List of pharaohs - Wikipedia List of pharaohs From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia   (Redirected from Canide (Pharaoh)) Jump to navigation Jump to search Wikipedia list article This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "List of pharaohs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Pharaoh of Egypt The Pschent combined the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt. A typical depiction of a pharaoh. Details Style Five-name titulary First monarch Narmer (a.k.a. Menes) Last monarch Nectanebo II (last native)[1] Cleopatra and Caesarion (last actual) Maximinus Daia (last to be referred to as Pharaoh) [2] Formation c. 3100 BC Abolition 343 BC (last native pharaoh)[1] 30 BC (last Greek pharaohs) 314 AD (last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh)[2] Residence Varies by era Appointer Divine right The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title "Pharaoh" was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the rule of Merneptah in the 19th Dynasty, c. 1200 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties. Egypt was continually governed, at least in part, by native pharaohs for approximately 2500 years, until it was conquered by the Kingdom of Kush in the late 8th century BC, whose rulers adopted the traditional pharaonic titulature for themselves. Following the Kushite conquest, Egypt experienced another period of independent native rule before being conquered by the Achaemenid Empire, whose rulers also adopted the title of "Pharaoh". The last native pharaoh of Egypt was Nectanebo II, who was pharaoh before the Achaemenids conquered Egypt for a second time. Achaemenid rule over Egypt came to an end through the conquests of Alexander the Great in 332 BC, after which it was ruled by the Hellenic Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. Their rule, and the independence of Egypt, came to an end when Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Augustus and subsequent Roman emperors were styled as Pharaoh when in Egypt until the reign of Maximinus Daia in 314 AD. The dates given in this list of pharaohs are approximate. They are based primarily on the conventional chronology of Ancient Egypt, mostly based on the Digital Egypt for Universities[3] database developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, but alternative dates taken from other authorities may be indicated separately. Contents 1 Ancient Egyptian king lists 2 Predynastic period 2.1 Lower Egypt 2.2 Upper Egypt 2.3 Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0 3 Early Dynastic Period 3.1 First Dynasty 3.2 Second Dynasty 4 Old Kingdom 4.1 Third Dynasty 4.2 Fourth Dynasty 4.3 Fifth Dynasty 4.4 Sixth Dynasty 5 First Intermediate Period 5.1 Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined) 5.2 Ninth Dynasty 5.3 Tenth Dynasty 5.4 Eleventh Dynasty 6 Middle Kingdom 6.1 Eleventh Dynasty continued 6.2 Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia 6.3 Twelfth Dynasty 7 Second Intermediate Period 7.1 Thirteenth Dynasty 7.2 Fourteenth Dynasty 7.3 Fifteenth Dynasty 7.4 Abydos Dynasty 7.5 Sixteenth Dynasty 7.6 Seventeenth Dynasty 8 New Kingdom 8.1 Eighteenth Dynasty 8.2 Nineteenth Dynasty 8.3 Twentieth Dynasty 9 Third Intermediate Period 9.1 Twenty-First Dynasty 9.2 Theban High Priests of Amun 9.3 Twenty-Second Dynasty 9.4 Twenty-Third Dynasty 9.5 Twenty-Fourth Dynasty 9.6 Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubian/Kushite Period) 10 Late Period 10.1 Twenty-Sixth Dynasty 10.2 Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (First Persian Period) 10.3 Twenty-Eighth Dynasty 10.4 Twenty-Ninth Dynasty 10.5 Thirtieth Dynasty 10.6 Thirty-First Dynasty (Second Persian Period) 11 Hellenistic period 11.1 Argead Dynasty 11.2 Ptolemaic Dynasty 12 Rome 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Ancient Egyptian king lists[edit] Modern lists of pharaohs are based on historical records, including Ancient Egyptian king lists and later histories, such as Manetho's Aegyptiaca, as well as archaeological evidence. Concerning ancient sources, Egyptologists and historians alike call for caution in regard to the credibility, exactitude and completeness of these sources, many of which were written long after the reigns they report.[4] An additional problem is that ancient king lists are often damaged, inconsistent with one another and/or selective. The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created)):[5] Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names.[6] Palermo stone (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. Giza writing board (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective. South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective. Karnak King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting the First Intermediate Period. Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Ramesseum king list (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II. Saqqara Tablet (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons. Turin King List (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged. Medinet Habu king list (20th Dynasty); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list. Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious. Predynastic period[edit] Main article: Prehistoric Egypt Lower Egypt[edit] Main article: Lower Egypt Lower Egypt geographically consisted of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. The following list may be incomplete: Name Image Comments Reign Hedju Hor Only known from two clay jugs from Tura Naqada II?? Ny-Hor Only known from clay and stone vessels found in tombs near Tarchan, Tura, Tarjan, and Nagada Naqada II?? King 01 (missing) Only known from the Palermo stone[7] Unknown Hsekiu / Seka Only known from the Palermo stone[8] Unknown Khayu Only known from the Palermo stone[9] Unknown Tiu / Teyew Only known from the Palermo stone[10] Unknown Thesh / Tjesh Only known from the Palermo stone[11] Unknown Neheb Only known from the Palermo stone[12] Unknown Wazner Only known from the Palermo stone[13] Ruled around or earlier than 3180 BC Hat-Hor — Around 3180 BC Mekh Only known from the Palermo stone[14] Unknown King 09 (destroyed) Only known from the Palermo stone[14] Unknown Double Falcon May also have ruled in Upper Egypt Naqada III (32nd century BC) Wash Only known from the Narmer Palette[15] Around 3150 BC Naqada III Upper Egypt[edit] Main article: Dynasty 00 Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00. Name Image Comments Reign Finger Snail — The existence of this king is very doubtful.[16] Naqada III Fish[17] — Only known from artifacts that bear his mark, around 3250–3220 BC. He most likely never existed.[16] Naqada III Elephant[18] Around 3240–3220 BC; more than likely never existed Naqada III Stork[19][20] — most likely never existed.[16] Naqada III Bull — most likely never existed.[16] Naqada III Scorpion I — First ruler of Upper Egypt, Around 3250–3200 BC. Naqada III Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0[edit] Main article: Dynasty 0 The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete. Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0". Name Image Comments Dates Iry-Hor Correct chronological position unclear.[21] Around 3170 BC Crocodile Potentially read Shendjw; identity and existence are disputed.[22] Around 3170 BC Ka Maybe read Sekhen rather than Ka. Correct chronological position unclear.[23] Around 3170 BC Scorpion II Potentially read Serqet; possibly the same person as Narmer.[24] Around 3170 BC Early Dynastic Period[edit] Main article: Early Dynastic Period of Egypt The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2686 BC.[25] First Dynasty[edit] Main article: First Dynasty of Egypt The First Dynasty ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC.[25] Name Image Comments Dates Narmer Believed to be the same person as Menes and to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. Around 3100 BC[25] Hor-Aha Son of Narmer Greek form: Athotís. Around 3050 BC Djer Son of Hor-Aha Greek form: Uenéphes (after his Gold name In-nebw); His name and titulary appear on the Palermo Stone. His tomb was later thought to be the legendary tomb of Osiris. 54 years[26] Djet Brother of Djer Greek form: Usapháis. 10 years[27] Den Son of Djet Greek form: Kénkenes (after the ramesside diction of his birthname: Qenqen[28]). First pharaoh depicted wearing the double crown of Egypt, first pharaoh with a full niswt bity-name. 42 years[27] Anedjib Grandson of Djet & nephew of Den Greek form: Miebidós. Known for his ominous nebwy-title.[29] 10 years Semerkhet Son of Anedjib or brother of him Greek form: Semempsés. First Egyptian ruler with a fully developed Nebty name. His complete reign is preserved on the Cairo stone. 8½ years[27] Qa'a Son of Semerkhet Greek form: Bienéches. Ruled very long, his tomb is the last one with subsidiary tombs. 34 years Sneferka Unknown son of Qa’a? Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Horus Bird Brother? Very short reign, correct chronological position unknown. Around 2900 BC Second Dynasty[edit] Main article: Second Dynasty of Egypt The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC.[25] Name Image Comments Dates Hotepsekhemwy[30] Manetho names him Boëthos and claims that under this ruler an earthquake killed many people. 15 years Nebra[31] Greek form: Kaíechós (after the Ramesside cartouche name Kakaw). First ruler who uses the sun-symbol in his royal name, could be identical to king Weneg. 