonian Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Roman Sasanian Muslim conquest Timeline of the Assyrian Empire Hakkari Languages Akkadian Amorite Aramaic Eblaite Elamite Gutian Hittite Hurrian Luwian Middle Persian Old Persian Parthian Proto-Armenian Sumerian Urartian Culture / Society Architecture Art Cuneiform Akkadian literature Sumerian literature Music Religion Indus-Mesopotamia relations Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Royal titles Archaeology Looting Destruction by ISIL Tell v t e Kings of Babylon Period Dynasty Kings  (rebel vassal king Assyrian ruler†) Old Babylonian Empire (1894–1595 BC) Amorite Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sabium Apil-Sin Sin-Muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-Eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana 1st Sealand Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Kassite period (1595–1157 BC) Kassite Gandash Agum I Kashtiliashu I Abi-Rattash Kashtiliashu II Ur-zigurumash Hurbazum Shipta'ulzi Agum II Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Babylonian period (1157–729 BC) 2nd Isin Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur 2nd Sealand Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Bazi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Elamite Mar-biti-apla-usur Mixed Nabû-mukin-apli Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur E Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Shapi Nabu-mukin-zeri Neo-Assyrian period (729–626 BC) Assyrian Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Shamash-shum-ukin† Kandalanu Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC) Chaldean Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Persian period (539–331 BC) Achaemenid Cyrus Cambyses Bardiya Nebuchadnezzar III Darius I Nebuchadnezzar IV Xerxes I Bel-shimanni Shamash-eriba Artaxerxes I Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Nidin-Bel (?) Darius III Hellenistic period (331–141 BC) Argead Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus Seleucid Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I (Timarchus) Alexander III Demetrius II Parthian period (141–2 BC) Arsacid Mithridates I Phraates II (Antiochus VII) (Hyspaosines) Artabanus I Mithridates II Gotarzes I Orodes I Arsaces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV v t e Ancient Mesopotamian royal titulature Dominion over the world King of All Peoples (šar kiššat nišē) King of the Four Corners of the World (šar kibrāt erbetti) King of the Universe (šar kiššatim) More Dominion over Mesopotamia King of Kings (šar šarrāni) King of Sumer and Akkad (šar māt Šumeri u Akkadi) King of the Lands (šar mātāti) More The king's person Great King (šarru rabu) Mighty King (šarrum dannum) More Specific locations King of Akkad (šar māt Akkadi) King of Assyria (šar māt Aššur) King of Babylon (šar Bābili) King of Sumer (šar māt Šumeri) More Titles rendered in Akkadian language. v t e Rulers of the Ancient Near East Territories/ dates [1][2][3][4] Egypt Canaan Ebla Mari Akshak/ Akkad Kish Uruk Adab Umma Lagash Ur Elam Preceded by: Chronology of the Neolithic period 4000–3200 BCE Naqada culture (4000–3100 BCE) Proto-Cannaanites Sumerian period (4000–2340 BCE) Susa I Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE) Naqada I Naqada II Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Uruk period (4000-3100 BCE) (Anonymous "King-priests") Legendary ante-deluvian rulers: In Eridu: Alulim, Alalngar, then in Bad-tibira: En-men-lu-ana, En-men-gal-ana, Dumuzid, the Shepherd, then in Larag: En-sipad-zid-ana, then in Zimbir: En-men-dur-ana, then in Shuruppag: Ubara-Tutu "then the flood swept over"[5] Susa II (Uruk influence or control) 3200–3100 BCE Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings: Upper Egypt Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Lower Egypt Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash 3100–2900 BCE Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ DenAnedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100-2700 BCE) Great Flood 2900 BCE Second Dynasty of Egypt Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE) First Eblaite Kingdom (Semitic) First kingdom of Mari (Semitic) Kish I dynasty Jushur, Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum, Puannum, Kalibum 2800 BCE Kalumum Zuqaqip Atab Mashda Arwium Etana Balih En-me-nuna Melem-Kish Barsal-nuna Uruk I dynasty Mesh-ki-ang-gasher Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta") 2700 BCE Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE) Zamug, Tizqar, Ilku Iltasadum Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman En-me-barage-si ("made the land of Elam submit")[6] Aga of Kish Gilgamesh Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE) Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2600 BCE Third Dynasty of Egypt Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE) Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum Lagash En-hegal Lugalshaengur Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag Meskalamdug (Queen Puabi) Akalamdug Enun-dara-anna Mes-he Melamanna Lugal-kitun Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu 2575 BCE Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 2500 BCE Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE) Second kingdom of Mari (Semitic) Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba Uruk II dynasty Enshakushanna Mug-si Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur 2450 BCE Fifth Dynasty of Egypt Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik Ush Enakalle Elamite invasions (3 kings)[7] Shushuntarana Napilhush 2425 BCE Kun-Damu Eannatum (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 2400 BCE Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu Urur Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi E-iginimpa'e Meskigal Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (Queen Bara-irnun) Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II Kiku-siwe-tempti 2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of Egypt Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Adab dynasty Lugalannemundu "King of the four quarters of the world" 2370 BCE Isar-Damu Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari Invasion of Mari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[7] Ukush Lugalanda Urukagina Luh-ishan 2350 BCE Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin Uruk III dynasty Lugalzagesi (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 2340 BCE Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE) Akkadian Empire (Semitic) Sargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani 2250 BCE Naram-Sin Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians) 2200 BCE First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt Second Eblaite Kingdom (Semitic) (Vassals of UR III) Shakkanakku dynasty (Semitic) Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (Vassals of the Akkadians) Shar-Kali-Sharri Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku Hishep-Ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak 2150 BCE Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Neo-Sumerian Period (2150–2000 BCE) Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin Gutian dynasty (21 kings) La-erabum Si'um Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians) Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani Tirigan 2125 BCE Tenth Dynasty of Egypt Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (Vassals of Ur III)[8] Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal 2100 BCE Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin Ibbi-Sin 2050 BCE 2000 BCE Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV circa 2000 BCE Amorite invasions Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty) 2025-1763 BCE Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ Third Eblaite Kingdom (Semitic) Ibbit-Lim Immeya Indilimma Old Assyrian Empire (2025–1378 BCE) Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II Isin-Larsa period (Amorites) Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu Sukkalmah dynasty Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 1894–1595 BCE Second Intermediate Period Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abraham (Biblical) Yamhad First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-Ditana Early Kassite rulers Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishu Ishkibal Shushushi Gulkishar mDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh Ayadaragalama Akurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Sixteenth Dynasty Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos") Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar 1531–1155 BCE New Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I Amenhotep I Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite Empire Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte 1155–1025 BCE Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI Third Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II Phoenicia Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon Syro-Hittite states Middle Assyrian Empire Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE) 1025–934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli 911–745 BCE Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V Ninth Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III 745–609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt ("Black Pharaohs") Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty) Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Assyrian conquest of Egypt 626–539 BCE Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madius Cyaxares Astyages 539–331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (Achaemenid conquest of Egypt) Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 331–141 BCE Ptolemaic dynasty Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Ptolemy III Euergetes Ptolemy IV Philopator Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra (regent) Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III Ptolemy IX Lathyros Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra VI Tryphaena Berenice IV Epiphanea Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator Ptolemy XV Caesarion Hellenistic Period Argead dynasty: Alexander I Philip Alexander II Antigonus Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes 141–30 BCE Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I 30 BCE–116 CE Roman Empire (Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Judea Syria 116-117 CE Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan Parthamaspates of Parthia 117–224 CE Syria Palaestina Province of Mesopotamia Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV 224–270 CE Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm 270–273 CE Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia Antiochus 273–395 CE Roman Empire Province of Egypt Syria Palaestina Syria Province of Mesopotamia 395–618 CE Byzantine Empire Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 618–628 CE (Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II 628–641 CE Byzantine Empire Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 639–651 CE Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia Rulers of Ancient Central Asia ^ W. Hallo; W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7. ^ "The Sumerian king list: translation". etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-05-08. ^ Per Sumerian King List ^ a b Per Sumerian King List ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4. Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_kings_of_Babylon&oldid=1002559860" Categories: Babylonian kings Babylonia Lists of monarchs Iraq-related lists Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images CS1: long volume value CS1 errors: missing periodical Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages አማርኛ العربية Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 00:54 (UTC). 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