14 years Nynetjer[32] Greek form: Binóthris. May have divided Egypt between his successors, allegedly allowed women to rule like pharaohs. 43–45 years Weneg-Nebty[33] Greek form: Ougotlas/Tlás. Could be an independent ruler or the same as Peribsen, Sekhemib-Perenmaat or Raneb. Around 2740 BC Senedj[34] Greek form: Sethenes. Possibly the same person as Peribsen. This, however, is highly disputed.[35] 47 years (Supposedly) Seth-Peribsen Used a Seth-animal above his serekh rather than an Horus falcon. He promoted the sun-cult in Egypt and reduced the powers of officials, nomarchs and palatines. Some scholars believe that he ruled over a divided Egypt.[36] Unknown Sekhemib-Perenmaat Could be the same person as Seth-Peribsen.[37] Around 2720 BC Neferkara I Greek form: Néphercherés. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. 25 years(according to Manetho) Neferkasokar Greek form: Sesóchris. Known only from Ramesside king lists, not archaeologically attested. Old Kingdom legends claim that this ruler saved Egypt from a long lasting drought.[38] 8 years Hudjefa I Known only from Ramesside king lists, his "name" is actually a paraphrase pointing out that the original name of the king was already lost in Ramesside times. 11 years(According to the Turin Canon) Khasekhem(wy)[39][40] Greek form: Chenerés. May have reunified Egypt after a period of trouble, his serekh name is unique for presenting both Horus and Set. 18 years Old Kingdom[edit] Main article: Old Kingdom of Egypt The Old Kingdom of Egypt is the point of Egypt which succeeded the Early Dynastic Egypt and precedes the troubled First Intermediate Period. The kingdom ruled from 2686 to 2181 BC.[41] Third Dynasty[edit] Main article: Third Dynasty of Egypt The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC.[41] Name Image Comments Dates Djoser[42][43] Hellenized names Sesorthos and Tosórthros. Commissioned the first Pyramid in Egypt, created by chief architect and scribe Imhotep. 19 or 28 years, possibly around 2650 BC[44] Sekhemkhet[45] Greek form: Tyréis (after the ramesside cartouche name for Sekhemkhet, Teti). In the necropolis of his unfinished step pyramid, the remains of a 2-year old infant were found.[46] 2649–2643 BC Sanakht Likely to be identified with the throne name Nebka; Hellenized names Necherôchis and Necherôphes. May have reigned 6 years if identified with the penultimate king of the Dynasty on the Turin canon. Around 2650 BC Khaba Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid, could be identical with Huni. 2643–2637 BC Huni[47] Greek form: Áches. Could be the same as Qahedjet or Khaba. Possibly built an unfinished step pyramid and several cultic pyramids throughout Egypt. Huni was for a long time credited with the building of the pyramid of Meidum. This, however, is disproved by New Kingdom graffiti that praise king Snofru, not Huni. 2637–2613 BC Fourth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Fourth Dynasty of Egypt The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2496 BC.[41] Name Image Comments Dates Sneferu Greek form: Sóris. Reigned 48 years, giving him enough time to build the Meidum Pyramid, the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid. Some scholars believe that he was buried in the Red Pyramid. For a long time it was thought that the Meidum Pyramid was not Sneferu's work, but that of king Huni. Ancient Egyptian documents describe Sneferu as a pious, generous and even accostable ruler.[48] 2613–2589 BC[41] Khufu Greek form: Cheops and Suphis. Built the Great pyramid of Giza. Khufu is depicted as a cruel tyrant by ancient Greek authors, Ancient Egyptian sources however describe him as a generous and pious ruler. He is the main protagonist of the famous Westcar Papyrus. The first imprinted papyri originate from Khufu's reign, which may have made ancient Greek authors believe that Khufu wrote books in attempt to praise the gods. 2589–2566 BC Djedefre Greek form: Rátoises. Some scholars believe he created the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument for his deceased father. He also created a pyramid at Abu Rawash. However, this pyramid is no longer extant; it is believed the Romans re-purposed the materials from which it was made. 2566–2558 BC Khafre Greek form: Chéphren and Suphis II. His pyramid is the second largest in Giza. Some scholars prefer him as the creator of the Great Sphinx before Djedefra. Ancient Greek authors describe Khafra as likewise cruel as Khufu. 2558–2532 BC Baka/Bauefrê Greek form: Bikheris. Could be the owner of the Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan. Around 2570 BC Menkaure Greek form: Menchéres. His pyramid is the third and smallest in Giza. A legend claims that his only daughter died due to an illness and Menkaura buried her in a golden coffin in shape of a cow. 2532–2503 BC Shepseskaf Greek form: Seberchéres. Owner of the Mastabat el-Fara'un. 2503–2498 BC Thamphthis — According to Manetho the last king of the 4th dynasty. He is not archaeologically attested and thus possibly fictional. Around 2500 BC Fifth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Fifth Dynasty of Egypt The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2496 to 2345 BC.[41] Name Image Comments Dates Userkaf Buried in a pyramid in Saqqara. Built the first solar temple at Abusir. 2496–2491 BC Sahure Moved the royal necropolis to Abusir, where he built his pyramid. 2490–2477 BC Neferirkare Kakai Son of Sahure, born with the name Ranefer 2477–2467 BC Neferefre Son of Neferirkare 2460–2458 BC Shepseskare Reigned most likely after Neferefre and for only a few months, possibly a son of Sahure.[49] A few months Nyuserre Ini Brother to Neferefre, built extensively in the Abusir necropolis. 2445–2422 BC Menkauhor Kaiu Last pharaoh to build a sun temple 2422–2414 BC Djedkare Isesi Effected comprehensive reforms of the Egyptian administration. Enjoyed the longest reign of his dynasty, with likely more than 35 years on the throne. 2414–2375 BC Unas The Pyramid of Unas is inscribed with the earliest instance of the pyramid texts 2375–2345 BC Sixth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Sixth Dynasty of Egypt The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC.[41] Name Image Comments Dates Teti According to Manetho, he was murdered. 2345–2333 BC Userkare Reigned 1 to 5 years, may have usurped the throne at the expense of Teti 2333–2332 BC Meryre Pepi I Faced conspiracies and political troubles yet became the most prolific builder of his dynasty 2332–2283 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf I — 2283–2278 BC Neferkare Pepi II Possibly the longest reigning monarch of human history with 94 years on the throne. Alternatively, may have reigned "only" 64 years. 2278–2184 BC Neferka — Reigned during Pepi II; was possibly his son or co-ruler. 2200–2199 BC Merenre Nemtyemsaf II[50] Short lived pharaoh, possibly an aged son of Pepi II. 1 year and 1 month c. 2184 BC Neitiqerty Siptah Identical with Netjerkare. This male king gave rise to the legendary queen Nitocris of Herodotus and Manetho.[51] Sometimes classified as the first king of the combined 7th/8th Dynasties. Short reign: c. 2184–2181 BC First Intermediate Period[edit] Main article: First Intermediate Period of Egypt The First Intermediate Period (2181–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom. The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for more than 64 and likely up to 94 years, longer than any monarch in history. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. The union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine. The kings of the 7th and 8th Dynasties, who represented the successors of the 6th Dynasty, tried to hold onto some power in Memphis but owed much of it to powerful nomarchs. After 20 to 45 years, they were overthrown by a new line of pharaohs based in Herakleopolis Magna. Some time after these events, a rival line based at Thebes revolted against their nominal Northern overlords and united Upper Egypt. Around 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands, thereby starting the Middle Kingdom. Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined)[edit] Main articles: Seventh Dynasty of Egypt and Eighth Dynasty of Egypt The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled for approximately 20–45 years (possibly 2181 to 2160 BC[52]). They comprise numerous ephemeral kings reigning from Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt and, in any case, holding only limited power owing to the effectively feudal system into which the administration had evolved. The list below is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I and taken from Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen[53] as well as from Kim Ryholt's latest reconstruction of the Turin canon, another king list dating to the Ramesside Era.[54] Name Image Comments Dates Menkare Likely attested by a relief fragment from the tomb of queen Neit.[55][56][57] Probably short, Around 2181 BC Neferkare II — Unknown Neferkare (III) Neby Attested by inscriptions in the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, started the construction of a pyramid in Saqqara. Unknown Djedkare Shemai — Unknown Neferkare (IV) Khendu — Unknown Merenhor — Unknown Neferkamin — Unknown Nikare Possibly attested by a cylinder-seal. Unknown Neferkare (V) Tereru — Unknown Neferkahor Attested by a cylinder seal. Unknown Neferkare (VI) Pepiseneb — Unknown to 2171 BC Neferkamin Anu — Around 2170 BC Qakare Ibi Built a pyramid at Saqqara inscribed with the last known instance of the Pyramid Texts 2169–2167 BC Neferkaure Attested by one to three decrees from the temple of Min at Coptos. 2167–2163 BC Neferkauhor Khuwihapi Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and an inscription in the tomb of Shemay. 2163–2161 BC Neferirkare Possibly to be identified with horus Demedjibtawy, in which case he is attested by a decree from the temple of Min. 2161–2160 BC Ninth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Ninth Dynasty of Egypt The Ninth Dynasty[58] ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC.[59] The Turin King List has 18 kings reigning in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are partial.[58] Name Image Comments Dates Meryibre Khety I (Acthoes I) Manetho states that Achthoes founded this dynasty. 2160 BC–unknown — — — Unknown Neferkare VII — — Unknown Nebkaure Khety II (Acthoes II) — Unknown Senenh— or Setut — — Unknown — — — Unknown Mery— — — Unknown Shed— — — Unknown H— — — Unknown Tenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Tenth Dynasty of Egypt The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that held sway over Lower Egypt that ruled from 2130 to 2040 BC.[59] Name Image Comments Dates Meryhathor — 2130 BC–unknown Neferkare VIII — — Between 2130 and 2040 BCE Wahkare Khety (Acthoes III) — Unknown Merykare — Unknown–2040 BC Eleventh Dynasty[edit] Main article: Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group with roots in Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. The 11th dynasty originated from a dynasty of Theban nomarchs serving kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty. Name Image Comments Dates Intef the Elder Iry-pat Theban nomarch serving an unnamed king, later considered a founding figure of the 11th Dynasty. Unknown The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II. Name Image Comments Dates Mentuhotep I Tepy-a Nominally a Theban nomarch but may have ruled independently. Unknown–2133 BC[59] Sehertawy Intef I First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name. 2133–2117 BC[59] Wahankh Intef II Conquered Abydos and its nome. 2117–2068 BC[59] Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further North up to the 17th nome.[60] 2068–2060 BC[59] Middle Kingdom[edit] Main article: Middle Kingdom of Egypt The Middle Kingdom (2060–1802 BC) is the period from the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. In addition to the Twelfth Dynasty, some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom can be noted for the expansion of trade outside of the kingdom that occurred during this time. Eleventh Dynasty continued[edit] The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Name Image Comments Dates Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II[61] Gained all Egypt c. 2015 BC, Middle Kingdom begins, becomes first pharaoh of Middle Kingdom. 2060–2040 BC[59] (King of Upper Egypt Only) 2060–2009 BC[59] (King of Upper and Lower Egypt) Sankhkare Mentuhotep III[62] Commanded the first expedition to Punt of the Middle Kingdom 2009–1997 BC[59] Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV[63] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. May have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I. 1997–1991 BC[59] Enigmatic kings, only attested in Lower Nubia[edit] Name Image Comments Dates Segerseni[64] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Early 20th century BC Qakare Ini[64] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Early 20th century BC Iyibkhentre[64] Obscure pharaoh absent from later king lists; tomb unknown. Only attested in Lower Nubia, most likely an usurper at the end of the Eleventh Dynasty or early Twelfth Dynasty. Early 20th century BC Twelfth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Sehetepibre Amenemhat I[65][66] Possibly overthrew Mentuhotep IV. Assassinated by his own guards. 1991–1962 BC Kheperkare Senusret I[67] (Sesostris I) Built the White Chapel 1971–1926 BC Nubkaure Amenemhat II[68] Ruled for at least 35 years. 1929–1895 BC Khakheperre Senusret II[69] (Sesostris II) — 1897–1878 BC Khakaure Senusret III[70] (Sesostris III) Most powerful of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs. 1878–1860 BC Nimaatre Amenemhat III[71] — 1860–1815 BC Maakherure Amenemhat IV[72] Had a co-regency lasting at least 1 year based on an inscription at Knossos. 1815–1807 BC Sobekkare Sobekneferu[73] The first known archeologically attested female Pharaoh. 1807–1802 BC The position of a possible additional ruler, Seankhibtawy Seankhibra, is uncertain. He may be an ephemeral king, or a name variant of a king of the 12th or 13th Dynasty. Second Intermediate Period[edit] Main article: Second Intermediate Period of Egypt The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) is a period of disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. It is best known as when the Hyksos, whose reign comprised the Fifteenth Dynasty, made their appearance in Egypt. The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty. The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. Sometime around 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, thereby terminating the 13th dynasty. The power vacuum in Upper Egypt resulting from the collapse of the 13th dynasty allowed the 16th dynasty to declare its independence in Thebes, only to be overrun by the Hyksos kings shortly thereafter. Subsequently, as the Hyksos withdrew from Upper Egypt, the native Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty eventually drove the Hyksos back into Asia under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and finally Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom. Thirteenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC and lasted 153 or 154 years according to Manetho. This table should be contrasted with Known kings of the 13th Dynasty. Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I Founded the 13th Dynasty. His reign is well attested. Referred to as Sobekhotep I in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep II in older studies 1802–1800 BC[74] Sonbef Perhaps a brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep and son of Amenemhat IV[74] 1800–1796 BC[74] Nerikare Attested on a Nile record from Semna.[75] 1796 BC Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ruled for 3 to 4 years[74] 1796–1793 BC[74] Ameny Qemau Buried in his pyramid in south Dashur 1795–1792 BC Hotepibre Qemau Siharnedjheritef Also called Sehotepibre 1792–1790 BC Iufni — Only attested on the Turin canon Very short reign, possibly c. 1790 – 1788 BC[74] Seankhibre Amenemhet VI Attested on the Turin Canon.[76] 1788–1785 BC Semenkare Nebnuni Attested on the Turin Canon[77] 1785–1783 BC[74] or 1739 BC[78] Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy Attested on the Turin Canon[79] 1783–1781 BC[74] Sewadjkare — Known only from the Turin canon 1781 BCE Nedjemibre — Known only from the Turin canon 7 months, 1780 BC[74] or 1736 BC[78] Khaankhre Sobekhotep Referred to as Sobekhotep II in dominant hypothesis, known as Sobekhotep I in older studies Reigned c. 3 years, 1780–1777 BC[74] Renseneb — 4 months 1777 BC[74] Awybre Hor I Famous for his intact tomb treasure and Ka statue Reigned 1 year and 6 months, 1777–1775 BC[74] Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Possibly a son of Hor Awibre Estimated reign 3 years, 1775–1772 BC[74] Djedkheperew Possibly a son of Hor Awibre and brother of Khabaw, previously identified with Khendjer Estimated reign 2 years, 1772–1770 BC[74] Sebkay Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.[74] Sedjefakare A well known king attested on numerous stelas and other documents. 5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC[74] Khutawyre Wegaf Founder of the dynasty in old studies Around 1767 BC Khendjer Possibly the first semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid at Saqqara Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC Imyremeshaw Attested by two colossal statues Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC[74] or 1711 BC.[80] Sehetepkare Intef IV — Less than 10 years Seth Meribre — Reign ended 1749 BCE Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III 4 years and 2 months 1755–1751 BC Khasekhemre Neferhotep I 11 years 1751–1740 BC Menwadjre Sihathor Ephemeral coregent with his brother Neferhotep I, may not have reigned independently. 1739 BC[74] Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV 10 or 11 years 1740–1730 BC Merhotepre Sobekhotep V — 1730 BC Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI 4 years 8 months and 29 days Around 1725 BC Wahibre Ibiau 10 years and 8 months 1725–1714 BC or 1712–1701 BC[74] Merneferre Ay I Longest reigning king of the dynasty 23 years, 8 months and 18 days, 1701–1677 BC[74] or 1714–1691 BC Merhotepre Ini Possibly a son of his predecessor 2 Years 3 or 4 Months and 9 days, 1677–1675 BC[74] or 1691–1689 BC Sankhenre Sewadjtu — Attested only on the Turin canon 3 years and 2–4 months, 1675–1672 BC[74] Mersekhemre Ined May be the same person as Neferhotep II 3 years, 1672–1669 BC[74] Sewadjkare Hori — 5 years 5 years Merkawre Sobekhotep VII 2 years and 6 months[74] 1664–1663 BC[74] Seven kings — Names lost in a lacuna of the Turin canon[74] 1663 BC –?[74] Mer[...]re — — Unknown Merkheperre — Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC[74] Merkare — Attested only on the Turin canon Some time between 1663 BC and 1649 BC[74] Name lost — — Unknown Sewadjare Mentuhotep V — Around 1655 BC[74] [...]mosre — — Unknown Ibi [...]maatre — — Unknown Hor[...] [...]webenre — — Unknown Se...kare — Unknown Unknown Seheqenre Sankhptahi May be the son of his predecessor Between 1663-1649 BC ...re — Unknown Unknown Se...enre — Unknown Unknown–1649 BC[74] The position of the following kings is uncertain: Name Image Comments Dates Dedumose I Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Around 1654 Dedumose II Possibly a king of the 16th dynasty Unknown Sewahenre Senebmiu Late 13th dynasty. After 1660 BC.[74] Snaaib Possibly a king of the Abydos Dynasty Unknown Mershepsesre Ini II Late 13th dynasty. Unknown Fourteenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris,[81] that ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. The dynasty comprised many rulers with West Semitic names and is thus believed to have been Canaanite in origin. It is here given according to Ryholt, however this reconstruction of the dynasty is heavily debated with the position of the five kings preceding Nehesy highly disputed. Name Image Comments Dates Yakbim Sekhaenre Chronological position uncertain, here given according to Ryholt[81] 1805–1780 BC Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt[81] 1780–1770 BC Qareh Khawoserre[81] Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt[81] 1770–1760 BC 'Ammu Ahotepre[81] Chronological position uncertain, here given per Ryholt[81] 1760–1745 BC Sheshi[82] Chronological position, duration of reign and extend of rule uncertain, here given according to Ryholt.[81] Alternatively, he could be an early Hyksos king, a Hyksos ruler of the second part of the 15th Dynasty or a vassal of the Hyksos. 1745–1705 BC Nehesy Short reign, perhaps a son of Sheshi[81] Around 1705 Khakherewre — — Unknown Nebefawre — — Around 1704 BC Sehebre — Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh[74] Around 1704 to 1699 BC Merdjefare Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh[74] Around 1699 BC Sewadjkare III — — Unknown Nebdjefare — — 1694 BC Webenre — — Unknown — — — Unknown Djefare? — — Unknown Webenre — — Around 1690 BC Nebsenre[81] Attested by a jar bearing his prenomen At least 5 months of reign, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Sekheperenre[81] Attested by a single scarab seal 2 months, some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC Anati Djedkare[81] — Only known from the Turin canon Unknown Bebnum[81] — Only known from the Turin canon Some time between 1690 BC and 1649 BC 'Apepi[81] — Possibly attested as a king's son by 5 scarabs-seals c. 1650 BC The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain: Name Image Comments Dates Nuya[74] Attested by a scarab-seal Unknown Wazad[74] May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Around 1700 BC ? Sheneh[74] May be identifiable with Sehebre or Merdjefare Unknown Shenshek[74] Attested by a scarab-seal Unknown Khamure[74] — Unknown Yakareb[74] — Unknown Yaqub-Har[82] May belong to the 14th dynasty, the 15th dynasty or be a vassal of the Hyksos. Possibly the Pharaoh that was mentioned in Genesis 41. 17th–16th centuries BC The Turin King List provides additional names, none of which are attested beyond the list. Fifteenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Fifteenth Dynasty arose from among the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent to establish a short-lived governance over much of the Nile region, and ruled from 1674 to 1535 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Semqen Chronological position uncertain. 1649 BC – Unknown 'Aper-'Anat Chronological position uncertain. Unknown Sakir-Har — — Unknown Khyan Apex of the Hyksos' power, conquered Thebes toward the end of his reign 30–40 years Apepi — 40 years or more Khamudi — 1555–1544 BC Abydos Dynasty[edit] Main article: Abydos Dynasty The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC.[83][84][85] Four attested kings may be tentatively attributed to the Abydos Dynasty, and they are given here without regard for their (unknown) chronological order: Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemraneferkhau Wepwawetemsaf May belong to the late 16th Dynasty[86] Uncertain Sekhemrekhutawy Pantjeny May belong to the late 16th Dynasty[86] Uncertain Menkhaure Snaaib May belong to the late 13th Dynasty.[87][88][89] Uncertain Woseribre Senebkay Tomb discovered in 2014. Perhaps identifiable with a Woser[...]re of the Turin canon. Around 1650 BC Sixteenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty emerging from the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. The 16th dynasty held sway over Upper Egypt only. Name Image Comments Dates — — Name of the first king is lost here in the Turin King List and cannot be recovered Unknown Sekhemresementawy Djehuti – 3 years Sekhemreseusertawy Sobekhotep VIII – 16 years Sekhemresankhtawy Neferhotep III – 1 year Seankhenre Mentuhotepi May be a king of the 17th Dynasty[88] 1 year Sewadjenre Nebiryraw I – 26 years Neferkare(?) Nebiryraw II – Around 1600 BC Semenre – Around 1600 BC Seuserenre Bebiankh – 12 years Djedhotepre Dedumose I May be a king of the 13th Dynasty[88] Around 1588-1582 BC Djedneferre Dedumose II – Around 1588-1582 BC Djedankhre Montemsaf – Around 1590 BC Merankhre Mentuhotep VI – Short reign, around 1585 BC Seneferibre Senusret IV – Unknown Sekhemre Shedwast — May be the same as Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II Unknown The 16th Dynasty may also have comprised the reigns of pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III[90] and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain.[87][88] Seventeenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Sekhemrewahkhaw Rahotep — Around 1620 BC Sekhemre Wadjkhaw Sobekemsaf I — At least 7 years Sekhemre Shedtawy Sobekemsaf II His tomb was robbed and burned during the reign of Ramesses IX. Unknown to around 1573 BC Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef V — Possibly around 1573-1571 BC Nubkheperre Intef VI Reigned more than 3 years Around 1571 to the mid-1560s BC Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef VII — Late 1560s BC Senakhtenre Ahmose — Around 1558 BC Seqenenre Tao Died in battle against the Hyksos. 1558–1554 BC Wadjkheperre Kamose — 1554–1549 BC The early 17th Dynasty may also have included the reign of a pharaoh Nebmaatre, whose chronological position is uncertain.[74] New Kingdom[edit] Main article: New Kingdom of Egypt The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) is the period covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC, between the Second Intermediate Period, and the Third Intermediate Period. Through military dominance abroad, the New Kingdom saw Egypt's greatest territorial extent. It expanded far into Nubia in the south, and held wide territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria. Three of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as the first instance of monotheism, Tutankhamun known for the discovery of his nearly intact tomb, and Ramesses II who attempted to recover the territories in modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. His reconquest led to the Battle of Qadesh, where he led the Egyptian armies against the army of the Hittite king Muwatalli II. Eighteenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Nebpehtire Ahmose I, Ahmosis I Brother and successor to Kamose, conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos. Around 1550–1525 BC; Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC[91] Djeserkare Amenhotep I Son of Ahmose I. 1541–1520 BC Aakheperkare Thutmose I Father unknown, though possibly Amenhotep I. His mother is known to be Senseneb. Expanded Egypt's territorial extent during his reign. 1520–1492 BC Aakheperenre Thutmose II Son of Thutmose I. Grandson of Amenhotep I through his mother, Mutnofret. 1492–1479 BC Maatkare Hatshepsut The second known female ruler of Egypt. May have ruled jointly with her nephew Thutmose III during the early part of her reign. Famous for her expedition to Punt documented on her famous Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahari. Built many temples and monuments. Ruled during the height of Egypt's power. Was the daughter of Thutmose I and the Great Wife of her brother Thutmose II. 1479–1458 BC Menkheperre Thutmose III Son of Thutmose II. May have ruled jointly with Hatshepsut, his aunt and step-mother, during the early part of her reign. Famous for his territorial expansion into the Levant and Nubia. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire was at its greatest extent. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. Before the end of his reign, he obliterated Hatshepsut's name and image from temples and monuments. 1458–1425 BC Aakheperrure Amenhotep II Son of Thutmose III. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. 1425–1400 BC Menkheperure Thutmose IV Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. Ruled during the height of Egypt's Power. 1400–1390 BC Nebmaatre Amenhotep III The Magnificent King Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Built many temples and monuments, including his enormous Mortuary Temple. Was the son of Thutmose IV. 1390–1352 BC Neferkheperure-waenre Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten, an image of the sun disc. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Was the second son of Amenhotep III. He changed his name from Amenhotep (Amun is pleased) to Akhenaten (Effective for the Aten) to reflect his religion change. 1352–1336 BC Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign. Unknown if Smenkhare ever ruled in his own right. Identity and even the gender of Smenkhare is uncertain. Some suggest he may have been the son of Akhenaten, possibly the same person as Tutankhamun; others speculate Smenkhare may have been Nefertiti or Meritaten. May have been succeeded by or identical with a female Pharaoh named Neferneferuaten. 1335–1334 BC Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure/Neferneferuaten A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare. Archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period. It is likely she was Nefertiti. 1334-1332 BC Nebkheperure Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, most likely reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion. His name change from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun reflects the change in religion from the monolatristic Atenism to the classic religion, of which Amun is a major deity. He is thought to have taken the throne at around age eight or nine and to have died around age eighteen or nineteen, giving him the nickname "The Boy King." Tutankhamun was a weak ruler suffering from multiple health issues. However, he became famous for being buried in a decorative tomb intended for someone else called KV62. 1332–1324 BC Kheperkheperure Ay (II) Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare. Possibly the brother of Tiye, Great Wife of Amenhotep III, and also possibly father of Nefertiti, Great Wife of Akhenaten. Believed to have been born into nobility, but not royalty. Succeeded Tutankhamun due to his lack of an heir. 1324–1320 BC Djeserkheperure-setpenre Horemheb Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. Obliterated Images of the Amarna Pharaohs and destroyed and vandalized buildings and monuments associated with them. Succeeded Ay despite Nakhtmin being the intended heir. 1320–1292 BC Nineteenth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs: Rameses II the Great. Name Image Comments Dates Menpehtire Ramesses I[92] Of non-royal birth. Succeeded Horemheb due to his lack of an heir. 1292–1290 BC Menmaatre Seti I Regained much of the territory that was lost under the reign of Akhenaten. 1290–1279 BC Usermaatre-setpenre Ramesses II the Great Continued expanding Egypt's territory until he reached a stalemate with the Hittite Empire at the Battle of Kadesh in 1275 BC, after which the famous Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty was signed in 1258 BC. Had one of the longest Egyptian reigns. 1279–1213 BC Banenre Merenptah[93] Thirteenth son of Ramesses II. 1213–1203 BC Menmire-setpenre Amenmesse Most likely a usurper to the throne. Possibly ruled in opposition to Seti II. Suggested son of Merneptah. 1203–1200 BC Userkheperure Seti II[94] Son of Merneptah. May have had to overcome a contest by Amenmesse before he could solidify his claim to the throne. 1203–1197 BC Sekhaenre/Akhenre Merenptah Siptah[95] Possibly son of Seti II or Amenmesse, ascended to throne at a young age. 1197–1191 BC Satre-merenamun Tausret Probably the wife of Seti II. Also known as Twosret or Tawosret. 1191–1190 BC Twentieth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Userkhaure Setnakhte Not related to Seti II, Siptah, or Tausret. May have usurped the throne from Tausret. Did not recognize Siptah or Tausret as legitimate rulers. Possibly a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family. Also called Setnakt. 1190–1186 BC Usermaatre-meryamun Ramesses III Son of Setnakhte. Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC. Possibly assassinated (Harem conspiracy). 1186–1155 BC Usermaatre/Heqamaatre-setpenamun Ramesses IV Son of Ramesses III. During his reign, Egyptian power started to decline. 1155–1149 BC Usermaatre-sekheperenre Ramesses V Son of Ramesses IV 1149–1145 BC Nebmaatre-meryamun Ramesses VI Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV. Uncle of Ramesses V. 1145–1137 BC Usermaatre-setpenre-meryamun Ramesses VII Son of Ramesses VI. 1137–1130 BC Usermaatre-akhenamun Ramesses VIII An obscure Pharaoh, who reigned only around a year. Identifiable with Prince Sethiherkhepeshef II. Son of Ramesses III. Brother of Ramesses IV and Ramesses VI. Uncle of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. He is the sole Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty whose tomb has not been found. 1130–1129 BC Neferkare-setpenre Ramesses IX Probably grandson of Ramesses III through his father, Montuherkhopshef. First cousin of Ramesses V and Ramesses VII. 1129–1111 BC Khepermaatre-setpenptah Ramesses X[96] A poorly documented Pharaoh, his reign was between 3 and 10 years long. His origins are completely uncertain. 1111–1107 BC Menmaatre-setpenptah Ramesses XI[97] Possibly the son of Ramesses X. During the second half of his reign, High Priest of Amun Herihor ruled over the south from Thebes, limiting his power to Lower (Northern) Egypt. He was succeeded in the north by Smendes. 1107–1077 BC Third Intermediate Period[edit] Main article: Third Intermediate Period of Egypt The Third Intermediate Period (1077–664 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom after the collapse of the Egyptian empire. A number of dynasties of Libyan origin ruled, giving this period its alternative name of the Libyan Period. Twenty-First Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. Theoretically, they were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre-setpenre Nesbanebdjed I (Smendes I)[98] Married to Tentamun, probable daughter of Ramesses XI. 1077–1051 BC Neferkare Heqawaset Amenemnisu Obscure four-year reign. 1051–1047 BC Aakheperre Pasebakhenniut I (Psusennes I) Son of Pinedjem I, a High Priest of Amun. Ruled for 40 to 51 years. Famous for his intact tomb at Tanis. Known as "The Silver Pharaoh" due to the magnificent silver coffin he was buried in. One of the most powerful rulers of the Dynasty. 1047–1001 BC Usermaatre Amenemope Son of Psusennes I. 1001–992 BC Aakheperre Setepenre Osorkon (Osorkon the Elder) Son of Shoshenq A, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya). Also known as Osochor. 992–986 BC Netjerikheperre-setpenamun Siamun-meryamun Unknown Origins. Built extensively for a third intermediate period Pharaoh. One of the most powerful rulers of the dynasty. 986–967 BC Titkheperure Pasebakhenniut II (Psusennes II) Son of Pinedjem II, a High Priest of Amun. 967–943 BC Theban High Priests of Amun[edit] Main article: Theban High Priests of Amun Though not officially pharaohs, the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were the de facto rulers of Upper Egypt during the Twenty-first dynasty, writing their names in cartouches and being buried in royal tombs. Name Image Comments Dates Herihor First High Priest of Amun to claim to be pharaoh. He ruled in the south in Thebes, while Ramesses XI ruled from the north in Pi-Ramesses. Some sources suggest he may have reigned after Piankh. 1080–1074 BC Piankh Some sources suggest he may have reigned before Herihor. 1074–1070 BC Pinedjem I Son of Piankh. Father of Psusennes I. 1070–1032 BC Masaharta Son of Pinedjem I. 1054–1045 BC Djedkhonsuefankh Son of Pinedjem I. 1046–1045 BC Menkheperre Son of Pinedjem I. 1045–992 BC Nesbanebdjed II (Smendes II) Son of Menkheperre. 992–990 BC Pinedjem II Son of Menkheperre, Father of Psusennes II. 990–976 BC Pasebakhaennuit III (Psusennes III) — Possibly the same person as Psusennes II. Either he or Pinedjem II is generally considered to be the last High Priest of Amun to consider himself as a pharaoh-like figure. 976–943 BC Twenty-Second Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre-setepenre Shoshenq I Son of Nimlot A, a brother of Osorkon the Elder and a Great Chief of the Meshwesh (Libya). Possibly the biblical Shishaq. 943–922 BC Sekhemkheperre Osorkon I Son of Shoshenq I. 922–887 BC Heqakheperre Shoshenq II Obscure pharaoh, possibly a usurper. 887–885 BC Tutkheperre Shoshenq IIb — Obscure pharaoh, placement uncertain. 880s BC Hedjkheperre Harsiese An obscure rebel, at Thebes. 880–860 BC Takelot I Son of Osorkon I. 885–872 BC Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon II Son of Takelot I. 872–837 BC Usermaatre-setepenre Shoshenq III — 837–798 BC Shoshenq IV — 798–785 BC Usermaatre-setepenre Pami — 785–778 BC Aakheperre Shoshenq V — 778–740 BC Usermaatre Osorkon IV — 740–720 BC Twenty-Third Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-Third Dynasty was a local group, again of Libyan origin, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes that ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot II Previously thought to be a 22nd Dynasty pharaoh, he is now known to be the founder of the 23rd. 837–813 BC Usermaatre-setepenamun Pedubast A rebel—seized Thebes from Takelot II. 826–801 BC Usermaatre-setepenamun Iuput I — Co-regent with Pedubast. 812–811 BC Usermaatre Shoshenq VI — Successor to Pedubast. 801–795 BC Usermaatre-setepenamun Osorkon III Son of Takelot II; recovered Thebes, then proclaimed himself king. 795–767 BC Usermaatre-setpenamun Takelot III Co-reign with his father Osorkon III for the first five years of his reign. 773–765 BC Usermaatre-setpenamun Rudamun Younger son of Osorkon III and brother of Takelot III. 765–762 BC Hedjkheperre Setepenre Shoshenq VII A poorly attested king. Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler: Name Image Comments Dates Menkheperre Ini Reigned at Thebes only. 762–Unknown BC Twenty-Fourth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty located in the western Delta (Sais), with only two pharaohs ruling from 732 to 720 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Shepsesre Tefnakhte — 732–725 BC Wahkare Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) — 725–720 BC Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubian/Kushite Period)[edit] Main article: Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC. Name Image Comments Dates Usermaatre Piye King of Nubia; conquered Egypt in his 20th year; full reign at least 24 years, possibly 30+ years 744–714 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau[99] Djedkaure Shebitku Believed to be Shabaka's successor until the 2010s 714–705 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau[99] Neferkare Shabaka Believed to be Shebitku's predecessor until the 2010s 705–690 BC, according to Frédéric Payraudeau[99] Khuinefertemre Taharqa Died in 664 BC 690–664 BC[100] Bakare Tantamani Lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC when Psamtik I extended his authority into Thebes in that year. 664–653 BC They were ultimately driven back into Nubia, where they established a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – AD 500). Late Period[edit] Main article: Late Period of Ancient Egypt The Late Period runs from around 664 to 332 BC, and includes periods of rule by native Egyptians and Persians. Twenty-Sixth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 664 to 525 BC.[101] Name Image Comments Dates Tefnakht II Manetho's Stephinates. May have been a descendant of the Twenty-fourth Dynasty. The father of Necho I. 685–678 BC Nekauba — Manetho's Nechepsos. His existence has been questioned. 678–672 BC Menkheperre Nekau I (Necho I) Was killed by an invading Kushite force in 664 BC under Tantamani. Father of Psamtik I. 672–664 BC The son and successor of Necho I, Psamtik I, managed to reunify Egypt and is generally regarded as the founder of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Name Image Comments Dates Wahibre Psamtik I (Psammetichus I) Reunified Egypt. Son of Necho I and father of Necho II. 664–610 BC[100] Wehemibre Necho II (Necho II) Most likely the pharaoh mentioned in several books of the Bible and the death of Josiah. Son of Psamtik I and father of Psamtik II. 610–595 BC[100] Neferibre Psamtik II (Psammetichus II) Son of Necho II and father of Apries. 595–589 BC[100] Haaibre Wahibre (Apries) Fled Egypt after Amasis II (who was a general at the time) declared himself pharaoh following a civil war. Son of Psamtik II. 589–570 BC[100] Khnemibre Ahmose II (Amasis II) He was the last great ruler of Egypt before the Persian conquest. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, he was of common origins. Father of Psamtik III. 570–526 BC[100] Ankhkaenre Psamtik III (Psammetichus III) Son of Amasis II. Ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians in the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed for attempting to revolt. 526–525 BC[100] Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (First Persian Period)[edit] Main article: Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and constituted a satrapy as part of this empire until 404 BC. The Achaemenid Shahanshahs were acknowledged as Pharaohs in this era, forming the 27th Dynasty: Name Image Comments Dates Cambyses (Cambyses II) Defeated Psamtik III at the Battle of Pelusium at 525 BC. 525–1 July 522 BC[100] Smerdis (Bardiya) — Son of Cyrus the Great. 522 BC[100] Petubastis III[102] A native Egyptian rebel in the Delta. 522/21–520 BC Darius I the Great Ascended throne by overthrowing Gaumata[103] 522–November 486 BC[100] Psammetichus IV[102] — A proposed native Egyptian rebel leader. Exact date uncertain. Possibly in the 480s BC Xerxes I the Great Assassinated by Artabanus of Persia. November 486–December 465 BC[100] Artabanus the Hyrcanian — — 465-464 BC Artaxerxes I Longhand Died in 424 BC 464–424 BC Xerxes II — A claimant. 424–423 BC[100] Sogdianus — A claimant. 423–July 423 BC[100] Darius II Died in 404 BC July 423–March 404 BC[100] Twenty-Eighth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only 6 years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one pharaoh: Name Image Comments Dates Amyrtaeus Descendant of the Saite pharaohs of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty; led a successful revolt against the Persians. 404–398 BC Twenty-Ninth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Baenre Nefaarud I Also known as Nepherites. Defeated Amyrtaeus in open battle and had him executed. 399–393 BC Khenemmaatre Hakor (Achoris) Son of Nefaarud I. Around 392–around 391 BC Psammuthes Possibly dethroned Hakor for a year. Around 391 BC Hakor (restored) Retook the throne from Psammuthes. Around 390–around 379 BC Nefaarud II — Was deposed and likely killed by Nectanebo I after ruling for only 4 months. Son of Hakor. Around 379 BC Thirtieth Dynasty[edit] Main article: Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC:[104] Name Image Comments Dates Kheperkare Nekhtnebef (Nectanebo I) Also known as Nekhtnebef. Deposed and likely killed Nefaarud II, starting the last dynasty of native Egyptians. Father of Teos. 379–361 BC Irimaatenre Djedher (Teos) Co-regent with his father Nectanebo I from about 365 BC. Was overthrown by Nectanebo II with the aid of Agesilaus II of Sparta. 361–359 BC Senedjemibre Nakhthorhebyt (Nectanebo II) Last native ruler of ancient Egypt[105] to be recognized by Manetho. 359–342 BC Thirty-First Dynasty (Second Persian Period)[edit] Main article: Thirty-first dynasty of Egypt Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. After the practice of Manetho, the Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are occasionally designated as the Thirty-first Dynasty: Name Image Comments Dates Artaxerxes III Egypt came under Persian rule for the second time. 343–September 338 BC[104] Artaxerxes IV Arses Only reigned in Lower Egypt. 338–336 BC Khababash Rebel pharaoh who led an invasion in Nubia. 338–335 BC[104] Darius III Upper Egypt returned to Persian control in 335 BC. The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. 336–332 BC Hellenistic period[edit] Main article: Hellenistic period Argead Dynasty[edit] Main article: Argead dynasty The Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great ushered in the Hellenistic period with his conquest of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC: Name Image Comments Dates Setepenre-meryamun Alexander III (Alexander the Great) Macedon conquered Persia and Egypt. 332–13 June 323 BC[106] Philip III Arrhidaeus Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander the Great. 323–317 BC Haaibre Alexander IV Son of Alexander III the Great and Roxana. 317–309 BC Ptolemaic Dynasty[edit] Main article: Ptolemaic Kingdom The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC (whenever two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency). The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII, in modern times known simply as Cleopatra, who was successively the consort of Julius Caesar and, after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, having children with both of them. Cleopatra strove to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome, but the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony doomed her plans.[citation needed] Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus, but the historical evidence does not exist.[citation needed] Name Image Comments Dates Setepenre-meryamun Ptolemy I Soter Abdicated in 285 BC[citation needed] 7 November 305–January 282 BC[104] Weserkare-meryamun Ptolemy II Philadelphos — 28 March 284–28 January 246 BC Arsinoe II Wife of Ptolemy II c. 277–July 270 BC[104] Ptolemy III Euergetes I — 28 January 246–November/December 222 BC Berenice II Wife of Ptolemy III. Was Murdered. 244/243–222 BC Ptolemy IV Philopator Died in unclear circumstances, possibly by fire in the palace or murder. November/December 222–July/August 204 BC Arsinoe III Wife of Ptolemy IV. Was Murdered. 220–204 BC Hugronaphor — Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 205–199 BC Ankhmakis — Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 199–185 BC Ptolemy V Epiphanes Upper Egypt in revolt 207–186 BC July/August 204–September 180 BC Cleopatra I Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority c. February 193–176 BC[107] Ptolemy VI Philometor Died 145 BC 180–October 164 BC[107] Cleopatra II Wife of Ptolemy VI 175-October 164 BC Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC. Died 116 BC 171–163 BC Ptolemy VI Philometor Egypt under the control of Ptolemy VIII 164 BC–163 BC; Ptolemy VI restored 163 BC 163–July 145 BC[107] Cleopatra II Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against him in 131 BC and became sole ruler of Egypt. 163–127 BC Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Proclaimed co-ruler by his father; later ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II 145–144 BC Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Restored 145–131 BC Cleopatra III Second wife of Ptolemy VIII. Was murdered by her own son Ptolemy X. 142–131 BC Ptolemy Memphites — Proclaimed King by Cleopatra II; soon killed by Ptolemy VIII 131 BC Harsiesi — Revolutionary pharaoh in the South 131–130 BC Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Restored 127–116 BC Cleopatra III Restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. 127–107 BC Cleopatra II Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. 124–116 BC Ptolemy IX Soter II Died 80 BC 116–110 BC Cleopatra IV Briefly married to Ptolemy IX, but was pushed out by Cleopatra III. Later murdered. 116–115 BC Ptolemy X Alexander I Died 88 BC 110–109 BC Berenice III Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered on his orders 19 days later 81–80 BC Ptolemy XI Alexander II — Young son of Ptolemy X Alexander; installed by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being lynched by citizens for killing Berenice III 80 BC Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC 80–58 BC Cleopatra V Tryphaena — Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV 79–68 BC Cleopatra VI — Daughter of Ptolemy XII, but theorised by some Egyptologists to actually be the same person as Cleopatra V.[108] 58–57 BC Berenice IV — Daughter of Ptolemy XII; forced to marry Seleucus Kybiosaktes, but had him strangled. Joint rule with Cleopatra VI until 57 BC. 58–55 BC Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Restored; reigned briefly with his daughter Cleopatra VII before his death 55–51 BC Cleopatra VII Jointly with her father Ptolemy XII, her brother Ptolemy XIII, her brother-husband Ptolemy XIV, and her son Ptolemy XV; in modern usage, the stand-alone use of Cleopatra with no ordinal number usually refers to Cleopatra VII. Committed suicide. 31 May 52[109]–12 August 30 BC Ptolemy XIII Brother of Cleopatra VII 51–13 January 47 BC Arsinoe IV In opposition to Cleopatra VII December 48–January 47 BC Ptolemy XIV Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII 13 January 47–26 July 44 BC Ptolemy XV Infant son of Cleopatra VII; aged 3 when proclaimed co-ruler with Cleopatra. Last known ruler of ancient Egypt when Rome took over. 2 September 44–August 30 BC Rome[edit] Main article: Roman pharaoh Egyptian relief depicting the Roman Emperor Trajan (right, reigned 98–117 AD) in full pharaonic style. Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daia (reigned 311–313 AD).[2][110] See also[edit] Ancient Egypt portal Monarchy portal Egyptian chronology History of Egypt List of Ancient Egyptian Royal Consorts References[edit] ^ a b Clayton 1995, p. 217. "Although paying lip-service to the old ideas and religion, in varying degrees, pharaonic Egypt had in effect died with the last native pharaoh, Nectanebo II in 343 BC" ^ a b c von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Verlag Philipp von Zabern. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-3422008328. ^ "Digital Egypt for Universities". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-02-12. ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 2012, ISBN 1-136-60247-X, p. 50. ^ Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Royal Annals Of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 2012, ISBN 1-136-60247-X, p. 61. ^ Cervello-Autuori, Josep (2003). "Narmer, Menes and the Seals from Abydos". In Hawass, Zahi (ed.). Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists, 2000. 2. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 168–75. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 259. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 259. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 139. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 199. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 138. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 181. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 311. ^ a b Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, p. 137. ^ Felde, Rolf: Gottheiten, Pharaonen und Beamte im alten Ägypten, Norderstedt 2017, S. 125. ^ a b c d Barry Kemp (a1), Andrew Boyce and James Harrell, The Colossi from the Early Shrine at Coptos in Egypt, in: Cambridge Archaeological Journal Volume 10, Issue 2April 2000, 233 ^ zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Band 37 ^ Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens (= Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205). Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1, p. 91. ^ [1] ^ [2] ^ P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene. In: Bulletin de L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO) 112. Ausgabe 2012, S. 381–395. ^ Günter Dreyer: Horus Krokodil, ein Gegenkönig der Dynastie 0. In: Renee Friedman and Barbara Adams (Hrsg.): The Followers of Horus, Studies dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman, 1949–1990 (= Egyptian Studies Association Publication, vol. 2). Oxbow Publications, Bloomington (IN) 1992, ISBN 0-946897-44-1, p. 259–263. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (= Münchner ägyptologische Studien, vol. 49. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, p. 36–37. ^ Toby Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt: Strategy, Society and Security. Routeledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, p. 38, 56 & 57. ^ a b c d Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 81. 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Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich/Berlin 1969, p. 31–33. ^ Wilkinson (1999) p. 79 ^ Wilkinson (1999) pp. 87–88 ^ Pascal Vernus, Jean Yoyotte, The Book of the Pharaohs, Cornell University Press 2003, p.27 ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 1984, ISBN 3-422-00832-2, page 171. ^ Toby A.H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 2002, ISBN 1-134-66420-6, p. 75–76. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2. verbesserte und erweiterte Auflage. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, S. 44–45. ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, page 175. ^ [3] King Khasekhem ^ [4] King Khasekhemwy ^ a b c d e f Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 82. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ Wilkinson, Toby (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. pp. 83 & 95. ISBN 0-415-18633-1. ^ Wilkinson, Toby. Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. pp. 79 & 258. ^ "Pharaohs - Timeline Index". www.timelineindex.com. Retrieved 2020-03-23. ^ Clayton (1994) p.32 ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). Geheimnis der Pyramiden (in German). Düsseldorf: Econ. pp. 94–96. ISBN 3-572-01039-X. ^ Clayton (1994) p.42 ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen. Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3, S. 278–279. ^ Miroslav Verner (2000): Who was Shepseskara, and when did he reign?, in: Miroslav Bárta, Jaromír Krejčí (editors): Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute, Prague, ISBN 80-85425-39-4, p. 581–602, available online Archived 2011-02-01 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Dodson & Hilton (2004) p.73 ^ Ryholt & Bardrum (2000) pp.87–100. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 82-83. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz : P. von Zabern, 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2591-6, available online Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine ^ Kim Ryholt: "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris", Zeitschrift für ägyptische, 127, 2000, p. 99 ^ Gustave Jéquier, Maṣlaḥat al-Āthār (1993): Les pyramides des reines Neit et Apouit (in French), Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale, OCLC 195690029, see plate 5. ^ Percy Newberry (1943): Queen Nitocris of the Sixth Dynasty, in: The Journal of Egyptian Archeology, vol. 29, pp=51–54 ^ Gae Callender: Queen Neit-ikrety/Nitokris, in: Miroslav Barta, Filip Coppens, Jaromic Krecji (editors): Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2010/1, Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, 2011, ISBN 978-80-7308-384-7, see pp. 249–250 ^ a b Turin Kinglist, Columns IV,18 to V,10, Ancient Egypt dot org. 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Digital Egypt for Universities. ^ Grajetzki (2006) pp. 61–63 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao K.S.B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997 ^ "Nerikare", Wikipedia, 2018-11-02, retrieved 2019-10-06 ^ "Amenemhet VI", Wikipedia, 2019-09-21, retrieved 2019-10-06 ^ "Semenkare Nebnuni", Wikipedia, 2019-08-14, retrieved 2019-10-06 ^ a b Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, Düsseldorf 2002, ISBN 3-491-96053-3 ^ "Sehetepibre", Wikipedia, 2018-11-02, retrieved 2019-10-06 ^ Thomas Schneider: Lexikon der Pharaonen, Albatros, 2002 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n K.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997 ^ a b Kings of the 2nd Intermediate Period ^ Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens, In Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259 ^ Ryholt, K.S.B. (1997). The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period, C. 1800–1550 B.C. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8. ^ "Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh". Penn Museum. January 2014. Retrieved 16 Jan 2014. ^ a b Marcel Marée: A sculpture workshop at Abydos from the late Sixteenth or early Seventeenth Dynasty, in: Marcel Marée (editor): The Second Intermediate period (Thirteenth-Seventeenth Dynasties), Current Research, Future Prospects, Leuven, Paris, Walpole, MA. 2010 ISBN 978-90-429-2228-0. p. 247, 268 ^ a b Jürgen von Beckerath: Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten, Glückstadt, 1964 ^ a b c d Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägyptens, Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 46. Mainz am Rhein, 1997 ^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien 49, Mainz 1999. ^ Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto, Wolfhart Westendorf, Stele – Zypresse: Volume 6 of Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1986, Page 1383 ^ Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt, Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557. ^ "Ramesses I Menpehtire". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ^ "King Merenptah". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-29. ^ "Sety II". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ "Siptah Sekhaenre/Akhenre". Digital Egypt. University College London. 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ Grimal (1992) p.291 ^ "Ramesses XI Menmaatre-setpenptah". Retrieved 2007-10-28. ^ Cerny p.645 ^ a b c F. Payraudeau, Retour sur la succession Shabaqo-Shabataqo, Nehet 1, 2014, p. 115-127 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 88. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ "Late Period Kings". Retrieved 2007-10-27. ^ a b Placed in this dynasty only for chronological reasons, as he was not related to the Achaemenids. ^ "Darius the Great", Wikipedia, 2019-09-25, retrieved 2019-10-06 ^ a b c d e Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 89. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ "Nakhthorhebyt". Digital Egypt for Universities. Retrieved March 1, 2011. ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 10. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ a b c Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers. London: McFarland. p. 90. ISBN 0-89950-390-X. ^ Tyldesley, Joyce (2006), Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt, p. 200, ISBN 0-500-05145-3. ^ Roller, Duane W. (2010). Cleopatra: a Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-195-36553-5. ^ Vernus, Pascal; Yoyotte, Jean (2003). The Book of the Pharaohs. Cornell University Press. pp. 238–256. ISBN 9780801440502. maximinus pharaoh. Further reading[edit] J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909 J. Cerny, 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-08691-4 Clayton, Peter A. (1995). Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The Chronicles Series (Reprinted ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3. Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05128-3 Sir Alan Gardiner Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76. Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992) Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977 Michael Rice, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999 Ryholt, Kim & Steven Bardrum. 2000. "The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris." Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127 Shaw, Garry. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign, Thames and Hudson, 2012. Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1 Verner, Miroslav,The Pyramids – Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic Books, 2001, ISBN 1-84354-171-8 Egypt, History & Civilisation By Dr. R Ventura. Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo. External links[edit] Egyptian Royal Genealogy Manetho and the King Lists Review of different primary king lists Chronology Table - 0 Dynasty&History Period, by Dariusz Sitek Multi-pages of list of pharaohs in different king lists, without the god kings, in Egyptian hieroglyphs and English Egyptian Journey 2003: History: King Lists Hyperlink texts of the Manetho, Abydos & Turin king lists, without the god-kings Digital Egypt for Universities List of all female Pharaohs v t e Pharaohs Protodynastic to First Intermediate Period  (<3150–2040 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain Protodynastic (pre-3150 BC) Lower Hedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Hat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash Upper Finger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Early Dynastic (3150–2686 BC) I Narmer / Menes Hor-Aha Djer Djet Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird II Hotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) III Djoser Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni IV Snefru Khufu Djedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis V Userkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas VI Teti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah 1st Intermediate (2181–2040 BC) VII/VIII Menkare Neferkare II Neferkare III Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare IV Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare V Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare VI Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Iby Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Wadjkare Khuiqer Khui IX Meryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut X Meryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period  (2040–1550 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain Middle Kingdom (2040–1802 BC) XI Mentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Nubia Segerseni Qakare Ini Iyibkhentre XII Amenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 2nd Intermediate (1802–1550 BC) XIII Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep Sonbef Nerikare Sekhemkare Amenemhat V Ameny Qemau Hotepibre Iufni Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI Semenkare Nebnuni Sehetepibre Sewadjkare Nedjemibre Khaankhre Sobekhotep Renseneb Hor Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw Djedkheperew Sebkay Sedjefakare Wegaf Khendjer Imyremeshaw Sehetepkare Intef Seth Meribre Sobekhotep III Neferhotep I Sihathor Sobekhotep IV Merhotepre Sobekhotep Khahotepre Sobekhotep Wahibre Ibiau Merneferre Ay Merhotepre Ini Sankhenre Sewadjtu Mersekhemre Ined Sewadjkare Hori Merkawre Sobekhotep Mershepsesre Ini II Sewahenre Senebmiu Merkheperre Merkare Sewadjare Mentuhotep Seheqenre Sankhptahi XIV Yakbim Sekhaenre Ya'ammu Nubwoserre Qareh Khawoserre 'Ammu Ahotepre Maaibre Sheshi Nehesy Khakherewre Nebefawre Sehebre Merdjefare Sewadjkare III Nebdjefare Webenre Nebsenre Sekheperenre Djedkherewre Bebnum 'Apepi Nuya Wazad Sheneh Shenshek Khamure Yakareb Yaqub-Har XV Semqen 'Aper-'Anati Salitis Sakir-Har Khyan Yanassi Apepi Khamudi XVI Djehuti Sobekhotep VIII Neferhotep III Mentuhotepi Nebiryraw I Nebiriau II Semenre Bebiankh Sekhemre Shedwast Dedumose I Dedumose II Montuemsaf Merankhre Mentuhotep Senusret IV Pepi III Abydos Senebkay Wepwawetemsaf Pantjeny Snaaib XVII Rahotep Nebmaatre Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period  (1550–664 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain New Kingdom (1550–1070 BC) XVIII Ahmose I Amenhotep I Thutmose I Thutmose II Thutmose III Hatshepsut♀ Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb XIX Ramesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ XX Setnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XI 3rd Intermediate (1069–664 BC) XXI Smendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II XXII Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV XXIII Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Shoshenq VII Menkheperre Ini XXIV Tefnakht Bakenranef XXV Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Late Period and Hellenistic Period  (664–30 BC) Period Dynasty Pharaohs   (male female♀) uncertain Late (664–332 BC) XXVI Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III XXVII Cambyses II Petubastis III Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II XXVIII Amyrtaeus XXIX Nepherites I Hakor Psammuthes Nepherites II XXX Nectanebo I Teos Nectanebo II XXXI Artaxerxes III Khabash Arses Darius III Hellenistic (332–30 BC) Argead Alexander the Great Philip III Arrhidaeus Alexander IV Ptolemaic Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetes♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Cleopatra II♀ Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Ptolemy VIII Euergetes Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Soter Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander I Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander II Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos Cleopatra V♀ Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator Arsinoe IV♀ Ptolemy XIV Ptolemy XV Caesarion Dynastic genealogies 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 11th 12th 18th 19th 20th 21st to 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 30th 31st Ptolemaic List of pharaohs v t e Ancient Egypt topics Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture (Egyptian Revival architecture) Art Portraiture Astronomy Chronology Cities (list) Clothing Cuisine Dance Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives (list) Hieroglyphs History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs (list) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums  Ancient Egypt portal Book Category WikiProject Commons Outline Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_pharaohs&oldid=1000781280#Upper_Egypt" Categories: Pharaohs Ancient Egypt-related lists Lists of monarchs Lists of rulers of Egypt Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk 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